Stoichiometry: Calculation with Chemical Formulas and Equations Balancing Chemical Equations 34 32 33 a4 (a) ) (©) @) 3) In balancing chemical equations, the /aw of conservation of mass, that atoms are neither created nor destroyed during the course of a reaction, is observed. This means that the number and Kinds of atoms on both sides of the chemical equation must be the same. ‘Subscripts in chemical formulas should not be changed when balancing equations because changing the subscript changes the identity of the compound (law of constant composition). gases - (9); ids - (); solids - (8); aqueous solutions - (aq) H,O, indicates that there are 2 hydrogen atoms and 2 oxygen atoms bound by chemical bonds into a single molecule (of hydrogen peroxide). 2H,0 indicates 2 molecules (of water), each of which contains 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. ‘The composition of the different molecules, HO, and H,0, is different and the physical and chemical properties of the two compounds they constitute are very different. The subseript 2 changes molecular composition and thus properties of the compound. ‘The prefix 2 indicates how many molecules (or moles) of the original compound are under consideration, No. There are more H and O atoms on the reactant side than the product side, The coafficient 6 before H,0(!) in the products would balance the equation. Equation (a) best fits the diagram. Overall, 4 A, molecules +4 B atoms > 4 A,B molecules Since 4 is a common factor, this equation reduces to equation (a). QQ © é 8 37Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises 35 36 a7 38 Write the balanced equation for the reaction. 2H, +CO > CH,OH ‘The combining ratio of Hy: CO is 2:1. If we have & H, molecules, 4 CO molecules are required {for complete reaction. Alternatively, you could examine the atom ratios in the formula of CHOH, but the balanced equation is most direct. (2) (b) © @ fe) @ (@) ) © @) e) @ @) @ (b) © @) © (a) (b) (c) @ © 280,{9) + 0,(9) > 250,(0) P,O,(8) + 3H,0() > 2H,PO,(aq) CH,(g) + 4Cl,(g) > CCI,(l) + 4HCKa) A,Ca(s) + 12H,0() > 4AKOH)dS) + 30H) C,H1,0() + 60,19) > ACOA9) + 5H,0() 2Fe(OH),(s) +3H,SO,(aq) > Fe,(SO,),(aq) + 6H,0(!) Ma,N,(s) + 4H,S0,(aq) “> 3NgSO,(aq) + (NH,),S0,(aq) 6Li(s) + N4(9) > 2Li.Ns) TiC) +2H,0() > TiO,s) + 4HCK(aq) 2NH,NO,(s) > 2N4(g) + Ox(g) + 44,019) CayP,(s) + 6H,0(!) > 3Ca(OH)},(s) + 2PH4(9) AM(OH),(s) + 3HCIO,(aq) > Al(CIO,),(aq) + 3H,0(!) 2AgNO,{aq) + Na,SO,(aa) > Ag,SO,s) + 2NaNOglaq) 2N,Hyla) +N,O,(g) > 44,019) + 3N(9) CaC,{s) + 2H,0(1) > Ca(OH),(a0) + C,H,(a) 2KCIO4s) 3 2KCI(s)+ 30,6) Zn(s) + H,S0,(0q) > H,(g) + Zn80,(aq) PO) +3H,0() > H,PO,(aq) + 3HCKaq) 3H,S(g) + 2Fe(OH),(s) > Fe,S4(8) + 6H,0(9) SO,(g) + H,0() > H,S0,(aa) B,S(e) + 6H,0()) > 2H,80,(aq) + 3H,S(g) APH,(g) + 80,9) > 6H,O(g) + PO,0(S) A 2Hg(NO;)-(8) > 2HgO(s) + 4NO,(g) + O,(9) Cu(s) + 2H,SO,(aq) > CuSO,(2q) + SO,(g) + 2H,0()) Patterns of Chemical Reactivity 3.9 (@) When a metal reacts with @ nonmetal, an ionic compound forms. The combining ratio of the atoms is such that the total positive charge on the metal cation(s) is equal to the total negative charge on the nonmetal anion(s). All ionic compounds are solids. 2Na(e) + Br,(!) > 2NaBr(s) 38Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises (b) The second reactant is oxygen gas from the air, O,(g). The products are CO,(g) and H,0(). 26,H4() + 150,(g) > 12CO,(g) + 6H,O() 3.40 (@) Neutral Ca atom loses 26°to form Ca®, Neutral O, molecule gains 4e"to form 20%. The formula of the product wil be CaO, because the cationic and anionic charges are opposite and equal. 2Ca(s) + 0,{g) > 2Ca0 (0) The products are CO,(g) and H,0(). C,H,0()) + 40,(9) ~> 8CO,(g) + 3H_0() 3.11 (a) Mg(s) + CL,(g) > MgCLs) A (0) N(OH),(s) > NiO(S) +H,0(6) (©) CgH,() + 100,(g) > 8CO,(g) + 4H,0()) (@)— 2C,H,,011) + 180,(9) > 1060,(g) + 12H,0(1) 312 (a) 2Al(s) + 8Br,(1) > 2AIBr(s) A () — S1CO,(s)-3 SrO(6) + COL(9) (©) GHye(l) + 110,(9) > 7CO,{g) + BH,0(!) (4) CH,OCH, is CHO. C,H,O(1) + 30,(9) > 2CO,(g) + 3H,O(9) 3.43 (@) —_2AK(6) +3C1,(g) > 2AICI,(s) combination (©) GH(9) +30,(9) 2C0,(¢) + 2H,0()_ combustion (©) GLis)-+N,{g) > 2LiN(s) combination (6) PbCO,(s) > PbO(s) + CO,(g) decomposition (2) G,H,0,(0) + 80,(g) > 7C0,(g) + 4H,0() combustion 3.14 (@) —-2CH,(g) + 90,(9) ~> 6CO,(g) + 6H,0()_ combustion (©) NH,NO,(s) > N,0(g) +2H,0()_ decomposition (© G,H,0() + 60,(g) > 5CO,{g) + 3H,0()) combustion (NAG) +3H,(g) > 2NH,(@) combination (©) K,0(s) + H,0() > 2KOH(aq) combination Formula Weights 3.18 Formula weight (FW) in amu to 1 decimal place (see Sample Exercise 3.5) fa) ) (c) @) (e) 0 @ H,S: 2(1.0) + 1(82.1) = 94.1 amu NiCO,: 1(68.7) + 1(12.0) + 3(16.0) = 118.7 amu Mg(C,H,0,)p: (24.9) + 4(12.0) + 6(1.0) + 4(16. (NH),S0, 2(14.0) + 8(1.0) + 1(82.1) + 4(16.0) K,PO,: 3(39.1) + 1(81.0) + 4(16.0) = 212.3 amu Fe,0;: 2(65.8) + 3(16.0) = 159.6 amu P,Sy: 2(81.0) + (82.1) = 222.5 amu 39Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises 3.16 8.17 3.18 Formula weight in amu to 1 decimal place. @ ©) (©) (@ @ N,O: FW = 2(14.0) + 1(16.0) = 44.0 amu HO,H,O,: 7(12.0) + 6(1.0) + 2(16.0) = 122.0 amu Mg(OH),: 1(24.8) + 2(16.0) + 2(1.0) = 58.8 amu (NH,),CO: 2(14.0) + 4(1.0) + 1(12.0) + 1(18.0) = 60.0 amu CHyCO_CyH,x3 7(12.0) + 14(1.0) + 2(16.0) = 130.0 amu Plan, Calculate the formula weight (FW), then the mass % oxygen in the compound. Solve: (a) (o) (c) (a) @) fa) (b) (©) (@) (e) SOy: FW = 1(92.1) + 2(16.0) = 64.1 amu 9% 0 = A16.0)amu . 199 = 49.0% 64.1 amu Na,SO,: FW = 2(23.0) + 1(82.1) + 4(16.0) = 142.1 amu (16.0) amu ,, O44 amu (©,H,COOH: FW = (12.0) + 6(1.0) + 2(16.0) = 74.0 amu 100 = 45.0% % 0 = 2N6.0)amU , 499 = 43.0% 74.0amu Al(NO,)y: FW = 1(27.0) + 8(14.0) + 9(16.0) = 218.0 amu % = 216.0) amu , 199 - 67.6% (213.0 amu NH,NO,: FW = 2(14.0) + 4(1.0) + 8(16.0) = 80.0 amu 9% 0 = 316.0) amu ,. +99 ~ 60.0% 80.0amu CoH FW = 2(12.0) + 2(1:0) = 26.0 amu % C= AI20)amu , 199-92. % 26.0 amu (NH,)-SO,: FW = 2(14.0) + 8(1.0) + 1(82.1) + 4(16.0) = 192.1 amu eH = BO) AMU , 499 - 6.1% 132.1 amu H,H,O,: FW = 6(12.0) + 8(1.0) + 6(16.0) = 176.0 amu % 0 = 8160) amu ,, 199 - 54.5% 176.0 amu PICL(NH,)g: FW = 1(195.1) + 2(88.8) + 2(14.0) + 6(1.0) = 900.1 amu 9 Pt = 1195.1) amu , 499 - 65.01% 300.1 amu CgHesO,! FW = 18(12.0) + 24(1.0) + 2(16.0) = 272.0 amu 18(12.0) amu 9% C= 1812.0) amu 199 - 79.4 = “Sr.0am * 10> 794%Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises 305.0 amu ()— CygHyNOg: FW = 18(12.0) + 27(1.0) + 1(14.0) + 8(16.0) 9% C= 18(12.0) amu 199 = 70.8% '305.0.amu 3.19 Plan. Follow the logic fr calculating mass % C given in Sample Exercise 3.6. Solve: (a) C,H,O: FW = 7(12.0) + 6(1.0) + 1(16.0) = 106.0 amu 7(42.0) amu 4 = 112.0) amu 199 = 79.2% 106.0 amu . {b) GyHyO,; FW = 8(12.0) + 8(1.0) + 3(16.0) = 152.0 amu % C= B20) amu 199 = 63.2% 152.0 amu (©) GyHyOg: FW =7(12.0) + 14(1.0) + 2(18.0) = 180.0 amu %Ce 7(12.0) amu 199 ~ 64.6% 130.0 amu 3.20 (a) COs FW = 1(12.0) + 2(16:0) = 44.0 amu 12.0 amu GC = 120m 499 -27:5% 44.0 amu : (bd) CHOH: FW = 1(12.0) + 4(1.0) + 1118.0) = 82.0 amu 42.0 amu gc = 120.aMU , 109 - 97.5% 32.0 amu . (©) GH FW = 2(12.0) + 6(1.0) = 90.0 amu wo= 212.0) amu ,. 199 - 80.0% 30.0 amu (2) OS(s FW = 1(12.0) + (82.1) +2(14.0) +4(1.0)= 76.1 amu 12.0 amu 12.0 amu 499 = 15.6% 76.1 amu y The Mole 3.21 (a) 6.022 x 10®. This is the number of objects in a mole of anything. (0) The formula weight ofa substance in amu has the same numerical value as the molar mass expressed in grams. 3.22 (a) exactly12g —(b) 6.022142 x 10%, Avogadro's number 3.28 Plan. Since the mole is a counting unit, use it as a basis of comparison; determine the total moles of atoms in each given quantity. Solve 28 g Na contains 1 mol of atoms (0.5 mo! H,0 contains (@ ators x 0.5 mol) = 1.5 mol atoms 6.0 x 10 Ne molecules contains (2 atoms x 1 mol) = 2 mol atoms a3.28 3.25 3.26 327 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises 3.0 x 10 H,0, molecules contains (4 atoms x 0.5 mol) = 2 mol atoms 32g O, contains (2 atoms x 1 mol) = 2 mol atoms 2.0 mol CH, contains (6 atoms x 2 mol) = 10 mol atoms Analyze. Given: 16 Ib/ball; Avogadro's number of balls, 6.022 x 10% balls. Find: mass in kg ‘of Avogadro's number of balls; compare with mass of Earth. Plan, balls > mass in lb > mass in kg; mass of bells/mass of Earth Solve. 6.022x 10% balls x 1610 » _1k9 _ 4.370 x 10% = 4.4 x 10% kg ball = 2.2046 Ib 4,370 10% kg of balls 0.78; One mole of shoiput balls weighs 0.73 times as much 5.98 x 10 kg Earth as Earth Check. This mass of balls is reasonable since Avogadro's number is large. Estimate: 16 Ib = 7 kg; 6 x 10° x 7 = 4.2 x 10% kg £250 million = 250 x 10° = 2.50 x 10° people 6.022% 10"¢ , $1 $6,022 x 107" 2.50% 10° people 100¢ 2.60 10° people 2.41 x 10"Yperson $2.41 x10 $5.5 10 Each person would receive an amount that is 4.4 times the dollar amount of the national debt. $5.5 tillion = $5.5 x 10 4a (@) Analyze. Given: 1.78 mol Cal,. Find: mass in 9, Plan. Use molar mass (g/mol) of CaH, to find g CaH, 1(40.08) + 2(1.008) = 42.096 Solve, molar mass 2.10 g/mol Ca, 4,73 mol CaH, x 42.0969 _ 72.8 cat, ‘mol Check. -2 x 42 = 84.9. The calculated result Is reasonable, (b) Analyze. Given: mass. Find: moles. Plan. Use molar mass of Mg(NO,).. Solve, molar mass = 1(24.31) + 2(14.01) + 6(16.00) = 148.93 = 148.8 Amol 825 a MaINOd x aaa £0249 mol Mg(NO.). Check. 9/180 = 1/50 = 0.02 mol (©) Analyze. Given: moles. Find: molecules. Plan, Use Avogadro's number. Solve, 0.245 mol CH,OH x 8:022% 10% molecules, Amol 1.475399 x 10 1.48 x 10 CH,OH molecules Check. (0.25 x6 x 10) = 1.5 x10" 423.28 3.29 3.90 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises (@) Analyze. Given: mol C,H,q, Find: H atoms, Plan, mol G,Hy. “> mol H atoms > H atoms. 40molHatoms , 6.022 x 10% atoms r Hyg x AmolHatoms ,, 6.022 * 107 atoms Solve, 0.585 mol C, TmolG He a 52 x 10H atoms Check. (0.6 x 10 x 10%) = 36 x 10 = 3.6 x 10%. (@) molar mass = 1(24,31) + 2(85.45) = 95.21 g 95.219 ‘1 mol (©) molar mass = 1(14.01) + 4(1.008) + 1(85.45) = 53.49 g/mol 1 mol 53.499 2.50 x 10" mol MgCl, x = 2.98 g MgCl, 76.5 g NH,CI x = 1.43 mol NH,CI 6.022 x 10° molecules (©) 0.0772 mol HCHO, x: = 4,65 x 10 HCHO, molecules ‘mol 3molNO, 6.022 « 10 NO, ions x AN(NO,), x 8 x Es EN (4.86% 10° mol ANOS) ef AINOS, ‘Tmol = 8.82 x 10" NOx ‘Analyzo/Plan. See Solution 3.27 for stepwise problem-solving approach, Solve: (@) molar mass = 2(26.98) + 382.07) + 12(16.00) = 942.17 = 342.2 g 342.2 gAL(SO,), mol (b) molar mass = 26.982 + 9(35.453) = 133.941 = 193.349 2.50 x 10° mol Al,(SO.)s x = 0.856 g Al,(SO.), Amol, _3molCl” 0750 AICI, x= tot ea 733.34g AICI, © Tmol AIC, = 1.69 x 10 mol Cr” (©) molar mass = 8(12.01) + 10(1.008) + 4(14.01) + 2(16.00) = 194.20 = 194.2. Amol x 6.022 « 107° molecules = 0.248 g GyHaN,O, 7.70 x 10% molecules x 0.406 g cholesterol _ oe . O.0010Smal 7 9 Helesterolmo (@) molar mass = 5.847 + 30.974 + (16,00) 180.89 Fet Tol 150.82 = 150.89 0.0714 mol FePO, x: 10.77 = 10.89 FePO,3st 3.32 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises (b) © @ @) ) © @ (a) (o) @ molar mass = 2(14.01) + 8(1.008) + 12.01 + 3(16.00) = 96.09 g 4 mol 4 __2 mol NH, 4979 NOs S555 (NH),CO, * Tol WH), CO, = 0.0103 mol NH,” molar mass = 9(12.01) + 8(1.008) + 4(16.00) = 180.154 = 180.2.9 Amol 6.52x 10" molecules x—1mol_ 6.022 « 10° molecules y 0, x ASE Es § 1.95.9 04H,0, 16.86 9 Valium = 284.7 g Valium/mo! 0.05570 mol B47 9 molar mass = (12.01) + 10(1.008) + 1(16.00) + 2(92.07) = 162.28 = 162.39 Plan. mg >g > mol Solve: 7 mol 5.00 mg allcin x: x Amol _ 5.081 x 10° = 3.08 x 10% mol mg allicin feaag ‘mol al 4x 40°5) 7 Check. 5.00 mg is a small mass, so the small answer is reasonable. (6 x 10°)/200 = 2.5 x 10% Plan. Use mol from part (b) and Avogadro's number to calculate molecules. 6.022 x 10°? molecules mal Solve. 3.081 x 10 mol allicin x 855 x 10 = 1.86 x 10" allicin molecules 1.810" Check. (3 x 10° )(6 x 10%) = 18 x 10" Plan, Use molecules from part (c) and molecular formula to calculate S atoms. 2Satoms Solve. 1,855 x 10"*allicin molecules x 2S atoms __ allicin molecule =3.71 x 10" S atoms Check. Obvious. molar mass = 14(12.01) + 18(1.008) + 2(14.01) + 5(16.00) = 294.90 g 1000p asparare «108 BL 3.99 104 = 3.40 x 10% mol aspartame 8,898 x 10° mol aspartame x 6.022 * 10 molecules _ ‘Tmo! .046 x 10" = 2.05 x 10'° aspartame molecules Hatoms 2.046 x 10" aspartame molecules x__‘BHatoms __ 3.68 x 10" H atoms Tas io 443.33 3.94 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exer (@) ) (@) (a) @ (b) (o) @) Analyze, Given: CyH,,0y, 5.77 » 10 © atoms, Find: H atoms, Plan. Use molecular formula to determine number of H atoms that are present with 5.77 x 10 Gatoms. Solve: 42Hatoms 6Catoms 2H 5.77 « 106 atom 15x 10H atoms Check. (2 6x 10%) = 12x 10 2x 10" Plan. Use molecular formula to find the number of glucose molecules that contain 8.7 x10 Catoms. Solve: 1.G,H,,0, molecule 977 x 10 C atoms = 6C atoms S77 «1086 617 x 10" = 9.62 x 10" O,H,,0, molecules Check. (6 x 10716) x10" x10" = 10x 10" Plan, Use Avogadro's number to change molecules > mol. Solve: 9.617 x 10" GyH,,O, molecules x ————tmol_ 6.022 « 10 molecules = 1.597 x 10° = 1.60 x 10° mol GHy,05 Check. (9 x 10°)/(6 x 10%) = 1.5 x 10% lan. Use molar mass to change mol > 9, Solver 1 mole of C,H,,0, weighs 180.0 g (Sample Exercise 3.9) 180.09 GyHyO, 1.597 x 10" mol G,H,04 me mol .0287 g CHO, Check. 1.5 x 180 = 270; 270 x 10 = 0.027 8.08 x 10 H atoms x 22Catoms. _ 5 99 x 107 C atoms 28 Hatoms 4 CjgHyg0, molecule 3,08 x 10° H atoms x12 2 EZEEE = 4.400 10 28 Hatoms: = 1.10 x 10 CHO, molecules 4.400 x 10 C,gH,,, molecules x 1 mol 827 x 10+ 6.02 « 10° molecules £83 x 10 mol CigHayOe ‘molar mass = 19(12.01) + 28(1.008) + 2(16.00) = 288.41 288.49 CygHy,O, Tmol 288.49 41.827 x 10° mol CygHaO, x = 0.0827 9 Cyt3.95 3.38 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises Analyze. Given: g C,H,CVL. Find: mol, moleculesiL. Plan, The /L is constant throughout the problem, so we can ignore it. Use molar mass for g > mol, Avogadro's number for mol ~> molecules. Solve. 2.05% 40°°gC,H,Cl_ 1 molC,H,Cl a 10% 7 ws09cHci °° 28 x 10° mol GH,CIL S20 1o°tmAO NAC, 6.02 1 mln aL Ame Check, (200 x 10°)/60 = 2.5 x 10° mol (25 x 10%) x (6 x 10%) = 15 x 10" = 1.5 x 10" 97 x 10" moleculesit. 1 mol CayHyg0, 4108 9 Cpt, x Cate 25 x10" 9 Cats” a4 59 C.sHhs0, 95 x 10° = 8.0 x 10 mol Cathay, 6.022 x 10° molecules 98 x 10 mol CyyHy,O2 7.98 x 10 mol CHO, am 4,8 x 10"° C,yHy,0, molecules Empirical Formulas 337 3.98 3.99 (@) There are twice as many O atoms as N atoms, so the empirical formula of the original ‘compound is NO,. () No, because we have no way of knowing whether the empirical and molecular formulas are the same, NO, represents the simplest ratio of atoms in a molecule, but rot the only possible molecular formula. (@) The box contains 4 C atoms and 16 H atoms, so the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon is CH, (b) I the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon is the same as the empirical formula, the reactants’ box would contain 4 CH, molecules and 8 O, molecules. At this stage, you have no basis for knowing whether or not there might be a hydrocarbon molecule other than CH, that has this same empirical formula. It tums out, however, that there are none. In general, the molecular formula of a substance does not have to be identical with its empirical formula. (@). Analyze. Given: moles. Find: empirical formula, Plan, Find the simplest ratio of moles by dividing by the smallest number of moles present. Solve, 0.0180 mol C / 0.0065 0,039 mol H/0.0065 =6 0.0065 mol © / 0.0065 = 1 ‘The empirical formula is C,H,0. Check. The subscripts are simple integers. 463 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises 3.40 (e) () fa) (b) () Analyze. Given: grams. Find: empirical formula. Plan, Calculate the moles of each element present, then the simplest ratio of moles. 4molFe Solve, 11.66 9 Fe x 1MOlFE . o.2088 mol Fe; 0.2088 / 0.2088 = 1 SF°* $5.850Fe mol O 16.0090 ‘Multiplying by two, the integer ratio is 2 Fe : 3 O; the empirical formula is Fe,Oy, 6.01 gOx .8181 mol O; 0.3131 / 0.2088 = 1.5 Check. The subscripts are simple integers. Analyze. Given: mass %. Find: empirical formulas. Plan, Assume 1009 sample, calculate moles of each element, find the simplest ratio, of moles. Amolc Solve, 40.090 x oe, 0.09S* 32.01 gC = 9.33 mol C; 3.33/3.8 4molH 108 mol H 1molO 46.00 molO ‘The empirical formula is CH,O. Check. The subscripts are simple integers. 67 gHx = 6.65 mol H; 6.65/3.33 « 2 53.3.9 Ox = 8.38 mol O; 9.83 /3.93=1 Calculate the simplest ratio of moles. 0.104 mol K / 0.052 = 2 0.052 mol C/0.052 = 1 0.186 mol 0 / 0.052 = 8 ‘The empirical formula is K;COs. Calculate moles of each element present, then the simplest ratio of moles. 5.28 Sn x 1MOlSN_ _ o,04448 mol Sn; 0.04448 / 0.04448 = 716.798n Amol F 8.97 g Fx <1MOlE_ 0.1774 mol F; 0.174 / 0.04448 = 9F* 75 00gFSn ™ “The integer rato is 1 Sn: 4 F; the empirical formula is Sn, ‘Assume 100 g sample, calculate moles of each element, find the simplest ratio of moles. AmolN 14019 87.5% N= 87.5 gNx =8.25 molN; 6.25/6.25=1 12.5% H=125gHx =12.4molH; 124/625 =2 mol 7.008g ‘The empirical formula is NH,. 473 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises 3.41 Analyze/Plan, The procedure in all hese cases is to assume 100 g of sample, calculate the number of moles of each element present in that 100 g, then obtain the ratio of moles as smallest whole numbers. Solve: 1 mol C. 10. Amalc ® 490% Dotge = 0.866 mol C; 0.866 / 0.866 Amos. 278 98% orgs = 0.867 mol §; 0.867 / 0.866 = 1 mol Cl 1 81.79 O1x ae a5 qq] = 174 mol Ci 1.74/ 0.868 = 2 The empirical formula is CSCI. Amolc. ©) a7 aCx app gG = 18 mC; 1.81 (0.60 41molo 9.6 90x 1MO0- 6.500 mol 0; 0.600 / 0.600 = 8°* 76.0090 Amol F 68.7 OF x qpgoge ~SE2mOF: 8.52/0.600 = 6 ‘The empirical formula is C,OF, mol Na (0) 82.799 Nax D> Gegpg = 1426mel Na; 1.426/ 0.4826 « 3 13.029 Alx LMOlAL 0.4926 mol Al; 0.4826 /0.4826 = 1 26.9894) 4 molF 54.199 Fx LMF. 2.952 mol F; 2.852 - OF x A DEF mol 10.4826 ~ 6 ‘The empirical formula is Na,AlF,. 3.42 See Solution 3.41 for stepwise problem-solving approach. Amol K @ 8839 K xa yD gK = N14 molK: 1.41110.4714 =9 14.6 9 P x 1MOlP. _ 9.4714 mol P; 0.4714/0.4714 =1 30.97 gP 41mol O 30.1.9 0x7 GH go = 1.884 mol O; 1.881/0.4714 = 4 The empirical formula is K,PO,3 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises 3.43 3.44 (b) © 4g nanghtN®. 008 ma Na: 1.880.5008 «2 i masi / 149.9 Si 1B2LSl «9.5304 mots 0.s9040.5904 gsixgmee mol si 14/0.530: Ame ons g re Ait 59 oF 310005008 = 6 ‘The empirical formula is Na,SiF,, male. G21 90% appigg S17 molC; 5:17/0.064~6 521 glx TanagH = 517 mol; 5.17 / 0,864 = 6 AmolN 21gNx MON. _ 6.664 mol N; 0% et ratgix me molN; 0.864 / 0.86 41molO . . 20.790 ae Gggo = 129mOIO; 129/0.864 = 1.5 Multiplying by two, the empirical formula is C,,H,.N,O;, Analyze. Given: empirical formula, molar mass. Find: molecular formula. Plan, Calculate the empirical formula weight (FW); divide FW by molar mass () to calculate the integer that relates the empirical and molecular formulas. Check. If FW/ is an integer, the result is reasonable. Solve: @) (o) (a) (e) BA 4 u FW CH, = 12 42(1) = 14. — FW “The subscript in the empirical formula are mutiplied by 6. The molecular formula is CH M515 FW NH,Cl = 14.01 + 2(1.008) + 95.45 = 51.48, —— = w a Fw 515 ‘The empirical and molecular formulas are NHC! FW 12.01 + 1.008 + 2(18.00) = 45.0, 1 = 90.0 FW "450 ‘The molecular formula is H.C;0y M FW =2(12)44(1) + 16=44, —— (12) + 4(1) zw ‘The molecular formula is C,H,0,, 493.46. 3.46 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises ‘Analyze. Given: mass %, molar mass. Find: molecular formula. Plan. Use the plan detailed in Solution 3.41 to find an empirical formula from mass % data, Then use the plan dotailed in 3.43 to find the molecular formula. Note that some indication of molar mass rust be given, or the molecuiar formula cannot be determined. Check. I there is an integer ratio ‘of moles and // FW is an integer, the result is reasonable. Solve: mol @ 49590 ap04g0 S412 molC; 4.12/1.03 = 4 511/103 = 5 ‘Lmol H 5.15 9H 7 ogg gH =5:11 mol mol N 2BOONX Fa gign =ZO8MOIN: 2.06/1.03 = 2 {mol 165 90x 80% 76.0090 = 1.03 mol O; 1.03/ 1.08 = 1 ‘Thus, C,H.N,O, FW = 97. If the molar mass is about 195, a factor of 2 gives the molecular formula C,H.N,O;. () 9551 80x, TG 96 mol C; 2.96/0.592 = 5 a77aH Th = 4.73 mol H; 4.79/0.592 = 7.99 = 8 87.8590 *aBDOGO 37 mol ©; 2.370.592 = 4 8299N aah 0.592 mol N; 0.592/0.592 = 18.60 g Na Sane 582 mol Na; 0.592/0.58: ‘The empirical formula is C,H,0,NNa, FW = 169g. Since the empirical formula weight and molar mass are approximately equal, the empirical and molecular formulas are both NaC,H,O,N. ‘Assume 100 g in the following problems. (a) 75.69gCx1MAC _ 6.29 mol C; 6,90/0.969 = 6.5. W01g¢ 4molH 8.009Hx MOH _ 9.73 mol H; €.73/0.969 = 9.0 9% Fogg H m ae 41mol0 1551 g0x -1MOl0_ _ 9.969 mol; 0.969/0.969 = 1 90% F6.0090 a Muttply by 2 to obtain the integer ratio 13:18:2. The empirical formula is C,sHy FW = 208g. Since the empirical formula weight and the molar mass are equal (206 9), the empirical and molecular formulas are CgH,,0., 503 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises 3.47 (o) @) o Amol 0gCx AMOS «4.91 molc; 4.91 /0.550=9 sa0gcx SME. -491 mo TAghx MOH 7.04 mol H;: 7.04 /0.550 = 13 7.008 gH Amolo 26290x 110 _ + 64 molO; 6.64/ 0.550 - 3 9°* 76.0090 Amol N TT QNx AMON. o.550 mol N; 0.550 /0.550= 1 ON* aotgN m The empirical formula is C,H,,O,N, FW = 183 amu (or g). Since the molecular weight is approximately 180 amu, the empirical formula and molecular formula are the same, CaH,,0,N. Analyze. Given: mg CO, mg H,O Find: empirical formula of hydrocarbon, C,H, Plan. Upon combustion, all C > CO, all H > H,0. mg CO, > g CO, > mol G; mg H,0 > g H,O, mol H Find simplest ratio of moles and empirical formula. Solve: AmolCO, , {mol W0igCO, © ImolCO, 4molHO | 2molH 78.02gH,0 imolH,O 5.86 x 10% g CO, x 1.88 x 10% mol C. 1.87 x 10 gH,0 x = 1.52 x 10 mol H. Dividing both values by 1.38 x 10 gives C:H of 1:1.14, This is not “close enough to be considered 1:1. No obvious multipliers (2, 3, 4) produce an integer ratio. Testing ther multipliers (tral and error!) the correct factor seems to-be 7. The empirical formula is C,H, Check. See discussion of C:H ratio above, Analyze. Given: g of menthol, g CO,, g HO, molar mass. Find: molecular formula. Plan/Solve. Calculate mol G and mol H in the sample. AmolCO, -Amoic 44.01 gC0, * TmolCO, 1molH,0 |. 2molH 78.02gH,0 1molH,O 0.2828 g CO, x = 0,0064281 = 0.008428 mol C 0.1159 g H,0 x. = 0.012863 = 0.01286 mol H Caloulate 9 C, g H and get g O by subtraction. 0.064281 mol Cx 42019C _ go7720gc ‘mol C 4.008 9H 012869 mol H x 1:0089H _ 0.01297 gH 0.012888 mol HT mel H 7 mass O = 0.1005 g sample - (0.07720 g C + 0.01297 g H) = 0.01033 gO 513 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exert 3.48 (a) (b) Calculate mol O and find integer ratio of mol C: mol H: mol O. 4molO 0.01038 9 0 x 9°" 76.0090 = 6.456 x 10% mol O Divide moles by 6.486 x 10% 10-4 c: 0.006428 io, 4, 0.01288 99, 9, 8.456 10 6.456 10°* 6.456 10-4 6.456 « 10" The empirical formula is CyyHyO- M98 "FW 156 “The molecular formula is the same as the empirical formula, CH. FW = 10(12) +20(1) +1 Check. The mass of O wasn't negative or greater than the sample mass; empirical and molecular formulas are reasonable. Plan, Calculate mol Cand mol H, then g C and g H; get g O by subtraction. Solve: AmolOO, _4molc 44.01gCO, ~ TmolCO, AmolH,O | _2molH 1802gH,0 ~ TmolH,O 6.82 x 10° g CO, x. 496 x 10" = 1.44 x 10% mol C 2.58 x 10° g H,0 x 863 x 10 = 2.86 x 10 mol H 4.486 x 10% mol Cx I2019C . 1.725 x 10% g0=1.73mgC 1 molC 1.008 gH 9.863 x 10 mol H x: 2.863 x 10 mol H x LOEESE 806 x 10 g H = 0.289 mg H ‘mass of O = 2.78 mg sample - (1.725 mg C + 0.289 mg H) = 77 mg O 41molO 5 890 x AMO”. 4.91 x 10 Divide mot x 105, 0.77 x 10% gO xR aE = 481 x 10 mol. Divide moles by 4.81 x 10" 44x 10-4 x10"! AMAe 10°" Lg. py, 288% 10" 1 4.81% 10° 481% 10° ‘The empirical formula is C,H,0. Plan. Caloulate mol C and mol H, then g C and g H. In this case, get N by subtraction. Solve: AmolCO, | _1molC 44.01 gCO, “ FmoICO, molH,O | 2molH 18.02gH,0 © 1 molH,O 14.242 x 10" g CO, x 2961 x 10 = mol C 4,088 x 10 g H,0 x = 4.5316 10° = 4,532 x 10° mol H 82061 10 gmol Cx 12OLIE - a.966 x 107g C = 3.8866:mg C ‘mol C 523 3.49 3.50 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises 4.532 x 10 mol H x: 0089H _ 9.45683 x 10° g H = 0.4568 mg H ‘mol H mass of N = 5.250 mg sample — (3.8888 mg C + 0.4568 mg H) = 0.0066 = 0.907 mg N ‘mol N a 0.9066 x 10° g Nx MON _ 6.47 x 10% mol N. Divide moles by 6.47 x 10%. ON x yorgN 0 vide moles by S24x10* 4, ASBe A Ba7x10% 9" 6.47% 10 The empirical formula is C.H,N, FW =81. A molar mass of 160 +5 indicates a factor of 2 and a molecular formula of C,gHy.N Analyze. Given 2.558 g Na,CO, + xH,0, 0.948 g Na,CO,. Fir Plan, ‘The reaction involved is NagCO, *xH,O(8) > Na,CO,(s) + xH,O(@) Caloulate the mass of H,0 lost and then the mole ratio of NaCO, and H,0. Solve: 0 H,O lost = 2.558 g sample - 0.948 g Na,CO, = 4 mol Na,CO, 708.0 gNa,CO, 4'mol HO 18.02gH,0 molHO _ 0.08935 molNa,CO, ~ 0.00894 .610 g H,0 0.948 g Na,CO, x 0.00894 mol Na,CO, 1,610.9 H,0 x 1.08935 mol HO = 9.99; x= 10. The formula is Na,CO, + 10 H,0. Check. xis an integer. The reaction involved is MgSO, » xH,0(s) > MgSO,(s) +xH,0(@). First, calculate the number of moles of product MgSO, this is the same as the number of moles of starting hydrate. AmolMgSO, _ 1molMgSO,+xH,0 2.472 g MgSO, x mOnSOOL TNEAMBSO 4 XT2O 9.02053 mol MgSO,+x H,0 72.9 MGSO. * 96 4 gMg5O, mol MaSO, mmol MgSO,ex He 5.081 g MgSO, +x H,O ‘Thus, 46.5 glnol = FW of MgSO,+x HO. 0.02083 2 3 FW of MgSO, +x H,0 = FW of MgSO, +x(FW of H,0). 246.5 = 120.4 + x(18.02). x= 6.998. The hydrate formula is MgSO, « 7H,0. Alternatively, we could calculate the number of moles of water represented by weight loss: (6.061 - 2.472) = 2.589 g H,0 lost 2.589 g HO 1molH,0 molH0 0.1437 mol H,0; _molH0 HO 7.000 8099 120% F809 gHLO melFhO' TaolMgSO, ~ 0.02083 ~ ‘Again the correct formula is MgSO, 7H,O. 533 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises Calculations Based on Chemical Equations 351 3.62 3.53, 3.54 3.85 ‘The mole ratios implicit in the coefficients of a balanced chemical equation express the fundamental relationship between amounts of reactants and products. If the equation is not balanced, the mole ratios will be incorrect and lead to erroneous calculated amounts of products. ‘The integer coefficients immediately preceding each molecular formula in a chemical equation give information about relative numbers of moles of reactants and products involved ina reaction. Analyze. Given: 4.0 mol CH, Find: mol CO and mol He. Plan, Examine the boxes to determine the CH,:CO mol ratio and CH,H,O mole rato, Solve. There are 2CH, molecules in the reactant box and 2CO molecules in the product box. ‘The mole ratio is 2:2 oF 1:1. Therefore, 4.0 mol CH, can produce 4.0 mol CO. There are 2CH, molecules in the reactant box and 6H, molecules in the product box. The mote ratio is 2:6 of 41:8. So, 4.0 mol CH, can produce 12:0 mol Ha. Check. Use proportions. 2 mol CH,/2 mol CO = 4 mol CHy/4 mol CO; 2 mol CH,/6 mol H, = 4 mol CH,/12 mol H,. C,H,OH()) + 30,(g) > 2CO,(g) + 3H,0(g) C,Ha(g) + 50,(9) > 3CO,{g) + 4H,0(9) CH,CH,COCH,(l) + 11/2 0,(9) > 4CO,(g) + 4H,0() Inv combustion reaction, all H in the fuel is transformed to H,0 in the products, The reactant with most mol H/mol fuel will produce the most HO. CH, and CH,CH,COCH, (C,H,0) both have 8 mol Himol fuel, so 1.5 mol of either fuel will produce the same amount of HO. 41.5 mol C,H,OH will produce lass H,0. Na,Si0,(s) + 8HF(aq) > H,SiF;{aq) + 2NaF (aq) + 3H,00) (@) Analyze. Given: mol Na,SiO,. Find: mol HF, Plan. Use the mole ratio BHF:1Ne,SiO, from the balanced equation to relate moles of the two reactants Sov: 0.300 mol Na,Si0, x — SmolHF_—_ “moi Na,SiO, Check, Mol HF should be greater than mol Na,SiO,. .4 mol HE (©) Analyze. Given: mol HF, Find: g NaF. Plan. Use the mole ratio 2NaF:8HF to change mol HF to mol NaF, then molar mass to get NaF. Solve: 2molNaF , 41.999NaF 0.500 mol HE x 2m0INAE m ‘BmolHF ~~ 1 mol NaF 5.259 NaF Check. (0.514) = 0.125; 0.18 x 42 > 4g NaF 543 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises 3.56 3.87 3.58 3.59 (©) (a) (b) (©) (a) (o) (a) 3) (@) sayz. Gen: gHF Fed: 98250, ml Plan gH > nal (Mel) > othe.80, > 980, ‘The mole ratio is at the heart of every stoichiometry problem. Molar mass is used to change to and from grams. Solve: tmolHir, 1molNa,SiO, | 122.1 9NeSi 20.0igHF — 8molHF mol Na,SiO, 0.800 g HF x = 0.610 g Na,SiO, Check, 0.8 (120/160) < 0.75 mol CeH,,Oe(aq) > 2C,H,OH(aq) + 260,(9) 2molCO, 0.400 mol CH,,04% i Tol OF 800 mol CO, YmOCHOH 1mOlC,H,,0, , 180.290H0. 750g G,H,0H x TTOUCHOH , AmelCeHizOe , 160.29CeHr2Oe : WOT GC,H,OH © 2molC,H,OH * i molC,H,,0, = 14.7 9 GiHyOs ‘1molC,H,OH | 2molCO, 44.01gC0, 50 9 GyH_OH x LOCO, _2melGO, , Beige 750.9 GHOH™ 7 o75CHOH * DmolG,H,OH * ~imolGO, = 7.16 g CO, ALS,(8) + 6H,0() > 2AK(OH),(s) + SH,Sig) Plan, gA > mol A > mol B > gB. See Solution 3.55 (c). Solve: molALS, , 2molAOH), , 78.009 AKOH), 1BO2GALS, 1molAl,S, ~~ mol Al(OH), = 10.9.9 Al(OH). 10.5 g ALS, x 2x78 Check. 10 a) = 10(1) = 10g ANOH), Calt,(s) +2H,0()) > Ca(OH),{aq) + 2H,(9) AmolH, | tmolCaH, 42.109 Ca, 2016gH, 2molH, — tmolCaH, 5.00 gH, x 52.29 CaH, Analyze. Given: mol NaN,. Find: mol N,. Plan. Use mole ratio from balanced equation, Solve: 3molN, 2.50 mol NaN, xn motes mol NaN, 7 mol N, Check. The resulting mol N, should be greater than mol NaN, (the N,:NaN, ratio is> 1), anditis. 553 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises (b) Analyze. Given: gN, Find: NaN,. Plan. Use molar masses to get from and to grams, mol ratio to relate moles of the two substances. Solve: AmolN, , 2molNeN, , 65.01 gNaN, 6.00 gN, x AMON 4, 2molNaNs , S501 a NaN, a 2B01gN, 3molN, ~ tmolNaN, 9.28 g NaNy Check. Mass relations are less intuitive than mole relations. Estimating the ratio of molar masses is sometimes useful. In this case, 65 g NaN,/28 g N, = 2.25 Then, (6 x 218 x 2.25) = 9g NaN. The calculated result looks reasonable. ‘Analyze. Given: vol N, in #°, donsity N, in g/L. Find: g NaN. Plan. First determine how many g N, are in 10.0 1, using the density of N,. Solve: 1259, 1b _ , (2.54em? , (12)in® y 19. 999 «354.0 3549 Ny TL 1000cm: tin? 1A? tmolN, , 2molNaNl, , 65.01 gNaN, 354.0 gNex gem 4, 2molliath , SOON 9N2* 2e01gN, ~ SmolN, ~ tmolNaN, 48 g NaNy Check. 11 ~ 28.L; 10 ft? ~ 280L; 280 L x 1.25 ~ 350g N, Using the ratio of moar masses from part {b), (350 x 2/3 x 2.25) = 525 g NaN, 8.60 20 pHa!) + 250,(g) > 16C0,(g) + 18H,0()) (a) (b) (©) 361 (a) ) 25 mol O, Zmol Hye (0.750 rot CyFye x = 9.975 = 9.38 mol O, TmolCHy , 25mol0, , 32.0090, 0g Coen ee 2 TIA 2gCH,, © 2molCH,, tmolO, 7.5.9 Op 3.7854L , 1000mL , 0.6929 1.00 gal Cay, x -7854L x = 26195 be ‘gal 1h Tmt AmolGHyy TA DGC Hy, 82 x 10g CyHsg 2819.5 g Citys x A7B.Ag = 9.18 x 10"'g O, Analyze. Given: dimensions of Al foil, Find: mol Al density molar Plan, Dimensions > vol "mass TOSS mol Al Solve, 1.00 6m x 1.00 6m x 0.850 mm x76 = 0.0550 cm? Al mm 2.699GAl , 1 molAl 26.98 g 0.0550 em? Al x: 5.502 x 10° = 5.50 x 10° mol Al tem’ Check, 2.699/26.98 = 0.1; (0.055 om? x 0.1) = 5.5 x 10° mol Al lan, Write the balanced equation to get a mole ratio; change mol Al > mol AIBr, > g AlBry, 563 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises 362 (a) ) © Solve. 2A(s) + 3Br,()) > 2AIBr(8) 2molAIBR, | 266.699 ANB, 2molAl ~~ TmolAIBr, Check. (0.008 x 1 x 270) = 1.6 g AIBr, 5.502 x 10 mol Al x. = 1.467 = 1.47 g AIBr, Plan. Calculate a “mole ratio" between nitroglycerine and total moles of gas produced. (12+6+1 +10) = 29 mol gas; 4 mol nitro: 29 total mol gas. Solve: 3.00 mb nitro x1:5929 _1molnitro , 29 mol gas mL” 227.1gnitro” 4motnitro « S5L 0.18247 mol gas x 55 = 9.3959 =0.4 nol 1.592.g , 1molnitro , SMOIN, | 28.01gN, mL 227.1gnitro 4molnitro ~ — tmolN, 0.15247 = 0.152 mol gas 8,00 mL nitro x 0.884 g Ny Limiting Reactants, Theoretical Yields 363 (a) (b) 364 (a) ) ‘The limiting reactant determines the maximum number of product moles resulting from a chemical reaction; any other reactant is an excess reactant. ‘The limiting reactant regulates the amount of products because itis completely used Up during the reaction; no more product can be made when one of the reactants is unavailable, Theoretical yield Is the maximum amount of product possible, as predicted by stoichiometry, assuming that the limiting reactant is converted entirely to product. Actual yield is the amount of product actually obtained, less than or equal to the theoretical yield. Percent yield is the ratio of (actual yield to theoretical yield) x 100, No reaction is perfect. Not all reactant molecules come together effectively to form products; alternative reaction pathways may produce secondary products and reduce the amount of desired product actually obtained, or it might not be possible to ‘completely isolate the desired product from the reaction mixture. In any case, these factors reduce the actual yield of a reaction. 365 Ny +3H 22K, th =< @@, nHy= OB *,? & gs ® 573.66 3.67 3.68 3.69 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises Each N atom (1/2 of an N, molecule), reacts with 3 H atoms (1.5 H, molecules) to form an NH, molecule, Eight N atoms (4 N, molecules) require 24 H atoms (12 H, molecules) for complete reaction. Only 9 H, molecules are available, so H, is the limiting reactant. Nine H, molecules (18 H atoms) determine that 6 NH molecules are produced. One N, molecule isin excess, 2NO +0, 3 2NO,. 0, -OO, no, = @ Each NO molecule reacts with 1 0 atom (1/2 of an O, molecule) to produce 1 NO, molecule. Eight NO molecules react with 8 O atoms (4 0, molecules) to produce 8 NO, molecules. One (0, molecule doesn't react (is in excess). NO is the limiting reactant, (2) Each bicycle needs 2 wheels, 1 frame and 1 set of handlebars. A total of 4250 wheels corresponds to 2125 pairs of wheels. This is fewer than the number of frames or handlebars, The 4250 wheels determine that 2125 bicycles can be produced. (b) 2785 frames - 2125 bicycles = 630 frames loft over (2255 handlebars - 2125 bicycles) = 180 handlebars left over (©) The wheels are the ‘limiting reactant” in that they determine the number of bicycles that can be produced. ‘bottle 375 L. x (@) 99,375 L beverage x 5 OT 10,915.49 = 1.11x 10° portions of beverage (The uncertainty in 355 mL. limits the precision of the number of portions we can reasonably expect to deliver to 3 significant figures.) 115,350 bottles; 122,500 caps; 111,000 bottles can be filed and capped. (©) 122,500 caps - 111,000 portions = 11,500 caps remain 118,350 empty bottles - 111,000 portions = 4950 battles remain (©) The volume of beverage limits production. Analyze. Given: 1.70 mol NaOH, 1.00 mol CO,. Find: mol Na,CO,, Plan. Amounts of more than one reactant are given, so we must determine which reactant regulates (limits) product. Then apply the appropriate mole ratio from the balanced equation,3.70 amt Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises Solve. The mole ratio is 2NaOH:1CO,, 80 1.00 mol CO, requires 2.00 mol NaOH for complete reaction. Less than 2.00 mol NaOH are present, so NaOH is the limiting reactant. 41mol Na,CO, 1.70 mol NAOH xa .850 mol Na,CO, can be produced ‘The Ne,CO;:CO, ratio is 1:1, s0 0.850 mol Na,CO, produced requires 0.850 mol CO, consumed. (Alternately, 1.70 mol NaOH x 1 mol CO,/2 mol NaOH = 0.850 mol CO, reacted) 41.00 mo! CO, inital - 0.850 mol CO, reacted = 0.18 mol CO, remain, Check. 2NaOH(s) + CO,lg) > Na,CO,Js) + H,0() initial 4.70 mol 4.00 mol Omol change “1.70 mol -0.85 mol 40.850 mol (reaction) final Omol 0.15 mol 10.850 mol Note that the "change" ine (but not necessarily the “fina” line) reflects the mole ratios from the balanced equation. 0.460 mel AKO), x THB O4..0.675 mot H,S0, needed f ete reacti SATOH, ‘mol H,SO, needed for complete reaction Only 0.550 mol H,S0, available, 80 H,S0, limits. 0.550 mol ¥,S0, x me AaSOds «9,955 = 0.189 mot Al(S0,) cant . 480, x STaLSO, = 11 Al,(SO,), can form 0.550 mol 60, x 2MOANOHS 9 a5 = 0.967 mol AIOH), react, ee ee 5 reat 0.450 mol Al(OH) inital - 0.967 mol react = 0.083 mol AKOH) remain (This result has 3 decimal places because it was obtained by subtraction, and thus only 2 sig. figs.) ‘SNaHCO,(aq) + HyCsHyO,(aq) > 3CO,(g) + 3H,O(!) + Na,C,H_O,(aq) (a) Analyze/Plan, Abbreviete citric acid as H,Cit. Follow the approach in Sample Exercise 3.19. Solve: 1 mol NaHCO, 1.00 NaHCO, Sor GHGS, 190 x 10% = 1.19 x 10 mol NaHCO, 1 mol H,Cit 1.009 H,C,H,0, xe a Hs Tea gHoR 206 x 10° = 5.21 x 10 mol H,Cit But NaHCO, and H,Cit react in a 3:1 ratio, s0 6.21 x 10° mol H,Cit require 3(6.21 x 10%) = 1.56 x 10°? mol NaHCO,. We have only 1.19 x 10 mol NaHGO,, 80 NaHCO, is the limiting reactant. 59Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises 3.72 3.73 3msICO, 44.01 gCO, 3molNaHCO, ~ ~1moi GO, (8) 1.190.x 10 mol NaHCO, x 524 9 CO, {mol H,Cit ‘Tel NaS, 7 2968% 10° = 8.97 x 10 mol HyCit react 5.206 x 10°* mol H,Cit - 8.968 x 10° mol react = 1.238 x 10° 21.24 x 10 mol H,Cit remain =0.238 g H,Cit remain (©) 1.190 x 10 mol NaHCO; x 192.1gH,cit 1.288 x 10° mol H,Cit 2 TON mel ACIS TAGE ANH,(9) + 50,(9) > 4NO(a) + 6H.O(9) (@) Follow the approach in Sample Exercise 9.19. 2,25 g NH, cele = 0.1321 = 0.132 mo! NH, au °“4703gNH, ~ 7 3.75 1m 9.4472 =0.117 mol 0, 78.9 02s op g0, = ONE = 2 4 mol NH, 0.1172 mol O, x ATINHS «6.09975 = 0.0988 mol NH, required ‘SmolO, More than 0.0938 mol NH, is available, 50 O, is the limiting reactant. AmolNO , 30.01gNO 0.1172 mot O, x 4MOINO ,, 30.01gNO ©) OAT mel Oo Smo, A mOINO (©) 0.1921mol NH, - 0.0988 mol NH, reacted = 0.0388 = 0.038 mol NH, remain 17.039 NH, mol NH = 2.81 g NO produced 0.0883 mol NH, x: = 0.652 9 NH, remain Analyze. Given: initial g NagCO,, g AGNO,. Find: final g NagCO,, AGNOs, Ag,CO,, NaNO, Plan, Write balanced equation; determine limiting reactant; calculate amounts of excess: reactant remaining and products, based on limiting reactant. Solve. 2AgNO,(aq) + Na,CO,(aq) > Ag,CO,(s) + 2NaNO,(aq) 4 molNa,CO, 8:50 9 N&xOOs * 706-5 5 Na;0O, 06132 = 0.0613 mol Na,CO, 0.0412 mol AgNO, = 0.02060 = 0.0206 mol Na,CO, required ‘AgNO, Is the limiting reactant and Na,CO, is present in excess. 60374 8.75 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises 2AgNO,(aq) + Na,CO,aq) > — Ag,CO,(s) + 2NaNO,(aq) ial 0.0412 mol 0.0613 mol Omol O mol reaction -0.0412 mol -0.0206 mol +0.0206 mol +0.0412 mol final O mol 0.0407 mol 0.0206 mol 0.0412 mol 0.04072 mol Na,CO, x 106.0 g/mol = 4.316 = 4.32 9 Na,CO, 0.02060 mol Ag,CO, x 275.8 glmol = 5.681 = 5.68 g Ag,CO, 0.04120 mol NaNO, x 85.00 g/mol = 3.502 = 3.50 g NaNO, Check. The initial mass of reactants was 13.50 g, and the final mass of excess reactant and products is 13.50 g; mass Is conserved. Plan. Write balanced equation; determine limiting reactant; calculate amounts of excess reactant remaining and products, based on limiting reactant. Solve, H,SO,(a9) + PbIC3H,O,){2q) > PBSO,s) + 2HC,H,0,(aq) 1 mol H,SO, 7.50 gH,SO, x= + = 0.07646 = 0.0765 mol H,SO, 198.09 gH,SO, 4 mol Pb(C,H,0,), 7.50 g Pb(CH,0,), (CaH02)5 _ 6.029056 = 0.0231 mol Pb(CzH,0, 325.3g Pb(C,H,O,), 1 mol H,S0,:4 mol Pb(C,H,O,),, 80 Pb(C;H,0,), is the limiting reactant. 0 mol Pb(C;H,0,),, (0.07646 - 0.023056) = 0.0580 mol H,S0,, 0.0231 mol PbSO,, (0.023056 x 2) = 0.0461 mol HC,H,O, are present after reaction 0.053405 mol H,S0, x 98.09 g/mol = 5.2985 = 5.24 g H,SO, 0.028056 mol PDSO, x 303.3 g/mol = 6.9928 = 6.99 g PbSO, 0.046111 mol HC,H,O, x 60.05 g/mol = 2.7690 = 2.77 g HC,H,0, Check. The initial mass of reactants was 15.00 g; and the final mass of excess reactant and products is 15.00 g; mass is conserved, Analyze. Given: amounts of two reactants. Find: theoretical yield, Plan. Determine the limiting reactant and the maximum amount of product it could produce. Then calculate % yield. Solve: 4 mol CH, 78.119C,H, {mol Br, 159.89Br, (@) 30.09 GH, x. = 0.9841 = 0,384 mol CH, 65.0 g Br, x. 0.4068 = 0.407 mol Br, Since C,H, and Br, react in a 1:1 mole ratio, C,H, is the limiting reactant and determines the theoretical yield 41 mol C,H, Tmol CH, 61 0.3841 mol C,H, x X 187.0 g C,HyBr = 60.0 = 60.3 g C,H,Br3 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises 3.76 877 Check, 90/78 ~ 818 mol C,H, . 65/160 ~ 9/8 mol Br». Since moles of the two reactants are similar, a precise calculation is needed to determine the tinting reactant. 18 x 160 = 60g product 56.79 C,H,Bractual (Oy Oye ea rr 60.39 0,H,Br theoretical (@) Gly + Ch 2 G.HCL+HCI mol C,H, 30.079 C,H, mol Cl, Tostg 125 9 GzH, x 4.187 = 4.16 mol C,H, 255 9 Cl, x = 9.596 = 3,60 mol Cl, Since the reactants combine in a 1:1 mole ratio, Cl, is the limiting reactant. The theoretical yield is: AmolC,H,Cl 64.519C,H,Ci 3.506 mol Cl, x ACHE! , BAST SCAMS mol Cex Taal, “Imol GHC = 281.98 = 282 9 C,H,CI 206. 9C,H,C! actual jd = 208 CHC actual _ (©) % yield = 35 9,H,Cl theoretical x 100 = 88.8% Analyze. Given: g of two reactants, % yield. Find: g Li. Plan, Determine limiting reactant and theoretical yield. Use definition of % yield to calculate actual yiold. Solve: sng Amol 5.009 Lix AMAL . 9.7204 = 0,720 mol Li ONS 844 gli 5.009 Nex NE. = 0.4785 = 0.179 mo OMX SE OIgN, ee Niat] 0.1785 mol N, x SMOLL _ 4,074 = 1.07 mol Li required Troi N, Since there is less than enough Lito react exactly with 0.178 mol Np Li is the limiting reactant. 34.83 gLiN 0.7204 mot Lix £8,969 = 8.96 g LigN theoretical yield Tmol LN Check. 5/7 = mol Li: §/(4 x7) = mol Nj. There are 1/4 as many mol Ne as moles Li, but only 1/6 as many moles N, are required for exact reaction. N, is in excess and Lilimits, 0.7 x (86/8) ~ 8.4 9 LiJN theoretical % yield » theoretical = ddtual__ 499, yield theoretical arial yi Theoretical * °°: 700 ee x 8.368 g LiJN = 6.7925 = 6.73 g LiN actual ©) 623.78 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises H,S(g) + 2NaOH(aq) > Na,S(aq) + 2H,0() 2.00 gH,8 x LHS 6 05868 = 0.0587 mol HS ONS hoa GHS ~ ONES D OST melt 4mol NaOH. 2.00 g NaOH x—1 mol NaOH 40.00 gNaOH = 0.0500 mol NaOH By inspection, twice as many mol NaOH as H,S are needed for exact reaction, but mol NaOH given is less than mol H,S, 80 NaOH limits, AmolNa,S | 78.05gNe,S ZmolNaOH ~ “Amol Na,S x 1.95125 g Na,S theoretical = 1.7951 = 1.80 g Na,S actual 0.0500 mol NaOH x. = 1.95125 = 1.95 g Na,S theoretical 92.0% Additional Exercises 3.79 3.80 3.81 (2) C,H,0,()) + 50,(g) > 4C0,(g) + 4H,0() (b) — Cu(OH),(s) > Cud(e) + H,0(g) (©) Zn(s) +C1,(g) > ZnCl,(s) The formulas ofthe fertlizers are NH,, NH,NO;, (NH,),SO, and (NH,),CO. Qualitaivaly, the more heavy, non-nitrogen atoms in a molecule, the smalor the mass % of N. By inspection, the mass of NH, is dominated by N, 80 it will have the greatest % N, (NH,),SO, will have the least. In order of increasing % N: (NH,),S0, < NH,NO, < (NH,),CO < NH. ‘Check by calculation: (NH,),S0,: FW = 2(14.0) + 8(1.0) + 1(82.1) + 4(16.0) = 192.1 amu % N= [2(14.0)192.1] x 100 = 21.29% NH.NO,: FW = 2(14.0) + 4(1.0) + 3(16.0) = 80.0 amu 9% N = [2(14.0)/180.0] x 100 = 35.0% (NH,),O: FW = 2(14.0) + 4(1.0) = 1(12.0) + 1(16.0) = 60.0 amu 9% N= [2(14.0V160.0] x 100 = 48.7% N NHy: FW = 1(14.0) + 3(1.0) = 17.0 96 N = [14.0/17.0] x 100 = 82.4 %N 0.200 , _1molC 1 « Amalc_ (0) 125carat 92008» Amalc. = 0.020816 = 0.0208 mol C 6.022 x 107° Catoms ‘TmolC ‘Amol C,H,0, 180.29 0,H,0, 0.020816 mol C x .25 x 10% C atoms () 0.5009 C,H,0, x = 2.7747 x10 =2.77 x 10° mol GoH,O, 6.022 10% molecules 00027747 mol CHO, oy 1 mol = 1.87 x 10 C,H,O, molecules 633.82 3.83 3.84 3.85 3.86 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises @) _-5842410"%q 6.0224 10" molecules. 5947 g/mol penclin G {molecule penicilin G ‘mol (©) 1.00.g hemoglobin (hem) contains 3.40. 10° g Fe. 4.00ghem , 55.85gFe , AmolFe 340x10 gre tmolFe — Tmolhem £57 x 10* g/mol hemoglobin 4 mol 28.0855 9 S| 19, (2) 1.0000 x 10* Si atoms x——tmol_, 8.08559! 4 695 x 10° g Si 6.022% 10% atoms 1 molSi tem? Si 2398i 2.08 x 10° om?) (©) 4.8638 x 10° g Six 03 x 10" = 2.0 x 10° om* Jeqy® ©) .9 x 107 em (= 5.9 nm) Plan, Assume 100 g, calculate mole ratios, empirical formula, then molecular formula from molar mass. Solve: 9.08 9 Ox inert, = 0.568 mo 0; 0.568/0.0568 = 1 ‘The empirical formula is C,gH;gN,O, FW = 176 amu (or g). Since the molar mass Is 176, the ‘empirical and molecular formula are the same, C.gH,,N,O. Plan, Assume 1.000 g and get mass O by subtraction. Solve: 41molC 01gC mol H 7.008 gH Amol 76.0090 (a) 0.7787gCx = 0.06484 mol C 0.1176 gHx = 0.1167 mol H 0.1037 9 Ox = 0.006481 mol O Dividing through by the smallest of these values we obtain C,H (b) The formula weight of CjyH,,O is 154, Thus, the empirical formula is also the molecular formula, Since all the C in the vanilin must be present in the CO, produced, get g C from g CO-, x 12019C _ 0.6631 = 0.66396 mol 64Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises 3.87 Since all the H in vanillin must be present in the H,O produced, get g H from g H,O. ‘ImolHO , _2molH_ , 1.008gH 0.50gH,0x MOTO, 2molH_ , 1.00891 _ 9.0569 = 0.056 gH 2 18.02gH,0 1molH,O ” 1molH 2 Get g O by subtraction. (Since the analysis was performed by combustion, an unspecified ‘amount of O, was a reactant, and thus not all the O in the CO, and H,O produced came from Vanilin.) 1.05 g vanilin - 0.668 g C-- 0.056 g H = 0.931 gO 0.6631 g x MOC _ 9.0552 mol C; 0.0552 / 0.0207 = 2.67 20196 4molH 0.0559 g H x 106.36) gxGi, 0.5000 (AW + 106.36) = 0.2360 (AW + 380.71) 0.5000 AW + 63.180 = 0.2960 AW + 89.648 0.2640 AW = 06.67; AW = 198.94 (6) Xis lanthanum, La, atomic number 57, (O,(g) + 2Nal(aq) + H,0(1) > 0,(g) + h(s) + 2NaOH(aq) 2 mol Nat (2) 8.8 10% mol O, x SHENAE «7.6 « 10° mol Nal mal O, 1x 407g 1molO, | 2molNal 149.99 Nat (©) 0.550 mg O, x. 1mg 48.0090, © tmol0, ~ 1 mol Nat = 8.4352 x 10° = 8.44 x 10° g Nal = 3.44 mg Nal 2NaCl(aq) + 2H,O() > 2NaOH(ag) + H.(9) + Clg) Calculate mol Cl, and relate to mol H,, mol NaOH. 10009 , _1molCl, 1.8 10°kg x ime e 8% “Tig “ 7st gl, = 2.118 x 107 = 2.1 x 10" mol Cl, Amol, | 2.016gH, 2.115 x 107 mol Cl,x 2mOMe , 2016 9th mol Ce Troll, * Amol H, =4.26x 10" g H,= 3x 108k He 4 metric ton. 110° g(1 Mg) x10" x 2MolNaOH , 40.0.gNa0H _ e . 2 1 Og Te x Tat aOR 7 150% 10" = 1.7 10g NaOH 1.7% 10? g NaOH = 1.7 x 108 kg NaOH = 43x10" gx = 43 metric tons H, .7 x 10° metric tons NaOH 663.93 3.94 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises 2CgpHy4—05 + 1630, > 114CO, + 110H,0 molar mass of fat 57(12.01) + 110(1.008) + 6(16.00) = 891.5, 10009 , tmolfat , 110MOIH,O 18.02gH,0 tg 0 kg fat x PA ake see 10kgfatx T° * So1.5giat © 2molfat “ “tmolH,O “000g = 1.1 kgH,O (@) Plan, Calculate the total mass of C from g CO and g CO,. Calculate the mass of H from g H,O. Calculate mole ratios and the empirical formula. Solve: 0.467 gCOx 2COAg) 1moico , 1molO, , 32.0090, 467 gCox 1malco , 1m. , 320090, 0487 9COx Fe oFgc * ZmalCO ~ TmolO, 0.287 g 0, “The total mass of O, required for complete combustion 1,200 g + 0.267 g = 1.467 g O, N,(g) + 3H,(g) > 2NH;(g) Determine the moles of N, and H, required to form the 2.0 moles of NH, present after the reaction has stopped. 3molH, 2.0 mol NH x 2mol NH, 0 mol H, reacted 673.95 3.96 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises ‘1mol Ny 2.0 mol NH mois * 3 mol NH, =1 mol N, reacted ‘mol H, initial = 2.0 mol H, remain +3.0 mol H, reacte ‘mol N, initial = 2.0 mot N, remain + 1.0 mol Ny, reacted Omol He .0 mol Na Intabularform: N,(g) + 3H,(g) > —2NH,(9) initial 3.0 mo! 5.0 mol 0 mol reaction -1.0 mol -3.0 mol 42.0 mol final 2.0 mol 2.0 mol 2.0 mol (Tables like this will be extremely useful for solving chemical equilibrium problems in Chapter 15.) Alof the O, is produced from KCIO,; get g KCIO, from gO, All of the H,0 is produced from KHCO,: get g KHCO, from g H,0. The g H,O produced also reveals the g CO, from the decomposition of NaHCO,. The remaining GO, (18.2.9 CO, - g CO, from NaHCO,) is due to K,CO, and g K,CO, can be derived from it AmolO, | 2molKCIO, , 122.6gKCI0, 4.00 gO, x = 10.22 = 10.29 KCIO, 32.00g0, ~ 3mol0, —— Tmol KCIO, ‘imolH,0 _ 2molKHCO, 100.1 gKHCO, 4.80 H,O x ee xg SET 4g SETS = 20.00 = 20.0 9 KHCO, 78.02gH,0 ~ 1molH,O ~ 1molKHCO, 2 1 ICO, 44.01960, 1.80.gH,Ox LmOUHAO ,, 2MONGO, ,, 4019002 _ 5 790 8.799 CO, from KHCO, 78.02gH,0 imolH,O ~molCO, 48.20 g CO, total - 8.792 CO, from KHCO, = 4.408 = 4.41 g CO, from K,CO, AmolCO, | 1molK,CO, , 138.29K,C0, 4408900: * Tor gc0, * “TmalcO, * “TmolK,CO, = 1384 = 18.8 g K,CO, 100.0 g mixture - 10.22 g KCIO, - 20,00 g KHCO, - 19.84 g K,CO, = 56.0 g KC! (a) 2C,H,(g) + §0,(g) > 4CO,(g) + 2H,O(g) (0) Following the approach in Sample Exercise 8.19, Amol, | SmolO, | 32.0090, 2B04gCH, 2molGH, —1moiO, Only 10.09 0, are available, so O, limits. 10.0 g CH, x 80.7 g O, required (6) Since O, limits, 0.0 gO, remain. Next, calculate the g C,H, consumed and the amounts of CO, and H,O produced by reaction of 10.0 g Op AmolO, , 2molGjH, , 26.049C.H, 40.0g0,x ome» SmelRatle , Monte 90% sy 0090, © SmolO, ~ tmolC,H, 8.26 g C,H, consumed 683 Stoichiometry Solu ns to Exercises 10.0 g GH, initial - 3.26 g consumed =6.74 = 7-9 CH, remain A1molO, , 4molCO, | 44.01gC0, 320090, “Smoi0, ~~ TmolGO, tmolO, | 2molH,O | 18,02gH,0 320090, Smol0, — 1molH,O Amol GyH,O, , TMOIC;H.O, , 138.19C,H,0, 78029C,H,0, TmolG,H,O, 1molC,H,0, = 1.1496 x 10? = 1.1 x 10? kg C,H,0, (>) _Ifonly 80 percent of the acid reacts, then we need 1/0.80 = 1.25 times as much to obtain the same mass of product: 1.25 x 1.15 x 10° kg = 1.4.x 10? kg. 10.090, x 1.0 g CO, produced 10.090, x .25 9 H,O produced 397 (a) 1.5% 10g CyH,0, x (©) Caloulate the number of moles of each reactant: 41mol C,H,0, 1.95109 OHOsx aap EHS, = 1.340 10° = 34 x 10° mol C}H,05 4molC,H,0, Tec HO We 00 hat G40, tn, because equal numbers. of moos ofthe two reatans ar consumed the rection. Amol C,H, 180.29 C,H,0, TmoIGAO, * TmaIOyHO, 1.25 x 10. C,H,O, x 1.224 x 10" 1.22 x 10? mol CyH,0; 4.224 x 10 mol CHO, x 206 x 10° ee =2.21 x10 9 GyH,O, (@ _ porcent yi % 100 = 82.5% 2.206 x 10 g Integrative Exercises 3.98 Plan. Volume cube 228%. mass CaCO, > moles CaCO, > moles O-> 0 atoms 2s4fom? , 271gCaCO, | 1molCaC0, . _amolo. 4in® 4tom® 100.1gCaCO, 1molCaco, Solve. (1.25) nx 4¢ 6.022% 10 0 atoms 5 = 1.87 x 10 0 atoms density 3.99 (a) Plan: volume of Ag cube. ——P mass of Ag -> mol Ag > Ag atoms. 10.49.9Ag ,, _1molAg Solve: (1.0009 cm Ag x 1042949 a ae icied tom*Ag 10787 9AG £8562 x 10 = 5.856 x 10" Ag atoms 69Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises 3.100 3.101 3.102 () 1.000 cm? cube volume, 74% is occupied by Ag atoms 0.7400 cm’ = volume of 5.856 x 107 Ag atoms 0.7400.6m* 5.8562 « 107 Ag atoms Since atomic dimensions are usually given in A, we will show this conversion. (1 10"2° m3 1 Ae tom* (1 10°" (©) V=4iamA; P= avian; r= (aviary? = 1.2636 x 10° = .264 x 10% em* / Ag atom 1.264 x 10° om? x: 12,64 A®/ Ag atom t= (8x 12,696 AP Any! = 1.4449 = 1.448 A Analyze. Given: gasoline = CyHyy, density = 0.69 g/mL, 19.5 milgal, 125 mi. Find: kg CO,, lan. Write and balance the equation for the combustion of octane, Change mi > gal octane - mL > g octane. Use stoichiometry to calaulate g and kg CO, from g octane, Solve, 2CyHyq() + 250,(9) > 16CO,(g) + 18H,0(0) osm AGA STBSAL y Ami D6Bgostae 59 tt ™*S95mi tga 4x 10°L tm eran = 17 kg octane AmOlCHy, , 16molCO, 44.01 9C0, TAZGCHy 2MOICHyy — TmolCO, 1.6743 x 10* g Cys 5.1619 x 10g 52 kg CO, 125%4*0.7 a cock, (28% } x 10° = (25% 0.7) x 10°= 17.5% 10° g= 17.5 kg octane AA A, ATKg xB 114 * 3 48 kg CO, Plan. We can proceed by writing the ratio of masses of Ag to AgNO,, where y is the atomic mass of nitrogen. Solve: Ag_ _ 634g = —__107.8682__ ‘AgNO, 985 = 07 8682 + 3(18.9894) + y Solve for y to obtain y = 14,0088. This is to be compared with the currently accepted value of 14.0067. (@) Ss) + Og) > SO,(g); SO,{g) + CaO{s) > CaSO,(s) (oy 2200tons.coal,, 20001b , 1k, 10009 , 0.02598 , Tton " 2201b tkg — 1gcoal x AmolCaSO, , 120gCaS0, _1kgCaS0, TmolS “~TmolSO, ” TmolGaSO, " 1000gCaSO, = 1.7 x 10° kg CaSOyday ‘This corresponds to about 190 tons of CaSO, per day as a waste product. 703 Stoichiometry Solutions to Exercises 3.103 (a) (b) ©) Plan, Calculate the kg of air in the room and then the mass of HCN required to produce a dose of 300 mg HCNIkg air. Solve: 12Htx 15 fx Bott 1440 |-4 x 10° ff of arin the room 4440 8 airx (12M? , (254em) , 0.00118gair, 19 _ yg ap 18 tin® tom®air 10009 = 48 kg air 48.12 kg air x SOOMBHEN , 19 __44.43= 14g HCN ‘Tkgair 1000mg 2NaCN(s) + H,S0,(aq) > Na,SO,(aq) + 2HCN(a) “The question can be restated as: What mass of NaCN is required to produce 14 9 ‘of HCN according to the above reaction? AmolHON , 2molNaCN ,, 49.01 g NaCN 4.43 HON x IMOIHCN. , 2molNaCN ,, 49.01 gNaCN NAS GHCN% 37 o3gHICN * “2molHCN “~~ 1molNaCN 8.2 = 26. g NaCN rate 6 it AM? 5 9002 11D 4589 _ 47,995, of? tyd? 160z = 1Ib 7 x 10" g acrilan in the room 50% of the carpet bums, so the starting amount of CH,CHCN is 0.50(17,025) = 8,513 = 8.5 x 10°g 50.99 HCN 18 g CH,CHEN x 509g HON eae 700g CH,CHCH = 4998 = 4.3 x 10° g HCN possible Ir the actual yield of combustion is 20%, actual g HCN = 4,983(0.20) = 866.6 = 8.7 x 10% g HCN produced. From part (a), 14.g of HCN is a lethal dose. The fire produces much more than a lethal dose of HCN. n