Fall 2015

Transport Phenomena

GENERALIZED MOMENTUM TRANSPORT

Topics for Discussion
1. Objectives
2. Vector and Tensor Notation
3. The Continuity Equation
4. The Motion Equation
5. Constitutive Equations
6. The Mechanical Energy Equation
7. Dimensional Analysis

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Read Chapter 3, your notes, and Appendix A of BSL.

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Objectives
Thus far, we have applied the shell momentum balances to a number
of laminar flow problems. In so doing, we have:
1. Explore the various modes of momentum transport
2. Used a number of different boundary conditions
3. Employed the Newtonian fluid behavior as an example for
defining the shear stress
The approach we used was the buildup approach.
Now, we apply the generalized approach to solve realistic transport
problems. That is, use the general formulation for the continuity and
motion equation to determine:
1. Shear stress profiles
2. Velocity profiles
3. Surface forces
This is a reduction approach, where we go from the general to the
specific.
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Required Tools
1. Understanding for the Modes of Transport, e.g.:
a) Molecular
b) Convective
2. Application of the Structure of the Continuum Approach
a) Governing Equations
b) Constitutive Equations
c) Reduction Procedure and Assumptions
d) Solution of PDE and Checks
3. Mastering (Some of) the Mathematical Operations
a) Vector and Tensor Notation
b) Types of Derivatives
c) Types of Control Volumes
d) Types of Coordinates

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Vector and Tensor Notation

p = scalar

= vector

= tensor
Examples

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3
v v v v v
i i
1 1 2 2 3 3
i 1

s v sv
i i
i

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Unit Vector Rules:

ij = + 1 if i = j
ij = 0 if i j

Unit Tensor Rules:

ijk = 1 if ijk = 123, 231, or 312
= -1 if ijk = 321, 132, or 213
= 0 if i = j, i = k, j = k

v w i vi jw j i j vi w j
i

j
i j

v w v w
ij
j
i i
i
i j
i

B
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v x w ijk i
i j k

v w
j k

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i
i xi

(del)

p
p
p


x x
y y
z z

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(gradient)

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2
2
2
2

2
2
x
y
z2
2p 2p 2p
p 2 2 2
x
y
z
2 v 2 v 2 v 2 v
x
x
y
y
z
z

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(Laplacian)

y v z
x
v x y z
v
v
v
v
y
x
x

x v

z
x y
y z
x
x

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(divergence)
v

y v x

z x

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v x v x y v y z vz

: v v v

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Types of Derivatives
1) Partial Derivative

c

t

c

t x, y, z

This expresses the rate of change of c with respect to t at fixed

value of x, y and z.

2) Total Derivative

dc
c c dx c dy c dz

dt
t x dt y dt z dt
This expresses the rate of change of c with respect to t in a
flowing element moving at a given velocity.
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3) Substantial Derivative

Dc
c
c
c
c

v
v
v
x x
y y
z z
Dt
t
This expresses the rate of change of c with respect to t in a
flowing element moving at the fluid velocity. It is the derivative
following the motion of the fluid.

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Types of Coordinates
We use orthogonal system of coordinates such as
1. The Cartesian coordinates
2. The cylindrical coordinates
3. The spherical coordinates
The orthogonal coordinates are related to each other through simple
definitions, for example:
Cartesian
x = r cos

Cylindrical
r

x 2 y2

y = r sin

= arctan (y/x)

z=z

z=z

The chain rule is used to convert derivatives.

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Types of Control Volumes

Langrangian control volume

A formulation used for systems of fixed identity. Such systems are
encountered in solid mechanics.

Eulerian control volume

A formulation for fluid flow, which considers flow at each fixed
point; i.e., v = f(t, x, y, z)

Laws of conservation for mass, momentum, and energy are

Lagrangian in nature, i.e., they apply to fixed systems.
Accordingly, we are applying substantial (material, or particle)
derivatives, which allow us to follow a fixed particle within our
Eulerian control volume.

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The Continuity Equation

For a volume element xyz through which the fluid is flowing,
we write the mass balance:

(2)

{rate of increase in mass } = {rate of mass in}{rate of mass out}

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x yz

yz v | v |
x x x
t
x x

xz v |
y y

v |
y y y

x y v | v |
z z z
z z

Dividing by (x y z) and taking the limit x, y, z 0,

We obtain the continuity equation (fixed element):

v
v
v
x
y
t
y
z z
x

(3)

(1) Using the definition of divergence

v
t
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(4)
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(2) Expanding Equation (3)

v
v
v

y
v
v
v
x
z
x x
y y
z z
x
t
y
z (5)

(3) Which can be cast as a flowing element expression

D
v
Dt

(6)

(3) For an incompressible fluid (constant-density fluid),

v 0

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The Motion Equation

For a volume element through which the fluid is flowing xyz , we
write the momentum balance:

{rate of increase in momentum} = {rate of momentum in}

{rate of momentum out} + {sum of forces acting on system} (1)
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Some Definitions

vv p vv
Specific components :
xx xx v x v x p xx v x v x
xy xy v x v y xy v x v y

Rate of x-momentum (x-component momentum) gain by

convection:

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yz v v | v v |

x x x

x x x x

xz v v | v v |
y x y y
y x y

x y v v | v v |
z x z z
z x z

(2)

Rate of x-momentum gain by molecular transport:

yz

| |
xx x x
xx x

xz | |

yx
y
yx
y

x y | |

zx
z
zx
z

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(3)

x-Body forces:
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yz p | p |

g x yz
x x
x

(4)

By dividing by xyz and taking the limit x, y, z 0, we

obtain Equation (5). This equation is combined with similar
balances for y and z to obtain:
x component :

v v v v v v v
t x
x x x y y x z z x

p

g
xx
yx
zx
x
y
z
x
x

y component :

v v v v v
v v
t y
x x y y y y z z y

p

g
xy
yy
zy
y
y
z
x
y

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(5)

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(6)

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z component :

v v v v v
v v
t z
x x z y y z z z z

p

g
xz
yz
zz
z

(7)

In vector notation, Equations (5, 6, 7) are combined to produce the

fixed element expression:

v
t

rate of increase of
momentum per unit
volume

vv

rate of momentum gain

by convection per unit
volume

pressure force on
element per unit
volume
g (8)

rate of momentum gain

external force on fluid

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by molecular transport
per unit volume

per unit volume

Or
Similarly, Equation (5) can be written as:

p
yx
x

xx
zx g
x
Dt
x x
y
z

Dv

(9)

So combined w/ Equations (6) (7) we get:

Dv

Dt

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(10)

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mass per unit

volume times
acceleration

pressure force viscous force

gravitational
on element
on element per force on element
per unit
unit volume
per unit volume
volume

Which is the flowing element expression stated in terms of the

substantial derivative.

Remarks
Equation (10) states that a small volume element moving with the
fluid is accelerated because of the forces acting on it, or F = ma, as
stated by Newtons second law.

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Constitutive Equations

For Newtonian Fluids

2
x
2
v
xx
x
3

(11)

2
y
2
v
yy
y
3

(12)

2
z
2
v
zz
z
3
v
v
y

x
xy
yx
y
x

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(13)

(14)

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v
v
y

z
yz
zy
z
y

v
v

z x
zx
xz
x
z

xx

x 2 K v
3
x

(15)

(16)

(11a)

f T, p, x

f T, p, x
Substituting Equations (11) (16) into Equation (9) and
corresponding y- and z- equations, we obtain
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p
v x 2
x

v
2
Dt
x x
x
3

Dv

v
v x
vz v x
y

y y
x z x
z

(17)
g
x

p

y
y v x

Dt
y x x
y

Dv

v
v
v

y 2
y
z

2
v

g
y

y
y
3
y
z
z

p
v z v x
z

Dt
z x x
z

Dv

v z
v z 2
y

v g
2
z
y y
z z
z
3

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(18)

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(19)

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(i) Navier-Stokes Equation

= constant, and = constant

Dv
v

v.v p 2 v g
Dt
t

(20)

(ii) Euler Equation

Dv

p g
Dt

(21)

For invicsid fluid, 0

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The Equation of Mechanical Energy

A scalar product of the local velocity

v with the equation of motion

(Equation (10)) results in:

Dv 1 2

v v p v v g
Dt 2


1 2
1 2

v v

t 2

rate of
increase in
kinetic
energy per
unit volume

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net rate of
input of kinetic
energy by
virtue of bulk
flow

pv

rate of work
done by
pressure of
surroundings
on volume
element

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(1)

p v
rate of reversible
conversion to
internal energy

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: v

rate of work done rate of

by viscous forces irreversible
on volume element conversion to
internal energy

v g (2)
rate of work
done by gravity
force on
volume element

where
v

v
j
2 v
: v v 12 i
ij
3
i j x j x i

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(3)

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Example 1
Redo the flow in a tube problem we considered in Chapter 2 using the
generalized approach.

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Assumptions
1. Steady state & Isothermal process
2. Newtonian & laminar-fluid flow
3.

Constant and

Analysis:

SS :

v r v 0;

v z f (r)

B.Cs:

@ r = 0, vz is finite;

@ r = R, vz = 0

@ z = 0, P = P0;

@ z = L, P = PL

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The general form reduces to:

p
r

r- component

component

z component

1 v
p

g
r z
z

z
r r r

(1)
(2)

(3)

This is exactly what we had with a shell momentum balance in a

slightly different form.

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Now, let = p gz, and integrate w/ respect to z for pressure

1 v
d

r z
dz
r r r

z L

z 0

z L

z 0

1 vz

r
dz

r r r

Then

1 vz

L 0
r

L
0
r r r , or

0
L
r z
r

L
r

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Which is the same as Equation (10) in Chapter 2, i.e.,

0
r L

r

rz

Now let us integrate for velocity using

r
L
0 dr d r dv z

dr
L

By integration we get

r2
L
0 c
r z
1
dr
2L
dv

Or

r
L
0 c1
z
dr
2L
r

dv

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Apply B.C.1

dv

z
dr

Or

r2
L
0

4L

Apply B.C.2

@ r = R,
This leads to
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r
L
0
2L

Integrating again, we get:

vz

c1 = 0

vr

@ r = 0,

vz = 0
v

2
R2

0
L
1

4L

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(4)
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Example 2
A fluid is confined between two parallel, vertical plates, as shown below.
The surface on the left side is stationary and the other surface is moving
vertically at constant velocity, v0. For the following analysis, assume
steady state, laminar, isothermal, incompressible Newtonian flow.
y
x

v0

(a) Present the continuity and motion equations for this geometry.
(b) List the boundary conditions needed to obtain an expression for the
velocity profile.
(c) Develop the velocity profile expression for this geometry.
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Assumptions
4. Steady state & Isothermal process
5. Newtonian fluid flow
6.

Constant and

Analysis:
SS:

v x vz 0;

v y f (x)

B.Cs:
@ x = 0, vy =0;

@ x = , vy =V

@ z = 0, P = P0;

@ z = L, P = P0

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(a) The generalized continuity and motion equations reduce to:

p
x

x- component

y component

2vy
2
x

z component

p
z

p
g

y

(1)

(2)

(3)

(b & c)
Now, let = p + gh, and integrate w/ respect to y for pressure

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d dv y
d

dy
dx dx

yL

y 0

yL

y 0

d dv y

dx dx

dy

Then

d dv y
L
0

L
dx
dx

Now let us integrate for velocity using

dv y

dx

B
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0 L dx c
L

By integration, we get:

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dv y
dx

L
0
x c

Integrating again,

2
0
L
0
L
vy
x c1 dx c2
x xc1 c 2
2L
L

Apply B.C.1
@ x = 0, vy =0;

this leads to c2 = 0

Apply B.C.2
@ x = , vy = v0; this leads to

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v0 0 L

c1
2L

and
2
2

x
x
x
0

L

v v0
y
2L

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Example 3
A spherical ball attached to horizontal shaft, as shown below, is used to
examine the behavior of lubricant. The task was initiated by a request to
the OSU Transport Group to develop the velocity profile for the rotating
ball inside a spherical cavity. As a member of the illustrious group, you
are asked to:

(a)

(b)
(c)

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Present the continuity and motion equations for this geometry. For
your analysis, you may assume steady state, laminar, isothermal,
incompressible Newtonian flow.
List the boundary conditions needed to obtain an expression for the
velocity profile.
Comment on an alternative for dealing with this geometry if
analytical integration of the above equations should prove difficult.
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Assumptions
1. Steady state & Isothermal process
2. Newtonian fluid flow
3.

Constant and

Analysis:

SS :

v r 0; v 0;

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v f (r)

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(a) The generalized continuity and motion equations reduce to:

Continuity

1 (v sin )

0
r sin

This shows that

v f (r, )

r- component

component
component

B
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v 2

(1)

(2)

1 v
v v
1 p

2 r 2 g
(3)
r
r
r r r

1 p
r sin

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(4)

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(b) B.Cs:
@ r= R1, v =R ;

r= R2, v = 0;

here we asume v f (r)

(c) We may use: (1) a numerical solution, (2) CFD simulations,

and/or (3) the phenomenological approach.

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Dimensional Analysis
Our objective is to develop dimensionless form of the generalized
continuity and motion equations. This will help us to obtain governing
equations devoid of the dimensions of the specific process (situation)
at hand. Moreover, the dimensional analysis will provide us with
insights in dynamic similarity of processes of different scale.

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How?
To develop dimensionless forms of the continuity and motion equation
we need to define characteristic parameters to normalize (scale) the
actual process variables.
Let:
D = Characteristic length
V = <v> = Characteristic velocity
Then

x* x

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t* t v

y* y

z* z

D
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p* p p
0

v2

1
2
3
*
*
*
x
y
z

2
2
2

*2 D22

x*2 y*2 z*2

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Example 4

v
*
v
, dv v dv*
v
Let

r
*
r
, dr R dr*
R
Then

*
v

v
r
r
R r*

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Example 5

1 x
2 y
3 z
Let

x* = x/D, dx = Ddx*
y* = y/D, dy = Ddy*
z* = z/D, dz = Ddz*

Substitute into above equation, to get:

1
2
3
D x*
D y*
D z*

Or
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D * 1 * 2 * 3 *
x
y
z
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Example 6

v 0

v* v 0
D

Since

*

D

&

v
*
y
v

Also, since D & <v> are constants, then:

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* v*

0
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General Application
For Newtonian fluid with constant and we have

Continuity equation

Why?

Or in dimensionless form

* v* 0

How?

Motion equation

Dv

p 2 v g
Dt
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Or in dimensionless form

gD g
*2
Dv*
*
*
p
v

Dv
Dt*
v2 g

The above transformation gave us two dimensionless groups

Re

Dv
= Reynolds number

v2
Fr
gD

= Froude number

Which describe the size of the system.

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Dynamic Similarity

If the two systems have the same scale factors (Re and Fr), then
they are described by the same dimensionless D.E.

Dynamic similarity exists between the two systems (i.e., they have
the same v* and p* profiles) when the following conditions are
satisfied:

[Re]1 = [Re]2;

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[Fr]1 = [Fr]2;

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BCs*1 = BCs*2

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Example 7 (3.7-2)
It is desired to predict vortex depth for steady-state flow in a
large unbaffled tank of oil, shown in Fig. 3.7-1, as a function of
agitator speed. We propose to do this by means of a model
study in a smaller geometrically similar tank. Determine the
conditions under which the model study must be carried out to
provide a valid means of prediction.

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T1

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6633

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Transport Phenomena

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6644

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Since gravity is constant, then Equations (1) and (2) lead to:
N

2
N
1

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D
1
D
2

D 2
2 1 2

D
2
1
1

and

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REMBER!

y v z
x
v x y z

D
v
Dt

Divergence

Conservation of mass

v
v
v

y
x
v
v
v

z
x x
y y
z z
x
t
y
z

rate of momentum = acceleration = forces

Dv

Dt

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Motion

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Transport Phenomena

Dv
v

v.v p 2 v g
Dt
t

Motion-SN

gD g
*2
Dv*
*
*
p
v

Dv
Dt*
v 2 g Motion-SND

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