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D AM P I N G H AR M O N I C O SC I LL AT
AN D I TS AP P L I C ATI O N
HARMONIC OSCILLATOR
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The harmonic oscillator is a common model used in physics because of the
wide range of problems it can be applied to. For example atoms in a lattice
(crystalline structure of a solid) can be thought of as an in¯nite string of
masses connected together by springs, whose equation of motion is
oscillatory. In fact, the solutions can be generalized to many systems
undergoing oscillations, of which the mass spring system is just one
example. Since the mass-spring system is easy to visualize it will serve as
the primary example as we develop a more complete general theory
describing harmonic motion.
If F is the only force acting on the system, the system is called a simple
harmonic oscillator, and it undergoes simple harmonic motion sinusoidal
oscillations about the equilibrium point, with a constant amplitude and a
constant frequency (which does not depend on the amplitude).
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systems include electrical harmonic oscillators such as RLC circuits. The
harmonic oscillator model is very important in physics, because any mass
subject to a force in stable equilibrium acts as a harmonic oscillator for small
vibrations. Harmonic oscillators occur widely in nature and are exploited in
many manmade devices, such as clocks and radio circuits. They are the
source of virtually all sinusoidal vibrations and waves.
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amplitude and phase are determined by the initial conditions (displacement
and velocity) of the system. The kinetic and potential energies of the system
are also determined by these properties and conditions.
Simple harmonic motion. In this graph, the vertical axis represents the
coordinate of the particle (x in the equation), and the horizontal axis
represents time (t).
EXAMPLE
A typical example of a system that undergoes simple harmonic motion is an
idealized spring–mass system, which is a mass attached to a spring. If the
spring is unstretched, there is no net force on the mass (that is, the system is
in mechanical equilibrium). However, if the mass is displaced from
equilibrium, the spring will exert a restoring force, which is a force that
tends to restore the mass to the equilibrium position. In the case of the
spring–mass system, this force is the elastic force, which is given by Hooke's
Law,
F = − kx,
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where F is the restoring force, x is the displacement, and k is the spring
constant.
Any system that undergoes simple harmonic motion exhibits two key
features.
As long as the system does not lose energy, the mass will continue to
oscillate like so; thus, the motion is termed periodic motion. Further analysis
will show that in the case of the spring-mass system the motion is simple
harmonic.
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SIMPLE HARMONIC OSSCILATOR
A simple harmonic oscillator is an oscillator that is neither driven nor
damped. Its motion is periodic repeating itself in a sinusoidal fashion with
constant amplitude, A. Simple harmonic motion SHM can serve as a
mathematical model of a variety of motions, such as a pendulum with small
amplitudes and a mass on a spring. It also provides the basis of the
characterization of more complicated motions through the techniques of
Fourier analysis.
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Alternatively a cosine can be used in place of the sine with the phase shifted
by π⁄2.
where k is the spring constant which relates the displacement of the object to
the force applied to the object. The general solution for this equation is given
above with the frequency of the oscillations given by:
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The velocity and acceleration oscillate with a quarter and half a period delay
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MASS SPRING DAMPER SYSTEM
Mass-spring-damper
Treating the mass as a free body and applying Newton's second law, the total
force Ftot on the body is
where a is the acceleration (in meters per second squared) of the mass and x
is the displacement (in meters) of the mass relative to a fixed point of
reference.
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This differential equation may be rearranged into
The first parameter, ω0, is called the (undamped) natural frequency of the
system . The second parameter, ζ, is called the damping ratio. The natural
frequency represents an angular frequency, expressed in radians per second.
The damping ratio is a dimensionless quantity.
Solving for γ,
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MASS SPRING SYSTEM
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DAMPING STRUCTURE
A damped oscillations generic structure is simply a sustained oscillations
generic structure with an additional negative feedback loop. In Figure 1, for
example, the negative feedback loop between “Stock Two” and “outflow”
gradually drains “Stock Two.” As “Stock Two” decreases, “change in stock
one” decreases, so “Stock One” does not quite grow as much as it would in a
sustained oscillations structure. The damped growth of “Stock One” hinders
positive “change in stock two.” A reduced flow limits the
growth of “Stock Two,” and the effect propagates in the system until the two
stocks approach equilibrium. The graph in Figure 2 illustrates the behavior
of a damped oscillations generic structure (simulated with arbitrary
parameter values and initial values).
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Depending on the parameter values and initial values of the system, a
damped oscillations generic structure can produce behavior of varying
amplitude, degree of damping, and period of oscillations.
Amplitude of Oscillations
Degree of Damping
Period of Oscillations
• The period of oscillations in a damped oscillations system is greater
than the period in the corresponding sustained oscillations system.
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DAMPING MOTION
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Damped LC Oscillator
In practice there is some resistance in the circuit, which causes the energy to
burn away as heat over time. Usually this resistance is undesirable, like
friction in general, but if it is significant, the oscillator must be modelled as
an LCR oscillator.
It's important to note that the LC frequency formula below does not properly
apply to damped circuits, unless the resistance is small.
There are two distinct kinds of damped oscillator, with the borderline being
known as "critical damping". Light damping occurs when the resistance is
low. The system still oscillates but dies away. High resistance causes heavy
damping (or overdamping). In this case there is no oscillation; any energy
simply dissipates.
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Mechanical Damped Harmonic Motion
The simple harmonic motion relates to the motion of a body acted on by a
special kind of force and in friction-free conditions. The amplitude of SHM
is a constant. If the amplitude of the oscillation gradually decreases to zero
as a result of friction, the motion is said to be damped harmonic motion. The
magnitude of the frictional force usually depends on the speed.
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Electromagnetic Damped Oscillation
The resistance in the LC circuit will dissipate the energy. The variation of
voltage across the capacitor is shown in the following figure.
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Apply a square wave to the LC-series combination, at each rising edge of the
square wave, the capacitor would be charged. Since the charging current also
passes through the inductor, oscillation would occur. At the falling edge, the
charged capacitor would be discharged through the inductor. Again,
oscillation would occur.
APPLICATIONS
Inertial Pendulum Systems
Almost all seismometers are based on damped inertial-pendulum systems of
one form or another. Simple vertical and horizontal seismometer designs are
illustrated in Figure. The frame of the seismometer is rigidly attached to the
ground, and the pendulum is designed so that movement of the internal
proof mass, m, is delayed relative to the ground motion by the inertia of the
mass. Each pendulum system has an equilibrium position in which the mass
is at rest and to which it will return following small transitory disturbances.
The orientation of the pendulum further determines which component of
ground motion will induce relative pendulum motion.
Ground displacements, U(t\ are communicated to the proof mass via the
attached springs or lever arms, with favorably oriented motions perturbing
the system from its equilibrium position, leading to periodic oscillation of
the mass. Friction or viscous damping, represented by the dashpots, is
generally proportional to the velocity of the mass and acts to restore the
system to its equilibrium position. Small scale fluctuations in the springs and
damping elements determine the intrinsic instrument noise level, below
which actual ground motions cannot be detected. Although many early
seismometers were designed empirically without mathematical analysis, the
equation of motion for simple, damped harmonic oscillators provides insight
into instrument characteristics.
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Ground displacements, U(t\ are communicated to the proof mass via the
attached springs or lever arms, with favorably oriented motions perturbing
the system from its equilibrium position, leading to periodic oscillation of
the mass. Friction or viscous damping, represented by the dashpots, is
generally proportional to the velocity of the mass and acts to restore the
system to its equilibrium position. Small scale fluctuations in the springs and
damping elements determine the intrinsic instrument noise level, below
which actual ground motions cannot be detected. Although many early
seismometers were designed empirically without mathematical analysis, the
equation of motion for simple, damped harmonic oscillators provides insight
into instrument characteristics.
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The motion of the pendulum mass in an inertial reference frame is given by
the sum of the ground motion plus the deviation of the mass from its
equilibrium state, y(t). For the vertical seismometer in Figure, the forces on
the mass must act through the spring and dashpot, with recording-system
friction effects included in the dashpot. The force from the spring is –K(t),
which is directly proportional to movement of the mass from its equilibrium
position and which must involve stretching or contraction of the spring,
which has a spring constant K. The damping force, -Dy(t), is directly
proportional to the velocity of the mass, with D being a damping coefficient.
Newton's law (F = ma) is then.
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This result shows that small values of damping are relatively
ineffective in reducing the maximum response to this type of
excitation; for all natural frequencies the maximum response
for = 0.05 is only 7.6% less than that for = 0. Doubling
the damping from 0.05 to 0.10 decreases the response only
by another 7.3%, whereas for steady-state response to
stationary random excitation, the reduction would be 29%.
Truly viscous damping can
appear in the mounting systems for mechanical equipment
and in some special structures such as passively damped
buildings and bridges, but it is not present in typical
buildings. In the case of typical buildings, viscous damping is
usually used in analysis and design to approximate the
combined effects of such mechanisms as material damping,
nonstructural damage, and low levels of yielding and
structural damage.
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EQUATIONS TO SATISFY DAMPING IN SEISMOMETER
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DAMPING IN REAL STRUCTURES
It should be pointed out that the decay of the typical displacement response
only indicates that energy dissipation is taking place. The cause of the
energy dissipation may be due to many different effects such as material
damping, joint friction and radiation damping at the supports. However, if it
is assumed that all energy dissipation is due to linear viscous damping, the
free vibration response is given by the following equation.
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Free Vibration Test of Real Structures, Response vs. Time
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