PATOLOGI UNGGAS DAN

SATWA AKUATIK
Dr. drh. Dwi Kesuma Sari

PROGRAM STUDI KEDOKTERAN HEWAN

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN

Sasaran Pembelajaran
Minggu ke - 2 dan 3:
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini mahasiswa dapat
menjabarkan perubahan jaringan dari sistem
organ respirasi akibat penyakit.
Patologi penyakit: ILT, AI, IB, CRD, Snot,
Aspergillosis, Psittacosis

dorsal view air sac

PATOLOGI
SISTEM RESPIRASI

Patologi penyakit:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

ILT (Infectious laryngotracheitis)

IB (Infectious Bronchitis)
CRD (Chronic Respiratory Disease)
Snot
AI (avian Influenza)
Aspergillosis
Psittacosis

ILT
(INFECTIOUS
LARYNGOTRACHEITIS)

ILT (Infectious Laringotracheitis)

penyakit infeksi virus saluran pernapasan ayam. Penyakit
menyebar dengan cepat kematian
Laten terserang berulang-ulang
Ayam petelur ditemukan
Ayam broiler jarang ditemukan (data dari Medion)

PENDAHULUAN
PENYAKIT VIRUS UNGGAS SANGAT CEPAT
MENULAR
BERVARIASI TK PENYAKIT : STRAIN
VIRUS, DOSIS YG MASUK
MORTALITAS TINGGI DAN PRODUKSI
TELUR TURUN

ETIOLOGI
VIRUS HERPES VIRUS (FAMILIA), DNA
VIRUS,ANTIGEN 1 SEROTYPE.
TAHAN SUHU KAMAR : 14 HR
DLM TRAKHEA UNGGAS PENDERITA MATI: 30 HR
(4 -10 DER CELC.)
SUHU KAMAR, RUANG GELAP : 75 HR
MASA INKUBASI : 6 12 HR
PEKA THD : MATAHARI, DESINFEKTAN, TERUTAMA
FORMALIN

HEWAN RENTAN :
AYAM DEWASA LEBIH DARI 14 MINGGU
BR. MERAK
PHEASANT
CARA PENULARAN :
SUMBER INFEKSI : SEKRET DAN EKSKRET PENDERITA
SECARA LANGSUNG : INHALASI, AEROSOL
SECARA TAK LANGSUNG : MANUSIA, BR. LIAR, ALAT-ALAT,
PAKAN.
UNGGAS SEMBUH CARRIER laten

GEJALA KLINIS
AKUT :
DISPNOE, NGOROK, BATUK, LEHER DIJULURKAN
4 5 HR STLH GJL PERTAMA MUNCUL MATI LEMAS,
KURANG OKSIGEN
GEJALA LAIN : RHINITIS, CONJUNCTIVITIS, LAKRIMASI.

RINGAN :
BENTUK SEDANG, GJL MENCAPAI PUNCAK STLH 7 8 HR.

PER AKUT :
TK. MORBIDITAS 100%
MORTALITAS : 10 70%
PERUBAHAN PASCA MATI :
HIPEREMIA MUKOSA TRAKHEA
GALUR PATOGEN : LEBIH PARAH, PERDARAHAN
HEBAT TRAKHEA DG DARAH MENGGUMPAL, BEKU.
KERAK EPITEL, GUMPALAN DARAH SULIT NAPAS
CONJUNCTIVITIS, SINUSITIS RINGAN

Kesulitan bernapas pada ayam akibat infeksi

virus ILT (Anonimus, 2007, Cornell Univ, 2013)

Hemorrhagi dan
nekrosa

Multifocal haemorrhagic

hemorrhagic exudate in the tracheal lumen

caused by laryngotracheitis infection. In
laryngotracheitis infections, exudate may
range from mild mucus accumulations to
diptheritic or hemorrhagic casts

Mucopurulent exudate in the tracheal

lumen and mild hemorrhages in the larynx
caused by laryngotracheitis infection

caseous exudate occluding the upper trachea

of a chicken infected with laryngotracheitis. In
cases such as this, birds will show signs of
dysnea including open-mouth breathing and
gasping

Severe diphtheritic changes in the trachea due

to laryngotracheitis infection. These lesions are
one of the most common lesions observed
with this viral infection

Diphtheritic changes along the entire length of

trachea caused by laryngotracheitis infection

Diphtheritic changes in the trachea and focal

areas of hemorrhages in the tracheal wall and
larynx caused by laryngotracheitis infection

Diphtheritic changes with hemorrhages in the

trachea caused by laryngotracheitis infection

a cross section of the trachea taken from a

chicken infected with laryngotracheitis virus.
The lumen of the trachea is completely
occluded with exudate. A normal tracheal
lumen is shown on the right for comparison

This chicken embryo was inoculated

with laryngotracheitis virus. Opaque
plaques have formed on the
chorioallantoic membrane (CAM).
These plaques result from necrosis
and proliferative tissue reactions.
After inoculation of the embryo with
laryngotracheitis virus, these plaques
can be observed as early as 2 days
post inoculation and the embryos
may die within 2 to 12 days. The
lesions associated with viral
replication can be confirmed by
performing histopathology of the
CAM. This test is performed in the
laboratory for viral replication
purposes

Generalized body congestion and fibrinous

perihepatitis after inoculation of chicken
embryo with laryngotracheitis virus

General body congestion and

hepatitis after inoculation of chicken
embryo with laryngotracheitis virus

White focal necrosis on green discolored

liver after inoculation of chicken embryo
with laryngotracheitis virus

Areas of hemorrhages and a pale

discolored liver following inoculation of
a chicken embryo with laryngotracheitis
virus

PENCEGAHAN
VAKSINASI, DG VAKSIN AKTIF
2 MACAM VAKSIN :
1. MODIFIED LT VACCINE :
- TDK MENIMBULKAN PENY, KEKEBALAN YG DICAPAI
BAGUS
- VAKSINASI : UMUR 6 8 MG, DIULANG 14- 16 MG
- EFEK SAMPING KECIL
- ROUTE : TETES MATA,
- KEKEBALAN MUNCUL : 2 HR POST VAKSINASI
- KEKEBALAN CAPAI PUNCAK : 6 HR POST VAKSINASI.

2. CLOACAL TYPE VACCINE :

VAKSIN DR TIPE GANAS
MUDAH TJD PEMBALIKAN KEGANASAN.
GOSOKKAN VAKSIN PADA BIBIR KLOAKA
4 HR KEMUDIAN TIMBUL WARNA MERAH JAMBU:
VAKSINASI BERHASIL
DIANJURKAN : TDK DIGUNAKAN VAKSIN JENIS INI
PENGOBATAN :
TIDAK ADA
AYAM PEMDERITA SINGKIRKAN DAN MUSNAHKAN

Infectious Bronchitis
(IB)

PENDAHULUAN :
Penyakit pernapasan akut pada unggas
sangat menular
sesak napas pada ayam muda
turun kualitas kerabang, produksi telur
menyerang ayam fase produksi dan
ayam bibit

ETIOLOGI :
VIRUS CORONA, FAM : CORONAVIRIDAE
INAKTIF PD SUHU : 56 DER. CELCIUS, 15 MENIT
SENSITIF DESINFEKTAN : KALIUM PERMANGANAT,
KREOLIN
TAHAN DLM GLISERIN DIAGNOSIS
HEWAN RENTAN : AYAM PEDAGING DAN PETELUR

CARA PENULARAN
UDARA YANG MENGANDUNG VIRUS
DLM SATU KANDANG SANGAT CEPAT MENULAR.
LEWAT : ALAT, LENDIR TERCECER, AIR MINUM DAN
PAKAN
ANTAR KANDANG, ANTAR PETERNAKAN
MELALUI : ORANG, BURUNG LIAR

GEJALA KLINIS
AYAM MUDA

BATUK, SESAK NAPAS, NGOROK, BERSIN, KELUAR LENDIR DARI

HIDUNG
MATA BERAIR
NAPSU MAKAN TURUN, BERAK KEHIJAUAN
LEMAH, LESU, KEDINGINAN
LENDIR SPT KEJU PADA TRAKEA DAN BRONKUS
MATI, KURANG OKSIGEN
ANGKA KEMATIAN : 0 -40%
LAMA SAKIT : 5 -21 HR.

AYAM DEWASA

PRUDUKSI TELUR TURUN ANTARA 25 -50%

KUAL KERABANG TURUN : KASAR, TIPIS, LUNAK
ISI TELUR : PUTIH DAN KUNING TELUR CAIR
PROD DAN KUAL TELUR TDK BS KEMBALI NORMAL.
ANGKA KEMATIAN : 0,5%
PADA TELUR TETAS DAYA TETAS TURUN

depresi

Conjunctivitis, nasal discharge

Gambar . Bentuk telur abnormal pada

penderita IB (Tabbu, 2000)

PERUBAHAN PASCA MATI

SELAPUT LENDIR TRAKHEA KEMERAHAN,
BERLENDIR
SELAPUT HAWA MENEBAL (SURAM)
RADANG PARU-PARU, ORGAN KELAMIN, SEPERTI :
OVARIUM, DAN SALURANNYA
NEPHROSIS : RADANG GINJAL, BENGKAK, PUCAT

Kantong udara Abdominal berisi eksudat kaseosa

kuning (Anonimus, 2007)

Pembengkakan Ginjal dan ureter berisi kristal

asam urat (Shane, 1998).

the proximal trachea shows edema and

congestion. In more advanced cases, the
trachea may have accumulations of serous,
catarrhal, or caseous exudate.

There is mild catarrhal exudate in the lumen of

this trachea

mild to moderate inflammation of the trachea

and bronchi can be seen. There is also an
accumulation of white caseous exudate in the
syrinx and primary bronchi.

On post-mortem examination, the

reproductive tract may be affected. The
ovarian follicles may be undergoing involution
and may appear flaccid, as seen here. These
lesions are non-specific for infectious
bronchitis, as many other acute diseases can
be associated with this finding

In the nephropathogenic strain of

infectious bronchitis virus, the kidneys
may become swollen and pale, as seen
here

Swollen kidneys with severe accumulation of

white urates

These kidneys are swollen and there is

urolithiasis of the ureters. The ureters are
very distended with white urates

The collecting tubules of these kidneys are also

distended with white urates

urate accumulations have lead to visceral

gout, a deposition of urates on the
surfaces of the liver and heart

The embryo of the left shows stunting and

dwarfing, resulting from the inoculation of a
susceptible (antibody free) embryo with
infectious bronchitis virus. The amnion and
allantois are usually thickened and closely
invest the embryo (as seen on the right side of
the embryo on the left). A normal embryo is
shown on the right for comparison.

Stunting and dwarfing of a chicken embryo

(right), resulting from the inoculation of
susceptible (antibody free) embryos with
infectious bronchitis virus. The amnion and
allantois are thickened and closely invest the
embryo (left side of the embryo) and the
affected embryo also has an unabsorbed yolk
sac. A normal embryo is shown on the right for
comparison

PENCEGAHAN DAN PENGENDALIAN

VAKSINASI : DG STRAIN MASSACHUSET ATAU
CONNECTICUT
TETES MATA, HIDUNG, AIR MINUM
UMUR 2 3 MINGGU
AYAM PETELUR DAN PEMBIBIT :
VAKSIN I : 2-3 MINGGU
VAKSIN II : 7-8 MINGGU
DIULANG 1 BL MENJELANG BERTELUR

 ISOLASI
SANITASI KANDANG DAN LINGKUNGAN
PENDERITA YG SEMBUH TETAP DIPISAH
CARRIER

PENGOBATAN
TIDAK ADA
PENDERITA GEJALA RINGAN : VITAMIN,
ANTIBIOTIK.
INFEKSI BERAT SINGKIRKAN

SNOT (CORYZA)

ETIOLOGI
BAKTERI : Haemophilus paragallinarum
hanya tahan 5 6 jam di luar tbh hospes
Berbentuk batang, Gram negatif
3 serotype dg antigen yg sama
Teknik diagnosis : gunakan antigen dari salah satu
serotipe.

CARA PENULARAN
Ayam bertindak sebagai pembawa penyakit

(carrier)
Penularan melalui udara yang dibatukkan
atau oleh pakan dan air minum yang
tercemar.

GEJALA KLINIS
Penurunan konsumsi pakan, produksi telur dan
pertumbuhan
Cairan berlendir dikeluarkan dari hidung dan mata
Conjunctivitis yang disertai dengan perlekatan
kelopak mata
Cairan mengumpul dalam sinus infraorbitalis secara
unilateral atau bilateral : mata menutup
Terdengar suara ngorok saat bernapas

 Terlihat sulit bernapas.

Diare kadang-kadang juga terlihat.
Gejala-gejala bisa berlangsung beberapa minggu dan
akan lebih lama lagi apabila ada komplikasi dengan
Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
Angka kematian sebagai akibat snot diklasifikasikan
rendah.

Timbunan materi seperti keju di dalam

sinus infraorbitalis, kekhasan penderita
coryza (Shane, 1998).

KELAINAN PASCA MATI

Eksudat mengental berwarna putih dan atau

kuning ditemukan di dalam sinus infraorbitalis
dengan bau khas
Penimbunan eksudat seperti keju dalam
kantong conjunctiva.

Morphologic Diagnosis
Air sacs: Severe diffuse caseous airsacculitis.
Clinical Description
Airsacculitis, seen here, is an uncommon
finding associated with Infectious Coryza.
Pathologic Description
The coelomic cavity has been opened to reveal
the air sacs. The air sacs are thickened by large
amounts of thick yellow, pasty material.
Morphologic Diagnosis
Eye: Severe fibrinosuppurative conjunctivitis
Clinical Description
Ocular involvement may be very severe, with
the eyelids swollen closed and copious
amounts of suppurative discharge present.
Rarely, lower respiratory lesions such as
pneumonia and airsacculitis may be found.
Pathologic Description
The eye is completely covered by a thick layer
of pale tan friable material and the periocular
skin is swollen.

Morphologic Diagnosis
Head and face: Catarrhal and suppurative sinusitis with
edema and conjunctivitis
Clinical Description
On post-mortem examination, chickens infected with the
severe form of Infectious Coryza (Avibacterium
paragallinarum), subcutaneous edema may be found in
the face, wattles, and intermandibular region.
Pathologic Description
There is a small amount of clear mucoid nasal discharge
and the eyelids and skin around the eye is swollen

Morphologic Diagnosis
Infraorbital sinus: Catarrhal and suppurative sinusitis
Clinical Description
The conjunctivae may have inflammation and
catarrhal lesions, as shown here.
Pathologic Description
The skin of the head of this chicken has been
removed to reveal the lumen of the infraorbital
sinus. The sinus is filled by a large amount of thick
yellow slightly mucoid material.

PENGENDALIAN DAN PENGOBATAN

Pengendalian
Sanitasi kandang yang bagus, menghindari litter yang
terlalu basah, tidak memelihara ayam dengan umur
berbeda dalam satu flok. Vaksinasi dengan vaksin
Coryza penting dilakukan.
Pengobatan
Pengobatan dengan Sulfathiazole cukup efektif
mengatasi Coryza. Apabila tidak ditemukan preparat
ini bisa digunakan sulfamethazine, sulfamerazine
atau erythromycin.

CHRONIC RESPIRATORY
DISEASE (CRD)

 PENYEBAB :
BAKTERI : - Mycoplasma gallisepticum
- Mycoplasma synoviae
KERUGIAN EKONOMI :
- PERTUMBUHAN TERHAMBAT
- KOVERSI PAKAN TINGGI
- KUALITAS KARKAS MENURUN
- AYAM AFKIR MENINGKAT
- PRODUKSI TELUR MENURUN
- BIAYA PENGOBATAN TINGGI

PERBANDINGAN CRD DENGAN SALMONELLOSIS

Keduanya disebabkan oleh bakteri
Transmisi bakteri lewat telur, secara vertikal, menurun
dari induk kepada keturunan.
Bakteri dpt dideteksi secara serologis dg test darah
sederhana.

CRD lebih sulit diberantas drpd Salmonellosis

CRD lebih luas penyebarannya terutama pada umur
bervariasi.
Daya tahan Mycoplasma di luar hospes lebih lama.
Pengobatan dg antibiotik Mycoplasma yg resisten.

ETIOLOGI
Bakteri gram negatif, cocoid, tdk berdinding sel, pH :
7,8 dan suhu : 37 38 der Celc.
1. Sasaran infeksi :
Epithelium saluran pernapasan dan
reproduksi
2. Desinfektan yg peka thd Mycoplasma :
Formalin, fenol dan kresol

ETIOLOGI
3. Antibiotik yg peka thd Mycoplasma :
Tylosin, tiamulin, spyromycin,
spectinomycin, lincomycin, gentamycin.

4. Ketahanan Mycoplasma dlm tubuh hospes :

M. gallisepticum : 18 bl
M. synoviae : 5 th.

HEWAN RENTAN DAN CARA PENULARAN

Hewan rentan : ayam, kalkun, puyuh, itik

Cara Penularan :
Vertikal (transovarium)
Horisontal : partikel yg dibatukkan mengkontaminasi
udara, pakan dan air minum.
Mekanis : manusia, pakaian, kantong pakan, kotak
ayam, alat-alat, kendaraan
Mencemari vaksin hidup (live)

FAKTOR
PREDISPOSISI :
Stress, ventilasi jelek, kepadatan tinggi, jarak antar kandang
terlalu dekat, vaksinasi tdk terprogram, sanitasi kurang pada
telur tetas.

 Masa inkubasi bervariasi, (1 4 mg) tergantung :

Virulensi strain
Dosis bakteri yg menginfeksi
Umur ternak
Status kekebalan ternak

Gejala klinis :

Lebih hebat pada anak ayam

Batuk, bersin, gangguan napas, keluar suara saat bernapas, sinusitis pd sinus infraorbitalis bengkak muka
Jika disertai infeksi M. synoviae pincang, bengkak sendi
dan tendo.

sinusitis and conjunctivitis

Mycoplasma gallisepticum may be associated

with keratoconjunctivitis and occasionally
corneal opacities, seen here

 Perubahan Pasca mati :

Radang kataral pd saluran pernapasan
Kantong hawa menebal, putih, berbusa, tdk tembus cahaya,
eksudat kental spt keju.

Pencegahan :
Anak ayam umur 1 hr 3 minggu : aeromycin 20
gram dalam 100 kg ransum dan 350 gram Natrium Sulfat
dalam 100 kg ransum.
Menjelang perubahan iklim : Coccilin, 1 gr / 1 liter air
Minum, diberi 5 hr berturut-turut.

PERUBAHAN PASCA MATI

Airsacculitis akut berbusa akibat M.

gallisepticum (Morrow, 2004).

Pembesaran sendi akibat artritis oleh M.

synoviae (Morrow, 2004).

Airsaculitis kaseosa (radang kantong hawa dengan

eksudat mengental seperti keju) yang disebabkan oleh
M. Gallisepticum (Shane, 1998).

including sinusitis, nasal discharge, and

adhesion of the eyelids caused by
conjunctivitis

mild tracheitis with a small amount of mucoid

exudate in the tracheal lumen

marked inflammation and congestion of the

trachea and catarrhal exudate can been seen
in the tracheal lumen

mucoid to caseous exudate may be seen in

nasal passages, sinuses, trachea, and bronchi.
This image shows plugs of exudate in the
lumen of the trachea and bronchi.

fibrinous pneumonia may be observed in the

lungs

Caseous exudate is frequently observed on the

airsacs of birds infected with Mycoplasma
gallisepticum

Airsacculitis with caseous exudate and

increased vascularization

Mild airsacculitis with light presence of foam.

fibrinous airsacculitis, with accumulations of

caseous exudate, may also be observed on the
air sacs, as seen here. This is a common
sequelae of MG infection when it becomes
complicated with E. coli and will result in high
condemnations at processing plants

This image shows severe perihepatitis and

pericarditis. The highest morbidity and
mortality in Mycolplasma infections is usually
associated with the presence of concurrent
infections and environmental stress, which
exacerbate the underlying disease

fibrinous pericarditis and perihepatitis are

frequently found on post-mortem exam. These
lesions are a common sequelae of MS infection
when it becomes complicated with concurrent
E. coli infection

pericarditis and fibrinous pneumonia (shown

here) are often a common sequelae of MG
infection when it becomes complicated with E.
coli infection

fibrinous pericarditis is a common sequelae of

MG infection when it becomes complicated
with E. coli. Here, a normal heart is shown on
the right and a heart from a chicken with MG
infection is shown on the left

the fibrinous inflammation surrounding the

heart, lungs, and liver may become so
extensive that it extends into the surrounding
coelomic cavity. In the MG infected bird on the
bottom of this photo, the inner breast muscle
covering the heart and lungs is covered in
fibrin

the right and is compared to a normal

heart on the left. Severe fibrinous
accumulations can be observed.

PENGOBATAN
Pada anak ayam : 5 gram Coccilin / 1 liter air minum
Pada ayam dewasa : injeksi Streptomycin : 1 gram
streptomycin dilarutkan dlm 4 ml aquades steril. 1 ml
per 2 kg Berat badan, selama 5 hari berturut-turut.

PERUBAHAN HISTOPATOLOGI

Refferences:
http://www.poultrymed.com/Poultry/Templates/showpage.asp?LNGID=1&T
MID=104&FID=504
Avian Anatomy
A colour atlas of avian anatomy
Colour atlas of avian histopathology