2013,33(11)2087~2094

China Environmental Science

2013 1

,* (,, 100871)

2013 1 20 ,,
.,2013 1
230 ,;/ 98%,
2 .

X32

1000-6923(2013)11-2087-08

An evaluation of the economic loss due to the heavy haze during January 2013 in China. MU Quan, ZHANG
Shi-qiu* (Institute of Environment and Economy, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University,
Beijing 100871, China). China Environmental Science, 2013,33(11)2087~2094
AbstractThe heavy haze during January 2013in China has drawn public attention worldwide. Based on the available
data reported in the media, we evaluate the direct economic loss due to the heavy haze during this period. The results find
a lower bound of the total direct cost on health and transportation attributed to the heavy haze is 23 billion Chinese Yuan,
among which the east cities and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China suffered the most. The cost due to increased
outpatient and emergency accounts for 98% of the total direct economic cost of the event, and is nearly twice as much as
the total cost of health impacts attributed to particulate air pollution in non-haze events estimated in the literature.
Key wordshaze eventPM2.5economic lossChina

2013 1
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2013-03-21
2012
:
(20120001110054);
, , zhangshq@pku.edu.cn

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//

Table 1 Parameters for average cost of domestic flight

delay/alternate/cancel

()

1.61 /h

[15]

2.5t/h

7419 /t

50 / km

[16]

[18]

[18]

2390793 /a

538.4 tkm/a

4.3 /

21106048 /a

42337 /a

81%

[19]

[19]

[20]

[19]

[19]

[19]

GDP)

150 /

[16]

35181 /(a)

[21]

//

Table 2 The cost of domestic flight delay/alternate/cancel caused by the haze event

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

519

230

1000

2808

2035

4843

172

407

33000

931

3600

4531

381

90

17

7000

2062

796

141

2998

609

382

15000

3295

3379

6674

43

52

226

123

1223

1088

2319

100

541

550

32

84

173

743

916

39

2258

211

211

105

38

568

336

904

136

105

736

929

1665

33

16

83

4895

179

142

687

1008

51

276

276

43

75

118

1000

49

27

75

2428

1479

111

64153

13138

13083

919

27140

3.1.2 , 14
20 2013 1 , 346 ,

11

2013 1

3030h. 8 (
9 )2010 1
,
8%, 2013 1
( 3
).,
1.88 ,
3 ,
12168,1455,1347 ( 3).

Table 4 Parameters related with traffic accident

(/)

6530 /

(/)

3069 /

20900 /

4800 /a

100 /

23190 /

168

()

234.7

62011

1455

85.0

47236

402

25

217.2

62011

1347

38.5

138483

533

10

70.7

43720

309

4.0

62011

25

21

155.7

62011

965

28.0

62011

174

11

97.5

51018

497

10

84.3

62011

523

27.6

71028

196

9.0

71028

64

15.8

62011

98

189

1962.2

62011

12168

346

3030

62011

18755

49

14

3.1.3
20
,2013 1
10 , 965
,36 ,232 .

( 4), 10
( 5).
2753~7935 , 2011

2.6%~7.4%.
, 2420,
2255,710 .

()

(h)

(/h)

()

Table 3 The loss of highway revenue caused by the haze

event

2091

()

3.2

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[24]

[24]

[25]

163398 /

[22]

77223 /

[22]

772.85 /d

[27]

239.45 /d

[27]

2000h/a
42062 /

[21]

2013 1
20 /
, 14 27
/
,/ 10% 150%
,.
/,
,/
,
,
.,
,

/,

,.

( 6),
/( 7).
2013 1 /
226 , 2011

2092

11.2%,2011
32.2%;
5

33

,
30.45,29,22 .

Table 5 The cost of traffic accidents caused by the haze event

/

()
()
()
(h)
()
()
()
() () () () ()

28
6
10
783
49
10
3
73
2
1

2
0
4
9
3
1
13
2
0
2

7
18
9
98
39
20
7
26
0
8

965

36

232

3.75

4.5
0.3

51
4
7
511
41
7
2
48
1
1

21
42
31
251
99
49
50
66
24

336

48

671

633

6048

866

treatment

0.5d/

[9]

20 /

[26]

312 /()

[26]

2.30%

20.60%

8.80%

[28]

[28]

[28]

2.80%

4%

[28]

[28]

Table 7 The health cost caused by the haze event

/

/
(/a)
(%)
10434.1
20
5216.5
41
8249
95
11407.6
25
13471.9
30
8400.7
58
6334.4
35
3739
40
16694.4
30
3872.7
20
7027.1
48
18166.3
27
5269.2
30
11366.9
20

GDP
[/(a)]
80511
83449
33859
28687
47071
34099
25638
31276
62174
34297
50711
59160
33432
81772

48
239

672
1512
504
168
2184
336

96
217
72
24
313
48

146
179
19

437

146

120
285
134
1125
211
258
384
162
1
73

408
285
710
2420
643
402
2255
449
1
360

2753

7935

3.3

Table 6 Parameters of outpatients service and emergency

336

/
()
177673
105322
195275
169865
222778
160762
100723
62953
290474
56506
133505
304529
83028
194313
2257706

,,
,.
,.
4
4.1

20
( 8),2013 1
230 ,
/ 226 ,
98%.,
,
.

,
,
5.14~4409 /.2007
2011 MIT
115.5~131
/[8,14], 2013 1

11

2013 1

2 .
,/
,
,

. Huang [9]
Matus [14]
,/
9%,,
/
.
8

Table 8 The total cost caused by the haze event

(
)

()

()

() ()

()

4843

120

408

1455

177673

4531

285

285

12168

105322

122305

2980

169865

172846

6674

231075

50

2318

134

550

916

211

904

1665

918

75

1125

2420

184091

497

222778

523

62953

63526

710

1347

195275

199074

211

643

309

162

449

384

2255

276

73

360

108

258

402

1070

965

290474

293104

[1]

402

100723

102426

304529

304878

533

160762

161661

64

56506

56645
25
174

196

196

98

83028
194313

194313

18755

2257706

2306234

7935

5.1 ,
2013 1
230 ,

,
.
5.2 (/)
226 ,
2 .

373

174

2753

134409

27020

133505

:
,;

()
.
:
0 ;
/
,.
,
/
,,
.

917

25

2093

83127

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