Design f2

Engineering Construction Must Be
Carried By A Foundation
- Karl Terzaghi, 1943
The problems of soil mechanics can be divided
into two principal groups - stability problems
and elasticity problems
In other sense: STRESS & STRAIN
Stress
Ultimate stress
settlement
Strain
Bearing Capacity of Soil

Terzaghi was among the earliest to
investigate soil behavior under loading.
He proposed a soil mechanism at failure
under loading
Supporting soil is expected to carry the

foundation safely.
*influence of footing stresses
extend to 4B
D
*soil should be of
suitable BEARING CAPACITY.
CAPACITY.
Otherwise,
seek deep foundation
to reach strong layer
p
qo =p/BL
BL
5B 0.02qo
Shallow foundation D/B 1-3.

Deep foundation; D/B 4.
Terzaghi investigated the failure mechanism

to estimate
the limiting shearing resistance,
Or
the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil to foundation
load.
qult
The foundation was

a strip one
to assume plane stress and strain.
Terzaghi B.C Hypothesis
=45o+/2
Three zones do exist:
passive
active
Transition
H=B/2tan
dz = {(D
Pp=
H 2
2
Terzaghi Bearing Equation for

Strip Footing
qu = c N c + 1 D N q + B 2 N
Failure Zone (depth 2B)

2B)
Generalized soil strength : c, Soil unit weight : 2 (total or
effective as applicable)
(drainage as applicable)
3=Df+z
+ z )k p + 2c k p dz
Pp

R
B/2.qult
k p + D f k p + 2cH k p
2k p
k p k p B k p2
+ k p + D f
+
kp q
c
4 cos
cos
cos
= ult
qult= cN c + D f N q +BN
B/2.H/2
Pv
R=Ppcos.cos
Pv =Rsin
c.B/2cos
Pv =Rsin
Nc, Nq, N are Terzaghi B.C Coefficients, f()

C,
1 D
z
1
1- Active zone, just below the foundation.

2- Transition zone, between the active and
passive zones.
3- Passive zone, near the ground surface, just
beside the foundation.
Overburden
=45o-/2
are the soil shear strength parameters
Terzaghi Bearing Equation

qult =
qult = c Nc Cohesion Term
qult = c Nc + 1 D Nq
Above F.L.
qult = c Nc + 1 D Nq + B 2 N
Below F.L.
Bearing Capacity Factors

qult = c Nc + 1 D Nq + B 2 N
Nc, Nq, and N for Shallow Foundation
0 5
Nc
5 6.5 8.5 11 15
Nq
10
15 20
1 1.5 2.5 4
N -
.5
22.5 25
27.5 30 32.5 35 37.5
17.5 20.5 25
30 37
46 58
6.5 8
10.5 14
18 25
33 46
4.5
10 15
23 34
Nc
40
in
in Degrees
Degrees
Nq
30
20
10
0
70
60
50
40
Nc and Nq
qult = cNcc +1DfNqq + 2BN
(kN/m2)
= soil internal angle of friction,

Nc, Nq, N = bearing capacity factors,
c, q, =shape factor,
= 1, for strip footing,
c, q, = 1+0.3B/L,
= 1-0.3B/L,
for rectangular footing,
B = breadth of foundation, and

L = length of foundation.
30
20
10
10
20
5.0 1.0
40
60
80
Net and Allowable Bearing Capacity

qult = cNcc +1`DfNqq + 2`BN
(kN/m2)
qult is estimated at F.L.

This qult includes the possible existed overburden pressure.
Excluding this existing overburden pressure, the net qult has to
be obtained. i.e.,:
qult,gross = qult, net +1` Df,
or
qult, net = qult,gross, - 1`Df
qall, net = qult,net/F.S
F.S against shearing failure of soil
Other Factors Affecting qult

Effect of the G.W.T
Case of Loading
F.S
1) Ordinary dead and live loads 2.5
2) 1) + wind and dynamic loads 2
3) 2) + earthquake and any catastrophic
problem
1.8
Effect of the G.W.T

c,
c, soil
1
PF.L
Df
2
Bearing capacity is function on the effective stresses.
The effective unit weight is considered .
If the G.W.T is located behind the slipping circle
[approximately, after depth B from the F.L],
it does not affect .
Groundwater Table Effect;

Case I
1. Modify D
2. Calculate as follows:
= w

Case II

Case III
1. No change in zD
1. No change in zD
2. Calculate as follows:
2. No change in
Dw D

B
= w 1
Effect of Inclined Loads
ic= iq = (1.0 - / 90)2

i= (1.0 - / )2
Effect of Depth of Foundation Level

The shearing strength of soil
usually increases with depth
[where every thing is the same].
dc= 1+ 0.4 tan-1(Df /B),

dq = 1.0 - 2tan (1-sin)2 tan-1(Df/B),
d= 1.0
Correction Factors, ic, iq, and i are
empirically determined from experiments
For Df/B 1, tan-1(Df/B) is replaced by

(Df/B) only
Bearing Capacity for Clay Soil
General Equation for

Ultimate Bearing Capacity s
qult = cNccicdc + 1DfNqqiqdq + 2BNid (kN/m2)
For clay soil, = 0.0, and Nc =5.0,

Nq =1, and N =0.0,
For square footing, c = 1.3, then
qult = 6.5c +1`DfNqq
qult, net = 6.6c +1`Df (Nq q 1)
Since Nq =1,
qult, net 6.5c,
Unconfined compression strength for normally
consolidated clay, qu = 2c.
for F.S =2.5, qall,net
Example
A footing 1.8 m x 2.5 m is located at a
depth of 1.5 m below the ground
surface, in an over-consolidated clay
layer. The groundwater level is 2 m
below the ground surface. The
unconfined compressive strength of
that clay is 120 kPa, bulk = 18 kN/m3,
and sat = 20 kN/m3. Determine the net
allowable bearing capacity.
(kN/m2)
= 1.3 qu qu
Solution
qult = c Nc c + 1 D Nq q + B 2 N
For Clay: Nc = 5.0, Nq = 1.0, N = 0.0
qu = 120 kPa,
For Clay: qult, net
= c Nc
qall ,net =2 c = qu = 120 kPa
Ultimate Bearing Capacity for Eccentric

Loading
Foundation on Layered Soil
effective dimension of the footing
L B
is reduced to
L`
L`B`,
where:
L`=LL`=L-2eL,
B`=BB`=B-2eB
L
eL
eB
B`
L`
Foundation on Layered Soil

P
P = q1 A 1 = q 1 B 1 L 1
B1
q1
q2
B2
P = q2 A 2 = q 2 B 2 L 2
2B
q1 is less than the

allowable
bearing capacity
for layer 1
q2 is less than the allowable
bearing capacity
for layer 2, and
so on
soft clay
The footing load is assumed

to be distributed within
layer (1).
the slop of distributing :
1horizontal : 2vertical until
layer 2.
bearing capacity of layer 2 is
to be checked for imaginary
footing with dimension
(B+h1)(L+h1).
Df
BL
Layer 1
h1
(B+h1)(L+h1)
Layer 2
Allowable Soil Settlement under

Shallow Foundation
Foundation
Type
Clay
Sand
Spread
Mat (more rigid)
100mm
150mm
70mm
100mm
Allowable differential settlement

1:150 for skeleton and bearing-wall buildings
For more details:
see E.C. of SMDEF, Sec 3/2/6/6(B).
Pattern of Soil Settlement With Time
Immediate Settlement
*can be estimated by elastic theory
*concept similar to a compression of a bar under
axial load.
*Immediate settlement is important for sandy soil
Time
Immediate
= Bqo
Consolidation (primary)
Secondary compression (creep)
Settlement
Consolidation Settlement
s =
C H
P + P
log
1+ e
P
c
Cc = compression index,
= 0.009(L.L 10) for NC clay
Hc = thickness of the consolidated layer,
eo = initial void ratio of the consolidated layer,
po = average effective overburden pressure on the midline
of the consolidated layer,
p =
qo
(1 + z/B)(1+ z/L)
1-
I
Es
= immediate settlement,
qo = footing pressure at the F.L,
I = an index depends on the rigidity, and shape of the footing [see E.C.
Sec. 3/4/5/2],
Es = Modulus of elasticity, Table 2.2.
, Poisson ratio is 0.5 for soft clay, and is taken =0.3 for sand or silt.
Consolidation Settlement
s = mv.p.Hc
mv = coefficient of volume change,
Example 2.2
Solution
s =
A column load of 0.5MN

soil formation is 4m sand deposit, followed by
5m soft clay.
F.L. is at 1.5m.
G.W.T is at 5.0m from G.S.
Sand: b = 18.6 kN/m3.
Clay: sub = 8.8 kN/m3, L.L = 60%, WC = 30%,
Gs = 2.65.
Proportion a footing such that the consolidation
settlement is not over 40mm.
40mm
Solution
s =
C H
P + P
log
1+ e
P
c
settlement depends on Po.

Po depends on the footing size
Relationship is nonlinear,
Then, several trials are required.
B is assumed values such as 1.5, 3.0, and
4.0m.
s is determined for each B.
The results of s versus B is plotted to
find the required footing size.
P + P
C H
log
1+ e
P
c
settlement depends on Po.

Po depends on the footing size
Relationship is nonlinear,
Then, several trials are required.
B is assumed values such as 1.5, 3.0, and
4.0m.
s is determined for each B.
The results of s versus B is plotted to
find the required footing size.
Solution
PCc
C Hconsolidated
P +clay,
For normally
=
s
l
og
= 0.009(L.L 10) = 0.45
1+ e
P
For saturated soil,
c
eo = WC Gs = 0.3 2.65
= 0.795
50
zs,= 4 + 2.5 1.5 = 5m

mm
Foe
40square footing,
qo = Column load / B2,
30
q o2.0 2.4 3.0

p =
(1 + z/B)(1
B, m + z/L)
1.0
Df = 1.5m
B2
sand
2.5m
5m soft clay
po = 4 18.6 + 2.5 8.8

= 96.4 kN/m2
Effect of Settlement on neighbor

footing
neighbor old footing
new footing
settlement curve
Types of Shallow Foundation

Isolated footing
Combined Foundation
Wall-Bearing Footing
Strip footing
Raft Foundation
Foundation Stability
Foundation should be safe against :
i) overturning {eccentric column},
ii) bouncing {GWT much above FL},
iii) sliding {horizontal load},
iv) shearing failure of soil {qo > qall},
v) excessive or differential settlement
Choice of Suitable Type of Foundation

Isolated footing is simple.
Load pressure is less than soil bearing
capacity.
Usually it is a square one.
If there is bending moment,
a rectangular footing is more
appropriate.
Structural Design of Spread Footing
Sec. 3.2
Reinforced Concrete Design for
Foundation
Based on Ultimate Strength
Design, USD
I)
qall, net or qall,gross for the chosen F.L
II) Footing dimensions

or BL = PF.L/qall, gross
B2
PF.L is the applied load at F.L

1.15 Pcl.
Pcl is the column load.
OR
BL = Pc.L/qall, net
Pcl
BL
RC PF.L tc
qall at F.L
B & L should be rounded

to the closest 5 or 10cm

Pcl
III) To decrease the cost of

R.C,
plain concrete base can be
used.
tc is taken 30 cm for
Pcl400kN,
and 40cm otherwise.
t R.C
tc PC

pressure qco, from the R.C
footing is distributed with 45o
in the P.C footing
B*L*, for R.C footing
is reduced by projection
a=(0.8-1)tc
a
B* = B -2a, and
L*= L-2a
Pcl
B*L*
t qco R.C BL
tc PF.L PC
The P.C. base is subjected to the soil reaction,

qo, =PF.L/B L
Design of P.C. Base

The critical section is
at the face of the R.C foundation
{tensile stresses due to bending}
MP.C = (qo)u1a2/2
[for one meter width]
fct = MP.C/z
z= 1tc2/6
Concrete
(mm)
To design for a RC foundation,

Pcl
B*L*
t qco R.C BL
tc PF.L PC
type, level, dimension, and

reinforcement of the foundation
should be assigned.
(qo)u
0.6 f cu
thickness 200fct = qo3a

400 2/ tc2 600
a/tc =
1.3
1.6
f ct
3 qo
Reinforcement is for safety against

flexure and shear.
1.7
Reinforced Concrete Design
Design of R.C. Base

Pcl
Ultimate load in USD,

Pu = 1.4D.L +1.6L.L
Pu = 1.5P {if P is only known}
contact pressure at the reinforced concrete base
qco = Pcl,u/B*L*
t qco R.C BL
tc PF.L PC
Assume a proper depth

of the footing, t,
t 30cm. Steel cover 5cm.
B*L*
Wide beam shear governs the design,

critical section is at distance d/2;
qcu = 0.16
f cu
qwide beam
Check the wide beam shear.

The shearing force is
qcoB*s and
the sheared area is B* d.
N/mm2

Pcl, u is the ultimate column load
qco = Pcl,u/B*L*
PPl cl
qco
Compute rfcmt for bending

qco
Mu is at the critical section
B*L*
Mu = qcol2/2
s
d/2 s B*
b`l`
min
Critical
moment
Ru - R
Example
fy =240, design =0.1%
1.1/ fy = 0.46%
1.3 design = 0.13%
min is the least between 0.13% and 0.46%
min = 0.13%
However, min 0.25%
Then take =0.25%
Ru = Mu /bd2
coefficient R = Mu / bd2 {fcu/c} = Ru /{fcu/c}
fcu is the characteristic strength of concrete,
c Strength reduction factor for concrete = 1.5.
Check the development length
Rmax and max for different values of fy

To avoid brittle failure, R, and , should
not exceed Rmax , and max, respectively.
Steel type 240
280
360
400
450
Rmax
0.206
0.194
0.187
0.180
7.00
5.00
4.31
3.65
0.214
max/10-4fcu 8.56
f

ld =
1.2
maximum distance between rnfmt bars is 200mm

That is the least No. of bars is 5/m
360
25
43
50
48
54
30
39
46
44
49
35
36
42
41
45
40
34
40
38
43
45
32
37
36
40
57
54
48
44
41
38
36
34
The
is
from 45
the Code
Eq.
400 equation
63
60 simplified
54
49
43 ECCS
40
40 4.46.
should be taken from the critical section of moments.
Detailed the design
Coefficient Multiplier of for Tension Bars with Straight ends

Fcu (N/mm2)
18
20
51
48
59
56
57
54
63
60
cu
cu
The coefficient multiplier of
fy
N/mm2
240
280
360
400
2
Coefficient
Stresses
areofin
MPa,
or with
N/mm
Multiplier
for
Tension Bars
Straight .ends
f
F (N/mm )
N/mm
is 18the diameter
rfrmt
20
25
30 of the
35
40
45 bar.
50
240
51
48
43
39
36
34
32
31
280
ld 300mm
(360/520)
59
56for steel
50 grades
46
42
40 and
37 (400/600)
36
y
Otherwise, design for compression steel
50
31
36
34
40
. Reinforcement in the long direction is distributed

uniformly.
Reinforcement in the short direction is Distributed
L*
B*
[L*-B*] B*
Distribute the rest of Ast
[L*-B*]
distribute Asm = Ast[2B*/[L*+B*]]
The column load is punching the

footing with the area, b`l`, [b`l`].
The ultimate strength of concrete

section against punching shear, qcup is:
Check for punching shear

punching force = Pcl,u qco b`l`
Pcl, u is the ultimate column load
qco = Pcl,u/B*L*
punching stress qp = {Pcl,u qco b`l`}/bod
bo is perimeter of the punching area
qcup = 0.316{0.5+ b/l} f cu N/mm2

c
f cu
qcup do not exceed 0.316 c
punching stress qp< qcup
qp = {Pcl,u qco b`l`} /bod
b`l`
b`l`
b`l`
1:1 d/2
b`l`
bo= 2[b`+l`]
The maximum design bearing stress

of the column on the footing is:
A
b,all = 0.67 f Aclf
Af is the footing area symmetrical with
the column Acl.
Af
Acl should not exceed 2.

cu
Af is the
footing area
Af=Acl
Compute Column Bearing

b = Pcl,u/Acl
if b > b,all, Use dowels, As,dowel
As,dowel = [Pu- b,all Acl]/fy
use a minimum of 0,005 Acl, of dowel and

at least four bars regardless of the
bearing stress.
The size of the dowels should be at least
as the {size of bars -4mm}.

Dimension
P.C. design
Pu
Contact pressure
check for : wide beam shear
Punching
Bearing
Rnfmt
ld
detail
Solution, Ex. 3.1

Step 1: Choose Footing Area
Pcl = 800+480 = 1280 kN

qall, net = 275 ave d
Assume soil = 17kN/m3, and footing thickness, t, is 0.5m.
Then, average unit weight of soil and concrete, ave is
[17
[171.5+2.5
1.5+2.50.5]/2 = 19 kN/m3
Pcl
qall, net = 275 19 2 = 237 kN/m3
RC PF.L tc
2
BL
B L = 1280/237 = 5.4 mOR
2 1280=1472 kN
at F.L =1.15
=1.15
P
=1.15
=1.15
cl Choose
2.35Pcl
2.35m
2
Area
of
footing
=1408/q
A = 5.52m O.K.
all,gross
= 1472/275 = 5.35m2
Choose 2.35 2.35m2
A = 5.52m2 O.K.
Example 3.1
A short column 400

400400mm transmits an axial
loading of 1280kN {800L.L and 480D.L} to a thick
soil stratum of sandy gravel.
The permissible safe pressure on the foundation
soil has been determined as 275 kN/m2.
the foundation level is 2.00m below the G.S.
Design a suitable reinforced concrete footing {fcu
=25N/mm2, fy =360N/mm2}.
Step 2: Check on Footing Depth Using

Equations of Wide Beam, Ex. 3.1
Pu= 1.4D.L +1.6L.L = 1.4 480 +1.6 800 =
1952kN
Contact pressure with soil, qo =1952/5.52 =
0.35N/mm2
Q = q B s
assuming t = 500mm,
Cover = 75mm, then
d = 425mm,

Equations of Wide Beam, Ex. 3.1
Pcl
column 400
400400mm
q wide beam =Q/Bd

= [0.353 2350 762.5] / [2350 425]
= 0.634N/mm2
d=425mm
qo= 0.353N/mm2
wide beam shear
1175mm
2350mm
d/2
Step 3
s =1175 200 - 425/2

= 762.5mm,
Q = qo Bs
Maximum concrete shear strength

qcu = 0.16[fcu/c]=0.652N/mm2
qcu > q wide beam
O.K
= 0.3532350762.5
Check for Punching, Ex.3.1

Pcl
column 400
400400mm
d=425mm
The critical sec. for

punching is square with
dimension
400 + 425 = 825mm
Qpun =1952 - 353 0.8252
= 1685kN
qo= 0.353N/mm2
bunching
shear
Step 3
qpun =Q/perimeter of the sec.

sec.d
=1685 1000 / {4 825 425}
=1.17 N/mm2
Permissible punching shear in
concrete, qcup
f
= 0.315 [0.5+b/l] c
0.5 + b/l = 1.5 take 1
825mm2
qcup = 1.29N/mm2
> qpun O.K
400400mm2
cu
d/2
1:1 d/2
d=425mm
Step 4:
Check for Bearing, Ex.3.1
b,all = 0.67 [fcu/c]{Af/Acl}

{Af/Acl} = 2.352 2
0.4
= 5.875 .
.
Take =2
b,all = 0.67 25 2 / 1.5 = 22.333 N/mm2
Bearing stress of the column,
b = 1952 1000 / 4002
= 12.3N/mm
12.3N/mm2 < b,all O.K
Development length of the dowel, Ex.3.1
ld=
1.2
cu
360
= 16 1.15
25
1.2
1.5
= 1020mm
Table 3.3 can give the multiplier directly for
fcu = 25 MPa, fy = 360MPa, as:
ld = 48
48 = 48 16 = 768mm
Notice The footing depth and breadth allow for the
required development length of the dowels
Step 4:
Check for Bearing, Ex.3.1
use a minimum of 0,005 Acl, of dowel and

at least four bars.
Ast,dowel= 0.005 1600 = 8cm2
Choose 416mm,
area = 8.04 cm2
16mm,
{The size of the dowels should be at
least as the size of bars -4mm.}
Step 5: Choose the Steel Reinforcement,

Ex.3.1
Pcl
l=1175-200=975mm
Critical
moment
Step 5: Choose the Steel Reinforcement, Ex.3.1

Moment of the contact pressure about the
critical sec.=
Mu = qol2/2
Mu = 353
3530.9752/2= 167.9 kN.m/m`
Adopting the approach of Chart 22-1
2
2
Ru = Mu/bd =167.9/[1
167.9/[10.425 ] = 929kN/m2 =
2
0.93N/mm
For fcu =25N/mm
25N/mm2 and fy =360 N/mm2 and
for the given Ru, =0.3%
0.3%
Step 5: Choose the Steel Reinforcement,

Ex.3.1
Step 5: Choose the Steel Reinforcement

Ex. 3.1
Check for R or maxfrom Table 3.1
Rmax for fy =360 N/mm2 is 0.194
R = Mu /{fcu/c}bd2 = Ru/{fcu/c}
= 0.93 / {25 / 1.5} = 0.056 < 0.194 O.K
[ i.e., no need for compression steel]
the least of [1.1f

[1.1fy] or [1.3 design].
min 0.15% for high tensile steel.
That is min is least of 0.305% or 1.3 0.3% = 0.39%
minimum rfmt ratio is 0.305%
min
Step 6: Detailed x.Sec, Ex.3.1
Ast = 0.305% 100 42.5 = 12.96cm2

Choose 6 18mm/m` .
Area = 15.27cm
15.27cm2 in the two direction
The development length
ld = 48
48 = 48 18 = 864mm
dowels
416mm
Column
stirrups
50cm
F.L (-2.00)
2.352.35m2
618mm/m`
Example 3.2
Solve Example 3.1
if a P.C footing is
required under the R.C.
one.
(fcu)P.C = 18 N/mm2
Pcl
B*L*
R.C qco t
PC PF.L tc
BL
Solution, Ex. 3.2

From Example 3.1,
P.C. footing can have the dimension of 2.35 2.35 m2
Recall:
qo =PF.L/[BL]
Check the tensile stress
in P.C. footing
P
=
P
+
weights
of
soil
and
F.L
cl
[Design for the projection a of
thefootings
R.C footing]
= 1280 + 5.52 2 av
= 1280 + 5.52 2 19 = 1490 kN
qo =1408/5.52
= 270kN/m2 < 275 kN/m2 [qall, gross]
Solution, Ex. 3.2
Solution, Ex. 3.2
The ultimate
at F.L
= 1.4 D.L
Steploading
1: Choose
Footing
Area+ 1.6 L.L
D.L = 400 + 5.52 2 190.6= 690
f cu kN
fct = MP.C /z
(Pu)F.L = 1.4 690 + 1.6
800= 2246kN
z =1 t2 / 2
(qo)u = 2246 / 5.52 = 406. 9 kN/mm2 = 0.4
2 a2 / 2
MP.C =N/mm
(qo)u1
fct = (qo)u 3 a2/ tc2

Assume ..tc =40cm
then = 1.6 and fct
0.6 18
1.6
0 .6 f
cu
= 1.59 N/mm2
ct
1.59
a/tc
3 qo =
30.4 = 1.151
2 ..
The
R.C.
be taken
1.45m
.
a =footing
46 cm.canTake
a =21.45
45cm
area = 2.1025m
O.K
MP.C = qo 1 a2 / 2
fct = MP.C / z
0.4N/mm2
Z=1 t2 /2
fct = qsoil 3 a2 / tc2 0.4N/mm2 ,
qsoil=266.2kN/m2 = 0.27N/mm2
a/tc 0.133/qsoil = 0.7 take a=25cm.
The R.C. footing can be taken 1.8 1.8m2 ..
area=3.24m2

Equations of Wide Beam, Ex.3.2
From Ex. 3.1, Pu = 1952kN
Contact pressure between P.C. and R.C, qco
= 1952 / 2.10 = 928kN/m2 = 0.93N/mm2
Q=qBs
assuming t = 500mm,
Cover =75mm, then
d=425mm,
s = [145 40 - 42.5] = 30cm,
Step 3
The critical sec. for punching is square with

dimension 400 + 450 = 850mm
Qpun =1952 930 0.8502 = 1280kN
1280kN
qpun =Q/perimeter of the sec.
sec.d
=1280 1000 / {4 850 450} = 0.835N/mm
0.835N/mm2
As in Example 3.1, Permissible punching
shear in concrete, qcup = 1.285N/mm
1.285N/mm2 > qpun
O.K

Equations of Wide Beam, Ex.3.2
Assume footing thickness, t, is 0.5m.
With P.C. base, cover can be taken 50 mm,
then d = 45mm.
q wide bem =Q / B d
= [0.93 1450 300] / [1450 450] = 0.62N/mm2
Maximum concrete shear strength qcu = 0.16
= 0.652 N/mm2
qwide beam < qcu O.K
f cu

Ex. 3.2
Moment of the contact pressure about the
critical sec.=
Mu = qco l2/2
L = 1.45 / 2 - 0.4/2 = 0.525m
Mu = 930 0.5252 / 2 = 128.2kN.m/m`
128.2kN.m/m`
Adopting the approach of Chart 22-1
2
2
Ru = Mu/bd =128.2 / [1 0.45 ] = 633kN/m2
= 0.63N/mm2
For fcu = 25N/mm
25N/mm2 and fy = 360 N/mm2 and
for the given Ru, = 0.15%
Step 5: Choose the Steel Reinforcement, Ex.3.2

Check for R or max
R = Mu /{fcu/c}bd2
= 0.63 / {25 / 1.5} = 0.04< 0.194 O.K
[ i.e., no need for compression steel]
design = 0.15%
Then, 1.3 design = 0.195%
min is the least of {1.1/360} = 0.305% or 0.195%
Ast = 0.195% 100 45 = 8.77 cm2
Choose 5 16mm/m` .
Area= 10.05 cm2 in the two direction
ld = 768 mm
Compare the costs
Step 6: Detailed x.Sec, Ex.3.2
dowels
416mm
Column
stirrups
50cm
F.L (-2.00)
40cm
516mm/m
`
1.451.45
2.352.35m2
Eccentrically Loaded Spread Footing

Offsetting the column from the centroid to
decrease the Very large variation in pressure due
to bending
50cm
50cm
2.35 2.35m2
Cost
=2.35 2.35 0.4 170+
1.45 1.45 0.5 800
= 1215. 0LE
2.35 2.35m2
Cost
=2.35 2.35 0.5 800
= 2209.0LE
45% saving
Note:
Only applicable if the moment is fixed in direction.
The wind loading is reversible

The column is off-center by distance e.
Soil reaction to these cases of loading is:
qsoil =
qall
P
6 e
1
B L
L
effective dimension of the footing
{See Sec. 2.2.1.2 }

e

Soil does not sustain tensile stresses.
the footing would separate from the soil.
the separated part would not be effective in
bearing on the soil.
P
qmax B L`/2 = P,
L`=3(L/2-e)
2P
qmax=
3B( L / 2 e )
Ultimate Bearing Capacity for Eccentric

Loading
PP
L B
is reduced to
L`
L`B`,
where:
L`=LL`=L-2eL,
B`=BB`=B-2eB
L
eL
B`
L`
Horizontal Force at the Foundation

Remember:
Inclination factor in the bearing capacity
equation.
the footing is designed for the stability
against sliding.
The horizontal force is resisted by the soil
cohesion [if any], and friction.
H P tan + c Af
L`
L`/3=L/2-e
R=P
R=P
eB
qmax
P
LB

Example 3.3
A 5050 column is carrying the following loading:
D.L. = 400kN, L.L. =500kN, MD.L = 230kN.m, ML.L
=250kN.m, HD.L = 40kN, and HL.L=50kN.
The column rnfmt is 825mm.
Design a footing such that the soil pressure will be
approximately uniform.
qall, gross = 150kPa. at F.L. of (-2.00 m).
fcu= 25 MPa, fy=400MPa.
Solution Example 3.3

Total service load = 400 + 500 = 900kN
qall, net = 150 ave d
Assume ave = 17kN/m3, t= 0.5m.
ave = [17 1.5 + 2.5 0.5] / 2 = 19 kN/m3
qall, net = 150 19 2 = 112 kN/m3
B L = 900 / 112 = 8.04 m2
Choose 2.85 2.85m2
A = 8.125m2 O.K.
Square footing is chosen since uniform

pressure is requested.
Step 1: Choose Footing Area, Ex. 3.3

moment = [230 + 250] = 480kN.m.
also H increases the moment at the F.L by H t.
1.425
M = 480kN.m
480 + 90 0.5 = 525kN.m
then:1.425
e = M / P900kN
0.975 0.45
F.L
2.85
90kN
PF.L = column
load and weights of soil and
0.5
footings
0.5
e=0.45m
= 900 + 8.125
[0.525 +1.517] = 900 +
308.75 = 1208.75 kN
e = 525/1209 = 0.434 m 0.45 m

Equations of Wide Beam
1.425
480kN.m
900kN
1.425
0.975 0.45
90kN
e=0.45m
2.85m
.425/2
0.5
0.5
s= 2.6-[0.7+0.5/2 +0.425/2]=1.4375m
Critical
sec. for
wide beam
Step 3, Ex. 3.3 Check for Punching

Step 4: Check for Bearing
The critical sec. for punching
is square with dimension
500 + 425 =925mm
Step 5, Ex. 3.3 Choose the Steel Reinforcement
1-1
0.975
0.45
.212
.7250.5
2.85
Critical sec.
for punching
Moment should be
calculated at sec
secs 22-2 & 33-3.
Af
Example 3.4
A column loading estimated at the F.L is
PD+L=1.8MN, MD+L=1MN.m, and qall,gross = 0.25MPa
Proportion a footing for the column to be centric
Solution
Proportion of P.C footing (B, L, tc)
M
1
e=
=
= 0.555m
p 1. 8
The critical sec. for Mu is 11-1
3-3
0.5

Af = 1.95 1.95m2
2-2
Proportion of P.C footing (B, L, tc),

Ex. 3.4
L > 6 e
Assume L = 6 e + 0.8
L = 6 0.555 + 0.8 = 4.13 m
Take L = 4.2m
qall= 0.25 =
P
6e
1
BL
L
Proportion of P.C footing (B, L, tc), Ex. 3.4
Example 3.5
6 0.555
2
(1 +
)
4B
4 .2
Make a complete design for

the R.C footing in Example 3.4,
if the column is 40 60.
{fcu = 25N/mm2, fy = 360N/mm2}.
0.25 =
B = 3.575m
Take
L = 4m, B = 3.6m, and tc= 40cm
Proportion of R. C footing (B*, and L*)
Assume
a = tc = 40cm
L* = L 2 a = 4.2 0.4 = 3.4m, and
B*= B 2 a = 3.6 2 0.4 = 2.8m
Solution
From Example 3.4, L*= 3.4m, and B*= 2.8m
Footing Depth from Wide Beam Shear, Ex. 3.5

Pcl = PF.L - weight of the P.C, R.C footings, and soil
Assume t = 500mm,
Pcl = 1.8 1000 4.2 3.6 {0.424 + 0.5 25 + 1.1
17}
Pu=1.5 1.183 = 1.775MN
= 1183 kN
Contact pressure with the P.C footing,
qo=
P
6e
1
BL
L
e = Mu / pu 0.555
q1o= 0.373MPa, and
q2o 0.0MPa
s=1600-300-425/2=1087.5mm
1600mm
Assume cover = 50mm, then d = 45mm

q1o= 0.59MPa,
q3o= 0.37 - (0.373 - 0.0)
1175
3400
d/2
= 0.243Mpa
Q = qav B s
=[0.243 + 0.373] 2.8 1.175 / 2
q3o
q1o
qwide beam = Q / B d
s
=
1700
300
45/2
=
1175mm
2
= 0.8N/mm
600400mm2
q2o
Footing Depth, Ex. 3.5
q1o
Safety?
1700mm
3400mm
Footing Depth from Wide Beam

Shear, Ex. 3.5
Maximum concrete shear strength qcu =
0.16[fcu/c] = 0.652N/mm2
qwide beam >
qcu
increase d to 550mm
s = 1125.0mm, and
1125
q3o= 0.373 - (0.373 - 0.0)
3400
= 0.25Mpa
q wide beam = 0.637 N/mm2 < qcu O.K
Step 4
Check for Bearing Ex. 3.5
Step 3
Check for Punching Ex. 3.5
The critical sec. for punching is

rectangle with dimension
[400 + 550] [600 + 550]
=950 1150mm
1:1 d/2 d
b`l`
q4o
qav under the critical sec.
= [0.373] = 0.186MPa = 186kPa
Qpun = 1775 - 186 0.950 1.150
= 1593kN

1MN.m
2.83.4m2
1.8MN
0.40.6m
1.4m
1.2m
Af = [0.4 + 2 1.2] [0.6 + 2 1.2] = 2.8 3.0
q3o
MI-I
MII-II
I- in the long-direction
1400
II- in the short-direction
ql = 0.37 - (0.37 -0.0)

3400
=0.218Mpa
qav = [0.37 + 0.0] = 0.186MPa
0.218 (1.4) 2
Mu =
+
2
2
(0.37 - 0.218)
(1.4)
3
0.40.6m
1.2m
1.4m
Mu =
0.186 (1.2) 2
2
= 0.134MN.m/m`
= 0.315 MN.m
0.37MPa
ql =0.22MPa
Structural Design of Wall-Bearing Footing

The masonry walls
are not monolithically erected
with the footings.
That is why the critical section for
continuous wall is inside the wall
at distance b/4. ,
Wall bearing footing is only designed
for wide beam shearing and rfmt.
punching and bearing is safe
b
b/4
Example 3.6
It is required to design a load bearing wall .
L.L= 45kN/m`,
D.L= 20kN/m`,
wall thickness = 25cm,
qall,gross = 100kN/m2,
F.L at 1.5m below G.S,
fy = 360N/mm2, and fcu =25 N/mm2.
Example 3.6
Example 3.6
Solution
Pcl at F.L = 1.15 Pcl =1.15 [45 + 20]
= 74.75 kN/m`
Area of footing = 74.75/qall = 71.5/100
= 0.75m2/m`
Choose B =1.0m
Step 3: Choose the Steel

Reinforcement, Ex. 3.6
Critical sec. for

moment
b/4
43.5cm
Moment of the contact pressure

1m
about the critical sec.=
Mu = qco l2/ 2
The critical section for continuous wall is inside
the wall at distance b/4.
l= 1.0 / 2 - 0.25 / 4 = 0.435m
Mu = 100 0.4352/ 2 = 9.57 kN.m/m`
Step 2: Check on Footing Depth Using Equations of

Wide Beam
Pu= 100kN/m`
qo =100/1 =100kN/m2 = 0.1N/mm2
Q=qBs
The wide beam shear is
taken in the transverse direction
for one meter width.
assuming t = 300mm, cover = 75mm, then d = 225mm.
s = [100 25 - 22.5]= 26.25cm,
Mu = 1000.4352/2= 9.57 kN.m/m`

Ru = Mu/bd2 = 9.57 / [1 0.2252] = 188.7kN/m2
= 0.189N/mm2
For fcu = 25N/mm2 and fy = 360 N/mm2
and for the given Ru,
is less than the minimum (0.05%).
,min the least of [1.1/fy] or [1.3 req].

min 0.15% for HTS.
That is min is least of 0.3% or 1.3 0.05%
= 0.065%
Then, use ,min = 0.15%
Ast = 0.15%10022.5 =3.375 cm2/m`

Choose 5 12mm/m` .
Area= 5.65 cm2/m` in the transverse direction.
Development length of the rfmt ld =12 48
= 576mm > 300mm [for grade 360/520] O.K.
The footing allows for the distance from the column face to
the boundary of the footing and the depth
excluding the cover as development length.
That is [43.5-7.5 + 30 -7.5] =
58.5cm > 57.6cm O.K.
43.5cm
30cm
In the longitudinal direction minimum rfmt

should be furnished to offset shrinkage and
temperature effects.
Ast,long = 0.15%100 22.5 = 3.375 cm2
Choose 5 12mm
43.5cm
30cm
1m
1m
Step 4: Detailed x.Sec.,Ex.3.6

When columns occur in a line at close interval,
continuous strip footing is developed in the line
of columns
The lengthy side is usually compensated

with the other direction considerably short.
30cm
5 12mm long. rfmt

F.L (-2.00)
512mm/m`
1m
The longitudinal direction of the footing is

structurally acting as an inverted continues beam.
the footing reaction is linearly distributed

under the footing
The wide beam shear can be checked in the
longitudinal and transverse direction.
longitudinal direction is expected more
critical
for the longitudinal direction of the footing:

M=qnx2/km
x is the panel span, or the distance between the
column axes.
qn is the uniform loading per unit length.
km is the coefficient of bending moment, in
continuous beams
x
-12
24
A line of four columns 300300mm2 is spaced at 4m.

They are equally loaded with D.L= 200kN, and L.L=
300kN.
It is required to design for a continuous strip
foundation appropriate to a safe soil bearing pressure
of 125kN/m2.
fy = 400N/mm2, and fcu = 30 N/mm2.
A
F
C
4m
10
-16
12
12
Solution, Ex. 3.7:

Step 1 choosing the footing dimension
Example 3.7
-16
Total load in service condition = 4 (300 + 200)

= 2000kN
The base width required, considering 1m end
overhanging.
L = 3 4 + 2 1+ 2 0.15 = 14.3 m
B= 2000 / (14.3 125) = 1.12m
take B =1.25m
Step 2 :Ex. 3.7, Check the required

depth for Wide Beam Shear
Step 2: Ex. 3.7, Check the required

depth for Wide Beam Shear,
Pu = 1.6 200 + 1.4 300 = 760kN

Contact pressure with soil,
qo =4 760 / [14.3 1.25] = 170kN/m2
= 0.17N/mm2
Q = 170 1.25 1.6375 = 348kN
qwide beam = 348 / (B d) = 348 / (1.25 0.425)
= 655kN/m2 = 0.651N/mm2
Step 2: Ex. 3.7, Check the required

depth for Wide Beam Shear,
Critical sec. for wide beam shear
b/2 d/2 s
50cm
1m
2m
4m
the column is considered to affect
between the centerlines of the span.
s = 2.0 - 0.30 / 2 - 0.425 / 2 =1.6375m
Critical sec. for wide beam shear

s
Step 4: Ex. 3.7 , Check for Bearing

The least footing area is for the first column with
dimension [1m overhanging + 2m half the inner
span]
span]B
That is 3 1.25
This area is not similar with the column
Then take Af = 1.25 1.25
2
Af
= 1.25
= 4.16 .
. Take =2
2
Acl
0. 3
Step 5: Choose the Steel Reinforcement Ex. 3.7

for the longitudinal direction of the footing:
M = qnx2 / km
qn is the uniform loading per unit length.
qn = qo B = 170 1.25 = 212.5kN/m`
x
-12
24
-16
10
12
F
B
B and E are cantilevers. Then M = wl2 / 2

MB = ME = 212.5 12 / 2 =106.3kN.m
MBC = MDE =212.5 42 / 12 = 283.5 kN.m
MCD = 212.5 42 / 16 = 212.7kN.m
MC = MD = 212.5 42 / 10 = 340kN.m
-16
12
Step 5: Ex. 3.4, Choose the Steel Reinforcement
4m
F
B
For maximum moment at support C, and D:

= 0.46%
design = 0.46%
Then, 1.3 design = 0.59%
min is the least of {1.1 / 400} = 0.28% or 0.59%
= 0.45% is O.K
Min. rnfmt = 0.28% 125 42.5 = 14.34 cm2
4m
12
16
10
D
12
10

For maximum moment condition at support C, and D:
= 0.46%
Min. rnfmt = 0.28% 125 42.5 =14.34 cm2

Ast = 0.46% 125 42.5 = 24.43 cm2
This reinforcement can represent
a proportion of the corresponding moment.
other rnfmt for other sections can be easily obtained.
(Ast)C = 24.43 = 0.07181M
{2}
(Ast)B = (Ast)E = 0.07181MB
= 0.07181 106.3 = 7.51cm2 < Min. rnfmt
(Ast)BC = (Ast)DE = 20.037 cm2
(Ast)CD =15.28 cm2

Check the minimum rnfmt at B and E
(Ru)B = Mu / bd2
= 106.3 / [1.25 0.4252]
= 470.8 kN/m2 = 0.47 N/mm2
= 0.14%
min is the least of
0.275% or 1.3 0.14 = 0.182%
at B and E, min = 0.182%
Min. rnfmt = 0.182% 125 42.5 = 9.66 cm2
wn = 740 / {1.25 0.725} = 839 kN/m2

At sec. x-x, Mu,transverse = wn btransverse l2 / 2
= 839 0.725 0.4752/2 = 68.6 kN.m
Ru = Mu/bd2 = 523.7 kN/m2 = 0.523 N/mm2
= 0.16%
min = 0.208%
Ast = 0.208% 72.5 42.5 = 6.4 cm2
Choose 416mm / 72.5cm . Area = 8.04 cm2
Step 6: Ex. 3.4, Steel Reinforcement for the

transverse direction
occurs at the column location with breadth
btransverse = [b + d] = 0.3 + 0.425 = 0.725m.
Soil pressure is assumed concentrated
under this breadth
with intensity = Pu / {B btransverse}.
This direction is called hidden beam.
wn =760 / {1.25 0.725}
= 839 kN/m2
Minimum stirrups of 5
58mm/m` to hold rnfmt,
and protect concrete from effects of shrinkage and
temperature.
622mm
12
622mm
1250mm
75mm cover
622mm
58mm/m`
500mm
x
622mm
16
10
722mm
618mm
416mm Trans. rnfmt
1250mm
Step 7: Detailed x.Sec., Ex. 3.4
the development
length, ld = 49 = 882mm.
475mm 300 x 475
500mm
btransverse
618mm
416mm/72.5cm
722mm

For weaker soils, the size of each footing
increases and approach adjacent base.
Two or more columns form a combined footing.

near the property line
not possible to place columns

at the center of a spread footing
C.G of loads coincides with

the geometrical C.G of
footing
Columns located off center

result in nonuniform soil pressure

To avoid this nonuniformity, the footing is enlarged to
include one or more of the adjacent columns in the
same line.
BASIC
ASSUMPTION
rectangular combined
footing is rigid member
soil pressure is linear
footing
Example 3.8 rectangular combined

Proportion a P.C, and R.C rectangular combined
footing for the following data:
qall, net = 0.15MPa, and F.L is at 2.5m from G.S.
For column 1 [60 60cm] PL = 0.5 MN, PD = 0.3MN,
For column 2 [60 80 cm] PL =0.8 MN, PD = 0.3MN,
and S = 5m.
Solution
Step 1: Choose P.C Footing Area

Total load, Pt = 0.5 + 0.3 + 0.8 + 0.3 =1.9MN
Act at the C.L
Example 3.8
0.8MN
Example 3.8
1.1MN
S= 5m
y=2.91m
Mp1 = 0; y = 1.1 5 / 1.9 = 2.89m {1}

Least L = 2 [y + bcl1] = 2 [2.89 + 0.6] = 6.39m
neighbor
Take L = 6.40m
boundary
A = Pt / qall, net = 1.9 / 0.15 = 12.66 m2
B = 12.66 / 6.40 = 1.98m
Take B = 2.0m
Dimension of the footing

based on the allowable
bearing:
locationyof
resultant of
Usually
ythe
u
location
the resultant
the ultimate
loads
This
violates the
uniform distribution
of theofcontact
pressureof
theultimate
serviceload
loads
Then, find the dimension based on
and
adjustable qall
However, the difference is v. small and can be neglected.
P2u
P1
Ru
yu
Ru
check the location of the

resultant of the ultimate loads.
y = 2.89m
P1u
P2u= 1.7MN
L* = L = 6.40m
B* = 2.0 2 0.4 = 1.2m
Ultimate design for the

depth and rnfcmt:
P1u=1.22MN
P2
The resultant of the services loads does not coincide with

the resultant of the ultimate loads.
Then, design the footing geometry using qo that is based
on the ultimate loads rather than qall.
Geometry of Combined Footing

P1u
P2u
Ru=P1u+P2u
M1u >> M2u
MP1 = 0
y = [M1u + M2u+ P2u S] / Ru
Ru
L = 2{y + C`}
C`: permissible distance bet. neighbor and column 1
Y y
A= B L = Ru / qo
S L
C`
Y = {y + C`}
If Y < L / 3,
-ve soil pressure may develop at the far end}.
This is not accepted in soils.
soils
Strap footing may be adopted

y
Y
L

P1u>> P2u
M1u
M2u
Ldesign=2Y
Y
Lgeometry
Ru
y
C`
Structural Design of Combined Footing

Critical sections for shear
shear.
P1
P2
S
Lgeometry
If L / 3 < Y < Lgeometry / 2,
Trapezoidal footing
may be adopted
Structural Design of Combined Footing

the short {transverse} direction hidden beam,
soil pressures under each column are:
w1 = P1u/B, and w2 =P2u/B. ..[F/L]
Mc1, Mc2 are the bending moments at the critical
sections under columns 1, and 2, respectively
P1
Mc1
B
B
W1=P1u/B
Mmax
Flexural steel from

the critical moments
Example 3.9
Design a rectangular combined footing for :
For column 1 {interior } [60 60cm]
PL =0.9 MN, PD = 0.8MN,
MD= 0.15MN.m, ML= 0.25MN.m, C`= 0.30m,
For column 2 {exterior} [60 80 cm]
PL =1.1 MN, PD = 0.9MN,
MD= 0.2MN.m, ML= 0.3MN.m, S =5m.
qall = 0.15MPa, fcu = 20MPa, fy =360 MPa
Solution
P1u =1.4 D.L + 1.6 L.L = 2.56MN, P2u = 3.02MN,
M1u = 0.61MN.m, M2u =0.76 MN.m
Ru= P1u + P2u = 5.58MN
Ex.3.9 , Step 1: Choose Footing Area
y
S
L
qo for Ru is comparative to qall for Rservice.

Rservice = {0.9 + 0.8 +1.1 + 0.9 } 1.1 = 4.07MN
qo = 5.58 0.15 / 4.07 = 0.205 MPa
A = 5.58 / 0.205 = 29.85m2
B = 29.85 / 6.5 = 4.12m .. take 4.2m
qo = 5.58 / [4.2 6.5] = 0.204 MPa
Ex. 3.9, Shearing and Bending Moment Diagrams

2.56MN
3.02MN
1.2m
5m
0.61MN.m
0.86MN/m`
0.76MN.m
6.5m
d = c1
Mu
fcub
bearing
Ru= P1u+P2u = 5.58MN

MP1 = 0
y = [M1u + M2u+ P2u S] / Ru =
2.95m
L = 2{y + C`} = 6.5m
A = B L = Ru / qo
Ru
C
Ex. 3.9, Check for Wide Beam Shear, Punching, and
2.98m
footing is treated as beam with:

qn= 0.2064 4.2 = 0.86MN/m`
2.56MN
0.61MN.m
5m
3.02MN
0.86MN/m`
Ex. 3.9, Check for Punching, and bearing

C = 0.3m S = 5m
B = 4.2m
Critical sec.
6080cm2
for
punching L = 6.5m
1.64 MN
2.43MN.m
0.688MN
S.F.D
2.05MN
the ratio {Af/Acl} is 1

0.61MN.m
1.2m
6.5m
Take c1 = 5
d = 0.85 m
0.76MN.m
0.275MN.m
B.M.D
Ex. 3.9, Step 5: Choose the Steel Reinforcement

Ru = Mu / bd2 = 2.43 / [4.2 0.852] =
0.8MN/m2 = 2.16N/mm2
For fy = 360N/mm2, and fcu = 20 N/mm2 and for
the given Ru,
= 0.3%
Check for R
R = Mu /{fcu / c}bd2 = 0.8 / {20 / 1.5} = 0.06 <
0.194
No Need for Compression Steel
Ex. 3.9, Step 6: Choose the Steel Reinforcement for the

transverse direction
Under column 1, the breadth of the hidden beam is 0.60 +
0.85 / 2 = 1.025m.
wn1 = 2.56 / 4.2= 0.706MN/m`
M1c = wn1 l2/2 . l=[4.2l=[4.2-.6] / 2 = 1.8m
M1c = 1.15MN.m
= 0.52%
st, transverse,1 = 0.52% 0.825 1.025 = 44 cm2/ 1.025m
choose 9 25 for . Area = 44.18 cm2 O.K
ld = 54 25 = 1350 mm.

min =1.1/360 = 0.305% or 1.3 0.3 = 0.39 %
Min. rnfmt = 0.305% 420 85 = 67.3 cm2
2
2
(Ast)max,max,-ve = 0.305% 420 85 =108.9cm = 25.93 cm /m`
=108.9 / 2. 43 = 44.8M . {1}
Choose 722mm/m`
22mm/m`. Area = 26.61 cm2 for all the
sections.
ld = 54 22 = 1188mm.
1188mm.

Under column 2, the breadth of the hidden
beam is 0.80 + 0.85 = 1.65m.
Continue the solution to find wn2, M2c, and
(Ast)transverse,2.
(Ast)transverse,2 : 46.28 cm2/1.65m = 28.05 cm2/m.
10 25 mm/1.65m Area = 49.09 cm2
Ex. 3.9, Step 6: Steel Reinforcement
Ex. 3.9, Step 7: Detailed x.Sec
To protect concrete from effects of shrinkage and

temperature, upper direction should be reinforced with
713/m
513/m`
minimum of 20% of the tension steel.

5 13 mm/m` {Area of 6.64 cm 2/m`} is appropriate, all
925/1.03m 722/m`

P1u>> P2u
M1u
M2u
Y
Lgeometry
Ru
y
C`
Ldesign=2Y
722/m`
722/m`
513/m`
513/m`
Shrinkage bars of 13 mm each 30 cm of the

footing depth.
In the longitudinal direction, minimum rnfmt. to
offset shrinkage and temperature effects.
713/m`
13 mm/m` {Area of 9.29 cm 2/m`}
925/1.025m`
There, the required area is 44 / 5 = 8.8 cm 2/m`. Use 7
1025/1.1m`
1025/1.65m
513/m`
over the footing, except at hidden beam of column 1.
4.2m
6.5m
Geometry of Trapezoidal Combined Footing

P1u
M1u
Ru=P1u+P2u
MP1 = 0
y = [M1u +M2u+P2uS]/Ru
Y= {y+C`}
P1u>>P2u
Y<<S
P2u
M2u
P1u>>P2u
Ru
qo
Y
L
So adapt trapezoidal footing.
Lgeometry
If L / 3 < Y < Lgeometry / 2,
footing
Trapezoidal footing
may be adopted
A = L [B1+ B2] = Ru /qo
Usually L is limited.
2B + B
Y= L 2 1
3 B2 + B1
B1
C.G
B2
Structural Design of Trapezoidal Combined Footing

Y=
L 2 B2 + B1
3 B2 + B1
If Y = L / 3, B2 = 0.0 triangular
Y
L
shape.
Not a practical solution
B1
C.G
Y should be less than L/3
Increase L if possible.
Usually L is limited.
THEN: Strap footing may be adopted
Strap footing is two spread footing

combined with a strap beam.
The strap beam should be rigid enough
to resist rotation of the exterior footing.
B2
Geometry of the strap beam

uniform soil pressure is assumed under the footings.
The two footings should have same soil pressure to
avoid differential settlement.
Soil reactions, R1, and R2 , are centric in their footing.
R2 coincide with P2,
BUT R1 is not coincide with P1
P1u
P2u
P1u
P2u
Geometry of the strap beam

e may be assumed to find L, R1 and R2.
Strap transmits eccentricity moment [P1u e] to the

For each column, Ri = Bi Li qall,net, [same qall,net].
interior
footing
Take
moment
@ P2 footing is chosen square.
Usually
the interior
R1= P1 S / S` = P1 [S`+ e] / S`
R1 = P1 + P1 e / S`
P2u
P1u
S
R2 = P1+P2 R1
L1 /2 = C`+ e
C`
e
R1
e
R1
R2
L1 /2
S`
R2
Proportion of the R.C footing

Pe
B*e L*e
C`
Pi
e*
R*e
Strap beam
L*e/2
B*i L*i
i
Ri
S*`
B* L* is reduced by projection a { (0.8-1) tc}.
The exterior column: B*e = Be 2 a, and L*e = Le a.

e* = L*e / 2 - C`
R*e = Pe S/ S*`
P.C and R.C footings are not symmetrical.
R*i = Pe + Pi R*e
S`* = S - e*
e*, of the R.C footing have to be determined.
Bearing Capacity for Clay Soil

(kN/m2)
For clay soil, = 0.0, and Nc =5.0,

Nq =1, and N =0.0,
For square footing, c = 1.3, then
qult = 6.5c +1`DfNqq
qult, net = 6.6c +1`Df (Nq q 1)
Since Nq =1,
qult, net 6.5c,
Unconfined compression strength for normally
consolidated clay, qu = 2c.
for F.S =2.5, qall,net
= 1.3 qu qu
Design the strap beam Footing

The footings are to be designed for safety of
shear and bending in a similar manner as for
spread footing.
Bending moment and shear diagrams for the
strap beam are obtained to design for its
depth and reinforcement.
Raft [Mat] Foundation

Raft foundation is costly in design and
construction more than spread footing.
The stressed area under the raft is also much
larger.
This will increase settlements unless there is
stress compensation from excavated soil.
stress compensation is that the excavated
soil compensate for the superimposed loads.
[design with: qall,net >
superimposed load
D f
area of foundation
Structural Design of Raft Foundation

A simple conventional and approximate approach
Find resultant of the columns loads, R, and
its eccentricities, ex and ey,
Y
Stress Dist. under Raft Foundation

Find stress distribution under the raft
q = R/A + Mxy/Ix +Myx/Iy
where Mx = Rey and My = Rex
then, q = R[1/A + ey / zx + ex / zy] qall
Where zx = LB2/ 6, zy= BL2/ 6
Y
q1
q2
ey
ex
ey
ex
L
q3
L1
q4
Design of Strips
Divide the Raft

Divide the raft
into vertical and
horizontal strips
such that
the columns are
on centerline of
the strip,
L3
L2
L4
B1
B2
B3
B4
L
Design each strip as a

continuous beam.
draw shear and
bending moment
diagram
Q = kg fn l, and
M=fnl2/km,
fn = P/area .!!!???
Which Ps
Recall previous slide!!
B1
B2
B3
B4
P13
P14
P15
P16
l
fn
0.6 0.5
Kg
Km
12
16
-10
12
Loads and Reactions on the Strip
P13
B4
The sum of fn over the strip

should equal to the sum of
the column loads.
due to developed shear
between the adjacent strips,
{strip area} fn Cls loads
along the strip.
P14
P15
P
P13 14
column load modification factor is

fn
Wide beam from shear diagram at distance d/2 from the

column face.
punching shear is evaluated similar to spread footing.
From the moment diagrams of all strips in the direction of
interest (that is x, or y),
obtain the maximum positive and negative moments per unit
width
(i.e., M` =M/B4)
design for the steel reinforcement
B.M.D
qav
q3
P13+P14 +P15 +P16]

fn = qav,modified = average load /LB4, B
Design of Shear and Rnfcmt
S.F.D
average load = [qavLB4 +
q3
fn
qav =
[q3+q4]
P16
f = average load/[P13+P14 +P15

q4
q4
P15
P16
fP15
fP13 fP14
+P16]
fP16
fn
Example 3.12
a plan of a mat foundation.
All columns are 50 60cm2.
qall,net is 50kPa.
Check the soil pressure
under the mat.
The given loads are ultimate,
the load factor is 1.5
{i.e., Pu =1.5Pservice}.
0.25m
0.3m
8m
y`
8m
400kN
500kN
7m
400kN
1500 kN
1500 kN
1200 kN
7m
1200 kN
1500 kN
1200 kN
7m
500 kN
300 kN
400 kN
0.3m
0.25m
16.5m
21.6m
fn = P/area
Solution Stress Dist. under Raft

y`
8m
0.25m
400kN
500kN
1200 kN
1200 kN
1200 kN
ey
ex
26.5kPa
300 kN
16.5m

8m
4.25m
E
0.3m
y`
8m
8m
0.25m
4.25m
B
strip AEGD
qav = [qA+ qD] = {33.28 + 30. 34}
= 31.81kPa
400kN
500kN
1500 kN
400kN
1500 kN
Ave. load = [qav strip area + Pin strip]
1200 kN
1500 kN
7m
1200 kN
21.6m
7m
0.3m
1200 kN
500 kN
q = R/A + Mxy/Ix +Myx/Iy
33.3kPa
0.25m
Soil pressure under the foundation,

qo, for the ultimate design,
= load factor qall,net = 1.5 50 =
75kPa
500 kN
7m
Solution
Step 1: S.F.D and B.M.D
for the Strips
Divide the mat into three
strips; AEGD, EFHG, and
FBCH
29.4kPa
30.4kPa
Example 3.13
In example 3.12,
design the reinforcement in
the y-direction.
fcu=20MPa, fy =360MPa.
ex= -0.3m
33.3kPa
My =10600 [-0.3]=0.3]=-3200kN.m
A
ey = 0.1m
R
Mx =10600 [0.1]= 1100kN.m
stress distribution under the raft
1500 kN
21.6m
Example
3.12
q = R/A + Mxy/I
x +Myx/Iy
where Mx = Rey and My =
0.25m
8m
Rex
A= 16.5 12.5 = 354.75m2 0.3m
400kN
Ix= BL3/12 =16.5 21.63 /
7m
12 = 13,665 m4
1500 kN
3
Iy= LB /12 = 21.6 16.53 /
7m
12 = 8050 m4
1500 kN
R=
3[400]+3[1500]+3[1200]+3 7m
00 +2[500]
400 kN
= 10600kN
0.3m
300 kN
400 kN
H
16.5m
= [31.814.2521.6+ 2400+21500]
30.4kPa
=3353.32kN
fn = qav,modified = average load /strip area =
3353.3/ [4.2521.6] =36.7kPa
400kNE
1500 kN
1500 kN
400 kN G
D
4.25m
21.6m
Soil Pressure, S.F.D and B.M.D for Strip AEGD

Example 3.13

A
353kN
strip AEGD
400kNE
1323kN
353kN
1323kN
739kN
cl ld modification factor is
1323kN
f = average load/ Pin strip

=3353.32/3800=0.8824
353kN
fn =36.7kPa
1500 kN
21.6m
275kN
400 kN G
506.6kN
B.M.D
4.25m
Check on Footing Depth for Wide Beam

Shear and Punching Example 3.13
0.3m
y`
8m
0.25m
400kN
500kN
7m
1500 kN
400kN
1500 kN
1200 kN
7m
1200 kN
1200 kN
500 kN
300 kN
400 kN
0.3m
16.5m
21.6m
7m
1500 kN
739kN
311kN.m
1360kN.m
8m
506.6kN
S.F.D
f = 0.8824
0.25m
353kN
156kN/m`
1500 kN
fn = qav,modified =36.7kPa
For the given layout of

columns739kN
on the mat and
the obtained S.F.D,
the edge column of
1500kN gives critical
punching stresses than
those given by wide beam
shearing.
1323kN
675kN.m
275kN

Design f2

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Engineering Construction Must Be

Bearing Capacity of Soil

Supporting soil is expected to carry the

Shallow foundation D/B 1-3.

Terzaghi investigated the failure mechanism

The foundation was

Terzaghi B.C Hypothesis

Three zones do exist:

Terzaghi Bearing Equation for

Failure Zone (depth 2B)

Nc, Nq, N are Terzaghi B.C Coefficients, f()

1- Active zone, just below the foundation.

are the soil shear strength parameters

Terzaghi Bearing Equation

Bearing Capacity Factors

Nc, Nq, and N for Shallow Foundation

27.5 30 32.5 35 37.5

qult = cNcc +1DfNqq + 2BN

= soil internal angle of friction,

for rectangular footing,

B = breadth of foundation, and

Net and Allowable Bearing Capacity

qult is estimated at F.L.

F.S against shearing failure of soil

Other Factors Affecting qult

Effect of the G.W.T

Groundwater Table Effect;

Groundwater Table Effect;

Groundwater Table Effect;

Effect of Inclined Loads

ic= iq = (1.0 - / 90)2

Effect of Depth of Foundation Level

dc= 1+ 0.4 tan-1(Df /B),

For Df/B 1, tan-1(Df/B) is replaced by

Bearing Capacity for Clay Soil

General Equation for

qult = cNcc +1DfNqq + 2BN

For clay soil, = 0.0, and Nc =5.0,

qall ,net =2 c = qu = 120 kPa

Ultimate Bearing Capacity for Eccentric

Foundation on Layered Soil

effective dimension of the footing

Foundation on Layered Soil

q1 is less than the

The footing load is assumed

Allowable Soil Settlement under

Allowable differential settlement

see E.C. of SMDEF, Sec 3/2/6/6(B).

Pattern of Soil Settlement With Time

A column load of 0.5MN

settlement depends on Po.

settlement depends on Po.

zs,= 4 + 2.5 1.5 = 5m

q o2.0 2.4 3.0

po = 4 18.6 + 2.5 8.8

Effect of Settlement on neighbor

Types of Shallow Foundation

Choice of Suitable Type of Foundation

Structural Design of Spread Footing

qall, net or qall,gross for the chosen F.L

II) Footing dimensions

PF.L is the applied load at F.L

B & L should be rounded