Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bacteria
Properties of Bacteria
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Coccus or spherical
Positive
and
Gram negative
of 1.
The
amount
peptidoglycan is less.
of
3. Streptococcus.
In
this
e.g., Streptococcus lactis, etc.
9. Relatively less
susceptible.
Distribution of Bacteria
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2. Sulfur bacteria:
Certain colorless bacteria share the ability of
chlorophyll-containing organisms to manufacture
carbohydrates from inorganic raw materials, but they do
not use light energy for this. These so -called
chemoautotrophic bacteria secure the necessary energy
by oxidizing some reduced substance present in their
environment. The free energy released by the oxidation
is harnessed to the manufacture of food. For example,
some chemoautotrophic sulfur bacteria oxidize H 2 S in
their surroundings (e.g., the water of sulfu r springs) to
produce energy:
2H 2 S + O 2 2S + 2H 2 O; G = -100 kcal
They then use this energy to reduce carbon dioxide to
carbohydrate (like the photosynthetic purple sulfur
bacteria).
coccus-spherical bacteria
2H 2 S + CO 2 (CH 2 O) + H 2 O + 2S
3. Iron bacteria: These chemoautotrophs are responsible
for the brownish scale that forms inside the tanks of flush
toilets. They complete the oxidation of partially oxidized iron
compounds and are able to couple the energy produced to the
synthesis of carbohydrate.
4. Nitrosomonas: This chemoautotroph oxidizes
NH 3 (produced from proteins by decay bacteria) to
nitrites (NO 2 - ). This provides the energy to drive their
anabolic reactions. The nitrites are then converted (by
other nitrifying bacteria) into nitrates (NO 3 - ), which
supply the nitrogen needs of plants.
5. Purple Sulfur Bacteria: Like green plants, these
bacteria are photosynthetic, using the energy of sunlight
to reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrate. Unlike plants,
however, they do not use water as a source of electrons.
Instead they use hydrogen sulfide to supply the
electrons needed to synthesize NADPH and ATP.
2H 2 S + CO 2 (CH 2 O) + H 2 O + 2S
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Phototaxis
Photosynthetic
microorganisms
often
display
phototaxis. This is a positive phototaxis. However, as
the intensity of the light is increased, a point is
reached where they abruptly reverse direction and
swim away from the light (a negative phototaxis).
Magnetotaxis
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[III]
Sexual
recombination
reproduction
or
genetic
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Streptococcus lactis
2. Butter milk
Streptococcus lactis,
S. cremoris.
3. Cheese
Lactobacillus lactis
4. Curds
Streptococcus lactis,
Acetobacter aceti
3.
Manufacture
lactic acid
Lactobacillus delbrueckii
of
4. Production of lysine
Micrococcus glutamicus
5. Retting or fibres
Clostridium butyricum
6. Curing of Tobacco
Bacillus megatherium
7. Curing of tea
Mycococcus condisans
Lactobacillus bulgaricus,
Streptococcus
thermophilus
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2.
Preparation
of
acetic acid or vinegar
Lactobacillus, etc.
5. Yoghurt
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Bacteria
1. Butter
of
Bacteria
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Bacteria
1. Bacitracin
2. Polymyxin B
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus polymyxa
3. Streptomycin
Bacillus griesus
4. Chloramphenicol
(Chloromycetin)
5. Chlortetracycline
(Aureomycin)
6. Erythromycin
7. Griesofulvin
8. Kanamycin
Streptomyces venezuelae
9. Neomycin
S. fradiae
10. Terramycin
(Oxytetracycline)
S. rimosus
S. aitreofadens
S. erythraeus
S. griesus
S. kanamyceticus
Disease
Shape
1. Cholera
Vibrio cholerae
Gram , comma
2. Diarrhoea
Bacillus coli
Gram +,
bacillus
3. Diphtheria
Corynebacterium
diphtheriae
Shigella dysentry
Gram + , bacillus
4. Dysentry
(Bacillary
dysentry)
Gram ,
bacillus
8. Leprosy
9. Meningitis
10. Plague
11. Pneumonia
12. Syphilis
13. Tetanus
14. Tuberculosis
15. Typhoid
16. Whooping
cough
[II] Harmful activities
Following are some of the harmful activities of
bacteria.
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Causal bacteria
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Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
Leptospira
icterohaem
orrhagiae
Mycobacterium
leprae
Neisseria
meningitidis
Pasteurella pestis
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Treponema
pallidum
Clostridium tetani
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Salmonella typhii
(= Eberthella
typhosa)
Bordetella
pertussis
(= Bacillus haemo
philus influenzae)
Gram , bacillus
Gram , coccus
Gram
,spirillum
Gram + , bacillus
Gram , cocci
Gram , bacillus
Gram + , cocci
Spirochaete
Gram + , bacillus
Gram + bacillus
Gram , bacillus
Gram ; bacillus.
Host plant
1. Angular leaf
spot
2. Leaf spot
Causal bacteria
Xanthomonas
oryzae gram
4. Bean blight
Phaseotus spp.
Xanthomonas
phaseoli indicus
gram
5. Citrus canker
6. Fire blight
Members of
famil
Rosaceae, e.g.,
Erwinia
amylovora gram
Pseudomonas
rubrilineans
gram
8. Soft rot
Carrots, turnips,
etc.
Erwinia
carotovora gram
9. Tundu or
Triticum
bacterial rot
aestivum
Corynebacterium
tritici gram +
Preservation of Foods
The foods useful in daily life get spoiled due to
bacterial contamination. Some of the common methods
for protecting the food from bacteria are given below.
[I] Canning
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[IV] Dehydration
Dehydration of meat, fish, vegetables, fruits, etc.,
reduces the water content of these articles and
bacterial growth is completely checked. Reduction of
water content to even 10% checks bacterial growth in
meat, fish, milk, etc., and fruits and vegetables remain
preserved if water content is less than 20%.
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(b) Heterocystous: They have differentiated trichome, e.g., Nostoc, Rivularia. In Schizothrix more
than one trichomes are found in the same sheath of a
filament. In Stigonema, a filament may have a few or a
multi-seriate trichome (in which numerous filaments
are associated in a common sheath).
[V] Preservatives
Pickles, jams, jellies, etc., can be preserved by
adding salt or sugar. By doing so bacteria get
plasmolysed and subsequently killed. In this way
these food articles can be preserved from bacterial
contamination. Chemical preservatives such as
ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, propionic acid, etc., are
commonly used as preservatives.
Cyanobacteria:
Introduction
Cyanophyta
include
the
class-cyanophyceae
(Myxophyceae) which further includes cyanobacteria
that contains true chlorophyll and bluish green
pigment C-phycocyanin. Name cyanobacteria has been
given by Eehlin and Morris.
Classification :
On the basis of morphology, motility, reproduction
and capacity of N 2 fixation Cohen Bazire, classified
cyanobacteria into four groups:
1. Chroococcacean: e.g., Microcystis, Chroococcus,
Gloeocapsa, etc.
2. Pseudocapsalean : e.g., Democarpa.
3. Oscillatorian : e.g., Oscillatoria.
4. Heterocystous : e.g., Nostoc, Anabaena, etc.
Among these groups only Heterocystous has nitrogen
fixing capacity.
Definition :
Cyanobacteria are defined 'as gram (-)ve prokaryotes
which perform oxygenic photosynthesis and which
possess chlorophyll-a; -carotene; xanthophylllutein,
myxoxanthin, oscillaxanthin, C-phycocyanin, Cphycoerythrin and allophycocyanin; reserve food as
cyanophycean starch, lipid and protein granules but
these lack flagellate cells.
Ultrastructure :
Electron microscope reveals the presence of following
structures in a typical cyanobacterial cell.
Habitat:
Found in fresh, marine and brackish water; on snow,
ice bark, soil and rock surfaces and in hot water
springs and water pipes as a symbionts in many
eukaryotes.
Shape :
Cyanobacteria may be unicellular, colonial or fila mentous. Unicellular forms have single celled body
e.g., synechococcus, chroococcus and Anacystis.
The colonial forms are of two types :
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Economic Importance:
I. Useful activities :
in
of
of
as
larvae to grow.
(6) They improve physical texture of soil.
Nutrition :
Cyanophyceae in general are obligate photo autotrophs.
Reproduction :
Cyanobacteria mostly multiply by asexual methods.
Asexual reproduction takes place by means of akinetes,
endospores,
exospores
or
nannocytes.
Sexual
reproduction is absent but gene recombination can
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Points to Remember
in
the
petiole
of
Gunnera
(A) Gloeocapsa:
(B) Oscillatoria :
Order-Nostocales and family OsciIlatoriaceae.
It is a filamentous alga found in ditches, shallow
pools of water, sewers and on wet rocks and walls.
It is autotrophic in which reserve food is cyano phycean starch and cyanophycin.
The filaments show oscillation, gliding and bending
movements.
It reproduces vegetatively by fragmentation and
hormogonia formation. No spore formation and no
sexual reproduction has been reported.
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(C) Nostoc :
Order-Nostocales and familyNostocaceae.
It is a colonial alga found in ponds, ditches and other
pools of water, as well as in damp soil in the form of
small masses of jelly.
It also grows in Paddy fields and alkaline soils.
The species N. punctiforme grows as endophyte in
the coralloid roots of cycas and rarely grows as
endophyte in the root nodules of Trifolium.
N. commune grows as a cryophyte in antarctica.
It reproduces vegetatively by fragmentation, hormo gonia formation, akinete formation as well as by
germination of heterocysts.
Mycoplasma
Sensitivity of Mycoplasma :
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Economic Importance :
Aster yellows
Potato witche's broom
11. Animal diseases: Diseases like rheumatism,
arthritis, several respiratory disorders and primary
atypical pneumonia (PAP) are caused by mycoplasma.
Mycoplasma hominis and M. fermentans etc. are
supposed to cause infertility in human males.
The Rickettsiales
The Rickettsiales or the Rickettsia type organism or
rickettsial organisms are the organisms which bear a
morphologic affinities are highly disputable. They are
so named in honour of Howard Taylor Ricketts who
first described these organisms in course of h is studies
on Rocky mountain spotted fever and subsequently on
typhus fever. Ricketts observations were later confirmed
by da Rocha-Lima in 1916. After Ricketts, these
organisms were reported by Hegler, Prowa Zek and
others in the blood of patient sufferin g from typhus
fever.
Size:
The individual organisms are about at the lower size
limit for bacteria and about at the upper limit for
viruses, commonly measures about 0-3 n in diameter
and 2 or less in length.
Shape:
They are rod shaped, coccoid or irregularly shaped
non-motile micro-organisms.
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Structure :
Observations with the electron microscope show that
they have a definite cell wall surrounded by capsular
material, just as in bacteria. They contain both RNA
and DNA. They are stained readily by giemsa's
stain. The wall material is composed of muco
complex substance.
The rickettsial organisms reproduce by binary fission
similar to bacteria and may be seen in light
microscope.
Rickettsia and Disease:
Some human pathogenic effect of Rickettsia has been
tabulated in following table
S.N.
Name of Disease
Causative agent
1.
Rocky mountain
spotted fever (Tick)
Rickettsia-rickettsiae
2.
Rickettsia
prowazekii
3.
4.
5.
6.
R. typhi
R. tsugamuschi
R. akari
fevers R. conorii
Economic Importance:
The genus streptomyces of this group is most
important, some species of which produce antibiotic
substance of great medicinal value like streptomycin,
chlorotetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline,
chlo-ramphenicol and erythromycin.
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Archaebacteria
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Introduction:
Archaea are tiny, usually less than one micron long
(one one-thousandth of a millimeter). Even under a
high-power light microscope, the largest archaeans
look like tiny dots. You might think that organisms so
small would not have much variety of shape or form,
but in fact archaeal shapes are quite diverse. Some are
spherical, a form known as coccus, and these may be
perfectly round or lobed and lumpy. Some are rod shaped, a form known as bacillus, and range from
short bar-shaped rods to long slender hair-like forms.
These are ancient and primitive bacteria. Commonly
called as extremophiles.
Basic Archaeal Shapes : Methanococcus janaschii,
a coccus form with numerous flagella attached to one
side. Methanosarcina barkeri, a lobed coccus form
lacking flagella. Methanothermus fervidus, a short
bacillus form without flagella. Methanobacterium
thermoautotrophicum, an elongate bacillus form.
Structural diversity among archaeans is not limited to
the overall shape of the cell. Archaea may have one or
more flagella attached to them, or may lack flagella
altogether. The flagella are hair-like appendages used
for moving around, and are attached directly into the
outer membrane of the cell. When multiple flagella are
present, they are usually attached all on one side of the
cell. Other appendages include protein networks to
which the cells may anchor themselves in large groups.
Like bacteria, archaeans have no internal membranes
and their DNA exists as a single loop called a plasmid.
However, their tRNAs have a number of features that
differ from all other living things. The tRNA
molecules (short for "transfer RNA") are important in
decoding the message of DNA and in building
proteins. Certain features of tRNA structure are the
same in bacteria, plants, animals, fungi, and all known
living things -- except the Archaea. There are even
features of archaeal tRNA that are more like
eukaryotic than bacteria, meaning that Archaea share
certain features in common with you and not with
bacteria. The same is true of their ribosomes, the giant
processing molecules that assemble proteins for the
cell. While bacterial ribosomes are sensitive to certain
chemical inhibiting agents, archaeal and eukaryotic
ribosomes are not sensitive to those agents. This may
suggest a close relationship between Archaea and
eukaryotes. As with other living things, archaeal cells
have an outer cell membrane that serves as a barrier
between the cell and its environment. Within the
membrane is the cytoplasm, where the living functions
of the archeon take place and where the DNA is
located. Around the outside of nearly all archaeal cells
is a cell wall, a semi-rigid layer that helps the cell
maintain its shape and chemical equilibrium. All three
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Objective Problems :
b) Fungi
c) Eubacteria
d) Viruses
2. Streptomycin is produced by
a) Streptomyces
b) Strptomyces fradiae
c) Streptomyces venezuellae
d) Streptomyces griseus
6. Nitrosomonas changes
b) Pasteur
c) Waksman
d) Lister
b) Nitrogen to Ammonia
c) Ammonia to nitrogen
d) Ammonia to nitrite
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a) Nitrite to nitrate
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(AFMC84,CPMT86,BHU85,MPPMT91)
7. Vinegar is produced by
a) De Bary
b) Lister
c) Pasteur
d) Koch
a) Lipid
c) Chitin
b) Nitrifying
c) Denitrifying
c) Azotobacter
d) Clostridium
d) Mucopeptide/Peptidoglycan
(AMU 92, MPPMT 97, ZIPMER 97)
(ZIPMER83, MPPMT89,92,96,CPMT94)
a) Rhizobium
b) Cellulose
a) Easily cultured
b) Easily available
c) Easy to handle
b) Tuberculosis
c) Rabies
d) Small pox
11. Botulism is
a) Human disease due to parasitic bacteria
b) Bacteriophage
b) Cell membrane
c) Cytoplasm
d) Flagella
b) Lophotrichous
c) Cephalotrichous
d) Peritrichous
a) Mosses
b) Bacteria
c) Green Algae
d) Soil Fungi
(CBSE 94, Pb. PMT 97)
a) Chitin
b) Cellulose
c) Murein / Mucopeptide
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a) Plantae
b) Protista
a) Facultative aerobe
c) Monera
d) Metaphyta
d) Obligate parasite
a) Plantae
b) Monera
c) Protista
d) Animalia
a) Reproduction
b) Respiration
c) Secretion
d) Food storage
(MPPMT 95, 98, RPMT 95)
a) 50S
b) 80S
c) 70S
d) 30S
a) Pneumonia
b) Typhoid
c) Influenza
d) Whooping cough
a) Pseudomonas
b) Rhizobium
c) Bacillus
d) Escherichia coli
(RPMT 95, APMEE 95)
a) Streptomyces rimosus
b) Streptomyces venezuelae
c) Stretomyces griseus
(BHU 83, 89)
d) Streptomyces scoleus
a) Pertrichous
b) Amphitrichous
c) Lophotriichous
d) Monotrichous
(AMU 97, Pb. PMT 97)
a) Rickettsiae
b) Eubacteria
c) Spirochaetes
d) Myxobacteria
c) Escherichia coli
d) Bacillius megatherium
a) Spirogyra
b) Anabaena
c) Oedogonium
d) Cladophora
b) Brown Algae
c) Green Algar
d) Blue-Green Algae
a) Anabaena
b) Gleocapsa
c) Trichodesmium
d) Nostoc
(BHU 96, CET Chd. 97)
a) Rhizopus
b) Spirogyra
c) Nostoc
d) Saccharomyces
(AMU 97, Pb. PMT 98)
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b) Virus
c) Fungus
d) Alga
c) Transduction
d) Transformation
c) Chlamydomonas
b) mitochondria
(BHU, 75)
a) Translation
a) endoplasmic reticulum
b) DNA
c) cell wall
d) cytoplasm
(DPMI, 84)
b) Fragmentation
c) Hormogones
d) Conjugation
a) Rod
b) Spheres
c) Spirals
d) Cubes
(CPMT, 75)
a) vibrio
b) cocci
c) spirilla
d) bacilli
(AFMC, 74)
a) Mycoplasma
52. Diaminopimelic acid
constituents of cell wall of
b) Alage
c) Ulothrix
d) Mycoplasma and Blue green Algae
and
a) higher plants
b) fungi
c) bacteria
d) bacteriophage
(MPPMT, 87)
b) Golgi bodies
a) U. K.
b) Sweden
c) mitochondria
d) chloroplasts
c) France
d) Holland
a) Robert Koch
b) Louis Pasteur
a) bacteria
b) viruses
c) A. V. Leeuwenhoek
d) None
c) fungi
d) bacteriophage
(CPMT, 84)
(BHU, 82)
45. Pure cultures of bacteria were first obtained by
a) R. Koch
b) L. Pasteur
a) plant cells
c) A. Leeuwenhoek
d) J. Lister
b) bacterial cells
(BHU, 84)
(CPMT, 84)
47. The cells of cyanobacteria and bacteria exhibit
similarity in having similar
a) plastids
b) nuclei
c) centrosome
d) DNA
b) nucleoside
c) nucleolus
d) nucleoid
(BHU, 84, R PMT, 85)
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a) nucleus
a) viruses
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a) Azotobacter
b) Rhizobium
c) Clostridium
d) Streptococcus
(D PMT, 83; CPMT, 84, 85)
b) bacteria
d) viruses
a) Aspergillus
b) Pseudomonas
c) LactobaciUus
d) Staphylococcus
c) sulphuric acid
(CPMT, 77)
d) NH 4
(BHU, 82)
following
fixes
CO 2
c) anaerobic bacteria
into
d) exposure to heat
(CPMT, 74)
a) Rhizobium
b) Nitrobacter
c) Bacillus
d) Rhodospirillum
68.Vinegar is produced
a) by fermentation of sugar by Lactobacillus
(BHU, 79)
c) by fermentation
cerevisiae
of
sugar
by
Saccharomyces
(D PMT, 82)
(D PMT, 81)
b) chitinous wall
c) capsule
d) endospore formation
c) Streptococcus lacti
d) Pseudomonas citri
(CPMT, 86)
a) transduction
b) conjugation
a) antiseptic
b) anticoagulant
d) translation
c) antibiotic
d) antiallergic
c) transformation
(BHU, 80)
through
a) bacteria
b) viruses
c) angiosperms
d) fungi
(CPMT, 79)
d) It is diploid
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(D PMT, 86)
(CPMT, 71,84)
81. Clear areas of agar plates containing phage
particles as well as bacteria are called
a) bacteriophage
b) transparencies
d) Streptomyces ramosus
c) plaques
(BHU, 85)
d) neomycin
d) holes
(BHU, 71)
a) a thallus
b) spores
c) colonies
d) tissues
75. Botulism is a
(CPMT, 75)
a) cilia
b) cell wall
c) disease of Citrus
c) nucleolus
d) cytoplasm
(R PMT,85)
(CBSE, 90)
a) vibrio
c) sprillum
b) cocci
d) bacillus
(CPMT, 90)
b) wheat
c) potato
d) tomato
b) cell wall
c) plasma membrane
d) ribosomes
(CPMT, 92)
(BHU,87)
78. Equipment
for
sterilizing
other laboratory equipments is
a) mitochondria
glassware
a) incubator
b) autoclave
c) oven
d) dehumidifier
and
a) coffee
b)B-complex
c) cheese
d) bread
b) genetic recombination.
a) sterilization
b) pasteurization
c) formation of endospores
c) nitrification
d) freezing
d) nitrogen fixation
(PMT, 85)
a) hairs
c) piti
(AFMC. 96)
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b) flagella
d) cilia
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a) symbiotic N 2 fixer
b) non-symbiotic N 2 fixer
d) pathogenic bacteria
c) decomposers
(CBSE, 98)
99. The main role of bacteria in the carbon cycle
involves
(CBSE, 96)
90. Which type of DNA is found in bacteria?
a) Straight DNA
b) Helical DNA
b) photosynthesis
c) chemosynthesis
(CBSE, 96)
b) mitochondria
c) Chlamydomonas
d) none
(CBSE, 98)
100. Transfer of genetic information from one
bacterium to another in the transduction process is
through
a) physical
strains
d) ammonia
d) less carbohydrates
b) Clostridium
c) Mycobacterium
c) Vibrio choleras
d) another bacterium
a) Cell wall
b) Cell membrane
c) Slime layer
d) Capsule
d) dehydration
(AFMC, 96)
a) Vein yellowing
b) Leaf curl
c) Aster yellow
d) Tobacco mosaic
a) PPLO
b) Cyanophage
c) TMV
d) Bacteriophage
4. Pleura-pneumonia
under
like
organisms
a) Prokaryotes
b) Eukaryotes
c) Fungi
d) Viruses
are
grouped
(CBSE, 98)
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(CBSE, 98)
(AFMC, 96)
a) lymph glands
recipient
Toward Perfection:
a) Pasteurella pestis
c) Mycobacterium
donor and
c) sterilization
between
b) conjugation
contact
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6.
Cyanobacteria are
a) Photoautotrophs
b) Photoheterotrophs
c) Chemoautotrophs
d) Chemoheterotrophs
a) Phycobilisomes
b) Chromatophores
c) Grana
d) Heterocysts
b) Purple non-sulphur
b) Rickettsias
d) Spirochetes
a) Green algae
b) Blue greenalgae.
c) Bacteria
d) Hydrilla
b) Azolla
c) Cycas
a) Archebacteria
b) Actinomycetes
on
c) Eubacteria
d) Mycoplasma
a) M.O.P. lyenger
b) R.N.Singh
c) H.D. Kumar
d) D.C. Pandey
fixation
by
a) Fungi
b) Virus
c) Bacteria
d) Mycoplasma
a) Cyanophages
b) Bacteriophages
c) Cyanelle
d) Plasmids
c) Mesokaryotic in nature
d) None of these
b) Lyngbya
d) Nostoc
c) No membrane
b) Oscillatoria
c) Trichodesmium
d) Gleocapsa
d) None of these
22. The storage products
(Cyanobacteria) are-
blue
green
algae
a) Manitol
a) Dead cells
c) Algin
d) Agar- gar
a) Pseudocapsalean
c) Chroococcacean
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in
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b) Heterocystous
d) Oscillatorian
c) adeno virus
a) Mycoplasma
b) Rickettsiales
c) Actinomycetes
a) Fungi
b) Bacteria
c) Mycoplasma
d) Actinomycetes
a) TMV
b) T 4 bacteriophage
c) adeno virus
a) Actinomycetes spp
b) Mycoplasma gallisepticum
c) Coxiella burnetti
d) None of these
b) capsid
c) bacteriophage
d) helical virus
a) Respiration
b) Assimilation
a) lipoproteins
b) proteins
c) Excretion
d) Reproduction
a) Viruses
b) Bacteria
a) leukoviruses
b) pox viruses
c) Microorganisms
d) PPLO
c) linfluenza virus
b) Mycoplasma
c) Virus
d) All of these
b) dermotropic
c) pneumotropic
d) visocerotropic
a) Neurotropic
b) dermotropic
c) pneumotropic
d) pneumotropic
a) Glucoside
b) Glycogen like
c) Glycerophosphate
d) Globulin
a) typhoid
b) measles
c) poliomyelitis
d) rabies
a) Ivanovski
b) Mayer
c) Stanley
d) d, Herelle
a) naked capsid
b) enveloped capsid
d) tadpole like
a) Koch
b) Chase
c) Mayer
d) Schelsinger
a) Stanley
b) Ivanovski
c) Heshey
a) virulent
b) temperate
c) may be a or b
d) neither a nor b
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b) TMV
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a) Infection
b) Lysis
c) Adsorption
b) temperate
c) intermediate
a) Stanley
b) Ivanowsky
c) Conrat
d) Sinsheimer
a) Conrat
b) Ivanowsky
c) Sinsheimer
d) d Herelle
a) Stanley
b) Ivanowsky
c) d Herelle
d) Conrat
a) Stanley
b) Conrat
c) Watson
d) Vilkins
a) virion
b) provirus
c) lytic virus
d) none
a) Polimeelitis virus
b) Bacteriophage
c) phi X 174
d) TMV
b) pro-DNA
c) provirus
d) prophage
a) R-Factor
b) R.T.F.
c) K-12
d) F-Factor
a) K-12 cells
b) HF cells
d) obligate anaerobes
c) HR cells
d) HFR cells
a) be crystallized
b) respire
d) manufacture food
a) Trasduction
b)Transformation
c) Sexduction
d) Cojugation
a) cellular organisms
b) Acellular organisms
c) unicellular organisms
b) r-determinants
c) RTF + r determinants
d) none of these
a) capsid
b) nucleiod
c) virion
d) nucleoprotein
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b) capsomeres
c) capsid
d) lipoproteins
a) Prophage
b) Vegephage
c) Cyanophage
d) Phycophage
a) cyanophages
b) Algophages
c) phycophages
d) phages
a) Picorna viruses
b) Binal viuses
c) Ribo viruses
d) none of these
a) 20 nm.
b) 10 nm.
c) 1 nm.
d) 2 nm,
b) 200 nm.
c) 300 nm.
d) 400 nm.
a) Penicillium virus
c) Pox virus
81. A phage that invades but does not destroy the host
is known as
d) none of these
a) Sexduction
b) Phycophage
c) Virulent phage
d) Temperate phage
b) Cynophages
c) Mycophages
d) Phycophages
b) Reoviruses
c) Arboviruses
d) none of these
a) Coliphages
b) T.M.V.
a) RNA
b) DNA
d) Rhizobium
c) DNA or RNA
d) none of these
a) Deoxy vira
b) Herpes viruses
a) Neurotropic
d) Dermotropic
c) Ribo vira
d) Adenoviruses
c) Viscerotropic
d) Pneumotropic
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b) Temperate
c) Intermediate
a) Prophage
b) Adsorption
c) Genome synthesis
d) Lysogeny
a) Animal virus
b) Bacterio phage
c) Rickettsia
d) Cyanophage
a) Prophage
b) Virion
c) Nucleoid
d) Capsid
it is caused by
b) mitochondria
c) golgi bodies
a) Rickettsia
b) Live virus
c) Numerous
d) Spiroplasma
a) bacteriophage
b) Influenza virus
c) TMV
d) Myxovirus
b) albugo
c) Rhizophora
d) Noctiluca
c) Mycoplasma
b) Lysogenic cycle
c) Viral cycle
d) Phage cycle
d) chlamydieae
100. A chilkless parent went to the hospital for
consultation. The doctor doubted the presence of
infertility in him due to the disease caused by
a) Spirochaetes
b) Mycoplasma hominis
a) Lytic cylce
b) Viral cylce
c) Pseudomonas xanthi
c) Phage cycle
d) Lysogenic cycle
d) Closteridium botylicum
b) Injection
c) Lysogeny
d) Maturation
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Page 28
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Describe the structure of a bacterial cell.
2. Explain various modes of nutrition in bacteria.
3. Describe various processes of genetic recombination in bacteria.
4. Comment on the statement that 'Bacteria are our friends and foes'.
5. Give a brief description of food preservation methods.
1a
2d
3c
4a
5a
6d
1b
2c
3a
4a
5d
6a
7a
8c
9d
10b
11c
12a
7d
8d
9c
10d
11a
12d
13d
14b
15d
16d
17a
18c
13a
14d
15a
16b
17a
18c
19a
20b
21d
22c
23b
24b
19c
20c
21c
22b
23c
24b
25b
26d
27b
28c
29d
30b
25b
26c
27d
28b
29c
30b
31a
32c
33d
34d
35a
36d
31b
32a
33d
34d
35a
36b
37c
38c
39a
40d
41a
42d
37a
38b
39a
40a
41b
42a
43d
44b
45b
46a
47d
48a
43b
44d
45a
46a
47b
48c
49a
50a
51b
52c
53a
54a
49b
50d
51d
52d
53c
54a
55c
56d
57c
58b
59b
60d
55a
56b
57d
58a
59b
60c
61b
62d
63a
64d
65c
66c
61a
62c
63c
64b
65c
66b
67b
68d
69b
70c
71a
72b
67d
68a
69a
70c
71c
72d
73a
74c
75a
76b
77a
78b
73c
74b
75d
76a
77a
78d
79b
80b
81c
82c
83b
84a
79c
80a
81d
82d
83a
84a
85a
86d
87b
88c
89b
90d
85b
86a
87b
88d
89b
90a
91a
92b
93a
94a
95c
96a
91a
92d
93c
94a
95d
96c
97b
98d
99d
100d
97b
98b
99c
100b
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