1

1
2
3
4
5

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

1.1

1.2

Basic assumptions
The body is continuous

The body is perfectly elastic.

The body is homogeneous.

The body is isotropic
the displacements and strains are small.

The body is continuous

The whole volume of the body is filled with

continuous matter without any void.

Under this assumption, the physical quantities

in the body, such as stresses, strains and
displacements, can be expressed by continuous
functions of coordinates in the space.

The body is perfectly elastic.

The body wholly obeys Hooks law of elasticity.

----The relations between the stress components
and the strain components are linear.
---
---------
The elastic constants will be independent of
the stress or strain components under this
assumption.

The body is homogeneous.

The elastic constants will be independent

of the location in the body.

The body is isotropic

The elastic constants will be independent

of the orientation of the coordinate axes.

Steel structure-------isotropic
--
wooden structure----not isotropic
--

The displacements and strains are

small. ---

The displacement components are very small in

comparison with its original dimensions---We may use
the lengths and angles of the body before deformation
when we formulate the equilibrium equations.
---
The strain components and the rotations of all line
elements are much smaller than unity.---we may
neglect the squares and products of the small
quantities. 1

Linear equations and problems ,

10

11

1.4

12

1.5
4
11660~1820

Robert Hooke)

Thomas Young

13

 21821~1854

claude Louis Marie Henri Navier

Augustin Louis Cauchy

21
Gabriel Lame

14

 31854~1907

15

 41907~

16

1.

2.
17

3. s= lim /A A 0

(1) s mPnP

(2) A mPn P

(3) B A
A

18

Normal component and tangential component

The stress is resolved into a normal component

and a tangential component.

The normal component is called the normal

stress. The tangential component is called the
shearing stress.

the stress components will be denoted by N and

N Its dimension is [force]/[length]2
N N ,/2

19

Coordinate plane

Coordinate plane--a plane with the outward

normal parallel to the coordinate axes.
--
Coordinate plane--x plane,y plane,z plane
--x,y,z
positive(negative) coordinate plane-- a plane with
the outward normal in the positive(negative)
direction of the coordinate axis.
--
20


Normal stress-- with a coordinate subscript
which indicates the coordinate plane the stress is
acting and the direction in which the stress is
acting.

Shearing stress-- with two coordinate subscripts

21

xyz

xy xz
yx yz
zx zy
22

x-direction y-direction z-direction

X plane:

xy

y plane:

yx
zx

xz
yz

zy

z plane:

23




= ij=xyz

ijxyz

24

Sign Conventions

A stress component on positive (negative)

coordinate plane will be considered positive as it
acts in the positive (negative) direction of the
corresponding axis.
--

A normal stress is positive (negative) for tension

(compression)

25

To precisely define the stress condition

The stresses on any section through point P can be

evaluated if the stress components x y z xy=
yx xz=zx yz=zy at that point are known.
Consequently,the six stress components x y z
xy= yx xz=zx yz=zy at any point P precisely
define the stress condition at that point.
x y z xy= yx
xz=zx yz=zy
------

26


P
3
PxPyPz
= + +
= + +
= + +
lxlylzN

= (, )
= (, )
= (, )

27


P=

+ +

N = + +
= + + + + 2 +

N =

28

d=dxdydz

3XYZ
Xd Yd Zd

29


abcd
=
(, , )

abcdx
dx

= ( +
, , )
30

 = ( + , , )
= + , ,
, ,
1
2 x, ,
= , ,
dx +

12
2

1 2
2+
= +
dx +

2 2

dx

= +

yx = +

x = +

31

Xx
x
x
=

xy
x
zx

X 0
x
y
z

32

 Y = Z =
Navier

Navier

xy
x

zx X 0
x
y
z
y
yz
xy

Y 0
y
z
x
yz
z
zx

Z 0
z
x
y

2u
2
t
2v
2
t
2w
2
t

33

The Equality of Shearing Stresses

xy=yx xz= zx yz= zy

The six shearing stresses are mutually equal in pairs,
hence, the subscript letters of the notation of shearing
stress may be interchanged at will.
,
96

34



x =0y =2MPaz =1MPaxy =1MPayz =0
xz =2MPa

x+3y+z=1
px py pz
N N

35



2 2 3
= 2
0
3 0 3
2x+y-2z=6
xyzPxPy
PzPN
N

36

3

M
M1
= +
= +
= +

= 1
= 2
= 3
37

NM

= 1 =
= 1 =
= 1 =

+ +

+ +

+ +

38

MN
xdy=dz=0

1 = +

1 = +

1 = +

39

xyz
3

40

----
()

x--xMA
y--yMB
z-- zMC

xy-- AMB
yz-- BMC
zx-- AMC
41

 Mx y z
xy yz zx MN

MN = rdx
dydzr

= = =

= + +

= + +

=
+ +

|MN|
42

 MN
r
= + +
=

43

96

1/2

44


3 = 500a
y = 400az = 200a = 600a
z = 200az =02i+2j+k
r

45

abcd

= +
= +

= +
= +

46

abadxy

adxy

,1
47

abxy

a
xy

= =

=
+

48

= = +

= = +

= =
+

49


4 =
2 + = 2 + =

50


53 =
1 v = 2 w = 3
P1.5
1.02.01.503
1.0011.997cm
P

51

4

=

=
G

= + =

= + =

= + =

G
52


6 = 207
= 0.3
1 2 3
250MPa200MPa-100MPa

53

0.002 0.001
0
ij = 0.001 0.003 0.004
0
0.004
0

E=200GPa
G=80GPa

54

20 4 5
ij = 4 0 10
5 10 15

E=200GPa
G=80GPa

55


9xy
x = 35N mm2 y = 25N mm2
z
z x y
E = 2.0 105 N mm2
=0.3

56


1
u u v w

y
y

xy yz zx
xy yz zx

2
u
v
w
x
, y
, z
x
y
z
xy

u v
v w
u w

, yz

, xz

y
x
z
y
z
x
57

z
0

xy

0
yz

zx

y
0

0
0

x
0

z
0

u

v
w

Lu
58

1
1
x x ( y z ) , xy xy
E
G
1
1
y y ( x z ) , yz yz
E
G
1
1
z z ( x y ) , zx zx
E
G

E
G
2(1 )

E (1 )

x
x
y
z )

(1 )(1 2 )
1
1

E (1 )

y
y
x
z )

(1 )(1 2 )
1
1

E (1 )

)
z
x
y
(1 )(1 2 )
1
1

xy

E
E
E
xy , yz
yz , zx
zx
2(1 )
2(1 )
2(1 )

59

D66

1

1
E (1 )

(1 )(1 2 ) 0

1 2

2(1 )

1 2
0

2(1 )

1 2
0
0
2(1 )
60

4.

u u ( x, y, z), v v ( x, y, z), v w ( x, y, z)

l ( x ) m( yx ) s n( zx ) s X
m( y ) n( zy ) s l ( xy ) s Y
n( z ) l ( xz ) s m( yz ) s Z

X ,Y ,Z

61

5.
x xy zx

X 0
x
y
z
y yz xy

Y 0
Navier
z
x
( y
)
z zx yz

Z 0
z
x
y

62

Lame

E
1
(
2(1 ) 1 2
E
1
(
2(1 ) 1 2
E
1
(
2(1 ) 1 2

2u ) X 0
x

2 v) Y 0
y

2 w) Z 0
z

u v w
x y z
x y z
2
2
2

2 2 2 2
x y z

63

64

65

66

XYZ

XY

[][]-2

XYZ

XY

[][]-2

[][]-2

[][]-2

uvw

uv

[]

67