5. 2.

1
v3 f3y
3

u3

f3x

v2

f2y
u2

f1y v1

f2x

u1
1 f1x

1
T
T

p
u ds, , S p

S
p
2
u ( x, y, z ) N a , ( x, y , z ) B a

U V

, a 0

B D B d a
T

Sp

p N ds
T


3(k)

u 1 2 x 3 y 4 x 2 5 xy 6 y 2 ...
v 1 2 x 3 y 4 x 2 5 xy 6 y 2 ...
2(j)
1

1(i)

u1 1 2 x1 3 y1
v1 1 2 x1 3 y1

u2 1 2 x2 3 y2
v2 1 2 x2 3 y2

u3

u3 1 2 x3 3 y3
v3 1 2 x3 3 y3

u1

u2

u 1 2 x 3 y

v 1 2 x 3 y
3

 u1 1 x1

u2 1 x2
u 1 x
3
3

u x, y 1 x

y1 1

y2 2
y3 3
1

y 2 1 x

3

1 1 x1 y1 u1

u

1
x
y
2 2 2 2
1 x y u
3 3 3 3
1 x1
y 1 x2
1 x3

u1

N1 x, y N 2 x, y N 3 x, y u2
u
3

v x, y N1 x, y

N 2 x, y

y1
y2
y3

v3
u3

u1

u2
u
3

v2

v1
1

u2

u1

v1

N 3 x, y v2
v
3
4

3(k)

1
a1 b1 x c1 y
2A
1
N 2 x, y
a2 b2 x c2 y
2A
1
N 3 x, y
a3 b3 x c3 y
2A
N1 x, y

xj
ai
xk

1 x1
1
A 1 x2
2
1 x3

yj
1 yj
bi
yk
1 yk

2(j)
1(i)

y1
y2
y3

1 xj
ci
1 xk

(i, j, k )

3x3
5

1
1

Ai Pj Pk e3 x j x
2
2

xk x

x
1
xj x
2
xk x

y
1
x
1
yj y 0 xj
2
yk y 0
xk

yj y 0

yk y 0
y
yj
yk

1
1 x
1
1 1 xj
2
1
1 xk

y
yj

Ai
j

yk

1 xi

1
A 1 xj
2
1 xk

yi
yj
yk
6

Li Ai / A; L j Aj / A; Lk Ak / A

Ai

i (1, 0, 0);

j (0,1, 0); k (0, 0,1)

Li L j Lk 1

1
Li Ai / A
1 xj
2A
1 xk

y
P

yj
yk

Ai

1
( x j yk xk y j ) ( y j yk ) x ( xk x j ) y

2A

1
Ni x, y
ai bi x ci y (i 1, 2,3)
2A

Li N i

(i 1, 2,3)
8


(1)

1 i j
Ni x j , y j
0 i j

Ni =1
i

Ni =1
i
k

(2)

N x, y 1
i 1

Nk =1
k
Nj =1

u x, y

v
x
,
y

N1
0

N1

0
N2

0
N1

N2
0

0
N2

N1 1
0
N3
0

0
N3

N 2 2
0

0

N 3 3

0 1
2

N3

d N

ui

v
i

B
10

1
u [(ai bi x ci y)ui (a j b j x c j y)u j (am bm x cm y)u m ]
2A
1
[(ai bi x ci y) i (a j b j x c j y) j (am bm x cm y) m ]
2A

x x

y 0

xy

x
u
0
y v

x
y

e
N

x
B
11

bi 0
1

0 ci
2A
ci bi

bj 0
0 cj
c j bj

B 0

N1

y 0

N2

N3

N1

N2

0
B1
N 3

ui

i

bm 0
u j
0 cm

cm bm j
u
m

B2

B3

Bi

N i

N i

0
N i
y
N i
x

12

y D D B e S e

xy

[ S ] [ D ][ B ]

13

1
U ( x x y y xy xy )hdxdy
2 A
1
{ }T { }hdxdy
2 A

(D )T D
T

1
U { }T [ D]{ }hdxdy
2 A
1
{ }T [ B]T [ D][ B] hdxdy
2 A
14

1
U { }T
2

[ B ] T [ D ][ B ]h dxdy { }

[k]

[k ] [ B]T [ D][ B]hdxdy

A

hdxdydv [k]

[ k ] B

D B dv

1
U { }T [k ]{ }
2
15

1Vv

Vv { f } {qV }hdxdy
T

2Vs

VS { f }T {qS }hdl { }T [ N ]T {qS }dA

l

16


3VC

VC { }T {PC }
4Vs

V VV VS VC
{ }T

[ N ] {q }hdxdy [ N ] {q }hdl { p }
T

17


UV,

1
U V { }T [k ]{ } { }T {Fd }
2

0
{ }

[k ]{ } {Fd }
18


v3 f3y
u3
3
f3x
v2
f1y v1

f2y
u2

2 f2x
u1

1 f1x

u x, y
N1
d

v
x
,
y
0

N2

N3

N1

N2

x
x

y 0

xy

0
u v u
N3 1 1 2

0
y v

x
y

v2 u3 v3 N eT
T

e T
e T
N

x
19

1
1
T
T
T
T

p
u
ds

e
e
Sp
2
2
1
T
= e B D B d eT Fe eT
2

U V

0 B D B d eT FeT
T

Fe F1x

F1 y

F2 x

F2 y

F3x

K e eT FeT

F3 y , e u1x

u1y

u 2x

u 2y

u 3x

u 3y

K e B D B d
T

B1T

K e e B1T D B1

B1T

B1

K11
B1 d K 21
K 31

K12
K 22
K 32

K13
K 23
K 33

Kij e BiT DB j d
2 2

e T

K K
e

20

2 6
3xy

x
x2

6
6

x3
x4

y
xy

y2

x2y xy2 y3
x3y x2y2 xy3 y4

21

Constant Strain Triangle

Stiffness matrix for element k =BTEB tA
The CST gives good results in regions of the FE model where there is
little strain gradient
Otherwise it does not work well.
See the stress
along the x-axis - it
should be zero.
The predictions of
deflection and
stress are poor

Spurious shear
stress when bent
Mesh refinement
will help.
22

6
63

612
u a1 a2 x a3 y a4 x 2 a5 xy a6 y 2
v a7 a8 x a9 y a10 x a11 xy a12 y
2

x a2 2a4 x a5 y
x a9 a11 x 2a12 y
xy (a3 a8 ) (a5 2a10 ) x (2a6 a11 ) y

i
m

m
i

LST
23

 u1 1
u
2 1
u3 1

u4 1
u5 1

u6 1

x1

y1

x12

x1 y1

x2

y2

x22

x2 y2

x3

y3

x32

x3 y3

x4

y4

x42

x4 y4

x5

y5

x52

x5 y5

x6

y6

x62

x6 y6

u x, y 1, x, y, x2 , xy, y2

y12 1

y22 2
y32 3

y4 4
y52 5

2
y6 6

v x, y N1 , N 2 , N3 , N 4 , N5 , N6 v

N2

N2

y1

x12

x1 y1

x2
x3

y2
y3

x22
x32

x2 y2
x3 y3

x4
x5

y4
y5

x42
x52

x4 y4
x5 y5

x6

y6

x62

x6 y6

y12

y22
y32

y42
y52

2
y6

u1
u
2
u3

u 4
u5

u6

0
N1

x1

1, x, y, x2 , xy, y2 u

N1 , N2 , N3 , N4 , N5 , N6 u

u x, y N1

v
x
,
y

1 1

2 1
3 1

4 1
5 1

6 1

N6
0

u x, y

212 12

v x, y
2

0 u1

N6 v1

u2

v2

u6

v6

24

B 0

y
B1

N1 0 N 2 0

y 0 N1 0 N 2

x
B2 B3 B4 B5 B6

Bi

N3
0

0
N I
N 3 1

N2 I

N3I

N4I

N5I

N i

N i

0
N i
y
N i
x

N 6I

Kij e BiT DB j d
2 2

K e
1212

K11
K

e B D B d 21

K 61

K12 K16
K 22 K 26

K 62 K 66
25

Linear Strain Triangle

Will this element work better for the problem?

26

1
5.3

Tel84706149 Emailstliu@dlut.edu.cn
102
201142118001940
28

5.3 Q4

u a1 a 2 x a3 y a 4 xy
v a5 a6 x a7 y a8 xy
u N i ui N j u j N m u m N p u p

v N i vi N j v j N m vm N p v p

1
x
y
N i (1 )(1 )
4
a
b

1
x
y
N j (1 )(1 )
4
a
b

1
x
y
N m (1 )(1 )
4
a
b

Np

1
x
y
(1 )(1 )
4
a
b
29

Bilinear Quadratic
The element stiffness matrix is obtained the same way
A big challenge with this element is that the displacement field has a
bilinear approximation, which means that the strains vary linearly in the
two directions. But, the linear variation does not change along the length
of the element.

y, v

x, u

y
x

x varies with y but not with x

y varies with x but not with y
30

Q4

xy

31

-
(Q4)

b y
2a

, y

b y
2a

, xy 0

Q4

el xy

,v 0

2a
y
x
x el , y 0, xy el
2a
2a

32

-
Q4

1 T
U DdV
2
U b M bb / 2, U el M elel / 2
M b M el

M2

M1

x
1

2
a

el

1 2
1
1
2

a

b

Q4
33


Q4

Q6 Q4

34

Q6

y
Q6
4

u Ni ui ( 1 2 )a1 ( 1 2 )a2
i 1

2b

v Ni vi ( 1 2 )a3 ( 1 2 )a4
i 1

x
y
,
a
b

2a

35

Q4

36

1. ;
2.

3
4
5
6 55
38

39