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Problema de elasticidad
3
4
De la geometra de la
estructura:
LBC = 0,6 l
LBD = 0,8 l
Desplazamiento virtual: B
B
cos
CB =
D
Deformaciones
virtuales:
DB =
cos
LCB
cos
LDB
Trabajo virtual
fuerzas exteriores:
r r
We ' = F = 0
Wi ' =
x Vol = CB
barras
CB
cos
LCB
cos
LCB
( A LCB ) + DB
( A LCB ) + DB
DB = CB
cos
LDB
cos
LDB
( A LDB ) = 0
5 = 4
CB
3
3
5
( A LDB )
(F3)x , u3
3
(F2)y , v2
(F1)y , v1
(F2)x , u2
(F1)x , u1
x
{F } = [K ]{u}
e
donde:
(F1)x
(F )
1 y
(F2 )x
{F} = ( )
F2 y
(F3 )x
(F3 ) y
[K ]
e
u1
v
1
u2
{u} =
v 2
u3
v3
Vector de desplazamientos
de los nudos
u ( x, y ) = u = 1 + 2 x + 3 y
v ( x, y ) = v = 4 + 5 x + 6 y
u1 = 1 + 2 x1 + 3 y1
v1 = 4 + 5 x1 + 6 y1
u 2 = 1 + 2 x 2 + 3 y 2
v2 = 4 + 5 x2 + 6 y 2
u 3 = 1 + 2 x3 + 3 y 3
v3 = 4 + 5 x3 + 6 y 3
u1 1
v 0
1
u2 1
=
v 2 0
u3 1
v3 0
x1
y1
x1
x2
y2
x2
x3
0
y3
0
0
1
0
x3
0 1
y1 2
0 3
y2 4
0 5
y3 6
u1
v
1
u2
{u} =
v 2
u3
v3
1
0
1
[C ] =
0
1
x1
y1
x1
x2
y2
x2
x3
y3
x3
0
y1
0
y2
0
y3
{u} = [C ]{ }
1
2
3
y { } =
4
5
6
{ } = [C ] {u}
1
a1
b
1
1 c1
1
[C ] =
2a 0
0
0
0
0
a2
b2
c2
0
0
0
a3
b3
c3
a1
b1
c1
0
0
0
a2
b2
c2
0
0
0
0
0
a3
b3
c3
a1 = x2 y3 x3 y 2
a 2 = x3 y1 x1 y3
a3 = x1 y 2 x2 y1
b1 = y 2 y3
b2 = y3 y1
b3 = y1 y 2
c1 = x3 x 2
c2 = x1 x3
c3 = x2 x1
2a = a1 + a 2 + a3
u = 1 + 2 x + 3 y
1
1
1
[
]
[
]
[a3 + b3 x + c3 y ] u3
=
a1 + b1 x + c1 y u1 +
a 2 + b2 x + c 2 y u2 +
2a
2a
2a
N1(x,y)
N2(x,y)
N3(x,y)
v = 4 + 5 x + 6 y
=
1
[a1 + b1 x + c1 y ] v1 + 1 [a2 + b2 x + c2 y ] v 2 + 1 [a3 + b3 x + c3 y ] v3
2a
2a
2a
N1(x,y)
N2(x,y)
N3(x,y)
son
una
media
Es decir:
u = N 1 ( x , y ) u1 + N 2 ( x , y ) u2 + N 3 ( x , y ) u3
v = N 1 ( x , y ) v1 + N 2 ( x , y ) v 2 + N 3 ( x , y ) v3
Ni (x,y) son las denominadas funciones de forma del elemento
Si expresamos lo anterior
matricialmente:
u N 1
=
v 0
0
N1
N2
0
0
N2
N3
0
u1
v
1
0 u2
N 3 v 2
u3
v3
N i = N i (x, y ) =
1
[a1 + b1 x + c1 y ]
2a
1u
2
1u
N2
1
N1
3
2
x =
y =
xy =
N 3
N
u N1
u1 + 2 u 2 +
=
u3
x
x
x
x
N 3
N
v N 1
v1 + 2 v 2 +
v3
=
y
y
y
y
N 3
N
N
N 2
N
v N 1
u
u 3 + 3 v3
u1 + 1 v1 +
u 2 + 2 v2 +
+
=
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
Es decir:
N 1
x x
y = 0
xy N 1
0
N 1
y
N 1
x
N 2
x
0
N 2
y
0
N 2
y
N 2
x
N 3
x
0
N 3
y
u
1
0 v1
N 3 u2
= [B ]{u}
y v 2
N 3 u
3
x v
3
b1 0 b2
1
[B ] = 0 c1 0
2a
c1 b1 c2
[B] = [B1
B2
B3 ]
0
c2
b3
0
b2
c3
N i
x
[Bi ] = 0
N
i
y
c3
b3
N i
y
N i
E
E
1 2
1 2
x
E
y =
2
xy Simtrica
0 y
E xy
2(1 + )
1
x
1
E (1 )
1
y =
(1 + )(1 2 )
Simtrica
xy
0 x
0 y
1 2
xy
2(1 )
x
{ } = y
xy
E
E
2
2
1
1
[D] =
1 2
Simtrica
2(1 + )
x
{ } = y
xy
{ } = [D]{ }
{ } = [D][B]{u}
{ } se denomina vector tensin en el elemento,
{u}se denomina vector desplazamientos nodales,
[D] es una matriz que depende de las propiedades elsticas del material
y, finalmente, [B ] es una matriz cuyos elementos dependen de las coordenadas
cartesianas de los nudos del elemento.
u3
v2
v1
u2
2
u1
x
u1 '
v '
1
u2 '
{u'} =
v 2 '
u3 '
v3 '
{ } = [B]{u }
{F } {u } = Trabajo de las
T
{F }T {u } =
fuerzas nodales
{
}
{
}
d Vol
Volumen
{F }T {u } =
({u}
Volumen
Volumen
{F }
T
T
T
[
= {u}
B ] [D ] [B ] d Vol
Volumen
{F }
= {u}
T
T
[
B ] [D ] [B ] d Vol
Volumen
, trasponiendo:
T
{F } = [B] [D][B] d Vol {u}
Volumen
{F } = [K ]{u}
e
[K ] = [B] [D][B]Volumen
e
[K ]
e
k11
e
=
4a
k12
k13
k14
k15
k 22
k 23
k 33
k 24
k 34
k 44
k 25
k 35
k 45
k 55
sim.
k 23 = d12 b2 c1 + d 33b1c 2
k 22 = d 22 c12 + d 33 b12
k 24 = d 22 c1c 2 + d 33b1b2
k 33
k 44
k 55
k 66
= d11b22 + d 33 c 22
= d 22 c 22 + d 33 b22
= d11b32 + d 33 c32
= d 22 c32 + d 33 b32
k 25 = d12 b3 c1 + d 33b1c3
k 26 = d 22 c1c3 + d 33b1b3
k 34 = (d12 + d 33 ) b2 c 2
k 35 = d11b2 b3 + d 33 c1c3
k 36 = d12 b2 c3 + d 33 b3 c 2
k 45 = d 21b3 c 2 + d 33 b2 c3
k 46 = d 22 c 2 c3 + d 33 b3 b2
k 56 = (d 21 + d 33 ) b3 c3
k16
k 26
k 36
k 46
k 56
k 66
a=
1
(a1 + a 2 + a3 )
2
ENSAMBLAJE
Se establece la relacin entre los nodos de cada elemento y los
nodos de la malla global
v3
Elemento 1
3 u
3
v1
v4
u1
v2
y
u2
2
v
u
u4
Elemento 2
x
ELEMENTO
Nudo 1
Nudo 2
Nudo 3
u1 v 1 u2 v 2 u3
(1 )
u2 v 2 u3 v 3 u4
v3
u1
v1
u2
v2
u3
v3
(2)
v4
u2
v2
u3
v3
u4
v4
(1)
u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4
K =
u1
v1 k ( 2)
u2
v2
u3
v3
u4
v4
8 8
EJEMPLO DE APLICACIN
y
P
3
5
1
3
2
Elemento 1
Elemento 2
Elemento 3
Nudos: 1 2 3
Nudos: 2 4 3
Nudos: 3 4 5
(R5 )y
)
(F5
(R5)x
(R1 )y
(F1 )y
(F3 ) y
(F1 )x
(R1 )x
(R3)x
(F3 ) x
(F2 ) x
(F2 ) y
(F3 )x
(F1 )x
(F5 )y
(F3 )y
(F3 )y
(F3 )y
(F1 )y
(F5 )y
(R3 )y
(F3 )x
(F3 )x
(F5 )x
3
(F3 )y
(F3 )x
(F2 )y
(F2 )y
(F4 )y
2
(F2 )x
(F2 ) y
(R2 )x
(F2 ) x
(F2 ) y
(F4 )y
(F4 )x
4
(R4 )y
(R2 )y
(F2 ) x
(F4 )x
(F2 )x
(F4 )x
(R4)x
(F4 )x
(F4 )y
(F4 )y
ELEMENTO 1
[K ]
e elemento 1
F
1 x
F1
y
F
2 x
1
F =
F2
y
F
3 x
F3
y
{ }
k 111
{F } = [K ]
e elemento 1
{u }
1
k 112
k 113
k 114
k 115
k 1 22
k 1 23
k 1 24
k 1 25
k 133
k 134
k 135
k 1 44
k 1 45
k 155
sim.
u1
v
1
u2
1
u =
v 2
u3
v3
{ }
k 116
k 1 26
k 136
1
k 46
k 156
1
k 66
ELEMENTO 2
{F }
2
F
2 x
F2
y
F
4 x
=
F4
y
F
3 x
F3
y
{F } = [K ]
2
e elemento 2
{u }
2
u2
v
2
u4
2
u =
v 4
u3
v3
{ }
ELEMENTO 3
{F }
3
(
)
F
'
'
'
4
y
{F } = [K ]
3
e elemento 3
{u }
3
u3
v
3
u4
3
u =
v 4
u5
v5
{ }
(
(
(
(
(
(
F
1
F1
F2
F2
F3
F3
0
0
ELEMENTO 1
)
)
)
)
)
)
k
x
11
=
x
1
k12
1
k 22
Sim.
1
k13
1
k 23
1
k 33
1
k14
1
k 24
1
k 34
1
k 44
1
k15
1
k 25
1
k 35
1
k 45
1
k 55
1
k16
1
k 26
1
k 36
1
k 46
1
k 56
1
k 66
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
u1
v
1
u2
v 2
u3
v
3
0
0
0
0
ELEMENTO 2
0
0
F
2
F2
F3
F3
F4
F
4
0
(
(
(
(
(
(
x
=
y
)
)
)
)
)
)
0
0
0
0
0
k11
Sim.
0
2
k12
0
2
k13
0
2
k14
0
2
k15
0
2
k16
2
k 22
2
k 23
2
k 55
2
k 24
2
k 56
2
k 25
2
k 53
2
k 26
2
k 54
2
k 66
2
k 63
2
k 64
2
k 33
2
k 34
2
k 44
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
u2
v
2
u3
v3
u4
v
4
0
0
ELEMENTO 3
0
0
0 0 0
0
0
0
0 0 0
0
0 0 0
0
0
0 0
0
3
3
(F3 ' ' ')
k
k
11
12
x
( F ' ' ') =
3
k
3
y
22
Sim.
(F4 ' ' ') x
4 y
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
k13
3
k14
3
k15
3
k 23
3
k 24
3
k 25
3
k 33
3
k 34
3
k 44
3
k 35
3
k 45
3
k 55
0
0
0
0
3
k16
3
k 26
3
k 36
3
k 46
3
k 56
3
k 66
0
0
0
0
u3
v
3
u4
v 4
u5
v5
1
1
1
1
1
k
k
k
k
k
0
22
23
24
25
26
1
1
1
1
+ k112 k34
+ k122
+ k152
+ k162
k33
k35
k36
k132
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
+ k22
+ k25
+ k26
k44
k45
k46
k23
1
2
1
2
2
+ k55
+ k113 k56
+ k56
+ k123 k53
+ k133
k55
[K] =
1
2
3
2
3
+ k66
+ k22
+ k23
k66
k63
2
3
+ k33
Sim.
k33
k142
2
k24
0
2
+ k143 k153
k54
2
3
3
+ k24
k64
k25
2
3
3
+ k34
k34
k35
2
3
3
+ k44
k44
k45
3
k55
0
0
0
k163
3
k26
3
k36
3
k46
3
k56
3
k66
{R} = [K ]{u}
(F1 ') x
(R1 ) x
( R )
(
)
'
F
1 y
1 y
( R 2 ) x
(
F2 ') x + (F2 ' ') x
(R3 )
{R} = (R ) x (F3 ') x + (F3 ' ') x + (F3 ' ' ') x
3 y (F3 ') y + (F3 ' ') y + (F3 ' ' ') y
( R 4 ) x
(
F4 ' ') x + (F4 ' ' ') x
(
)
R
(F4 ' ') y + (F4 ' ' ') y
4 y
(R5 )
(
)
'
'
'
F
x
5
x
(R5 ) y
(F5 ' ' ') y
u1
v1
u2
v 2
u
{u} = 3
v3
u4
v 4
u5
v5
(R2 ) x
(R2 ) y
{F } = 0P
0
(R5 )
x
(R5 ) y
(R3 ) y = P
Incgnitas: 4
u2 = v 2 = u5 = v5 = 0
u1
v1
0
0
u
{u} = v 3
3
u4
v 4
0
0
Incgnitas: 6
0
0
(R2 )x
(
)
R
2 y
0
P =
(R5 )x
(R5 ) y
1
1
1
1
1
1
k11
k12
k13
k14
k15
k16
0
1
1
1
1
1
k22
k23
k24
k25
k26
0
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
+ k11
+ k12
+ k15
+ k16
k33
k34
k35
k36
k13
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
+ k22
+ k25
+ k26
k44
k45
k46
k23
1
2
3
1
2
3
2
3
+ k55
+ k11
+ k56
+ k12
+ k13
k55
k56
k53
1
2
3
2
3
+ k66
+ k22
+ k23
k66
k63
2
3
+ k33
Sim.
k33
0
0
2
k14
2
k24
0
0
0
0
2
3
+ k14
k54
2
3
+ k24
k64
2
3
+ k34
k34
2
3
+ k44
k44
3
k15
3
k25
3
k35
3
k45
3
k55
3
k16
3
k26
3
k36
3
k46
3
k56
3
k66
0
0
0
0
u1
v1
0
0
u
v 3
3
u4
v 4
0
0