UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME FOR

THE TANJUNG KARANG RICE IRRIGATION PROJECT USING
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

ABEDA KHATUN

FK 2000 32

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME FOR THE

TANJUNG KARANG RICE IRRIGATION PROJECT USING GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

By
ABEDA KHATUN

Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

degree of Master of Science in the Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
February 2000

Dedicated to
my
beloved son Ahnaf Tahmid,
daughter Farhat Tahsin
&

the memory of my beloved Parents

Abstract of this thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME FOR THE

TANJUNG KARANG RICE IRRIGATION PROJECT USING GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

By
ABEDA KHATUN
February 2000

Chairman:

Associate Professor Dr. Ir. Mohd. Amin Mohd. Soom

Faculty:

Engineering

Water plays an important role in crop production. Good water

management can improve the irrigation efficiency and the potential to greatly increase
crop production. The water availability is dependent on rainfall and irrigation system
characteristics. In contributing to the process of decision making the irrigation personnel
needs to understand the rainfall pattern and irrigation water demand of the whole
system. The Tanjung Karang Rice Irrigation Proj ect in Northwest Selangor Malaysia
was selected for this study and the tertiary canal TASB-4 of Sungui Burung
compartment was considered as the main study area.
Geographic information system (GIS) is becoming an increasingly powerful tool
used in water management system for paddy field irrigation. The Tanjung Karang Rice
Irrigation Project and soil maps were digitized by the use of Maplnfo Software.
Different types of map features such as scheme, compartments, canals, rivers, roads and
soils were digitized and stored into different layers. Relevant physical and management
data were collected from various sources and input into a database. The application of
the GIS software through the development and presentation of water distribution system
using tables, maps and graphs were illustrated. Real and some estimated data, using
established technique were input into Maplnfo browser tables for each compartment.
Proper water budgeting is a prerequisite condition of any successful irrigation
project. In an irrigation project, the amount of water to be applied is an important factor.
Irrigation scheduling which anticipates the temporal water need of crops i.e. when to
irrigate and how much water to apply is an important management activity affecting the
performance of the irrigation project. A water budget for dry and normal year was
prepared on the basis of the rainfall availability ( 1 950-1 997) in the project area. In off3

season the total design water requirement was 1 3 1 4 mm but the total mean rainfall was
444 mm, and in 1 in 5 dry year was 382 mm. So 870 mm and 932 mm of additional
water was required for normal and 1 in 5 dry year respectively. Similarly in the main
season, the total design water requirement was 1 5 89 mm but the total mean rainfall was
730 mm and 643 mm in 1 in 5 dry year. So 859 mm and 946 mm of additional water was
required for normal and 1 in 5 dry year.
A cropping schedule calendar was prepared on weekly interval. And on the basis
of the calendar, scheduling browser tables of the eight compartments were developed.
The water duty of the project area calculated for the 1 st pre-saturation period was 2.78
l/sec/ha, second pre-saturation period was 1 .85 l/sec/ha and normal supply period was
1 . 1 7 l/sec/ha. On the basis of the water duty the irrigation scheduling was then
calculated.
Other than downstream areas furthest from the main canal, the soils with high
percolation rate also influence the quantity of irrigation water available. On the basis of
the particle size analysis of the overall soil series, the Jawa, Sedu, and Brown Clay soil
series were found to be potential water stress areas of the Tanjung Karang Rice
Irrigation Scheme. The Sekinchan compartment was identified as the best productive
compartment.
By using GIS to monitor the water management, spatial analysis was carried out
easily and effectively for modification or maintenance resulting in better water
management. Besides, design of water distribution or timely irrigation could also be
done to increase the uniformity, efficiency and adequacy of water delivery systems.

PERPUSTAKAAN
JNIVERSHI PUTRA MALAYSIA

Abastrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai
memenuhi sebahagian daripada keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains.

PEMBANGUNAN PROGRAM PENGURUSAN AIR

UNTUK PROJEK PENGAIRAN TANJUNG KARANG MENGGUNAKAN
SISTEM MAKLUMAT GEOGRAFI

Oleh
ABEDA KHATUN
February 2000

Pengerusi:

Associate Professor Dr. Ir. Mohd. Amin Mohd. Soom

Faculty:

Kejuruteraan

Air memainkan peranan yang penting dalam pengeluaran tanaman. Melalui

pengurusan air yang baik, kecekapan pengairan dapat dipertingkatkan dan juga
berpotensi untuk menambahkan pengeluaran pertanian. Air yang sedia ada adalah
bergantung kepada air hujan dan ciri-ciri sistem pengairan. Dalam proses membuat
keputusan, jurutera pengairan perlu memahami taburan hujan dan keperluan pengairan
seluruh sistem. Memandangkan mereka dipertanggungjawabkan untuk membekalkan
air, pemahaman tentang pengurusan pengairan semasa adalah penting. Projek Pengairan
Padi di Tanjung Karang yang terletak di barat laut Selangor dipilih untuk kajian ini dan
TASB-4 di kompatmen Sungai Burung pula dianggap sebagai kawasan kajian yang
utama.
Sistem maklumat geografi ialah alat yang semakin berguna dalam sistem
pengurusan air untuk pengairan padi. Sistem pengairan Tanjung Karang dan peta tanah
telah didigitkan dengan perisian Mapinfo GIS. Peta yang berbeza kategori seperti skim,
kompatmen, terusan, sungai, jalan dan tanah telah didigitkan dan disimpan dalam
lapisan yang berbeza. Data pengurusan dan fizikal yang berkaitan dikumpulkan daripada
pelbagai sumber input dan dimasukkan ke dalam pangkalan data. Pembangunan dan
persembahan sistem taburan air yang menggunakan jadual, peta, and graf dapat
dipaparkan melalui penggunaan perisian sistem maklumat geografi. Sebilangan data
anggaran dan benar yang menggunakan teknik yang sudah wujud boleh dimasukkan ke
dalam jadual mapinfo browser untuk setiap kompatmen.
Anggaran air yang betul adalah amat diingini oleh projek pengairan yang
berjaya. Di dalam projek pengairan, jumlah air yang digunakan adalah faktor yang
penting. Penjadualan pengairan untuk keperluan tanaman yang sementara seperti bila
5

untuk memberi pengairan dan berapa banyak air perlu digunakan adalah faktor yang
penting yang akan mempengaruhi pre stasi projek pengairan. Anggaran air untuk tahun
yang normal dan tahun kemarau disediakan berdasarkan hujan ( 1 950- 1 997) di kawasan
projek. Pada luar musim, jumlah keperluan air rekabentuk yang direka adalah 1 3 1 4 mm
tetapi jumlah purata air hujan adalah sebanyak 444 mm dan semasa tahun kemarau 1
dalam 5 hujannya ialah 382 mm dengan pertambahan air masing-masing sebanyak 870
mm dan 932 mm. Begitu juga dengan keadaan semasa musim utama dimana keperluan
air rekabentk adalah 1 5 89 mm tetapi jumlah purata air hujan ialah 730 mm dan 643 mm
semasa tahun kemaru 1 :5. Jadi tambahan air masing-masing sebanyak 859mm dan 946
mm adalah diperlukan.
Penjadualan disediakan dalam tempoh mingguan. Jumlah keperluan air dan
kehilangan semasa penyediaan tanah, penaburan bij i benih, peringkat pertumbuhan dan
musim penuaian telah dianggarkan untuk setiap kompatmen dan juga seluruh skim.
Berdasarkan kalendar penj adualan, jadual browser dari lapan kompatmen telah dibuat.
Tugas air untuk kawasan projek yang telah dikira untuk pra-tepu yang pertama adalah
2.78 lIslha. Pra-tepu yang kedua ialah 1 .85 lIslha dan untuk pembekalan yang biasa ialah
1 . 1 7 I/slh. Berdasarkan tugas air tersebut satu rangka jadual pengairan telah ditetapkan
berdasarkan pengiraan.
Selain daripada kawasan hilir yang berjauhan daripada terusan utama, kadar
penelusan dalam bagi tanah juga mempengaruhi kuantiti air pengairan yang ada.
Berdasarkan analisis saiz zarah untuk kesemua siri tanah yang didapati, tanah siri Jawa,
Sedu, dan Liat coklet adalah kawasan yang berpotensi untuk kekurangan air ber laku di
skim pergairan padi Tanjung Karang. Kompatmen Sekinchan telah dikenalpasti sebagai
kompatmen yang berhasil terbaik.
Dengan menggunakan sistem maklumat geografi untuk mengawal pengurusan
air, analisis dapat dilaksanakan dengan lebih senang dan berkesan untuk pembetulan
atau penyelenggaraan supaya mendapat pengurusan air yang baik. Selain itu, perekaan
untuk agihan air atau tempoh pengairan dapat juga dilaksanakan untuk meningkatkan
keseragaman, kecekapan dan kecukupan sistem penyaluran air.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to convey my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Associate

Professor Ir. Dr. Mohd. Amin Mohd. Soom for his proper guidance and patience
throughout the study. Specially thanks to my co-supervisors, Associate Professor Dr.
Salim Said and Dr. Lee Teang Shui for their valuable advice and comments.

Besides, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my husband Md. Fakrul

Islam and Mr. And Mrs. Mizanur Rahman for their endless co-operation and
encouragement. Also thanks to Mr. Ghazali Kasim for his cordial co-operation.
Appreciation also to those who have helped me in one way or another in the course of
my study.

This research was fully supported by the Malaysian Government IRPA Proj ect
No. 51 294. I am very much grateful to the project leader (Associate Professor. Ir. Dr.
Mohd. Amin Mohd. Soom) for allowing me to work on the project.

I certify that an Examination Committee met on 1 5 February, 2000 to conduct the final
examination of Abeda Khatun, on her Master of Science thesis entitled "Development of
Water Management Programme for the Tanjung Karang Rice Irrigation Project Using
Geographic Information System (GIS)" in accordance with Universiti Pertanian
Malaysia (Higher Degree) Act 1 980 and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree)
Regulations 1 98 1 . The committee recommends that the candidate be awarded the
relevant degree. Members of the Examination Committee are as follows:

KWOK CHEE YAN, M.S

Associate Professor
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)

MOHD. AMIN MOHD. SOOM, Ph.D.

Associate Professor
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)

SALIM SAID, Ph.D.

Associate Professor
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)

LEE TEANG SHUI, Ph.D.

Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)

HAZALI MOHA YIDIN, Ph.D.

Professor/ Deputy Dean of Graduate School
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date: .2 1 tB

This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and was accepted
as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.

KAMISWANG, Ph.D.
Associate Professor/ Deputy Dean of Graduate School
Universiti Putra Malaysia

11 MAY 2000

Statement of Originality

Except where specific acknowledgment is given, the research work reported in this
thesis is entirely that of the author.

ABEDA KHATUN
Date:

10

2--\

2. 'l...O0 0
.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

DEDICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ABSTRACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ABSTRAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPROV AL SHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DECLARATION FORM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST O F FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
LIST OF PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2
3
5
7
8
10
14
15
17
18

CHAPTER
I

INTRODUCTION............................................ .
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1
1
4
5

II

LITERATURE RE"IE...................................... .
Irrigation and Water Management For Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Irrigation Duty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pre-saturation Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Supplementary Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conveyance Loss of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Distribution System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
C ontlnuous Irrlgat'Ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rotational Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effective Rainfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Evapotranspiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .
Seepage (S) and Percolation (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drainage (DR)......................................................
Irrigation Scheduling for Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Development and Definitions of GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Objectives of GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Component of GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Software Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advantages of Development in GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

6
6
8
9
10
12
13
13
14
16
17
18
19
20
20
22
22
24
24
25
25
29

11

III

MapInfo Software Package. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Need of GIS in Water Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Application of GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31
32
33

STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGy. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .

Location and Topography of Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Main Conveyance System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Distribution System. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scheme Level Water Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cropping Pattern and Calendar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Present Farming Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wet Seeded Rice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dry Seeded Rice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..
Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Work Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Application of GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Digitizing the Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Identification and Editing of Digitization Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Database Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Linking the Physical Data and Descriptive Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Source of Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rainfall Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
Effective RainfalL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Evapotranspiration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crop Water Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Irrigation Requirements During the Growth Stage . . . . . . . . . . . .
Normal Irrigation Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design Water Requirement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Requirement Estimation of TASB 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cropping Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Requirement Estimates and Allowable
Water Level in the Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. ... . .. . . . . .
Determination of Drainage Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Use Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relative Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Irrigation Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Discharge Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discharge from Constant Head Orifice
Off-Take Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Irrigation Demand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Required Diversion Discharge at the
Head of the Tertiary Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36
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42
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57
59
59
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12

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80

IV

The Required Water Depth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

80

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS................................

Information from Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Info Tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SQL Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Graph and Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Thematic Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . .. . . .. . . . . . .
Statistic Information Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rainfall
Irrigation Water Budget Calculation for
Dry and normal year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Scheduling Calculation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Interpretation of Water Use Efficiency
and Relative Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Interpretation of Cumulative Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Irrigation Efficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discharge Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Constant Head Orifice Off-Take (CHO). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Canal Capacity . . . . . .. . . . :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Soil Textural Classes and the Composition of
Tanjung Karang Irrigation Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

81
83
84
85
86
87
88
89

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.... . . . .... . . .

Conclusions. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

1 14
1 14
1 16

. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

. .

. .

. . . . .

. .

. .

93
97
97
99
1 02
1 03
1 05
1 05
1 06

REFERENCES......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

118

Result Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

1 27

APPENDIX

CURRICULUM VITAE...................................................

13

1 43

LIST OF TABLES
Page

Tables
I.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

List of Database Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Estimated Water Requirement for Paddy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Supply Schedule of the Project Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Estimated Water Requirement of TASB 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unit Irrigation Demand Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculation for Required Discharge at CHO for
Staggered Irrigation in TASB 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cropping Schedule Calender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum and Minimum Allowable Water
Lev el in the Paddy Field . . .. . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Digitized Layers of the Tanjung Karang Irrigation
Scheme and Soil Map
Summary of Weekly Rainfall Data . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Budget Calculation for Off-Season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Present Water Scheduling of TASB 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Summary of Irrigation Information . ... ...... ............ .......... ...
Computation of Canal Capacity by Manning's Formula . . . . . . . . . . . .
Comparison of Actual Discharge and by Manning's Formula . . . . . .
Comparison between Design Canal Capacity
and New Water Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hectarage of Soil Series in Survey Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hectarage of Soil Series in Project Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unit Yield of Paddy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

56
65
66
68
69

' "

..

..

70
73

7.
8.

9.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

1 0.

II.

12.
13.
1 4.
15.
1 6.

..

1 7.
1 8.
1 9.

. .

14

74
81
92
94
99
1 03
1 04
1 04
106
1 08
1 08
1 09

LIST OF FIGURES
Page

Figures

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Deposition of Water Diverted for Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Rice Field Water Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Geographic Information System as a Management TooL . . . . . . . . . .
Major Components of Computer Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Major Components of GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data Input into Geographic Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data Storage and Data Management in GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Tanjung Karang Irrigation Project Location Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Main Conveyance System of the Tanjung
Karang Irrigation project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Present Irrigation Schedule Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design Annual Water Requirement for the
Tanjung Karang Irrigation Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Direct Seeding Under Wet Field Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Direct Seeding Under Dry Field Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GIS Flow Chart
Creates New Browser Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Input Data by Using Info Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Update Column for Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sungai Burung Compartment with TASB 4 Tertiary Canal . . . . . . . . . . .
Water Supply in TASB 4 Tertiary Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Schedule of Discharge Requirement at CHO TASB 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Different Growth Stages of Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cumulative Relative Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Digitized Map of the Tanjung Karang Irrigation Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Browser Table of a Particular Compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Info Tool Object List Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Results of SQL Select in a Query Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Viewing Different Types of Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Display Comparison of Irrigation for the Whole
Scheme Using Chart Thematic Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using the Statistics Information Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mean Weekly Rainfall and 1 -in-5 Dry Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annual Rainfall of Sg. Burung Station
No. 341 1 0 1 6 ( 1 950-1 997) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12
16
23
25
26
27
28
38

43
48

1 0.
1 1.

12.
13.
1 4.
15.
1 6.
17.
1 8.
1 9.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32.
33.
34.
35.

Water Budget for Off-Season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Water Budget for Main Season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cumulative Relative Water Supply Curve of TASB 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Required Depth vs Supply Depth of Compartment SB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.

15

50
51
52
54
57
58
59
67
71
71
72
77
82
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
95
96
1 00
101

36.

Evapotranspiration, Rainfall, and Effective

Rainfall of Compartment Sungai Burung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Digitized Soil Map
Compartment versuss Yields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Potential Water Stress Area of the Tanjung Karang
.
'
IITIgabon
PrOJect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RIce
.

37.
38.
39.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

16

1 02
1 07
110
111

LIST O F PLATES

Page

Plates

1.
2.
3.
4
5.
6.

Diversion to the Feeder Canal at Bemam River Headworks . . . . . .

Siltation and Weed Growth in the Main canaL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bagan Terap Pump House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sungi Tengi Headworks at the Main CanaL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drainage Control Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Peat Swamp Water Draining out to the Sea
from the Project Area
View of a Tertiary CanaL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A Constant Head Orifice Offtake Structure in the Main CanaL . . . .

39
39
40
40
41

. .

..

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.
8.

17

42
44
45

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BRH

Bernam River Headworks

CHO

Constant Head Orifice

CRW -

Crop Water Requirement

CRWS

Cumulative Relative Water Supply

CPU

Central Processing Unit

DID

Drainage and Irrigation Department

DR

Drainage

ET

Evapotranspiration

ERF

Effective Rainfall

FAO

Food and Agricultural Organization

GIS

Geographic Information System

IADP -

Integrated Agricultural Development Project

IRRI

International Rice Research Institute

IR

Irrigation

ISA

Irrigation Schedule Area

JICA -

Japan International Co-operation Agency

JPS

Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran

KADA

Kemubu Agricultural Development Authority

MADA

Malaysian Agricultural Development Authority

NIADB -

National Irrigation Administration and Asian Development Bank

NWMP

National Water Management Policy

NWU -

Net Water Use

OPP2

Second Outline Perspective Plan

PBLS -

Northwest Selangor Agricultural Development Project

RWS -

Relative Water Supply

SP

Seepage and Percolation

18

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

General

Irrigation systems are primary methods for maintaining agricultural production

through reduction of soilwater deficits. At present there are more than 227 million
hectares of irrigated land in the world, most of which have been developed in modem
times. Although irrigation is contributing to the world food production, there is reduced
interest in irrigation because of the overall low performance of most irrigation systems
in the developing countries and the adverse effects on the environment caused by
irrigation (Feyen, 1 992).

In Asia, rice in irrigated and rainfed lowland environments is mostly grown

under flooded conditions, contributing from 90%95% of world production (Pathak et
aI., 1 99 1 ). To achieve this, fields are bunded and soils are puddled by plowing at water
saturated conditions, followed by harrowing and leveling. More than 75% of global rice
production is harvested from irrigated rice ecosystems, which cover 55% of global
harvested rice area. About 25% of the total rice hectarage is under rainfed lowland
cultivation, and produces 1 7% of global rice production (lRR!, 1 993). In irrigated rice
ecosystems, the availability of water for agriculture is threatened in many places by
increasing urban and industrial demand. In view of the projected increase in rice

demands from a growing world population (65% increase from 1 992 to 2020; IRRI,
1 993), efficient use of water resources in rice ecosystems is of crucial importance.

In drier parts of the world the role of irrigation is of great importance for, without
it, agriculture would not be possible in many areas. In Malaysia, irrigation has since
been exclusively devoted to the cultivation of wet paddy. The total land area planted to
paddy in Malaysia is about 600,545 ha. Of which approximately 340,6 1 9 ha. are
serviced by irrigation facilities, mainly for the purpose of cultivating rice crops two
times a year or commonly known as double cropping. The remaining 259,926 ha.
depend upon available rainfall for cultivation (APO, 1 99 1 ).

The Malaysian Government policies that affect rice production industry are the
Second Outline Perspective Plan 1 99 1 - 2000 ( OPP2); and the National Agricultural
Policy 1 992 - 20 1 0 (NAP). The OPP2 has stated, among other pertinent issues, that the
agriculture sector will have to compete for various resources with other higher growth
sectors like manufacturing and services industries. "Resources" here includes water, a
very important ingredient in rice cultivation.

The NAP has targeted rice production in Malaysia to achieve a self-sufficiency

level of 65%. It further states that this level of production shall be met from the eight
Granary Areas with a combined paddy area of 2 1 0,500 ha. And the mini granary areas
totaling 28,500 ha. of paddy land. Granary areas refer to major rice growing areas in the
country. The eight granary areas are Muda Agricultural Development Authority
(MADA) in Kedah, Kemubu Agricultural Development Authority (KADA) in Kelantan.
Integrated Agricultural Development Project (IADP) KerianiSungai Manik in Perak,

IADP Barat Laut Selangor, IADP Pulau Pinang in Penang, Seberang Perak in Perak,
IADP Kemasin-Semerak in Kelantan, and Project pembangunan Pertanian Terengganu
Utara (KETARA) in Terengganu. Among them, MADA has the largest area of 97,000
ha. and KETARA has the smallest area of 5 , 1 00 ha. (Chong, 1 999).

Management of irrigation water has been a challenging issue. More

concentration has been geared towards the improvement of system management. There
has been an increasing demand for water and at the same time a growing scarcity of
water resources. A good irrigation water management that provide adequate and timely
irrigation water is important to improve the crop production. To achieve this it is
necessary to have an adequate water source, a good conveyance system to carry the
water and distribution system to spread the water over the land. Poor water management
resulting in either over or under irrigation remains to be a problem of most irrigation
systems in developing countries. Another problem is land and water allocation for some
periods when the extent of water availability is very uncertain particularly during the dry
seasons.

Water management for rice irrigation project needs a large amount of spatial
data

for its analysis. The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be a useful tool.

GIS are computerized systems for the storage, retrieval, manipulation, analysis and
display of geographically referenced data. In recent year GIS have emerged as new
powerful tools for spatial analysis and effective management of water resources. GIS
can solve the problems of sorting and up-dating the large amount of newly available
data. Besides, GIS can easily locate the control structures and leaking points in the water
supply system. As a result large amount of data on crop irrigation and management can

be easily processed by the techniques in GIS . However, none of the Malaysian granaries
is currently using GIS in the irrigation water management.

This study will result in having a database in GIS where a large amount of
relevant water management data is centrally stored and can be easily accessible to all
concerned water manager even at other locations. This work also provides access to
physical and management data simultaneously to increase the efficiency in monitoring
the water distribution system for improving the irrigation operation and scheduling so
that timely

preventive maintenance can be carried out by increasing the speed of

handling problems related to water management.

Statement of the Problem

Sound water source and a good distribution network is a precondition of an

irrigation project. But at this

moment the Tanjong Karang Irrigation Project is

experiencing several problems like shortage of irrigation water due to the environmental
changes, siltation of

feeder and main canals, leakages of control gates and other

maintenance and operational problems. The main source of irrigation water of the
project is Bernam River Runoff and the rainfall. But the runoff of the Bernam river has
gradually decreased in recent years. That is happening due to the decrease of annual and
seasonal basin rainfall (Syed, 1995).

In irrigation water management, there are problems of up-dating the large

amount of newly available data and producing the map which is costly, time consuming
and even not convenient to carry around especially in the fields. Besides that, the
topographic map in paper form and the statistical data in descriptive form cannot be

simultaneously accessed. Thus it is difficult to establish the relationship between the

map and the descriptive data. With the GIS, these data are combined together to give an
overall clear picture of the spatial relationship between the map features. The rapid
development in computer technology and high demand to process large amounts of data
are the main reasons to cause the wide use of GIS application in irrigation water
management. GIS gives the ability to collect and manage large volumes of complex
spatially-referenced data, which can then be used to research some of the problems
which are currently being faced by the project. Besides that, with the capability to
combine the spatial information from different sources into a single geographically
referenced set of information layers, GIS can significantly increase the speed in which
data can be retrieved, interrelated and used. This study will pave the way in the use of
GIS to ease the management of irrigation water distribution especially at the tail end of
the irrigation scheme during low flows.

Objectives

The main objective of the study was to develop a water management programme
for the Tanjung Karang Rice Irrigation Project using GIS. The specific objectives of
the study were:

1 . To develop an appropriate irrigation water budget for dry and normal year.
2. To develop an overall water management schedule for the scheme.
3. To identify potential water stress areas based on soil series.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

Irrigation Water Management for Rice

Rice cultivation in Malaysia is concentrated in the Granary Areas. Irrigation

facilities, including water resources, water distribution systems, a series of regulating
and control structures, and a network of farm roads have been provided to enable
double cropping of rice. The two crops are referred to as main-season crop, which is
planted during the wet season of the year (August to December); and off-season crop,
which is planted in the drier part of the year (Feb to Jun). In rice cultivation practices,
water is supplied to the fields in two stages. The first stage is termed pre-saturation
supply where water is supplied at a relatively high rate and short duration, followed by
the second stage termed as the supplementary supply for the rest of the season. The rate
of supplementary supply is usually half that of pre-saturation supply. In terms of
duration, pre-saturation supply usually takes about 2 to 4 weeks, and the supplementary
supply shall last the entire growth duration of the crop. For the present short-term
variety suitable for double cropping, the growth period is between 1 26 to 1 45 days (Tan,
1 987). Generally, the paddy plants do not consume water supplied during pre-saturation
period. This pre-saturation supply is meant for land preparation prior to planting activity
(Thavaraj , 1 975).