IMD Raport Asupra ROMANIEI

COMPETITIVENESS TRENDS - OVERALL
ROMANIA
CHALLENGES IN 2005
Encourage competition by decreasing
subsidies and state aid.
Complete the meeting of criteria for
joining the EU in the legal field of justice
and home affairs.
Liberalize capital flows.
Fight against corruption.
Sign the EU Accession Treaty.
Provided by :
IRECSON - Romanian Institute for Economic-Social
Research and Polls
OVERALL PERFORMANCE
01
02
03
BASIC FACTS
04
51
54
05
55
Economic Performance
100
80
USA (1)
ROMANIA
Infrastructure
40
20
0
Government Efficiency
60
Business Efficiency
326
IMD WORLD COMPETITIVENESS YEARBOOK 2005
Capital
Bucharest
Population (millions)
21.67 (2004)
Land area (km2 '000)
238.4 (2004)
Exchange rate (per $)
32,636.57 (2004)
GDP ($ billions)
73.2 (2004)
GDP per capita ($)
3,376 (2004)
Real GDP growth (%)
8.3 (2004)
Consumer Price Inflation (%)
11.9 (2004)
Unemployment rate (%)
7.60 (2004)
Labor force (millions)
10.17 (2004)
Current Account Balance ($ bn)
-9.2 (2004)
Direct Investment
Stocks Inward ($ billions)
13.05 (2003)
Flows Inward (% of GDP)
3.22 (2003)
COMPETITIVENESS TRENDS - FACTOR BREAKDOWN
ROMANIA
01
02
03
04
05
43
47
55
ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
01
02
03
04
51
Domestic Economy
International Trade
International Investment
Employment
Prices
2005
34
53
12
33
54
Public Finance
Fiscal Policy
Institutional Framework
Business Legislation
Societal Framework
2005
10
40
53
54
56
Productivity & Efficiency

Labor Market
Finance
Management Practices
Attitudes and Values
2005
49
43
56
57
55
Basic Infrastructure
Technological Infrastructure
Scientific Infrastructure
Health and Environment
Education
2005
47
58
57
51
44
05
51
55
GOVERNMENT EFFICIENCY
01
02
03
04
05
30
55
56
BUSINESS EFFICIENCY
01
02
03
04
05
44
51
INFRASTRUCTURE
53
327
COMPETITIVENESS BALANCE SHEET - STRENGTHS
ROMANIA
These criteria are the 10 Strongest Criteria by Factor identified by taking the biggest value differences
from the averages of the 60 economies.
I Economic Performance
1.3.15 Relocation of services is not a threat to the future of your economy (Survey)
1.3.04
1.1.13
1.3.13
1.3.14
1.5.02
1.1.12
1.2.09
1.3.08
1.3.06
Direct investment stocks abroad - real growth Percentage change based on US$ values
Real GDP Growth per capita Percentage change, based on national currency in constant prices
Relocation of production is not a threat to the future of your economy (Survey)
Relocation of R&D facilities is not a threat to the future of your economy (Survey)
Cost-of-living index Index of basket of goods & services in major cities, excluding housing (New York City = 100)
Real GDP Growth Percentage change, based on national currency in constant prices
Exports of goods - real growth Percentage change based on US$ values
Direct investment stocks inward - real growth Percentage change based on US$ values
Direct investment flows inward Percentage of GDP
Rank
3
4
4
4
5
7
7
8
8
16
2 Government Efficiency
2.1.04
2.3.07
2.2.09
2.1.06
2.5.09
2.1.07
2.4.17
2.1.02
2.2.13
2.4.08
Central government domestic debt Percentage of GDP

Exchange rate stability Parity change from national currency to SDR, 2004/2002
Corporate tax rate on profit Maximum tax rate, calculated on profit before tax
Central government foreign debt Percentage of GDP
Female positions Percentage of total legislators, senior officials and managers
Central government total debt - real growth Percentage change, based on national currency in constant prices
Start-up days Number of days to start a business
Government budget surplus/deficit Percentage of GDP
Real personal taxes do not discourage people from working or seeking advancement (Survey)
Government subsidies To private and public companies as a percentage of GDP
2
4
7
8
16
17
23
24
24
25
3 Business Efficiency
3.2.01
3.2.03
3.1.03
3.2.12
3.3.16
3.2.08
3.2.05
3.3.21
3.2.14
3.4.04
Compensation levels Estimates: Total hourly compensation for manufacturing workers (wages + supplementary benefits), US$
Remuneration in services professions Gross annual income including supplements such as bonuses, in US$
Overall productivity - real growth Estimates: Percentage change of real GDP per person employed
Labor force growth Percentage change
Stock market index Percentage change on index in national currency
Industrial disputes Working days lost per 1,000 inhabitants per year (Average 2001-2003)
Working hours Average number of working hours per year
Factoring Percentage of merchandise exports
Female labor force Percentage of total labor force
Corporate boards do supervise the management of companies effectively (Survey)
2
6
7
9
14
15
19
20
22
33
4 Infrastructure
4.1.02
4.1.07
4.4.13
4.5.02
4.5.03
4.1.09
4.5.12
4.3.10
4.1.22
4.5.09
328
Arable area Square meters per capita

Dependency ratio Population under 15 and over 64 years old, divided by active population (15 to 64 years)
Ecological footprint Area units per person, hectares of biologically productive space
Pupil-teacher ratio (primary education) Ratio of students to teaching staff
Pupil-teacher ratio (secondary education) Ratio of students to teaching staff
Railroads Density of the network
Language skills are meeting the needs of enterprises (Survey)
Basic research does enhance long-term economic development (Survey)
Electricity costs for industrial clients US$ per kwh
Illiteracy Adult (over 15 years) illiteracy rate as a percentage of population
9
12
17
22
23
24
26
32
35
36
COMPETITIVENESS BALANCE SHEET - WEAKNESSES
ROMANIA
These criteria are the 10 Weakest Criteria by Factor identified by taking the biggest value differences
from the averages of the 60 economies.
I Economic Performance
Rank
1.5.01 Consumer price inflation Average annual rate

1.3.03
1.2.02
1.2.10
1.3.16
1.1.18
1.1.01
1.3.02
1.3.07
1.2.20
Direct investment stocks abroad US$ billions

Current account balance Percentage of GDP
Exports of commercial services US$ billions
Portfolio investment assets US$ billions
Resilience of the economy to economic cycles is weak (Survey)
Gross domestic product (GDP) US$ billions
Direct investment flows abroad Percentage of GDP
Direct investment stocks inward US$ billions
Tourism receipts International tourism receipts as a percentage of GDP
59
58
55
55
55
54
53
52
52
51
2 Government Efficiency
2.4.10
2.3.15
2.4.12
2.5.07
2.5.11
2.4.03
2.4.13
2.4.09
2.4.14
2.5.01
Competition legislation in your economy is not efficient in preventing unfair competition (Survey)
Bureaucracy hinders business activity (Survey)
Price controls affect pricing of products in most industries (Survey)
Discrimination (race, gender, etc.) poses a handicap in society (Survey)
Harassment and violence do destabilize the workplace (Survey)
Public sector contracts are not sufficiently open to foreign bidders (Survey)
Parallel (black-market, unrecorded) economy impairs economic development (Survey)
Subsidies impair economic development (Survey)
Regulation intensity does restrain the ability of companies to compete (Survey)
Justice is not fairly administered in society (Survey)
60
60
59
59
59
59
59
58
58
57
3 Business Efficiency
3.2.21
3.3.19
3.2.17
3.4.09
3.4.03
3.4.02
3.5.07
3.3.20
3.3.13
3.4.11
Competent senior managers are not readily available (Survey)

Cash flow is generally insufficient to allow companies to self-finance (Survey)
Finance skills are not readily available (Survey)
Marketing is not conducted efficiently by enterprises in your economy (Survey)
Credibility of managers is not widely acknowledged in the economy (Survey)
Ethical practices are not implemented in companies (Survey)
Corporate values do not take sufficiently into account the values of employees (Survey)
Corporate debt restrains the ability of enterprises to compete in your economy (Survey)
Stock market capitalization Percentage of GDP
Health, safety & environmental concerns are not adequately addressed by management (Survey)
60
60
59
59
59
59
59
58
58
58
4 Infrastructure
4.4.15
4.2.16
4.4.06
4.4.09
4.1.21
4.2.15
4.3.19
4.2.20
4.3.03
4.2.19
Pollution problems do seriously affect your economy (Survey)

Funding for technological development is not generally sufficient (Survey)
Health infrastructure does not meet the needs of society (Survey)
Health problems (AIDS, alcohol, drug abuse, etc) do have a significant impact on companies (Survey)
Energy intensity Commercial energy consumed for each dollar of GDP in kilojoules
Development and application of technology are not supported by the legal environment (Survey)
Intellectual property rights are not adequately enforced in your economy (Survey)
Cyber security is not being adequately addressed by corporations (Survey)
Total expenditure on R&D Percentage of GDP
High-tech exports Percentage of manufactured exports
60
60
58
58
57
57
57
57
56
56
329
TWENTY STRONGEST CRITERIA
ROMANIA
This section highlights the economy's 20 strongest criteria,
that is those with the highest standardized values (STD values).*
* STD Values = [(economy's value) - (average of 60 economies)] / standard deviation
20 Strongest Criteria
Number
Name
Economy's
Value
1.3.04 DIRECT INVESTMENT STOCKS ABROAD - REAL GROWTH
Economy's
Rank
Average
Value
46.53
20.24
8.59
3.82
0.01
0.12
60.10
80.89
0.15
35.06
Percentage change based on US$ values
1.1.13 REAL GDP GROWTH PER CAPITA

Percentage change, based on national currency in constant prices
2.3.07 EXCHANGE RATE STABILITY

Parity change from national currency to SDR, 2004/2002
1.5.02 COST-OF-LIVING INDEX

Index of basket of goods & services in major cities, excluding housing (New York City = 100)
2.1.04 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC DEBT

Percentage of GDP
3.2.03 REMUNERATION IN SERVICES PROFESSIONS
Gross annual income including supplements such as bonuses, in US$
1.1.12 REAL GDP GROWTH
8.3
4.7
33.29
20.20
0.53
12.68
6.26
3.28
2.57
1.21
39.30
24.31
25.00
30.45
7.19
5.03
6.73
4.71
6.35
4.42
5.96
26
5.57
5.00
24
4.72
5.58
29
5.50
5.50
32
5.46
1.2.09 EXPORTS OF GOODS - REAL GROWTH

3.2.01 COMPENSATION LEVELS

Estimates: Total hourly compensation for manufacturing workers (wages + supplementary benefits), US$
3.1.03 OVERALL PRODUCTIVITY - REAL GROWTH

Estimates: Percentage change of real GDP per person employed
3.2.12 LABOR FORCE GROWTH

Percentage change
1.3.08 DIRECT INVESTMENT STOCKS INWARD - REAL GROWTH

2.2.09 CORPORATE TAX RATE ON PROFIT

Maximum tax rate, calculated on profit before tax
1.3.15 RELOCATION THREATS OF SERVICES

(Survey) Relocation of services is not a threat to the future of your economy
1.3.14 RELOCATION THREATS OF R&D FACILITIES

(Survey) Relocation of R&D facilities is not a threat to the future of your economy
1.3.13 RELOCATION THREATS OF PRODUCTION

(Survey) Relocation of production is not a threat to the future of your economy
4.5.12 LANGUAGE SKILLS

(Survey) Language skills are meeting the needs of enterprises
2.2.13 REAL PERSONAL TAXES

(Survey) Real personal taxes do not discourage people from working or seeking advancement
2.1.09 MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC FINANCES

(Survey) Management of public finances over the next two years is likely to improve
4.3.10 BASIC RESEARCH

(Survey) Basic research does enhance long-term economic development
330
TWENTY WEAKEST CRITERIA
ROMANIA
What if ?
Competitiveness Simulations help policy makers focus on and prioritize the key competitiveness issues facing their
economies. We replace the economy's 20 weakest values with the average values of the 60 economies to compute a simulated
overall competitiveness ranking. However, this is a theoretical exercise and should not be perceived as policy advice.
Consideration must be given to each economy's development level, political constraints and social value system.
Simulated Ranking Changes
From
To
55
52
20 Weakest Criteria
Number
Economy's
Value
Name
1.5.01 CONSUMER PRICE INFLATION
Economy's
Average
Rank
Value
11.9
59
3.5
-12.54
55
1.32
35,938
57
15,343
45.7
51
72.8
52.18
51
76.08
18,233
51
46,410
69
51
361
7.51
53
2.39
0.38
56
1.52
7,908
50
21,061
324.2
47
651.9
3,376
50
20,985
26.39
51
18.94
2.64
60
5.66
3.80
59
6.78
2.98
60
5.48
4.04
59
6.59
4.08
59
6.36
3.19
58
5.44
4.62
59
6.29
Average annual rate
1.2.02 CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE

Percentage of GDP
4.1.21 ENERGY INTENSITY

Commercial energy consumed for each dollar of GDP in kilojoules
2.3.04 COUNTRY CREDIT RATING

Rating on a scale of 0-100 assessed by the Institutional Investor Magazine ranking
3.3.06 INVESTMENT RISK

Euromoney country credit-worthiness scale from 0-100
3.1.01 OVERALL PRODUCTIVITY (PPP)

Estimates: GDP (PPP) per person employed, US$
4.2.08 COMPUTERS PER CAPITA

Number of computers per 1000 people / Source: Computer Industry Almanac
2.3.01 REAL SHORT-TERM INTEREST RATE

Real discount / bank rate
4.3.03 TOTAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D

Percentage of GDP
1.1.20 GDP (PPP) PER CAPITA

Estimates; US$ per capita at purchasing power parity
4.2.04 MOBILE TELEPHONE SUBSCRIBERS

Number of subscribers per 1000 inhabitants
1.1.19 GDP PER CAPITA

US$ per capita
4.2.10 INTERNET COSTS

Cost for 20 hours dial-up per month, US$
3.2.21 COMPETENT SENIOR MANAGERS

(Survey) Competent senior managers are not readily available
2.4.12 PRICE CONTROLS

(Survey) Price controls affect pricing of products in most industries
3.3.19 CASH FLOW

(Survey) Cash flow is generally insufficient to allow companies to self-finance
3.2.17 FINANCE SKILLS

(Survey) Finance skills are not readily available
2.5.07 DISCRIMINATION
(Survey) Discrimination (race, gender, etc.) poses a handicap in society
2.4.09 SUBSIDIES
(Survey) Subsidies impair economic development
3.4.09 MARKETING
(Survey) Marketing is not conducted efficiently by enterprises in your economy
331
STATISTICAL DATA
ROMANIA
Year
Value
Average
Value
Rank
1.1 Domestic Economy
Size
Gross domestic product (GDP)
US$ billions
2004
73.17
53
680.10
2004
171.37
45
865.81
2004
51.53
2004
70.42
2004
11.62
2004
15.88
2004
16.32
2004
22.30
2004
10.03
2004
13.70
2004
2004
8.30
4.75
2004
8.59
3.82
2004
14.66
2004
11.30
2004
12.63
2004
1.41
2005
3.88
54
5.28
GDP (PPP)
Estimates; US$ billions at purchasing power parity
Private final consumption expenditure

US$ billions

Percentage of GDP
Government final consumption expenditure

US$ billions
Government final consumption expenditure

Percentage of GDP
Gross domestic investment

US$ billions
Gross domestic investment

Percentage of GDP
Gross domestic savings

US$ billions

Percentage of GDP
Economic sectors
Breakdown as a percentage of GDP
Growth
Real GDP Growth
Real GDP Growth per capita

Private final consumption expenditure - real growth

Government final consumption expenditure - real growth

Gross domestic investment - real growth

Gross domestic savings - real growth

Resilience of the economy

Resilience of the economy to economic cycles is strong
STATISTICAL DATA
ROMANIA
Year
Value
Average
Value
Rank
1.1 Domestic Economy
Wealth
GDP per capita
US$ per capita
2004
3376.41
50
20985.19
2004
7908.04
50
21060.85
2004
2377.72
2004
536.04
2004
753.00
2004
462.65
2005
2005
2005
2005
GDP (PPP) per capita

Private final consumption expenditure per capita

US$ per capita
Government final consumption expenditure per capita

US$ per capita
Gross domestic investment per capita

US$ per capita
Gross domestic savings per capita

US$ per capita
Forecasts
Forecast: Real GDP Growth
Forecast: Inflation
Percentage change
Forecast: Unemployment
Percentage of total labor force
Forecast: Current account balance

Percentage of GDP/GNP
STATISTICAL DATA
ROMANIA
Year
Value
Average
Value
Rank
1.1 International
Domestic Economy
1.2
Trade
Size
Current
account balance
US$ billions
(minus sign
= deficit)(GDP)
Gross
domestic
product
US$ billions
Current
account balance
Percentage
of GDP
GDP
(PPP)
Estimates;of
US$
billions at purchasing power parity
Balance
trade
US$ billions
(minus
sign = deficit) expenditure
Private
final
consumption
US$ billions
Balance
of trade
Percentage
of GDP
Private
final
consumption expenditure
Percentage
GDP
Balance ofofcommercial
services
US$ billions (minus
signconsumption
= deficit)
Government
final
expenditure
US$ billions
Balance
of commercial services
Percentage of GDP
Government
final consumption expenditure
Percentage
GDP
Exports
ofofgoods
US$ billions
Gross
domestic investment
US$ billions
Exports
of goods
Percentage
of GDP investment
Gross
domestic
Percentage
GDP - real growth
Exports
ofofgoods
Percentage
change based
on US$ values
Gross
domestic
savings
US$ billions
Exports
of commercial services
US$ billions
Gross
domestic savings
Percentage
GDP
Exports ofofcommercial
services
Percentage
of
GDP
Economic sectors
Breakdown
a percentage ofservices
GDP
Exports
ofascommercial
- real growth
Percentage
change
based
on
US$
values
Growth
Real GDP
Growth by economic sector
Exports
breakdown
change,
based on national currency in constant prices
Percentage of
total exports
2004
-9.18
2004
73.17
53
680.10
2004
-12.54
55
1.32
2004
171.37
45
865.81
2004
-9.22
2004
51.53
2004
-12.59
2004
70.42
2003
0.00
2004
11.62
2003
0.00
2004
15.88
2004
23.49
51
146.59
2004
16.32
2004
32.10
27
37.62
2004
22.30
2004
33.29
20.20
2004
10.03
2003
2.46
55
29.37
2004
13.70
2003
4.29
44
9.68
2004
2003
5.82
45
13.67
2004
2003
8.30
-
-7
4.75-
2004
2003
8.59
26.47
-4
3.82-
2004
2003
14.66
46.16
2004
2003
11.30
31.24
2004
2003
12.63
-
2004
2003
1.41
40.59
21
45.04-
2005
2004
3.88
93.33
54
41
5.28
98.71
2003
0.73
51
2.78
2004
0.04
51
12.16
2004
0.07
52
2.43
2003
0.21
58
178.05
2003
46.53
20.24
2004
1.84
40
9.21
Real GDP
Growth&per
capita services
Imports
of goods
commercial
Percentage
US$
billions change, based on national currency in constant prices
Private final
consumption
expenditure
- real growth
Imports
of goods
& commercial
services
change,
Percentage of
GDP based on national currency in constant prices
Government
final &
consumption
- real
growth
Imports
of goods
commercial expenditure
services - real
growth
change,based
basedon
onUS$
national
currency in constant prices
Percentage change
values
Gross domestic
investment
- real sector
growth
Imports
breakdown
by economic
change,
Percentage of
total imports
Gross to
domestic
savings - real growth
Trade
GDP ratio
Percentage
change,/ based
on national currency in constant prices
(Exports
+ Imports)
(2 x GDP)
Resilience
of the
economy
Terms
of trade
index
Resilience
of exports
the economy
to economic
cycles is
strong
Unit
value of
over unit
value of imports
(2000
= 100)
Tourism receipts
International tourism receipts as a percentage of GDP
1.3 International Investment

Investment
Direct investment flows abroad
US$ billions
Direct investment flows abroad

Percentage of GDP
Direct investment stocks abroad

US$ billions
Direct investment stocks abroad - real growth

Direct investment flows inward

US$ billions
STATISTICAL DATA
ROMANIA
Year
Value
Average
Value
Rank
1.3
Investment
1.1 International
Domestic Economy
Investment
Wealth
Direct
investment
GDP per
capita flows inward
Percentage
of GDP
US$ per capita
2004
3.22
3376.41
16
50
2.78
20985.19
2003
2004
13.05
7908.04
52
50
165.57
21060.85
2003
2004
39.30
2377.72
-8
24.31-
2004
-1.81
536.04
2004
-3.15
753.00
2003
2004
-12.84
462.65
Direct
investment
stocks inward
GDP (PPP)
per capita
US$
billionsUS$ per capita at purchasing power parity
Estimates;
Direct
stocks inward
- real growth
Privateinvestment
final consumption
expenditure
per capita
Percentage
change based on US$ values
US$ per capita
Balance
of direct
flows
Government
final investment
consumption
expenditure per capita
US$ billions
(flows abroad minus flows inward)
per capita
Balance
of directinvestment
investmentper
flows
Gross domestic
capita
Percentage
of GDP (flows abroad minus flows inward)
US$ per capita
Net
position
in direct
investment
stocks
Gross
domestic
savings
per capita
US$ billions
(stocks abroad minus stocks inward)
per capita
Forecasts
Net
position in direct investment stocks
Percentage Real
of GDPGDP
(stocksGrowth
abroad minus stocks inward)
Forecast:
Percentage change,
based
national currency in constant prices
Relocation
threats
of on
production
Relocation of
production is not a threat to the future of your economy
Forecast:
Inflation
Percentage change
Relocation
threats of R&D facilities
Relocation
of
R&D facilities is not a threat to the future of your economy
Forecast: Unemployment
Percentage
of
total laborof
force
Relocation threats
services
Relocation
of
services
is
not
a threatbalance
to the future of your economy
Forecast: Current account
Percentage
of
GDP/GNP
Finance
Portfolio investment assets
US$ billions
2003
-22.40
2005
2005
6.35
4.42
2005
2005
6.73
4.71
2005
2005
7.19
5.03
2005
2003
-0.01
55
21.81
2003
0.57
47
29.35
2004
9.40
30
36.80
2004
43.37
36
44.26
2004
1.91
20
1.32
2004
2002
22.50
2004
7.60
31
8.08
2003
3.50
2004
20.70
38
17.58
2004
11.90
59
3.52
2004
60.10
80.89
2003
300.00
2004
327.00
Portfolio investment liabilities

US$ billions
1.4 Employment
Employment
Total employment in millions
Employment
Percentage of population
Employment - growth
Estimates: percentage change
Employment by sector
Percentage of total employment
Employment in the public sector

Percentage of total employment
Unemployment rate
Percentage of labor force
Long-term unemployment
Youth unemployment
1.5 Prices
Consumer price inflation
Average annual rate
Cost-of-living index
Index of basket of goods & services in major cities, excluding housing (New York City = 100)
Apartment rent
3-room apartment monthly rent in major cities, US$
Office rent
Total occupation cost (US$/Sq.M per year)
-
STATISTICAL DATA
ROMANIA
Year
Value
Average
Value
Rank
Economic
Government
Performance
Efficiency
1.1
2.1 Domestic
Public Finance
Economy
Size
Government budget surplus/deficit
US$ billions
Gross
domestic product (GDP)
US$ billions
Government
budget surplus/deficit
Percentage
of GDP
GDP
(PPP)
Estimates;
US$ billions at purchasing
power
parity
Central
government
domestic
debt
US$ billions
Private
US$ billions
Central
government domestic debt
Percentage
of GDP
Private final
Percentage
of
GDP
Central government
foreign debt
US$ billions
Government
US$ billions
Central
government foreign debt
Percentage of GDP
Government
Percentage
of GDP
Central
government
total debt - real growth
Percentage
change, based
Gross
domestic
investment
US$ billions
Interest
payment
Percentage
of currentinvestment
revenue
Gross
domestic
Percentage of GDP
Management
of public finances
Management
of public
finances over the next two years is likely to improve
Gross
domestic
savings
US$ billions
Total
reserves
Including
gold and official
reserves (gold = SDR 35 per ounce)
Gross
domestic
savings
Percentage
of
GDP
General government expenditure
Percentage of
GDP
Economic
sectors
Breakdown
as
a percentage of GDP
2.2 Fiscal Policy
Collected total tax revenues
Growth
Percentage
GDP
Real
GDPofGrowth
Percentage personal
change, based
on national
Collected
income
taxcurrency in constant prices
On profits,
and capital
gains, as a percentage of GDP
Real
GDPincome
Growth
per capita
Percentage corporate
change, basedtaxes
Collected
On profits,
income
and capital gains,
as a percentage- of
GDPgrowth
Private
final
consumption
expenditure
real
Percentage indirect
change, based
Collected
taxon
revenues
Taxes on goods final
and services
as a percentage
of GDP
Government
consumption
expenditure
- real growth
Percentage capital
change, based
national currency
Collected
andon
property
taxesin constant prices
Percentage
of GDP investment - real growth
Gross
domestic
Percentage
change,
based onsocial
nationalsecurity
currency incontribution
constant prices
Collected employees
Compulsory
contribution
as
a
percentage
of
GDP
Percentage employers
change, based on
nationalsecurity
currency incontribution
constant prices
Collected
social
Compulsory
contribution
as
a
percentage
of
GDP
Resilience personal
of the economy
to economic
Effective
income
tax cycles
rate is strong
Percentage of an income equal to GDP per capita
2004
-0.58
2004
73.17
53
680.10
2004
-0.79
24
2004
171.37
45
1.56)
865.81
2004
0.09
2004
51.53
2004
0.15
35.06
2004
70.42
2004
0.26
2004
11.62
2004
0.45
13.68
2004
15.88
2004
-0.40
17
2.58
2004
16.32
2003
11.44
40
11.39
2004
22.30
2005
5.58
29
5.50
2004
10.03
2004
9.53
33
44.14
2004
13.70
2004
33.14
2004
2003
27.54
25
29.12
2004
8.30
4.75
2003
3.12
2004
8.59
3.82
2003
3.08
2004
14.66
2003
9.76
2004
11.30
2003
0.51
2004
12.63
2003
5.22
2004
1.41
2003
5.77
2005
3.88
54
5.28
2004
22.46
42
16.71
2005
25.00
30.45
2003
2004
17.02
47
9.92
2004
32.74
45
20.64
2005
5.00
24
4.72
2005
4.77
31
4.93
2005
2.27
57
4.42
Corporate tax rate on profit

Maximum tax rate, calculated on profit before tax
Consumption tax rate

Standard rate of VAT / GST
17.17
Employees social security contribution rate

Compulsory contribution as a percentage of an income equal to GDP per capita
Employers social security contribution rate

Compulsory contribution as a percentage of an income equal to GDP per capita
Real personal taxes

Real personal taxes do not discourage people from working or seeking advancement
Real corporate taxes

Real corporate taxes do not discourage entrepreneurial activity
Tax evasion
Tax evasion does not hamper business activity
STATISTICAL DATA
ROMANIA
Year
Value
Average
Value
Rank
Government
Efficiency
1.1 Institutional
Domestic Economy
2.3
Framework
Wealth Bank
Central
GDP short-term
per capita interest rate
Real
US$ per
capita/ bank rate
Real
discount
2004
3376.41
7.51
50
53
20985.19
2.39
2004
2005
7908.04
3.65
50
53
21060.85
5.55
2004
2377.72
-
5.23-
2004
536.04
45.70
51
72.77-
2004
2005
753.00
4.81
55
6.24-
2004
2005
462.65
3.62
53
5.14-
GDP of
(PPP)
per capita
Cost
capital
Estimates;
US$inper
capita
at purchasing
power
parity development
Cost
of capital
your
economy
encourages
business
Private final
expenditure per capita
Interest
rate consumption
spread
US$ per rate
capita
Lending
minus deposit rate
Government
consumption expenditure per capita
Country
creditfinal
rating
US$ peroncapita
Rating
a scale of 0-100 assessed by the Institutional Investor Magazine ranking
Gross domestic
investment per capita
Central
bank policy
US$ perbank
capita
Central
policy of your economy has a positive impact on economic development
Gross domestic
savings per capita
Exchange
rate policy
US$ per capita
Exchange
rate policy of your economy supports the competitiveness of enterprises
Forecastsrate stability
Exchange
Parity change
from GDP
nationalGrowth
currency to SDR, 2004/2002
Forecast:
Real
Percentage
change, based on national currency in constant prices
State
Efficiency
Policy
direction
of the government
Forecast:
Inflation
Percentage
change
Policy
direction
of the government is consistent
2004
0.01
0.12
2005
2005
3.73
47
5.05-
2005
3.92
37
4.49-
2005
3.18
41
4.24-
2005
2.96
54
4.56
2005
3.54
43
4.23
2005
4.19
40
4.77
2005
2.58
45
3.67
2005
0.73
60
3.09
2005
1.04
56
4.71
2005
4.15
50
5.90
2005
4.46
54
6.21
2005
3.88
59
6.07
2005
6.82
48
7.62
2005
6.35
44
7.31
2005
4.16
55
6.96
2005
4.27
53
5.79
Forecast:
Legal
and Unemployment
regulatory framework
Percentage
of regulatory
total labor framework
force
The
legal and
encourages the competitiveness of enterprises
Forecast: Current
account balance
Adaptability
of government
policy
Percentage of GDP/GNP
Adaptability
government policy to changes in the economy is high
Government decisions
Government decisions are effectively implemented
Political parties
Political parties do understand today's economic challenges
Transparency
Transparency of government policy is satisfactory
Public service
The public service is independent from political interference
Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy does not hinder business activity
Bribing and corruption

Bribing and corruption do not exist in the economy
2.4 Business Legislation

Openness
Customs' authorities
Customs' authorities do facilitate the efficient transit of goods
Protectionism
Protectionism in your economy does not impair the conduct of your business
Public sector contracts

Public sector contracts are sufficiently open to foreign bidders
International transactions
International transactions can be freely negotiated with foreign partners
Foreign investors
Foreign investors are free to acquire control in domestic companies
Access to capital markets

Access to capital markets (foreign and domestic) is easily available
Investment incentives
Investment incentives are attractive to foreign investors
STATISTICAL DATA
ROMANIA
Year
Value
Average
Value
Rank
Economic
Performance
Government
Efficiency
1.1
Economy
2.4 Domestic
Business Legislation
Size
Competition and Regulations
Gross
domestic
product (GDP)
Government
subsidies
US$
billions
To private
and public companies as a percentage of GDP
2004
2003
73.17
1.09
53
25
680.10
1.34
2004
2005
171.37
3.19
45
58
865.81
5.44
2004
2005
51.53
3.04
60
5.51-
2004
2005
70.42
4.85
53
5.98-
2004
2005
11.62
3.80
59
6.78-
2004
2005
15.88
1.85
59
4.94-
2004
2005
16.32
2.65
58
5.10-
2004
2005
22.30
5.65
29
5.70-
2004
2005
10.03
5.54
35
5.94-
2004
13.70
28.00
23
41.00-
GDP
(PPP)
Subsidies
Estimates;
US$
purchasing
power parity
Subsidies do
notbillions
impair at
economic
development
Private
final consumption
Competition
legislation expenditure
US$
billions legislation in your economy is efficient in preventing unfair competition
Competition
Private
expenditure
Productfinal
and consumption
service legislation
Percentage
GDP legislation does not deter business activity
Product andof
service
Government
Price controlsfinal consumption expenditure
US$
Pricebillions
controls do not affect pricing of products in most industries
Government
Parallel economy
Percentage
of GDP
Parallel (black-market,
unrecorded) economy does not impair economic development
Gross
domestic
investment
Regulation
intensity
US$
billionsintensity does not restrain the ability of companies to compete
Regulation
Gross
investment
Ease ofdomestic
doing business
Percentage
of business
GDP
Ease of doing
is a competitive advantage for your economy
Gross
domestic
Creation
of firmssavings
US$
billions
Creation
of firms is supported by legislation in your economy
Gross
domestic
Start-up
days savings
Percentage
of GDP
Number of days
to start a business
Labor Regulations
Economic
sectors
Breakdown
as a percentage of GDP
Labor
regulations
Labor regulations (hiring/firing practices, minimum wages, etc.) do not hinder business activities
Growth
Real
GDP Growth
Unemployment
legislation
Percentage
change,
basedprovides
on national
currency to
in look
constant
prices
Unemployment
legislation
an incentive
for work
2004
2005
4.46
27
4.56
2004
2005
8.30
3.45
7
51
4.75
4.61
2004
2005
8.59
5.14
4
45
3.82
5.67
2004
14.66
2005
2.54
57
5.84
2004
11.30
2005
3.81
50
6.44
2004
12.63
2005
5.23
52
7.19
2004
1.41
2005
3.88
55
6.20
Real
GDP Growth
Immigration
laws per capita
Percentage
based
on national
currencyfrom
in constant
prices
Immigration change,
laws do not
prevent
your company
employing
foreign labor
2.5 Societal
Framework expenditure - real growth
Private
final consumption
Justice
Justice is fairly administered
in society
Government
final consumption
expenditure - real growth
Percentagesecurity
change, based
national currency
in constant prices
Personal
andonprivate
property
Personal
security andinvestment
private property- are
adequately
Gross
domestic
real
growthprotected
Percentage
change,instability
Risk
of political
The
risk
of
political
instability
in your
economy
is very low
- real
growth
Percentage
change,
based
on
national
currency
in constant prices
Social cohesion
Social
cohesion
is
a
priority
for
the
government
Resilience
of the economy- to
economic
cycles is strong
Income
distribution
lowest
20%
Percentage of household incomes going to lowest 20% of households
2005
3.88
54
5.28
2002
8.20
2002
38.40
2005
4.08
59
6.36
2004
9.30
51
20.22
2002
31.00
16
29.24
2002
0.58
26
0.54
2005
4.20
59
7.17
Income distribution - highest 20%

Percentage of household incomes going to highest 20% of households
Discrimination
Discrimination (race, gender, etc.) does not pose a handicap in society
Females in parliament
Percentage of total seats in Parliament
Female positions
Percentage of total legislators, senior officials and managers
Gender income ratio

Ratio of estimated female to male earned income globally
Harassment and violence

Harassment and violence do not destabilize the workplace
STATISTICAL DATA
ROMANIA
ROMANIA
Year
Value
Average
Value
Rank
Economic
Business Efficiency
Performance
1.1
3.1 Domestic
Productivity
Economy
& Efficiency
Wealth
Overall productivity (PPP)
Estimates:
GDP (PPP) per person employed, US$
GDP
per capita
US$ per productivity
capita
Overall
GDP (PPP)
per person
employed,
GDP
per
capitaUS$
Estimates;
US$ per capita at
power parity
Overall
productivity
- purchasing
real growth
Estimates:
Percentage
change
of
real
GDP
per person
employed
per
capita
US$
per
capita
Labor productivity (PPP)
Estimates: GDP final
(PPP) consumption
per person employed
per hour, US$ per capita
Government
expenditure
US$
per
capita
Agricultural productivity (PPP)
Estimates:
Related GDP
(PPP) per person
employed in agriculture, US$
Gross
domestic
investment
per capita
US$ per capita in industry (PPP)
Productivity
Estimates:
Related GDP
(PPP) per
person
employed in industry, US$
Gross
domestic
savings
per
capita
US$ per capita in services (PPP)
Productivity
Estimates: Related GDP (PPP) per person employed in services, US$
Forecasts
Forecast:
Real GDP Growth
Large corporations
Percentage
Large corporations
change,inbased
your economy
on national
arecurrency
efficient in
byconstant
international
prices
standards
2004
18232.89
51
46409.80
2004
3376.41
50
20985.19
2004
7784.70
2004
7908.04
50
21060.85
3.28
2004
6.26
2004
2377.72
2004
9.15
2004
536.04
2004
7802.30
2004
753.00
2004
24128.13
2004
462.65
2004
22103.60
2005
4.46
-
57
-
6.83-
2005
4.50
-
51
-
5.91-
Forecast:
Small andInflation
medium-size enterprises
Percentage
Small and medium-size
change
enterprises in your economy are efficient by international standards
3.2 LaborUnemployment
Market
Forecast:
Percentage
of
total labor force
Costs
Compensation
levels
Forecast:
Current
account balance
Percentage
Estimates: Total
of GDP/GNP
hourly compensation for manufacturing workers (wages + supplementary benefits), US$
2005
-2
2005
2004
0.53
-
12.68-
2004
2003
2004
2004
1992.00
19
1922.06
2005
5.65
47
6.48
2005
4.04
56
5.79
2003
0.72
15
27.86
2005
4.67
50
5.80
Unit labor costs in the manufacturing sector

Percentage change
1.10
Remuneration in services professions

Gross annual income including supplements such as bonuses, in US$
Remuneration of management
Total base salary plus bonuses and long-term incentives, US$
Relations
Working hours
Average number of working hours per year
Labor relations
Labor relations are generally productive
Worker motivation
Worker motivation is high in your economy
Industrial disputes
Working days lost per 1,000 inhabitants per year (Average 2001-2003)
Employee training
Employee training is a high priority in companies
STATISTICAL DATA
ROMANIA
ROMANIA
Year
Value
Average
Value
Rank
Business
EconomicEfficiency
Performance
3.2
1.1 Labor
Domestic
Market
Economy
Availability
Size
of Skills
Labor
Gross force
domestic product (GDP)
Employed
US$ billions
and registered unemployed
2004
10.17
73.17
30
53
680.10
39.49
2004
171.37
46.93
37
45
865.81
47.99
2004
51.53
2.57
-9
1.21-
2003
2004
11.40
70.42
29
-
14.65-
2004
45.48
11.62
22
-
42.11-
2003
2004
15.88
-
2005
2004
16.32
4.77
51
-
6.04-
2005
2004
22.30
4.04
59
-
6.59-
2005
2004
10.03
3.14
56
-
5.52-
2005
2004
13.70
3.65
55
-
5.19-
2005
2004
4.59
-
42
-
5.25-
2005
2.64
60
5.66
2004
8.30
4.75
Labor
GDP (PPP)
force
Percentage
Estimates; US$
of population
Labor
Privateforce
final growth
Percentage
US$ billions change
Part-time
Private final
employment
Percentage of total
GDPemployment
Female
Government
laborfinal
forceconsumption expenditure
Percentage
US$ billions of total labor force
Foreign
Government
laborfinal
forceconsumption expenditure
Percentage of total
GDPlabor force
Skilled
Gross domestic
labor
investment
Skilled
US$ billions
labor is readily available
Finance
Gross domestic
skills investment
Finance
Percentage
skills
ofare
GDP
readily available
Brain
Grossdrain
domestic savings
Brain
US$ billions
drain (well-educated and skilled people) does not hinder competitiveness in your economy
Foreign
Gross domestic
high-skilled
savings
people
Foreign
Percentage
high-skilled
of GDP people are attracted by the business environment of your economy
International
Economic sectors
experience
International
Breakdown as
experience
a percentage
of senior
of GDP
managers is generally significant
Growth
Competent
senior managers
Competent
managers are readily available
Real
GDPsenior
Growth
Percentage
3.3
Finance
Bank
Efficiency
Real GDP
Growth per capita
Percentage
change,assets
Banking
sector
Percentage
of GDP
Private
final
consumption expenditure - real growth
Percentageassets
change, based
on national currency
in constant prices
Financial
of institutional
investors
US$ billions
Government
final consumption expenditure - real growth
Credit
Credit flows
easily from
banks to businesses
Gross
domestic
investment
- real growth
Percentage
change,
based
on
national
Number of credit cards issuedcurrency in constant prices
Per capita
Gross
domestic savings - real growth
Percentage
Credit
cardchange,
transactions
Number
of
transactions
per capita
Resilience of the
economy to economic cycles is strong
Investment
risk
Euromoney country credit-worthiness scale from 0-100
2004
8.59
3.82
2004
30.44
60
131.73
2004
14.66
2001
2004
11.30
2005
3.50
57
5.99
2004
12.63
2004
0.08
51
0.79
2004
1.41
2004
0.19
2005
3.88
54
5.28
2004
52.18
51
76.08
2005
3.42
48
4.72
2005
4.08
56
6.10
2004
2005
5.00
51
6.33
Venture capital
Venture capital is easily available for business development
Banking and financial services

Banking and financial services in your economy do support business activities efficiently
Retail banking
Population /number of bank offices
Banking regulation
Banking regulation does not hinder competitiveness in your economy
STATISTICAL DATA
ROMANIA
ROMANIA
Year
Value
Average
Value
Rank
Economic
Business Efficiency
Performance
1.1
3.3 Domestic
Finance Economy
Wealth
Stock Market Efficiency
GDP
Stockper
markets
capita
US$
Stockper
markets
capita provide adequate financing to companies
2004
2005
3376.41
3.35
50
54
20985.19
5.60
2004
2003
7908.04
5.58
50
57
21060.85
548.19
2004
2003
2377.72
9.74
58
-
75.62-
2004
2003
536.04
20.34
58
-
11921.91-
2004
2003
753.00
-
775.02-
2004
462.65
34.50
14
-
23.21-
2005
4.43
56
6.33
GDP
Stock(PPP)
marketper
capitalization
capita
Estimates;
US$ billionsUS$ per capita at purchasing power parity
Private
Stock market
final consumption
capitalizationexpenditure per capita
US$
Percentage
per capita
of GDP
Government
Value traded final
on stock
consumption
markets expenditure per capita
US$ per capita
Gross
Listed domestic investment
companies per capita
US$
Number
per of
capita
listed domestic companies
Gross
Stock market
domestic
index
savings per capita
US$
Percentage
per capita
change on index in national currency
Forecasts
Shareholders' rights
Shareholders'
rightsGDP
are sufficiently
protected
Forecast:
Real
Growth
Percentageinstitutions'
change, based on
Financial
transparency
Financial institutions'
transparency is sufficiently implemented in your economy
Forecast:
Inflation
PercentageManagement
change
Finance
Cash flowUnemployment
Forecast:
Percentage
Cash flow isof
generally
total labor
sufficient
force to allow companies to self-finance
2005
2005
2005
3.88
-
55
-
6.04
-
2005
2.98
-
60
-
5.48-
2005
3.28
-
58
-
5.69-
2004
1.15
20
1.06
Forecast:
CorporateCurrent
debt account balance
Percentage
Corporate debt
of GDP/GNP
does not restrain the ability of enterprises to compete in your economy
Factoring
Percentage of merchandise exports
STATISTICAL DATA
ROMANIA
ROMANIA
Year
Value
Average
Value
Rank
EconomicEfficiency
Performance
Business
1.1 Management
Domestic Economy
3.4
Practices
Size
Adaptability
of companies
Adaptability
of companies
to market
changes is high in your economy
Gross
domestic
product
(GDP)
US$ billions
Ethical
practices
Ethical
practices are implemented in companies
GDP
(PPP)
Estimates; US$
Credibility
of managers
Credibility
of managers
is widely acknowledged
in the economy
Private
final
consumption
expenditure
US$ billions boards
Corporate
Corporate
boards
do supervise theexpenditure
management of companies effectively
Private
final
consumption
Percentage
of
GDP
Auditing and accounting practices
Auditing and accounting
practices are adequately
implemented in business
Government
final consumption
expenditure
US$ billions
Shareholder
value
Shareholder value
is efficiently
managed expenditure
Government
final
consumption
Percentage of
GDP
Customer
satisfaction
Customer
satisfactioninvestment
is emphasized in your economy
Gross
domestic
US$ billions
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship
of managers
is widespread in your economy
Gross
domestic
investment
Percentage of GDP
Marketing
Marketing
is conducted
efficiently by enterprises in your economy
Gross
domestic
savings
US$ billions
Social
responsibility
Social responsibility
business leaders is high towards society
Gross
domestic ofsavings
Percentage
of
GDP
Health, safety & environmental concerns
Health, safetysectors
& environmental concerns are adequately addressed by management
Economic
Breakdown
as
a percentage
of GDP
3.5 Attitudes
and Values
Attitudes
Growth toward globalization
Attitudes
toward
globalization are generally positive in your economy
Real
GDP
Growth
Percentage
Image
abroad
The image
of your
country/region
Real
GDPabroad
Growth
per
capita encourages business development
Percentage
National
culture
National final
cultureconsumption
is open to foreign ideas
Private
Percentage and
change,
Flexibility
adaptability
Flexibility and adaptability
of people in yourexpenditure
economy are high
when faced
with new challenges
Government
final consumption
- real
growth
Percentage
change, based
on national
in constant prices
Need
for economic
and
socialcurrency
reforms
Need for
economic and
social reforms-isreal
generally
understood by people in your society
Gross
domestic
investment
growth
Percentage
change,
based
on
national
currency
in
constant prices
Values of society
Values
of
society
support
competitiveness
Percentage change,
Corporate
valuesbased on national currency in constant prices
Corporate
values
take economy
sufficiently into account the values of employees
Resilience of the
2005
4.60
53
6.06
2004
73.17
53
680.10
2005
3.73
59
6.07
2004
171.37
45
865.81
2005
4.16
59
5.97
2004
51.53
2005
5.67
33
5.65
2004
70.42
2005
5.14
57
6.81
2004
11.62
2005
5.24
46
6.01
2004
15.88
2005
5.88
46
6.47
2004
16.32
2005
4.82
54
5.77
2004
22.30
2005
4.62
59
6.29
2004
10.03
2005
3.69
57
5.58
2004
13.70
2005
3.38
58
5.97
2004
2005
4.67
51
5.96
2004
8.30
4.75
2005
3.33
54
6.11
2004
8.59
3.82
2005
6.27
45
6.89
2004
14.66
2005
5.22
52
6.45
2004
11.30
2005
3.92
57
5.72
2004
12.63
2005
4.46
56
5.88
2004
1.41
2005
4.12
59
5.90
2005
3.88
54
5.28
STATISTICAL DATA
ROMANIA
ROMANIA
Year
Value
Average
Value
Rank
Infrastructure
Economic
Performance
4.1 Domestic
Basic Infrastructure
1.1
Economy
Land area
Wealth
Square
kilometers
GDP
per
capita('000)
US$ perarea
capita
Arable
Square
meters per
per capita
GDP
(PPP)
capita
Urbanization
Urbanization
cities does not drain
economic resources
Private
finalofconsumption
expenditure
per capita
US$
per
capita
Population - market size
Estimates in millions
Government
final consumption expenditure per capita
US$
per capitaunder 15 years
Population
Percentage
of total population
Gross
domestic
US$ per capitaover 65 years
Population
Percentage
of total population
Gross
domestic
savings per capita
US$ per capita ratio
Dependency
Population under 15 and over 64 years old, divided by active population (15 to 64 years)
Forecasts
Forecast:
Real GDP Growth
Roads
Density of the
network
Percentage
change,
2004
238.39
2004
3376.41
50
20985.19
2002
4542.91
3124.93
2004
7908.04
50
21060.85
36
5.57
2005
4.85
2004
2377.72
2004
21.67
2004
536.04
29
-
79.29
-
2004
16.10
2004
753.00
2004
14.50
2004
462.65
2004
44.09
12
49.60
2002
2005
0.83
-
27
-
1.06-
2003
2005
0.05
-
24
-
0.05-
2003
2005
871.10
-
56
-
28964.56-
2005
5.96
-
41
-
6.68-
2005
4.46
50
6.42
2005
5.12
42
6.25
2005
3.15
52
5.33
2005
3.81
52
6.17
2002
28.41
2002
1.30
2002
76.82
20
92.29
2002
24.26
2002
1.11
2001
35937.62
57
15343.12
2004
0.07
35
0.07
Railroads Inflation
Forecast:
Density of the
network
Percentage
change
Air transportation
Forecast:
Unemployment
Number of passengers
Percentage
of total laborcarried
force by main companies
Quality of Current
air transportation
Forecast:
account balance
Quality of airoftransportation
Percentage
GDP/GNP encourages business development in your economy
Distribution infrastructure
The distribution infrastructure of goods and services is generally efficient
Water transportation
Water transportation (harbors, canals, etc.) meets business requirements
Maintenance and development

Maintenance and development of infrastructure are adequately planned and financed
Energy infrastructure
Energy infrastructure is adequate and efficient in your economy
Total indigenous energy production

Millions MTOE
Total indigenous energy production per capita

Millions MTOE per capita
Total indigenous energy production

Percentage of total requirements in tons of oil equivalent
Total final energy consumption

Millions MTOE
Total final energy consumption per capita

Millions MTOE per capita
Energy intensity
Commercial energy consumed for each dollar of GDP in kilojoules
Electricity costs for industrial clients

US$ per kwh
STATISTICAL DATA
ROMANIA
ROMANIA
Year
Value
Average
Value
Rank
Infrastructure
1.1 Technological
Domestic Economy
4.2
Infrastructure
Size
Investment
in telecommunications
Percentage
of GDP product (GDP)
Gross
domestic
US$ billions
Fixed
telephone lines
Number
of main lines per 1000 inhabitants
GDP
(PPP)
Estimates; US$ fixed
billions at
purchasing power
parity
International
telephone
costs
US$ per final
3 minutes
in peak hours toexpenditure
USA (for USA to Europe)
Private
consumption
US$ billions
Mobile
telephone subscribers
Number
subscribers
per 1000 inhabitants
Private of
final
consumption
expenditure
Percentage
of
GDP
Mobile telephone costs
US$ per 3 minutes
in peak
hours (local) expenditure
Government
final
consumption
US$ billions
Communications
technology
Communicationsfinal
technology
(voice and data)
meets business requirements
Government
consumption
expenditure
Percentage of in
GDP
Computers
use
Worldwide
share / Source:
Computer Industry Almanac
Gross
domestic
investment
US$ billions per capita
Computers
Numberdomestic
of computersinvestment
per 1000 people / Source: Computer Industry Almanac
Gross
Percentage
of GDP
Internet
users
Numberdomestic
of internet users
per 1000 people / Source: Computer Industry Almanac
Gross
savings
US$ billions
Internet
costs
Cost fordomestic
20 hours dial-up
per month, US$
Gross
savings
Percentage
of
GDP
Broadband subscribers
Number of subscribers
Economic
sectors per 1000 inhabitants
Breakdown
as
a percentage of GDP
Broadband costs
US$
per
100
kbits/s
per month
Growth
Real GDP Growth
Information
technology skills
Percentage technology
change, based
national
Information
skillson
are
readilycurrency
availablein constant prices
2003
0.66
24
0.73
2004
73.17
53
680.10
2003
199.39
49
405.71
2004
171.37
45
865.81
2004
0.92
2004
51.53
2003
324.22
47
651.89
2004
70.42
2003
1.05
42
0.76
2004
11.62
2005
6.73
49
7.67
2004
15.88
2004
0.19
54
2.01
2004
16.32
2004
69.29
51
361.08
2004
22.30
2004
222.30
43
382.68
2004
10.03
2002
26.39
51
18.94
2004
13.70
2003
0.73
51
45.67
2004
2003
9.95
2004
2005
8.30
5.92
7
55
4.75
7.43
2004
2005
8.59
4.50
4
53
3.82
5.86
2004
2005
14.66
4.73
57
6.52-
2004
2005
11.30
2.67
60
5.20-
2004
2005
12.63
4.62
55
6.17-
2004
2003
1.41
530.24
52
20598.19-
2005
2003
3.88
3.65
54
56
5.28
18.49
2005
4.27
57
5.82
Real GDP Growth

per capita
Technological
cooperation
Percentage change,
basedisondeveloped
national currency
constant prices
Technological
cooperation
betweenincompanies
Private final consumption

expenditure
- real growth
Development
and application
of technology
Percentage change,
based onofnational
currency
in constant
Development
and application
technology
are supported
byprices
the legal environment
Government
final consumption
Funding
for technological
development
Percentage
change, based
on national currency
in constant
Funding
for technological
development
is generally
sufficientprices
Gross domestic
investment - real growth
Technological
regulation
Percentage change,
based
on national
currency in constant
prices
Technological
regulation
supports
the development
of business
Gross domestic
savings - real growth
High-tech
exports
Percentage
US$
millionschange, based on national currency in constant prices
Resilienceexports
of the economy
High-tech
Resilience ofofthe
economy toexports
economic cycles is strong
Percentage
manufactured
Cyber security
Cyber security is being adequately addressed by corporations
STATISTICAL DATA
ROMANIA
Year
Value
Average
Value
Rank
Infrastructure
4.3
1.1 Scientific
Domestic Infrastructure
Economy
Total
expenditure on R&D
Wealth
US$ millions
GDP
per capita
US$ per
capita
Total
expenditure
on R&D per capita
US$ per
capita per capita
GDP
(PPP)
Estimates;
US$ per capita
purchasing power parity
Total
expenditure
onatR&D
Percentage
of
GDP
US$ per capita
Business
expenditure on R&D
US$ millions
Government
final consumption expenditure per capita
US$ per capita
Business
expenditure on R&D per capita
US$ per
capita
Gross
domestic
US$ per
capita
Total
R&D
personnel nationwide
Full-time
work equivalent
(FTE) per capita
Gross
domestic
savings
US$ per
capita
Total
R&D
personnel nationwide per capita
Full-time work equivalent (FTE) per 1000 people
Forecasts
Forecast:
GDP Growth
Total
R&DReal
personnel
in business enterprise
Full-time
work
equivalent
(FTE)
Percentage
change,
based
2003
173.75
55
12276.91
2004
3376.41
50
20985.19
2003
7.97
53
329.24
2004
7908.04
50
21060.85
2003
0.38
56
1.52
2004
2377.72
2003
104.71
53
8748.30
2004
536.04
2003
4.81
50
225.02
2004
753.00
2003
32.80
28
121.09
2004
462.65
2003
1.51
37
4.10
2003
2005
18.40
-
26
-
71.39-
2003
2005
0.84
-
34
-
2.40-
2005
5.50
-
32
-
5.46-
2001
2005
31.64
-
2001
997.00
47
11094.91
2005
4.04
40
4.73
2005
3.73
55
4.97
2004
0.00
25
7.77
2004
0.00
25
0.16
2002
695.67
24
5892.91
2002
39.00
47
13090.57
2005
3.42
57
5.90
2002
53.01
37
448.08
2002
30.22
21
42.67
2005
4.27
56
5.96
Total
R&DInflation
personnel in business per capita
Forecast:
Full-time
work
equivalent (FTE) per 1000 people
Percentage
change
Basic
research
Forecast:
Unemployment
Basic
research
doeslabor
enhance
Percentage
of total
force long-term economic development
Science
Forecast:degrees
Current account balance
Percentage of total
first university degrees in science and engineering
GDP/GNP
Scientific articles
Scientific articles published by origin of author
Science in schools
Science in schools is sufficiently emphasized
Youth interest in science

Youth interest in science is strong
Nobel prizes
Awarded in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine and economics since 1950
Nobel prizes per capita

Awarded in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine and economics since 1950 per million people
Patents granted to residents

Number of patents granted to residents (average 2000-2002)
Securing patents abroad

Number of patents secured abroad by country residents
Intellectual property rights

Intellectual property rights are adequately enforced in your economy
Number of patents in force

Per 100,000 inhabitants
Patent productivity
Patents granted to residents / R&D personnel in business ('000s)
Legal environment
The legal environment supports scientific research
STATISTICAL DATA
ROMANIA
Year
Value
Average
Value
Rank
Infrastructure
Economic
Performance
4.4 Domestic
Health andEconomy
Environment
1.1
Total health expenditure
Size
Percentage
of GDP product (GDP)
Gross
domestic
US$ billions
Public
expenditure on health
Percentage
of total health expenditure
GDP
(PPP)
Estimates;
US$ billions
purchasing power parity
Life
expectancy
atatbirth
Average final
estimate
Private
US$ billions
Healthy
life expectancy
Average
estimate
Percentage
of GDP
Medical
assistance
Number
of
inhabitants
physician and per
nurse
Government final per
consumption
expenditure
US$ billions
Health
infrastructure
Health infrastructure
the needs of society
Government
finalmeets
consumption
expenditure
Percentage
of GDP
Urban
population
Percentage
of total population
Gross
domestic
investment
US$ billions
Human
development index
Combines
economic investment
- social - educational indicators / Source: Human Development Report
Gross
domestic
Percentage
of GDP (AIDS, alcohol, drug abuse, etc)
Health
problems
Health domestic
problems (AIDS,
alcohol, drug abuse, etc) do not have a significant impact on companies
Gross
savings
US$ billions
Paper
and cardboard recycling rate
Percentage
of apparent
consumption
Gross
domestic
savings
Percentage
of
GDP
Waste water treatment plants
Percentage of
population served
Economic
sectors
Breakdown
as
a percentage
of GDP
Carbon dioxide
emissions
CO2
industrial
emissions
in
metric
tons per one million US$ of GDP
Growth
Real
GDP Growth
Ecological
footprint
Area units per
person,
hectares
of biologically
productive
space
Percentage
change,
based
on national
currency
in constant
prices
2002
6.30
40
7.61
2004
73.17
53
680.10
2002
65.90
2004
171.37
45
865.81
2003
71.00
46
75.27
2004
51.53
2002
63.10
2004
70.42
2004
38
2004
11.62
2005
2.08
58
5.54
2004
15.88
2004
59.71
2004
16.32
2002
0.78
45
0.86
2004
22.30
2005
4.42
58
6.77
2004
10.03
2003
2004
13.70
2002
45.86
66.06
2004
2002
2433.13
54
1005.89
2001
2004
2.70
8.30
17
7
4.15
4.75
2005
2004
4.82
8.59
54
4
6.30
3.82
2005
2004
2.77
14.66
60
-
5.94-
2005
2004
5.46
11.30
44
-
5.87-
2005
2004
3.37
12.63
56
-
6.50-
2004
1.41
2005
3.88
54
5.28
Real
Sustainable
GDP Growth
development
per capita
Sustainable change,
development
a priority
incurrency
your economy
Percentage
basedison
national
in constant prices
Private
Pollutionfinal
problems
Pollution problems
not seriously
affect
your economy
Percentage
change,dobased
on national
currency
in constant prices
Environmental
laws
Government
final
Environmental
laws and
compliance
do currency
not hinder
competitiveness
of businesses
Percentage
change,
based
on national
in the
constant
prices
Qualitydomestic
of life investment - real growth
Gross
Quality of lifechange,
in your based
economy/society
high
Percentage
on nationaliscurrency
in constant prices


STATISTICAL DATA
ROMANIA
ROMANIA
Year
Value
Average
Value
Rank
Economic
Infrastructure
Performance
1.1
4.5 Domestic
EducationEconomy
Wealth
Total public expenditure on education
Percentage
of GDP
GDP
per capita
US$ per capita ratio (primary education)
Pupil-teacher
Ratio (PPP)
of students
to teaching
GDP
per
capita staff
Estimates; US$ per
capita
at purchasing power
parity
Pupil-teacher
ratio
(secondary
education)
Ratio
of
students
to
teaching
staff
US$ per capitaschool enrollment
Secondary
Percentage of relevant
age group receivingexpenditure
full-time education
Government
final consumption
per capita
US$
per
capita
Higher education achievement
Percentage
of population
that has attained
at least tertiary education for persons 25-34
Gross
domestic
investment
per capita
US$ per capita assessment
Educational
PISA survey
of 15-year
olds
Gross
domestic
savings
per capita
US$ per capita system
Educational
The educational system meets the needs of a competitive economy
Forecasts
Forecast:
GDP Growth
UniversityReal
education
Percentage
University education
change, based
meets on
thenational
needs ofcurrency
a competitive
in constant
economy
prices
2003
4.10
45
5.15
2004
3376.41
50
20985.19
2002
17.00
22
19.32
2004
7908.04
50
21060.85
23
16.39
2002
13.00
2004
2377.72
2002
75.70
2004
536.04
43
-
83.66
-
2002
2004
753.00
25.00
2000
2004
462.65
2005
3.54
50
4.96
2005
3.96
-
54
-
5.55-
2005
2002
2.70
-
36
-
4.69-
2005
2.98
-
58
-
4.96-
2005
4.75
-
47
-
5.91-
2005
5.96
26
5.57
2005
6.38
39
6.46
2005
3.04
59
4.70
Forecast:
Illiteracy Inflation
Percentage
Adult (over 15
change
years) illiteracy rate as a percentage of population
Forecast:
EconomicUnemployment
literacy
Percentage
Economic literacy
of totalislabor
generally
force high among the population
Forecast:
EducationCurrent
in finance
account balance
Percentage
Education inoffinance
GDP/GNP
does meet the needs of enterprises
Language skills
Language skills are meeting the needs of enterprises
Qualified engineers
Qualified engineers are available in your labor market
Knowledge transfer
Knowledge transfer is highly developed between companies and universities

IMD Raport Asupra ROMANIEI

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

IMD Raport Asupra ROMANIEI

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

COMPETITIVENESS TRENDS - OVERALL

IMD WORLD COMPETITIVENESS YEARBOOK 2005

Land area (km2 '000)

Exchange rate (per $)

GDP per capita ($)

Real GDP growth (%)

Consumer Price Inflation (%)

Unemployment rate (%)

Labor force (millions)

Current Account Balance ($ bn)

Flows Inward (% of GDP)

COMPETITIVENESS TRENDS - FACTOR BREAKDOWN

Productivity & Efficiency

IMD WORLD COMPETITIVENESS YEARBOOK 2005

COMPETITIVENESS BALANCE SHEET - STRENGTHS

Central government domestic debt Percentage of GDP

Arable area Square meters per capita

IMD WORLD COMPETITIVENESS YEARBOOK 2005

COMPETITIVENESS BALANCE SHEET - WEAKNESSES

1.5.01 Consumer price inflation Average annual rate

Direct investment stocks abroad US$ billions

Competent senior managers are not readily available (Survey)

Pollution problems do seriously affect your economy (Survey)

IMD WORLD COMPETITIVENESS YEARBOOK 2005

TWENTY STRONGEST CRITERIA

1.3.04 DIRECT INVESTMENT STOCKS ABROAD - REAL GROWTH

Percentage change based on US$ values

1.1.13 REAL GDP GROWTH PER CAPITA

2.3.07 EXCHANGE RATE STABILITY

1.5.02 COST-OF-LIVING INDEX

2.1.04 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC DEBT

3.2.03 REMUNERATION IN SERVICES PROFESSIONS

Gross annual income including supplements such as bonuses, in US$

1.1.12 REAL GDP GROWTH

Percentage change, based on national currency in constant prices

1.2.09 EXPORTS OF GOODS - REAL GROWTH

3.2.01 COMPENSATION LEVELS

3.1.03 OVERALL PRODUCTIVITY - REAL GROWTH

3.2.12 LABOR FORCE GROWTH

1.3.08 DIRECT INVESTMENT STOCKS INWARD - REAL GROWTH

2.2.09 CORPORATE TAX RATE ON PROFIT

1.3.15 RELOCATION THREATS OF SERVICES

1.3.14 RELOCATION THREATS OF R&D FACILITIES

1.3.13 RELOCATION THREATS OF PRODUCTION

4.5.12 LANGUAGE SKILLS

2.2.13 REAL PERSONAL TAXES

2.1.09 MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC FINANCES

4.3.10 BASIC RESEARCH

IMD WORLD COMPETITIVENESS YEARBOOK 2005

TWENTY WEAKEST CRITERIA

Simulated Ranking Changes

1.5.01 CONSUMER PRICE INFLATION

Average annual rate

1.2.02 CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE

4.1.21 ENERGY INTENSITY

2.3.04 COUNTRY CREDIT RATING

3.3.06 INVESTMENT RISK

3.1.01 OVERALL PRODUCTIVITY (PPP)

4.2.08 COMPUTERS PER CAPITA

2.3.01 REAL SHORT-TERM INTEREST RATE

4.3.03 TOTAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D

1.1.20 GDP (PPP) PER CAPITA

4.2.04 MOBILE TELEPHONE SUBSCRIBERS

1.1.19 GDP PER CAPITA