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Science8September2000:
Vol.289no.5485pp.17341736
DOI:10.1126/science.289.5485.1734
REPORT

LocallyResonantSonicMaterials
ZhengyouLiu,XixiangZhang,YiweiMao,Y.Y.Zhu,ZhiyuYang,C.T.Chan,PingSheng*
+

AuthorAffiliations
ABSTRACT

Wehavefabricatedsoniccrystals,basedontheideaoflocalizedresonantstructures,thatexhibitspectral
gapswithalatticeconstanttwoordersofmagnitudesmallerthantherelevantwavelength.Disordered
compositesmadefromsuchlocalizedresonantstructuresbehaveasamaterialwitheffectivenegative
elasticconstantsandatotalwavereflectorwithincertaintunablesonicfrequencyranges.A2centimeter
slabofthiscompositematerialisshowntobreaktheconventionalmassdensitylawofsoundtransmission
byoneormoreordersofmagnitudeat400hertz.

Completesoundattenuationforacertainfrequencyrangecanbeachievedthroughtheconceptofaclassical
wavespectralgap,originallyintroducedinrelationtotheelectromagneticwave,denotedthephotonicbandgap
(1).Subsequentlyextendedtoelasticwaves(25),theideastatesthatastrongperiodicmodulationindensity
and/orsoundvelocitycancreatespectralgapsthatforbidwavepropagation.However,thespatialmodulation
mustbeofthesameorderasthewavelengthinthegap.Itisthusnotpracticalforshieldingacousticsound,
becausethestructurewouldhavetobethesizeofoutdoorsculpturesinordertoshieldenvironmentalnoises(5).
Wepresentaclassofsoniccrystalsthatexhibitspectralgapswithlatticeconstantstwoordersofmagnitude
smallerthantherelevantsonicwavelength.Ourmaterialsarebasedonthesimplerealizationthatcomposites
withlocallyresonantstructuralunitscanexhibiteffectivenegativeelasticconstantsatcertainfrequencyranges.If
awavewithangularfrequencyinteractswithamediumcarryingalocalizedexcitationwithfrequencyo,the
linearresponsefunctionswillbeproportionalto1/(o 22).Suchaneffectismanifestintheelectromagnetic
frequencyresponseofmaterialswithopticalresonances,whereanegativedielectricconstant(generallyonthe
higherfrequencysideoftheresonance)impliesapurelyimaginarywavevectork=n/c(wherenistheindexof
refractionandcisthespeedoflight)andhenceexponentialattenuationoftheelectromagneticwave(6).Here,we
implementthisideainthecontextofelasticcompositesatsonicfrequencies.Byvaryingthesizeandgeometryof
thestructuralunit,wecantunethefrequencyrangesoverwhichtheeffectiveelasticconstantsarenegative.
Ourcompositeshaveasimplemicrostructureunitconsistingofasolidcorematerialwithrelativelyhighdensity
andacoatingofelasticallysoftmaterial.Intheexperimentsdescribedbelow,weusedcentimetersizedleadballs
asthecorematerial,coatedwitha2.5mmlayerofsiliconerubber(Fig.1A).Thecoatedspheresarearrangedin
an888simplecubiccrystalwithalatticeconstantof1.55cm(Fig.1B),withepoxyasthehardmatrix
material.SonictransmissionwasmeasuredusingamodifiedBruel&Kjaer(B&K)twomicrophoneimpedance
measurementtube,type4206.Thesoundsourcewasmountedatoneendofthetube.Thesamplewasplacedat
theotherendofthetube,withonemicrophonedetectormountedonthesurfaceofthesoniccrystalfacingthe
soundsourceandanotherafewcentimeterstowardthesoundsource.Asmallholewasdrilledfromtherearof
thesample,alongthecenterlineofthesoniccrystaltoitscenter.Adetectorwasplacedinsidethehole,withthe
sensitivepartapproximatelylocatedatthecenterofthesoniccrystal.Transmissionwasmeasuredasafunctionof
frequencyfrom250Hzto>1600Hzforeffectivelyafourlayersoniccrystal.Thesoundsourceintensitywas
adjustedsoastomaintainanearlyfrequencyindependentmeasuredamplitudeatthefrontofthecrystal.The
ratiooftheamplitudemeasuredatthecentertotheincidentwaveshowstwodips,withapeakaftereachdip
(Fig.1C).
Figure1.
(A)Crosssectionofacoatedleadspherethatformsthebasicstructureunit(B)foran888soniccrystal.
(C)Calculated(solidline)andmeasured(circles)amplitudetransmissioncoefficientalongthe[100]direction
areplottedasafunctionoffrequency.Thecalculationisforafourlayerslabofsimplecubicarrangementof

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coatedspheres,periodicparalleltotheslab.Theobserved
transmissioncharacteristicscorrespondwellwiththecalculated
bandstructure(D),from200to2000Hz,ofasimplecubic
structureofcoatedspheres.Threemodes(twotransverseand
onelongitudinal)aredistinguishableinthe[110]direction,tothe
leftofthepoint.Thetwotransversemodesaredegenerate
alongthe[100]direction,totherightofthepoint.Notethe
expandedscalenearthepoint.

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Tounderstandtheexperimentalresults,wehaveimplementedarigorousmultiplescatteringtheory(7)forthe
calculationofelasticwavepropagationandscatteringinacompositemediumwithcoatedsphericalinclusions.
Thebandstructureforaninfiniteperiodicstructurewithasimplecubicarrangementofcoatedsphereswas
calculated(Fig.1D).Theconcentration,sizeofthecoresphere,andcoatingthicknessarefixedatthe
experimentalvalues(8).Themostnotablepredictionsofthetheoryarethetwolargebandgapswithflatlower
edges,whichindicatetheexistenceoflocalizedmodes(4).Thebandstructure(Fig.1D)isquitedifferentfrom
conventionalphotonicoracousticelasticbandstructures,wherethemidgapfrequencyandthesizeofthespectral
gaparedependentondirectionandacompletebandgapappearsonlywhenthespectralgapsindifferent
directionshappentooverlapinall4radians.Here,thegapisessentiallythesameatanykpointinsidethe
Brillouinzone(Fig.1D).Notethatat500Hz,thecenterofthelowerfrequencygap,thelatticeconstantofour
soniccrystalis300timessmallerthanthatoflongitudinalwavelengthinepoxy.
Thebandstructure(Fig.1D)isforaninfiniteperiodicsystem.Becausemeasurementcanonlybedoneonfinite
structures,onlypartiallydevelopedgapscanbedetected.Forabettercomparison,wehavealsocalculatedthe
amplitudetransmissionthroughafourlayerstructurethatisperiodicalongthetwodirectionsparalleltotheslab
(solidlineinFig.1C).Thetheoreticalpredictions,withnoadjustableparameters,areingoodaccordwiththe
experimentalresults,intermsofthefrequencypositionsofthedips(locatedat380and1350Hz)aswellasthe
qualitativeresonancefeaturesofadipintransmissionfollowedbyapeak.Althoughtransmissionmeasurementin
onedirectionalonedoesnotestablishtheexistenceofacompletebandgap,theagreementbetweentheoryand
experimentlendssupporttotheexistenceofacompletebandgapinaninfinitecrystaloflocallyresonant
structures(seebelowandFig.2),withsubwavelengthlatticeconstants.Thediscrepancybetweenthemeasured
andpredicteddipmagnitudesisduetothesensitivitylimitofthedetector.Theissuesofabsorptionandphaseare
examinedindependently,asdescribedbelow.
Figure2.
Calculateddisplacementconfigurationsatthefirst(A)and
second(B)dipfrequencies.Thedisplacementshownisfora
crosssectionthroughthecenterofonecoatedsphere,locatedat
thefrontsurface.Thearrowsindicatethedirectionoftheincident
wave.

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Atfrequenciesawayfromtheresonances,thecompositesystembehavesasaneffectivemediuminwhichthe
elasticwavesscatterweaklyfromthesubwavelengthscatterersandhavelineardispersion(versusk)relations.
However,thebuiltinlocalizedresonancesduetothecoatedspheresgiverisetoflatdispersionsthatarenearlyk
independent.Couplingwiththeotherwiselinearlydispersedelasticwavesopensspectralgapsintheband
structure(Fig.1D)duetothelevelrepulsioneffect.Forafinitesample,thetransmissionwillhavedipsinthe
spectralgaps.Atthefirstdipfrequency,theleadparticleisseentomoveasawholealongthedirectionofwave
propagation,withlargestrainattheleadparticlesiliconerubberinterface(Fig.2A).Thislowfrequencyresonance
maybeunderstoodasanoscillation,inwhichtheinnercoreprovidestheheavymassandthesiliconerubber
providesthesoftspring.Attheseconddip,themaximumdisplacementoccursinsidethesiliconerubber(Fig.2B).
Thedisplacementoftheleadparticleissmallbutnonzero.Thisisanalogoustotheopticalmodeinmolecular
crystalswithtwoatomsperunitcell,whereoneoftheatomsismuchheavierthantheother.Aroundthe
resonancefrequencies,theresponsefunctionhaslargedispersion,leadingtoadipintheregionofnegative
elasticconstantsandhenceexponentialwaveattenuation,followedbyresonanttransmissionwhentheeffective
elasticconstantssatisfytherequiredcondition.Asthenumberoflayersincreases,thedipisseentodefinethe
positionoftheloweredgeofthebandgap,whereasthepeakdefinestheupperedge.Consistentwiththelarge
magnitudeoftheresponsefunctionclosetotheresonances,theeffectivewavelengthinourcompositeis
substantiallyreducedinthosefrequencyranges(relativetothatinairortheepoxyhost),thusleadingtocoupling
withthecoatedspheresandstrongscattering.
Becauseofthelocalizednatureoftheresonances,sonicattenuationshouldbeapparentevenforonemonolayer

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ofcoatedspheresintheabsenceofperiodicity.Thismaybedemonstratedbymeasuringtheamplitude
transmissionandreflectionforacircularplate2.1cmthickand9.8cmindiameter,containing48volume%of
randomlydispersed10mmleadspheres,eachcoatedwitha3.5mmlayerofsiliconerubber.Measurementswere
doneusingthesameB&Ksystem.Thesamplewastightlymountedattheendofthetube,withanothertube
directlymountedbehindthesample.Fourmicrophoneswereputinthecouplerslocatedsymmetricallyonboth
sidesofthesample.Thesignalsweremeasuredusinglockinamplifiers.Thetransmissioncoefficientofthe
compositesample(Fig.3)exhibitstwosignificantdipscenteredat400and1100Hz,wherethelowerfrequency
minimumisatleastoneorderofmagnitudesmallerthantheepoxyreference(Fig.3).Thesedipsmaybe
regardedaspartiallydevelopedspectralgapscausedbynegativeeffectiveelasticconstants(seebelowandFig.
4).Reflectionmeasurementswerecarriedout.Forboththepureepoxysampleandthecompositesample,
reflectioncoefficientasafunctionoffrequencyvariesbetween0.98and1,thatis,withinthemeasurementerror.
Weconcludethatabsorptionisnegligibleforoursamples.Asasoundshield,ourmaterialthusdiffersfromthose
commercialsoundinsulationmaterialsthatrelyonabsorption(9).
Figure3.
Measuredamplitudetransmission(solidcirclesthesolidlineisa
guidetotheeye)througha2.1cmslabofcompositematerial
containing48volume%ofrandomlydispersedcoatedlead
spheresinanepoxymatrix.Asareference,themeasured
amplitudetransmissionthrougha2.1cmslabofepoxyisalso
plotted(opensquaresconnectedbyathinsolidline).Thedashed
anddotdashedlines,respectively,showthecalculated
transmissionamplitudesofa2.1cmepoxyslabanda2.1cm
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homogeneousslabofthesamedensityasthatofthecomposite
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materialcontainingthecoatedspheres.Thetwoarrowsindicate
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thedipfrequencypositionspredictedbythemultiplescattering
calculationforamonolayerofhexagonallyarrangedcoated
spheresinanepoxymatrix.Forreference,at400Hzthesonicwavelengthinairisabout80cm.

Figure4.
Thefrequencydependenteffectivelongitudinalelasticmodulus
einvertedfromtheamplitudetransmissiondatashowninFig.3
(solidline)usingEq.1.Opencirclesdenotethemeasuredphase
ofthetransmissioncoefficient,withzerophasesetarbitrarily.
Undulationsinthemeasuredphaseareduetonoisydata.
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TheamplitudetransmissioncoefficientTatnormalincidencethroughaslabofhomogeneousmaterialwith
thicknessd(10)is

(1)
where=(22/11)1/2,k 2=/(2/2)1/2,denotesangularfrequency,1and2denotethelongitudinalwave
modulusforairandsolid,respectively,and1and2arethemassdensities.Atsonicfrequencies,wheretheslab
thicknessdismuchsmallerthanthelongitudinalsoundwavelengthinsolid(sothatk 2d1and1),an
accurateapproximationtoEq.1isgivenby

(2)

Equation2isindependentof2,implyingthatthevalueofTgivenbythemassdensitylawisessentiallythelimit
for2.Thisequationisconventionallyknownasthemass(area)densitylawforsoundshielding/transmission
intheabsenceofabsorption.Itstatesthatforagivenlevelofsoundtransmissionamplitude,therequiredmass
areadensityisinverselyproportionaltothefrequency.
Equation2wasusedtocalculatethetransmissioncoefficientfora2.1cmlayerofepoxy(Fig.3,dashedline).
UsingEq.1forthesamecalculationleadstoessentiallythesameresult.Wehavealsocalculatedthemass
densitylawforthecompositesamplebyusingtheaveragedensity,whichissomewhathigherthanthatofepoxy
(Fig.3,dotdashedline).Thus,ourcompositesample,withonelayerofthecoatedspheres,breaksthemass
densitylawbyatleastoneorderofmagnitudeatthefirstdipfrequency.Forcomparisonwehavealsocalculated,
usinganequationslightlymorecomplicatedthanEq.1(10),soundtransmissionthroughalayeredepoxysilicone
rubberleadsiliconerubberepoxymedium,withthesamevolumefractionsofthethreecomponentsasinthe
2.1cmrandomcompositesample.Theresultsshowlargetransmissionpeaksduetothesoftrubberlayers,but
thetransmissionminimaarealwaysequaltoorlargerthanthatgivenbythemassdensitylaw.These
comparisonsshowthatthelocallyresonantmicrostructureiscrucialfortheobserveddipcharacteristic.
Wehavealsocalculatedthefrequencypositionsofthetransmissiondips,usingourmultiplescatteringcode,fora
monolayerofcoatedleadspheresarrangedinatwodimensionalhexagonallattice,withtheconcentrationand
otherparametersthesameastherandomcompositeusedintheexperiment.Theresults(Fig.3,arrows)arein
reasonableagreementwiththeexperiment.Themostnotabledifferencebetweentheorderedandrandom
arrangementsofcoatedspheresisthatintherandomcase,theresonanttransmissionpeaksareabsent.

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Equation1canbeusedinconjunctionwiththetransmissiondata(Fig.3)todoinversionfortheeffective2ofa
slabofhomogeneousmediumwiththesametransmissioncharacteristics.Byletting2=ebetheaveragemass
densityofthesample,aneffective2,heredenotedbye,wasobtained.Awayfromtheresonances,ehasa
valueverysimilartothatofepoxy(andhence1/eisfairlysmall)(Fig.4).However,closetotheresonancesthe
modulusactuallyturnsnegative(with1/e=0definedbytheamplitudetransmissionvaluegivenbythemass
densitylaw).Itisthusnotsurprisingthatthecompositesamplecanbreakthemassdensitylaw,becausethe
materialbehaveslikeatotalreflector.Thisisanalogoustothereflectionofelectromagneticwaves(11)bya
materialhavingadielectricconstantthatisrealandnegative.
Althoughthestaticelasticconstantmustbepositiveformaintainingstructuralstability,resonanceinduced
negativeelasticconstantsshouldbepossible,asdemonstratedhereatlowsonicfrequencies.Thisconclusionis
furthersupportedbythemeasuredphaseofthetransmissionsignal(Fig.4,opencircles).Intheregionofpositive
e,thephaseisrelativelyconstantbecauseawayfromtheresonance,thewavelengthismuchlargerthanthe
samplethickness.Coincidingwiththefrequencieswherethecomputed1/ecrosseszero,thereareobserved180
phasejumps,givingdirectevidencefortheunderlyingresonancemechanism.Extensiontolowerandhigher
frequencyelasticwavesystemsmayleadtoapplicationsinseismicwavereflectionandultrasonics.
*Towhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed.Email:phsheng@ust.hk
Receivedforpublication4May2000.
Acceptedforpublication27June2000.

REFERENCESANDNOTES
1. See,e.g.,J.Joannoupoulous,R.Meade,J.Winn,PhotonicCrystals(PrincetonUniv.Press,NewYork,
1995),andreferencestherein.
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5. R.MartinezSalaetal.,Nature378,241(1995).
6. See,e.g.,J.D.Jackson,ClassicalElectrodynamics(Wiley,NewYork,ed.2,1975).
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GoogleScholar.Similarformalismscanbefoundinpublishedliterature[see,e.g.,M. Kafesaki,
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8. Thematerialparametersusedare=11.6103kg/m3,=4.231010N/m2,=1.491010N/m2for
lead[C.Kittel,IntroductiontoSolidStatePhysics(Wiley,NewYork,ed.3,1966),p.122]=1.3103
kg/m3,=6105N/m2,=4104N/m2forsiliconerubber(L.Bousse,E.Dijkstra,O.Guenat,Technical
Digest,SolidStateSensorandActuatorWorkshop,HiltonHeadIsland,SC,1996,p.272)=1.23kg/m3,
==1.42105N/m2forairand=1.18103kg/m3,=+2=7.61109N/m2,=1.59109
N/m2forepoxy(4).Here,andaretheLamconstants,andisthelongitudinalwavemodulus.
9. Commercialproductslikeacousticfoamandfibrousinsulationrelyonsoundabsorption.Therearealso
soundbarriersthatworkwithinthelimitofmassdensitylaw,typicallycontainingleadsheetsorusing
impedancemismatch,suchasintroducinganairgap,oralternatinglayersofmaterialswithhighandlow
acousticimpedance.
10. See,e.g.,L.M.Brekhovskikh,WavesinLayeredMedia(AcademicPress,NewYork,ed.2,1980).
11. However,inthecaseofanopticalpolaritonthereisalmostalwaysstrongabsorption,soeventhougha
polaritonwillcauseaspectralgapforelectromagneticwaves,theresultantspectralgapisnotquitea
photonicbandgapbecausethemodeenergywillbeabsorbedratherthanreflected.Inoursystem,the
constituentmaterialshavelittleabsorptioninthesonicfrequencyregime,hencetheresonancereflects
almostalltheincomingwaveenergyforfrequenciesinsidethespectralgap,asverifiedexperimentally
throughthereflectionmeasurement.
12. SupportedbyHongKongResearchGrantCouncilgrantsHKUST6145/99PandHKUST6143/00P,and
DirectAllocationGrant99/00.SC30.
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