CHAPTER 1

1.1 THE INTRODUCTION

Transforming animal manure to energy. The 21 st century survey of using renewable
energy graph the good fate of the universe on the palm have proven better plans for the
earth and for our lives on the next generation .The use of renewable energy makes
everyone to conserve and let people get healthier and wiser. With the help of using
renewable energy people pays little and can spend more and more in their wants and
needs for their daily life .It is very beneficial, for the earth will breathe for a while and
may be rest for longer and be stop from being prone by global warming.
Sustainable fuels are a key parameter to improve the environmental quality for a
cleaner and healthier life, decreases climate change and reduce social inequality. The
global trend shows the graph of increasing level of carbon dioxide emissions using fossil
fuels. The full environmental, economic and social impacts are yet to be seen. However
el nino, and la nina , extreme storms, increasing level of the sea level are some of the
effects. Some leaders initiates to use renewable energy such as the solar, wind, and
hydropower plants. `
There is one material that is unutilized which is the animal manure and waste organic
crops, which could be used to produce biogas. Biogas, wild fire and more. Biogas has
many advantages it simply can be used for cooking, lighting electricity or maybe for
vehicle fuels, replacing the use of fossil fuels. Depending on usage, it may need
additional treatment such as upgrading increasing the methane content. , is a mixture of
1

carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (NH4), nitrogen (N2) and other trace gases. Methane is
the main combustive gas component making up 50-70% of the biogas. It is produced
naturally during anaerobic decomposing of organic materials in environments like
landfills, wetlands, sea beds.

The advantages of anaerobic digesters is that they produce renewable, sustainable and
affordable energy. Additionally, they can mitigate methane and carbon dioxide emissions
of organic wastes otherwise simply left to decompose freely in landfills, rubbish heaps
or river/sea bottoms. The anaerobic process can also immobilize several pathogens
present in the raw manure that would otherwise be released into water bodies. The
digestate can be used as an organic fertilizer since
many nutrients are preserved in the process.

In 2011, the Philippines had a pig population of 12 million pigs. Large-scale farms are
obliged to clean their effluent, but small-scale (backyard) farms that make up for 65% of
the pig population are exempt from this. There are great environmental benefits to gain
from applying an affordable cleaning step to this category. The potential for small-scale
biogas digesters is great due to the weather conditions and digesters. The technique
can results the production of biogas and bio-fertilizer, improvements in the surrounding
environments and a reduction in some of the farmers financial problems. It can help
supply energy in rural areas where energy availability is scarce. The study also aims to
explore the potential of using biogas digestate as bio-fertilizer.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The application of biogas comes from animal manure as an alternative energy that
reduces the use of fossil fuels on the Province of Bulacan.

1.3 ASSUMPTIONS AND HYPOTHESIS

The application of biogas as alternative energy in Bulacan helps to minimize the

environmental effects and level of carbon dioxide emissions comes from fossil fuels.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OR IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

Animal manure as biogas are the key parameter to improve the environmental quality
for a cleaner and healthier life, it decreases climate change and reduce social inequality.
The use of biogas will be cause a reduction in some of the farmers financial problems. It
also benifits the growth quality of farm lands with the application of digestate fertilizer. It
can help supply energy in rural areas where energy availability is not bountiful.

Rural areas are the main concern of the study. This study will benefits the most on
farmers community.
Usage of biogas digestate as fertilizer is not widespread in the Philippines since the
majority of installed biogas digesters are used purely as a cleaning step for effluent. The

manure is currently disposed of by dumping it in water bodies like ponds or landfills use
as direct fertilizer or dried/burned and then applied as a fertilizer.

1.5 DEFINITION TERMS

AD

Anaerobic Digestion

CM

Cow Manure

COD

Chemical Oxygen Demand

FW

Food Waste

GHG

Green House Gases

HRT

Hydraulic Retention Time

IC50

Inhibition Concentration causing a 50% reduction

LPG

Liquefied Petroleum Gas

NPK

Nitrogen-Phosphorous-Potassium (weight percentage)

OLR

Organic Loading Rate

Phosphorus

PM

Pig Manure

TIC

Total Inorganic Carbon

TOC

Total Organic Carbon

TS

Total Solids

TSS

Total Suspended Solids

VFA

Volatile Fatty Acids

VS

Volatile Solids

CO2

Carbon Dioxide

NH4

Methane

N2

Nitrogen

1.6 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Transforming animal manure to energy will improve the environmental quality for a cleaner and
healthier life, decreases climate change and reduce social inequality.

Study was gathered on the central luzon where total number population of livestock were
bountiful. And the region contains the biggest livestock industry in the Philippines.
Farmers will mostly experience the quality of the study.

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study was limited to substrates of pig manure and food waste based on its. Availability of
this information was acquired through interviews before the start of the study. The feasilibility of
the location and the proposed power plant that process manure to energy.

1.8 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INPUTS
Manure coming from pigs and
other animals from private
backyard piggeries and
government piggeries.

PROCESS
Manure to energy plants

OUTPUTS
This study will benefits the
most on farmers community.
The use of biogas will be cause
a reduction in some of the
farmers financial problems and
the reduction of carbon dioxide
releases from the air.

CHAPTER 2
2.1 RELATED LITERATURE

Philippines has 7000 islands and 900 of this is inhabited. It has a population of
92,337,852 (year 2010) and it has considered a developing country according to
Philippine Statistics Authority (2012). The agricultural sector is a large employer in the
year 2013 and about 38% of the population were engaged in agriculture according to
country statistics Philippines (2015). Philippines is only the country that can support
itself by food resources (landguiden 2014) .The most common crops in the Philippines
that are likely to plant are usually rice, corn, sweet potato, sugarcane, coconuts,
bananas and pineapple.
The Philippines has a large livestock production, ducks with 34,610 heads,
carabao with 143,030 heads, cattle with 261,320 heads, chickens with 1571,760 heads,
goats with 76,100 heads and pigs 2,032,300 heads in 2014 (CountryStat Philippines
2015). Pigs has accounts for 49% of the total production of the Philippines 1.
Philippines is rich in natural resources such as minerals and metals coal gas and
oils. Philippines has used this resources to make an energy, these energy are
renewable and non-renewable. Renewable energy are the one that is natural and
limitless such as solar, wind, hydro, thermal and biomass. While non-renewable energy
is the viscious and unhealthy one and they can not renew and maybe a source of
toxication and risk such as coal, oil, natural gas and nuclear.
1 Trosgard. E. (2015). Small-scale biogass production in the provice of Pampanga,Philippines. retrieved
from Febrabry 7, 2016, from www.diva-portugal.org.
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Philippines runs 8 existing and 16 new coal fired power plants. With the use coal
has a large effect of on human and mostly the environment. Burning of coal produce
biogas is a mixture of carbon dioxide methane, nitrogen and other trace gases. Methane
is the main combustive gas component making up 50-70% of the biogas. It is produced
naturally during anaerobic decomposing of organic materials in environments like
landfills, wetlands and sea beds.

The global trend shows the graph of increasing level of carbon dioxide emissions
using fossil fuels according to (EPA 2013). The full environmental, economic and social
impacts are yet to be seen. However el nino, and la nina , extreme storms, increasing
level of the sea level are some of the effects 2.

Because of the carbon dioxide on the air it results to thinner of ozone layer that
results to global warming. Climate and weather changes a lot that results to more hotter
environment. Philippines is vulnerable to climate change. Increasing awareness has led
to adaption of several programs according to (CCC) Commisions main goals are to
ensure food security, water sufficiency, environmental and ecological stability, human
security, sustainable energy and lastly waste management programs including sanitary
landfills, recycling and composting1.

2 Nicholas Thomas Carlin.(2009). Optimum usage and economic feasibility of animal manure based biomass in
combustion systems. Unpublished Dissertation. Office of graduate studies of Texas A&M University. p.51. retrieved
from February 7, 2016. from www.aktrust.library.tamu.edu.

With the current state of our environment, our government has approved the use
of sustainable energy. Addressing climate change, mostly coal fired power plant
produces carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which is really damaged the ozone layer
making it suffer3. There is one solution to be use, the use of biomass. Biomass energy
produces biogas. Biomass is a renewable energy that comes from crops and animals
including organic matter of all kinds such as plants, animals, or waste product from
organic sources. These energy source are known as biofuels. Biomass energy is a
clean energy, abundant and renewable, reduces the dependency of fossil fuels, reduces
land fill, can create different products and create no harmful carbon dioxide emissions 4.
There is one material that is unutilized which is the animal manure and waste organic
crops, which could be used to produce biogas. Biogas has many advantages it simply
can be used for cooking, lighting electricity or maybe for vehicle fuels, replacing the use
of fossil fuels.
Pampanga province located at the central of the Philippines known for its high
food production usually on commercial meats. Pampanga has a big population of
183,707 head and 46% of these are raise on backyard farms and the national portion of
backyard pig raising is 65% according to CountrySTAT Philippines (2015) 1.
Problems associated with pig farms are the foul odor from the manure, lost of
appetite, headaches and odor sticking to clothes. Because of the volatile compounds
3 Anonymous. (n.d.) Environmental impact of using biomass and biogas technology. retrieved from febrary 7, 2016.
from www.biomass.net/biomass-and-biogas.html

4 Anonymous. (n.d.) Biomass energy. retrieved from febrary 7, 2016. from www.conserve-energyfuture/advantage_disadvantage_biomassenergy.com

10

(VOC) emitted in the air, many has experienced respiratory problems and bronchitis
according to Catelo & Agbisit (2001)2. Gas compound has also detected in the manure
including ammonia, cetic acid, butanoic acid (butyric acid), dimethyl sulfide and more
according to (Ni et al. 2012)1.
Manure was released to nearby water bodies such as rivers and ponds. Farmers on
older generations have experienced rivers and creeks deterioration because of foul
odor, fish death and turbidity as pig industry has grown in their time.
There three biogas programs that supported by three national departments.
These are Department of Science and Technology (DoST), Department of Energy and
Natural Resources (DENR), Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI). However these programs
are not aimed for typical backyard farmers. There are some limiting factors on the use
of Anaerobic Digesters (AD) according to Tetra Tech Inc (2010) 2. These factors are:
Financing (limited by funds, banks credit etc.), awareness of the AD technology
benefits, usage of biogas and operational and more, Land or livestock restrictions,
Governmental support and coordination, access to other readily usable fuel like
biomass and LPG1.

The advantages of anaerobic digesters is that they produce renewable,

sustainable and affordable energy. They can also mitigate methane and carbon dioxide
emissions of organic wastes otherwise simply left to decompose freely in landfills,
rubbish heaps or river/sea bottoms. The anaerobic process can also removed several
pathogens present in the raw manure that would otherwise be released into water

11

bodies. The digestate can be used as an organic fertilizer since many nutrients are
preserved in the process.

Interest in manure to energy systems is growing, but implementation is scarce in

the U.S. according to Lisa Gibson5. Adopting digestion is costly, however farmers can
produce their own electricity, those who has enough savings can justify the expenses.
Benefits are numerous, but they can avoid the cost of electricity supplied by their grids if
biogas were used on site for generation.
You can avoid the use of propane, fuel oil, natural gas purchase if heat is recovered,
mehane gas, commercial fertilizer and herbicides and the revenues from the sale of
carbon credits. Farm size and location has to verify and taken into consideration.

5 Lisa Gibson ,(n.d). USDA releases report on manure for energy. retrieved from febrary 7, 2016. from http:
Biomassmagazine.com/articles.

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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH METHODS

3.1.1 Descriptive Method
Interviewing someone whos in charge or who has backyard pigerries, or a government
institutions who incharge of governing the laws and ordinaces relating to animals such
as Bureau of Animals and Industry and Department of Environmental and Natural
Resources will help to determine the problems and constraint of the proposal.
Surveying all private backyard pigerries will help to determine the general problems of
manure and provide general solutions.

3.1.2 Observation Method

Site visits will help me on deciding on which the proposed project manure to energy
power plant will be excecuted. With the help of DENR and other government institution
that are affected, I can easily established where woud be the best or the most feasilble
location it will be.

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3.2 RESEARCH AND BUDGET ALLOCATION

3.2.1 Budget

Travel expenses or diesel fee

Expenses would range a minimum of 2000.00- 3000.00 Pesos

Call and texting fee (cellular load)

Load will range in amount of 200.00- 300.00 Pesos

Food, snacks and beverages inclusive for myself the researcher

Food expenses would range a minimum 3000.00- 5000.00 Pesos

Food, snacks and beverages inclusive for the client or the informant
Food expenses would range a minimum 3000.00- 5000.00 Pesos

Tokens and gifts for clients

Expenses would range from 1000.00- 2000.00 Pesos

3.2.2 Time

Surveying and interview time frame would range from minimum of 3 weeks up to
3 months.

Observations and site locating and conducting feasible of site location would
range from 1 month up to 3 months.

Filing documents to pass to DENR and BAI would range from week up to 1
month.

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The overall time frame would estimated at 3 6 months including delays and waiting
time.

CHAPTER 4

4.1 Bibliography
1. Nicholas Thomas Carlin.(2009). Optimum usage and economic feasibility of
animal manure based biomass in combustion systems. Unpublished Dissertation.
Office of graduate studies of Texas A&M University. p.51. retrieved from February
7, 2016. from www.aktrust.library.tamu.edu.
2. Trosgard. E. (2015). Small-scale biogass production in the provice of
Pampanga,Philippines. retrieved from Febrabry 7, 2016, from www.divaportugal.org.
3. Lisa Gibson ,(n.d). USDA releases report on manure for energy. retrieved from
febrary 7, 2016. from http: Biomassmagazine.com/articles.
4. Anonymous. (n.d.) Biomass energy. retrieved from febrary 7, 2016. from
www.conserve-energy-future/advantage_disadvantage_biomassenergy.com
5. Anonymous. (n.d.) Environmental impact of using biomass and biogas
technology. retrieved from febrary 7, 2016. from www.biomass.net/biomass-andbiogas.html

15