Mud Logging Info

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com
Page 1 of 55
2005
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Prepared by:
AHMED ABD EL FATAH EDREES.
The main jobs of the mud logger are to take care of:
1- Geological job.
2- Drilling job.
3- Drilling fluids
1- Geological job.
I have to be responsible for:
A) Sampling:
I should prepare two samples. One dried, the other is wetted.

The wetted samples are enclosed into specific bags.
On both of the two samples we write above them three
information's.
(Company name, well name and depth from and to).
The samples must have been washed and sieved to take the finest
grains to make a thin section from it and to do the second step of the
responsibility, which is.
B) Descriptions:
It is done under specific microscope to see the oil shows and take
the other descriptions of lithological percentages and properties.
2- Drilling:
We have to take care of many of the drilling parameters such as:

A) Hook load:
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This is the load on the hook this is the summation of the strings, i.e.; the
bit and (BHA) bottom hole assembly.
B) Weight on bit
It's always calculated from the hook load and its decrease on it.
Since if the HL is 500 tones and suddenly became 400 tones so -this
difference is due to the formation resistance and this is called the WOB.
Sand (lowest resistance) < shale < silt < lime < dolostone < anhydrite
(highest resistance)
The higher the FM resistance, the higher the WOB.
C) Stand pipe pressure

This is the pressure of the pumped fluids inside the pipes and hoses. This
is related highly to the SPM.
D) Casing pressure:
This is the pressure of the pumped cement into casings.
E) Rotary speed:
The speed of rotation of the strings, which is, supported either from
above on top drive or on the rotary table on rig floor.
F) Rotary torque:
The resistance of the formation to the drilling and rotation of strings
The more the resistance of formation, the higher exerted torque.
G) Pump speed:
The speeds of pumping of mud inside the pipes, which depend on the
number of, stroke per minute or in general the efficiency of pump.
NB; the diameter of the bit is that of caliber is that of the hole
And the casing pipes are smaller than them.
If the torque is very high and we increased the RPM so there may be twisting
off the drill string
3) Drilling fluids:
A) Volume.
B) Mud Wt (density) into and out from hole.
C) Mud temp into and out put from the hole.
D) Mud conductivity (resistivity) into and out put from hole.
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Q: What are the sensors that feel all those parameters?

There are #3 types of the sensors such as:
1- Pressure transducer: ANALOUGE
# Standpipe pressure sensors.
# Casing pressure sensors.
# Hooks load sensors.
# Torque sensors.
# Mud weight sensors.
2- Pulse sensors: DIGITAL
# Magnet sensors (SPM, RPM).
# Limits switch sensors.ie; mechanical (RPM, SPM)
# Draw work sensors.
3- Ultra sonic sensors. (PVT)
4- Temp sensors.
5- Mudflow out sensors
6- Hydrocarbon sensors.
7- Hydrogen sulfide sensors.
8- Conductivity sensors.
9- Temp & mud weight out sensor.
Some operations take place on any rigs:
1- Drilling process:
Its dividing up on the assembly which we running in hole with it, its either:
a- Rotary drilling.
b- Slide drilling.
Rotary drilling
Sliding drilling
1- Ran w/ BHA rotary assemblies.
1- Ran w/ BHA motor assemblies.
2- With surface and equal bit
2- With only bit RPM, no surface
RPM.
RPM.
3- With TRQ reading.
3- Without TRQ reading.
4- With normal SPP values.
4- With higher value of SPP.
5- We should choose in software
5- We should use in software
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(Rotary drilling).
(Rotary & turbine).
NB;
When we make sidetrack well, it will be treated like anew well so we will create
anew well by the software, write file no 1, run no 1
But we will start completing the depth from the point of CMT plug till reaching
anew FM,
We call this point at which the litho logy changes completely f/CMT to/FM
(KICK OFF POINT).
Due to high hardness of the cement so the direction man make time drilling in
order to let the bit escapes from that cement into the softer litho logy which is the
formation.
They often POOH after that point in order to change the bit.
##When connection takes place:
The Kelly position is larger than STD length with Kelly down value (2 ft).
## When depth is incorrect, go to data gp in software and enter depth correction,
then write new value of total depth and click on bit depth also to be adjusted. And
try to do that when Kelly is stop moving.
## When the stand is on bottom with specific SPM the pressure differs to some
extent than when it is off bottom with same SPM.
WASH and REAMING:
Its a process of widening and cleaning the hole after the drilling of every one STD.
By moving up and down with RPM, SPM.
##When we make POOH and changes bit or any like that, then we RIH we should
change run no and file no, and enter the new bit data or if its rerun again.
## ROP for rocks is:
(Sand, shale, siltstone, salt, anhyd, limestone, dolomite, basement)
## ROTATION PER MINUTE IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE
TORQUE.
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##Suction tank; is the active pit, which directly attached to the pumps.
##Reserve tank; is the tank for saving additional quantities of mud if needed
again.
##Slug tank; is the tank for a high viscosity mud preparations and its small value.
## Settling (sand trap); its lay below the shale shaker directly and can be dumped
to
pore if it is undesired mud or
contaminated.
##Trip tank; its tank used when we POOH or RIH to add mud inside hole or
receives mud from hole respectively, also its vary in capacities from 40-80 bbls to
sense highly loss or gain.
MUD CIRCULATIONS:
Active tank
pumps
standpipe line
mud hose
swivels
string
annulus
flow out line
shale shaker
active tank.
BHA: ------ (bottom hole assembly), which consists of (BIT, BIT SUB, DC,
STABILIZER, DC, JAR, XO, HWDP)
Theory of any pressure sensor is {sensitive diaphragm that affected with any pressure
lay on it, and its contacted with oil to give sensor.
Mud or air
Diaphragm
Oil
Sensor
Wire
TYPES OF DRILLING MUD:
1- Spud mud, commonly used in the first hole drilling for conductor CSG.
2- Solid saturated polymer mud (Na Cl, K Cl).
3- Salt saturated mud.
4- Oil base mud.
5- Aerated mud.
## SPM, SPP is directly proportional and reversal volume tank.
HOW CAN I DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT
LITHOLOGIES?
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Sand stone
Lime stone
Shale
Anhydrite
1-SD: Lse,
clss, pnk,
yellsh wh,
occ/ gy, crsev. crse grnd,
occ/ pebbly,
ang - sub ang,
poor srtd, w/
up to 50%
fldsp.
1- Lst: Tansh
wh, off wh,
brnsh gy,
cryptoxin,
sft-mod hd,
arg.
1- Sh: Gy,
brwnsh gy,
grnsh gy, sub
blky - sub
flky , mod
frm - frm ,
non calc - sli
calc,
Dolomitc:
tansh brnsh,
tansh gy,
cryptoxlnmicroxln,
mod hd-hd.
1- Anh: Crmy 1- Salt: Anh

wh, mlky wh, i/p
wh, clss, mod
hd -hd ,
cryptoxln.
2- SD: Lse,
pnk, occ/ gy,
md - crse
grnd, occ / v.
crse , ang sub ang, poor
srtd, w/ up to
90% fldsp.
3-faster ROP
2- Dol: Tansh
gy, brnsh gy,
cryptoxlnmicroxln, hdv.hd.
2- Salt
3-Reacts with 3-SALINITY

Ba SO4
TEST & Poor
return & Fast
ROP
3-Reacts with
H Cl
ROP1----------------- =
2- Anh: Yelsh
wh, off wh,
pstd, sft,
cryptoxln.
Salt
(ft/hr)
ROP2------------------ = 60/ROP1 (min/ft)

Drilling parameters:
1- In drilling process
we should take care of all related parameters such as:
HKLD ------dec
&
WOB -------increases.
RPM --------inc
&
TRQ--------increases.
SPM --------inc
&
SPP--------inc
& tank volume --------decreases.
KELLY position ----------------------------decreases.
Total depth must equal Bit depth. And both of them increases gradually =0.01 or 0.02 or
0.03
2-In reaming process
Off bottom, RPM occurs , moving up and down with STD, SPM, SPP, HKLD max.
3- In circulation process
Off bottom, no RPM
,
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SPM
SPP , HKLD max.

2005
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When the drill makes circulation bottom up is pumping mud to get up to surface and
that needs aspsific number of strokes or bbls.
4- Connection
Off bottom, no WOB, lowest HKLD, no SPP, no SPM, no TRQ, no RPM.
5-On slips
Its done when the floor men makes anew a connection.
6-Slow pump rate (SCR)
This is a test on each pump to notice the pressure exerted by each one in order to
use specific SPM for each pump to kill the well in case of kick.
7-Blind drilling
The drilling of hole without any return of cuttings or fluid so they drill with
seawater in order to reduce the costs.
8-Free point indicator
The point at which they can make cut for the sticky string, firstly they try to make
jarring to free this point.
9-Flow check
The test done to notice the level of mud inside the conductor.
10-Leak of test
This test done after each casing and the beginning of new open hole , this occurs by
drilling of ten feets nearly to know what is the allowable pressure on the
formation.
11-Pumping a high vis mud
Its a high viscosity mud pumped to clean the hole from any cuttings or LCM or
CMT contamination.
12-Junk sample (magnet)
Its the metal cuttings come from the friction between the CSG pipes and the DP.
13-Carbide test
Its the test done to calibrate the gas system chromatograph; its also used to
examine the wash in hole by calculating the lag strokes.
## Calculate the amount of losses if no return:
Bbls/hrs =
POP
*
Page 8 of 55
TSPM
60
2005
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## Calculate the (TFA) ---------- total flow area

====
=
(Jet size/32/2) 2 * 22/7 * no of jets if they equal.
If the jets is opened so
===========the size is 32
##ECD=======is the equivalent circulated density
This is the mud wt in the dynamic state.
##GPM =
POP * SPM * 42
## POP = (LD) 2 * length stroke * efficiency * 0.000243

##HOW TO CALIBRATE THE PVT SENSOR?
1- One double press ---------4 MA --------------value---------------reach it to 2.80
2- Tow double press----------20 MA-------------value---------------reach it to 0.50
3- Four double press---------speed---------------value---------------reach it to 1
##In case of partial losses, we add LCM in the mud, make shale shaker (by-pass),
if it's continued so add sea water instead of mud to reduce the cost.
Type of losses:
1-Surface losses --------its the losses of mud due to surface equipments like
(desander, desilter, mud cleaner and centrifuge).
2-Hole fill----------------its the mud needed to fill the hole = (ID) 2*1 feet/1029
3-Down hole losses---- its the mud lost in the formation due to fracturing or
higher mud wt.
#### Dogleg well----- this is well deviated, tends to be horizontal.
14-Slip and cut
Its the process of elimination of the old worn wire on the draw work and installing
of anew one from the dead line reel onto the draw work.
During this process, they hang the top drive so the hook load sensor reads a
minimum value like 25 k lbs.
### The junction between 2 DP is called ------- TOOL JOINT.
While that between 2 casings pipes is called --- CASING COLLAR.
## The gas system in the unit composed of:
1-DEGASSER: this is a MOTOR with agitator to liberate the gases from the mud.
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2-SUCTION PUMP: this used to suck the gases from the WATER TRAP through the DITCH
LINE.
3-PNEUMATIC PANEL: this is used to filter the gasses that coming from the pump into
the gas system
4-LARGE COMPRESSOR: this is used to make alarm for H2S and exiting of any water or
mud in the ditch line.
5-SMALL COMPRESSOR: this is used to supply an air needed for ignition.
6-HYDROGEN GENERATOR: this main source of hydrogen &work by the distilled water
ionization into (H and O).
7-Total gas detector: is for the overall gas quantity detection.
8-Catalytic chromatograph: for sampling and timing of analysis.
9-FID CHROMATOGRAPH: for the gas sample analysis into their components.
-----------------------------------------------------------HOW TO KNOW THE WASH OUT IN PIPES?
By sudden pressure drop while drilling.
##This may be due to the pump de efficiency or leak in the stand pipe line so they
must make check on both in order to confirm that is wash out in pipe,
Also it may be due to loss of the jets.
##There are 2 types of cracks either
1-vertical:
That is when increasing the WOB, the crack increases and the pressure will
continue drops.
2-horizontal:
That on decreasing the WOB, the pressures will increase.
###How to calculate the wash out depth?
V = {(id) 2* L*const} + {(d-od) 2*L*const}
Where--------- id, od ---------for the drill pipe.
d--------------- for the open hole or casing diameter.
OVERPULL:
Its the sudden increase in the HKLD reading while POOH, due to the tight spot in
the hole.
TWIST OFF:
This is the cut of the drill string from any weak point like the tool joints that is
predicted by sharp drop in SPP and sharp drop in HKLD.
## The addition of new mud of different M WT can differ the total M WT in the
hole, so there will be difference in the HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE.
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MWD
GYRO
TOT CO
1-it take angel and

direction survey.
1-it takes angel only.
1-it takes angel only.
2-it ran with rotary

assembly through
motor it could send its
pulses through the
mud during the
drilling.
2-it ran through the

pipes and it requires
being off bottom and
stopping drill, using a
special piece of pipe.
2-it ran through the

open hole by using a
wire.
Nippling up Bop:
Its the setting up& installing of the BOP for the new open hole, which followed by
the BOP test to see what is the maximum allowable pressure on the annulus.
FAST BREAK:
It means the ROP is high due to soft formation.
DRILL OFF:
Its coming off bottom position after the drilling process.
BACK FLUSH (PURGE):
Its the process of exiting the water or any mud from the ditch line in order not to
plug that; by switching on the compressor and opening the water trap.
## We should increase the mud weight incase of drilling high pressurized shale in
order not to cause mechanical stuck and also we shouldnt increase above limited
value in order not to make differential stuck.
BIT UNDER GAUGE:
Its the decreasing of the diameter of the bit due to large time of high torque
drilling, so they have to POOH for bit change
## Lime sandy texture-------its the lithology of limestone in shape of sand size;
hence it can react with hydrochloric acid without any ppt.
## Sandy limestone-----------its limestone and sand stone mixed rock, when
reacts with HCl it gives ppt.
------------------------------------------------CALCULATION OF THE BOTTOM UP:
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Bbls= {(id)2-(od)2}*L/1029
Strokes=bbls/POP
Time=strokes/T. spm
DP
HOLE
CALCULATION OF THE CAPACITY:

Bbls=(id)2*L/1029
Strokes=bbls/POP
Time= strokes/T. spm
(HOLE or DP)
CALCULATION OF THE DISPLACEMENT IN THE TRIPPING:

Bbls=(od)2-(id)2*L/1029
The difference of the outer

diameter than the inner
diameter is the thickness of
the pipe.
The pass of the signals from and into the unit is:
{Sensor--Safety barrier--DAS--Phillips--on line}
The DAQ is the connecting node of this system, so its connected to server via RS232 connection through card in the server called MOXA, which is also connected
to the rig monitor through the DAQ.
DAQ is feeding the sensors with the required power through the SAFETY BARRIER
& consequently the DAQ collects the sensors data through the safety barrier.
The DAQ modules also are feeding the PHILLIPS recorder with the data.
The importance of the safety barrier:
1-feeding the sensors with required power.
2-isolate sensors from the DAQ.
3-protect the system from bad connections (short circuit, open
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Circuit conditions.
Bit sub:
Its the connection between the DC and the bit, and its above the bit directly.
Cross over sub (XO):
Its the junction between the pipes that of different diameter.
Kelly down:
Its the end point of Kelly near the rotary table; approximately its the height of
the old stand minus 2-3 feets
Kelly up:
Its the beginning point of the Kelly in the top of the mast, the height of new stand
plus 2-3 feets
TRIPPING
Its either one of tow: RUN IN HOLE (RIH) OR PULL OUT OF HOLE (POOH):
1-COMPLTE TRIP POOH--it's either dry or wet.
2-WIPER TRIP POOH-----it's short trip to the last casing shoe in the well.
RISER
The long tube (conductor) that used only in offshore rigs to connect between the
floor and the opening of the hole, and on the bottom the BOP is reset on the sea
floor.
LAY DOWN: its the disintegration of any joints.
FORMATION INTEGRATED TEST:
Its the test on 5 feets of the formation after casing and after they drill the shoes,
by pumping mud in closing of the hole to know the amount of pressure allowable
on the formation, this point is known from the decrease in the pressure after its
increase.
If its pumped from the cement pump it's called (LEAK OFF TEST).
Cement job:
Because of filling the hole with mud so; they needs to pump cement; hence, they
pump firstly spacer (water+chemicals+so on)
This spacer pushes the mud to go up on mud tanks.
Then they pump the CEMENT SLURRY {lead (light wt-first)&tail (heavy wt-last)}, and
I calculate the amount of returned mud with respect to the slurry in order not to
take kick or losses.
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Then they make DISPLACEMENT for this cement by mud to let the cement enter the
annulus.
They WAIT ON CEMENT about 6-12 hours according to the depth of the casing.
The BOTTOM PLUG is added before pumping the spacer,
While the UPPER PLUG is added after pumping the slurry.
CEMENT JOB REPORT

DURING PUMP CEMENT
MUD VOLUME @ 02:00 PM = 444 BBL (BEFORE CEMENT JOB)
MUD VOLUME @ 04:10 PM = 735 BBL (AFTER PUMPING CEMENT)
MUD VOLUME RECEIVED = 291 BBL

HLS PUMP
= (50 SPACER) + (213 LEAD)+ (98 TAIL) = 361 BBL
LOSSES DURING PUMING CEMENT = 361-291= 70 BBL
DURING DISPLACEMENT CEMENT

RIG PUMP START DISPLACEMENT CEMENT WITH 735 BBL MUD IN PITS
MUD VOLUME AFTER DISPLACEMENT
= 684 BBLS @ 06:00 PM
LOSSES DURING DISPLACEMENT CEMENT = 735 - 684 = 51 BBL

SO;
TOTAL LOSSES IN CEMENT JOB
= 70 + 51 = 121 BBLS
Tag on cement:
Its the process of RIH with string to touch the top of cement to be identified.
LOSSES
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KICK
2005
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1-DECREASE IN THE PIT VOLUME

WITH RESPECT TO HOLE FILLS.
1-INCREASE IN THE PITS VOLUME.
2-INCREASE IN THE SPP, WITH SAME

STROKES.
2-DECREASE IN THE SPP

&IT MAY INCREASE SPM OF PUMPS.
3-IN CASE OF COMPLETE LOSS,

NO MUD FLOW OUT RETURN.
3-INCREASE IN THE MUD

TEMPERATURE.
44-DECREASE IN MUD WT
55-MAX READING OF GAS THAN BACK
GROUND GASES.
66-FAST BREAK IN ROP.
NB
When the pumps switched on, it will consume many barrels to fill the lines (no
losses),
While the pumps switched off, it will back the mud in lines (no gain).
-------------------------------------Types of gases:
1-back ground gas:
2-connection gas:
3-trip gas:
4-circulation gas:
SPP increase with same SPM
1-Mud weight is increased.
SPP decrease with same SPM

1-Mud weight is decreased.
2-jets may be plugged.
2-lossing of jets.
3-MWD problems if present.
3-the deficiency of the pumps (POP)
Squeeze:
Its the process of injection the cement, its done by running (cement returner tool)
and its work through pumping cement at bottom then it will plug the cement.
Morgatol bacterial acid):
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Its ataxic additive is placed in the geochemical samples to preserve it.

### No carbide test occurs in oil base mud unless we add water in the test between
the tow pipe connections.
Dumping the tank:
Its process of getting rid of a contaminated mud in that tank.
Pipe lacks:
Its like a soapy materials added in case of differential sticking.
What is effect of increasing the mud weight?
1- It may cause fracturing to the formation so losses.
2- If it didnt make losses due to impermeable formation, it would make impact
force on the ROP.
3- Also it can affect on the bit hence it will affect all the drilling.
What happened in sidetrack?
When they plug the original hole by a cement plug called (bridge plug),
They build an angle by (milling assembly)
And make a window to drill in the casing pipe, this window may called (whip
stock)
Spot:
Its a high mud weight mud left on bottom, in order to pooh with dry pipes
as possible.
Sweep:
Its a high viscosity mud to clean hole from cuttings, in order to clean only.
Slug:
Its a high mud weight used to clean the string from cuttings during the tripping.
HTHP:
High temp high pressure in case of oil base mud and its equivalent to water loss in
case of water base mud.
Emulsion stabilization:
Its the agent responsible for mixing the water with diesel through a chemical
material called (emulsifier)
D.V tool:
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Its used when making large casing, it can divide the casing into tow partitions in
order to make the cement job.
Liner casing:
This casing is the last type of casing tubes, ran hanged from the previous
(intermediate) through a hanger that is getting down through the last joint of drill
pipe.
We can confirm its hanged by increasing in the pump pressure to limit extent then
decrease again.
Scab liner:
Its reverse liner ran above the liner to support. And it must be of high grade.
Stinger:
Its 3.5 DP used when we pumping cement plug to close a hole also when
we drill 6 hole
Pressure gradient:
Its the pressure change per foot of depth.
P = mud wt *.052
Specific gravity:
= Density of mud / density of water (8.33)
Overburden pressure:
Pressure change per one foot due to weight of rock and weight of any fluids
within that rock.
Normal pressure gradient:
Pressure gradient of a column of fluid, which is column to an area.
During pulling string:
Fluid level drop (ft) = pipe displacement (bbl) / (annular capacity + pipe
capacity)
So Hyd press loss due to pulling = (0.052* M wt * level drop)
After pooh 5 STD, the level will decrease in the hole so; we need to fill the hole
after every 5 STD
So the strokes to fill the hole = (pipe displacement (bbl)/POP)
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Pressure loss:
Pressure expanded where fluid flow through pipe and annulus since there is
resistance to flow, such as drop @ (string &bit&annular&surface)
It depends on: -fluid properties.
- Pipe dimensions.
- Flow rate of fluid.
Pressure on the formation = (hyd press +imposed press +press loss)
Slip velocity:
The velocity of the cuttings to get to bottom with effect of gravity only when the
pump is switched off.
Reynolds no:
The factor, which determine the type of flow for any fluid,
When its increased than 2000so its turbulent flow that help in cleaning the hole
especially at the drill collar area, which is spiral.
When its decreased than 2000so its a laminar flow such that at the drill pipe
Fill up tool:
Its tool added to the top drive in case of casing running in order to fill the tube
after many joints.
WHAT DO YOU DO TO MAKE WOB IN THE DRILLING OF CMT WITH
KNOWING THAT BIT DEPTH ISN'T EQUAL TO TOTAL
DEPTH?
CALCULATION
BOUYANT WEIGHTOF DRILL STRING
OFF BOTTOM ========ENTER THE OFF BOTTOM NEEDED
TO CALCULATE FROM WHICH THE WEIGHT
DRILL STRING WEIGHT=========
TO ENTER THE NEW VALUE OF THE OFF BOTTOM:
(TD FLOAT COLLAR DEPTH) VALUE (WHICH IS NEEDED) TO BE

OFFBOTTOM TO CALCULAT WOB
#TO MAKE THE SOFTWARE CALCULATE STANDS WHICH CATCH THE
LINER CASING:
Page 18 of 55
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ENTER THE STANDS NUMBER IN (DRILL STRING GEOMETRY)

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Page 19 of 55
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of circulating fluid to rotational torque, producing unprecedented high rates of penetration.
Like other advanced rotary steerable systems, this high-performance technology offers the advantages
of continuous rotation at drill string speed to minimize stick/slip phenomena and improve efficiency.
The PowerDrive vorteX system is playing a key role for operator Dragon Oil Plc. in the redevelopment of
the LAM field in the Cheleken block offshore Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea. Drilling operations with
positive-displacement motors in the thick, over pressured reservoir section commonly suffered from
differential sticking of the drill string. By using the powered rotary steerable system (RSS), Dragon Oil
saves several days of drilling time on each development well.
For Belayim Petroleum Company (Petrobel), the PowerDrive vorteX system provides more energy and
sufficient rotation rate to drill hard anhydrite stringers in the mature Belayim Marine field, offshore
Egypt in the Gulf of Suez. In a development well, use of the powered RSS saved more than 10 days of
rig time. In addition, the 12.25" section was drilled in a single trip, and the trajectory closely matched
the plan. The powered RSS saved at least five rig days per well in three other wells.
Similar success occurred in Alberta, Canada, where an operator drilled long horizontal wells to produce
gas. The plan for one such well involved drilling out of the surface-casing shoe with an assembly
capable of building inclination to 15 at a rate of 1.0/30 m [1.0/100 ft], and then drilling a 2,260-m
[7,415-ft] tangent section through steeply dipping formations. The high penetration rates of the powered
RSS saved 12 days of rig time. The powered RSS produced a smoother borehole than a down hole
motor, and allowed casing to be run quickly and easily. Compared with experience in offset wells, this
borehole required 56 fewer hours of reaming.
Kick
A flow of reservoir fluids into the well bore during drilling operations,
The kick is physically caused by the pressure in the well bore being less than that of the
formation fluids, thus causing flow. This condition of lower well bore pressure than the
formation is caused in two ways:
First, if the mud weight is too low, then the hydrostatic pressure exerted on the formation by the
fluid column may be insufficient to hold the formation fluid in the formation. This can happen if
the mud density is suddenly lightened or is not to specification to begin with, or if a drilled
formation has a higher pressure than anticipated. This type of kick might be called an under
balanced kick.
Second, kick can occur is if dynamic and transient fluid pressure effects, usually due to motion
of the drill string or casing, effectively lower the pressure in the well bore below that of the
formation. This second kick type could be called an induced kick.
To flow formation fluids into the well bore in an unplanned fashion, as in "the well kicked
during the trip."
Fill cement
A cement system used to provide zonal isolation across generally nonproductive zones located above
the zones of interest. The fill cement is also called the lead cement
Cementer
The colloquial term for the crew member in charge of a specialized cementing crew and trucks.
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Cementation exponent
The exponent of porosity, m, in the relation of formation factor, F, to porosity, phi. In the Archie
equation, F = 1 / phim, H. Guyod termed m the cementation exponent because m was observed to be
higher in cemented rock. The more general term is porosity exponent.
Cement squeeze
A remedial cementing operation designed to force cement into leak paths in wellbore tubulars. The
required squeeze pressure is achieved by carefully controlling pump pressure. Squeeze cementing
operations may be performed to repair poor primary cement jobs, isolate perforations or repair
damaged casing or liner.
Cement retainer
An isolation tool set in the casing or liner that enables treatments to be applied to a lower interval while
providing isolation from the annulus above. Cement retainers are typically used in cement squeeze or
similar remedial treatments. A specially profiled probe, known as a stinger, is attached to the bottom of
the tubing string to engage in the retainer during operation. When the stinger is removed, the valve
assembly isolates the wellbore below the cement retainer.
Cement plug
A balanced plug of cement slurry placed in the wellbore. Cement plugs are used for a variety of
applications including hydraulic isolation, provision of a secure platform, and in window-milling
operations for sidetracking a new wellbore
Cement head
A device used to hold plugs until they are released and pumped down the casing during cementing
operations. In most operations, a bottom plug is launched before the spacer or cement slurry. The top
plug is released from the cement head after the spacer fluid. Most cement heads can hold both the top
and bottom plugs.
A device fitted to the top joint of a casing string to hold cement plugs to be launched during the
cementing operation. A manifold incorporated into the cement head assembly allows connection of a
fluid circulation line.
Cement bond log

A representation of the integrity of the cement job, especially whether the cement is adhering solidly to
the outside of the casing. The log is typically obtained from one of a variety of sonic-type tools. The
newer versions, called cement evaluation logs, along with their processing software, can give detailed,
360-degree representations of the integrity of the cement job, whereas older versions may display a
single line representing the integrated integrity around the casing.
Cement additive
Chemicals and materials added to a cement slurry to modify the characteristics of the slurry or set
cement. Cement additives may be broadly categorized as accelerators, retarders, fluid-loss additives,
dispersants, extenders, weighting agents, lost-circulation additives and special additives designed for
specific operating conditions. Cement additives are commonly available in powder or liquid form,
enabling some flexibility in how the cement slurry is prepared.
Cement accelerator
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A chemical additive mixed with cement slurry to reduce the time required for the set cement to develop
sufficient compressive strength to enable drilling operations to continue. Accelerators are generally
used in near-surface applications in which the temperature is relatively low
Cement
The binding material in sedimentary rocks that precipitates between grains from pore fluids. Calcite and
quartz are common cement-forming minerals.
Wait on cement (WOC)

To suspend operations while a cement slurry to develops sufficient compressive strength to allow
drilling or other well bore activity to continue. The WOC time is generally used to test the surface
pressure-control equipment, such as the BOP stack. Attempting to drill out the float or guide shoe
before the cement has developed sufficient bond strength may result in backing off a casing joint.
To suspend drilling operations while allowing cement slurries to solidify, harden and develop
compressive strength. The drilling crew usually uses this time to catch up on maintenance items, to rig
down one BOP and rig up another one for the new casing, to get tools and materials ready for the next
hole section, and other non-drilling tasks. The WOC time ranges from a few hours to several days,
depending on the difficulty and criticality of the cement job in question. WOC time allows cement to
develop strength, and avert development of small cracks and other fluid pathways in the cement that
might impair zonal isolation.
Tubing displacement
A type of batch-treating technique used in corrosion control in which a batch of corrosion inhibitor is
displaced through the tubing to the bottom of the well. The well is shut in for 2 to 15 hr and then put
back on production.
The tubing-displacement technique, also called a kiss squeeze, is used mainly in wells with packers and
in gas-lift wells. The treatment could last from a week to several months depending on the specific
corrosion inhibitor used.
Tracer-loss measurement
A method of determining injection-flow profiles by monitoring the reduction in tracer material as it
moves down the well. A slug of radioactive tracer is added to the injection fluid. As the slug moves
down the well, several gamma ray logs are recorded at well-defined time intervals. The position of the
slug is seen as a large gamma ray peak whose size is proportional to the flow rate. A reduction in the
size of the peak indicates a loss of fluid into the formation. Fluid velocity can be calculated from the
time interval and the distance the peak has moved using timed-slug analysis. Tracer-loss
measurements produce a type of radioactive-tracer log, used mainly to give a general idea of fluid flow
in low flow-rate wells.
In very low flow-rate wells, an alternative technique has been used in which the gamma ray detector is
held stationary at some depth until the slug has passed. The detector is then moved down to another
depth to observe the slug again. With these data, it is possible to make quantitative estimates of fluid
flow.
Tail cement
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The last cement system pumped during primary cementing. The tail cement covers the lower sections
of the well, especially planned completion intervals, and is typically denser than the lead slurry that
precedes it.
Squeeze cementing
The process of forcing a cement slurry through holes or splits in the casing or liner. Once the slurry
encounters a permeable formation, the cement solids are filtered out of the slurry as the liquid phase is
forced into the formation matrix in the form of cement filtrate. A properly designed squeeze-cement
operation will fill the relevant holes and voids with cement filter cake that will cure to form an
impenetrable barrier.
The forcing, by pressure, of cement slurry into a specified location in a well, such as channels or
perforations, for the purpose of achieving zonal isolation. Squeeze cementing is a remedial cementing
technique used to repair flaws in primary cement or damage incurred by corrosive fluids
Squeeze
The careful application of pump pressure to force a treatment fluid or slurry into a planned treatment
zone. In most cases, a squeeze treatment will be performed at down hole injection pressure below that
of the formation fracture pressure. In high-pressure squeeze operations, performed above the formation
fracture pressure, the response of the formation and the injection of treatment fluid may be difficult to
predict.
Spot sample
A sample of liquid or sediments obtained at a specific depth inside a tank using a thief or a bottle. Spot
samples are analyzed to determine the gravity of the oil and BS&W content of the fluid in the tank.
To accurately place a fluid, or fluid interface, at a given position within the well bore Treatment fluids
such as cement slurries and stimulation fluids for localized treatment often require accurate placement.
Correctly calculating and pumping the appropriate volume of displacement fluid while taking account of
well production, well bore returns and fluid-density variations are key factors in achieving accurate
placement of fluids.
Running squeeze
A cement-squeeze technique in which the cement slurry is continuously injected until the desired
squeeze pressure is achieved. When pumping stops, the final squeeze pressure is monitored. If the
pressure falls, additional slurry is squeezed to increase the pressure back to the final squeeze value.
This process is repeated until the final squeeze pressure can be sustained.
Round trip
The complete operation of removing the drill string from the well bore and running it back in the hole.
This operation is typically undertaken when the bit becomes dull or broken, and no longer drills the
rock efficiently. After some preliminary preparations for the trip, the rig crew removes the drill string 90
ft [27 m] at a time, by unscrewing every third drill pipe or drill collar connection. When the three joints
are unscrewed from the rest of the drill string, they are carefully stored upright in the derrick by the
fingerboards at the top and careful placement on wooden planks on the rig floor. After the drill string
has been removed from the well bore, the dull bit is unscrewed with the use of a bit breaker and quickly
examined to determine why the bit dulled or failed. Depending on the failure mechanism, the crew might
choose a different type of bit for the next section. If the bearings on the prior bit failed, but the cutting
structures are still sharp and intact, the crew may opt for a faster drilling (less durable) cutting
structure. Conversely, if the bit teeth are worn out but the bearings are still sealed and functioning, the
crew should choose a bit with more durable (and less aggressive) cutting structures. Once the bit is
chosen, it is screwed onto the bottom of the drill collars with the help of the bit breaker, the drill collars
are run into the hole (RIH), and the drill pipe is run in the hole. Once on bottom, drilling commences
again. The duration of this operation depends on the total depth of the well and the skill of the rig crew.
A general estimate for a competent crew is that the round trip requires one hour per thousand feet of
hole, plus an hour or two for handling collars and bits. At that rate, a round trip in a ten thousand-foot
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well might take twelve hours. A round trip for a 30,000-ft [9230 m] well might take 32 or more hours,
especially if intermediate hole-cleaning operations must be undertaken
Hydrocyclone
An item of solids-control equipment consisting of an inverted cone, the mud being fed tangentially into
the upper (larger diameter) part. The resulting spinning effect forces solids to the wall of the device and
they exit from the bottom (apex) of the cone, while the cleaned liquid exits at the top. Hydrocyclones are
classified by the size of the cone as either desanders (typically 12 inches in diameter) or desilters (4 to 6
inches in diameter) and will separate particles in the medium-, fine- and ultrafine-size ranges. The
efficiency of hydrocyclones is poor in viscous weighted muds and many units are being replaced by
more efficient, high-speed shakers.
Hopper
In general, a funnel-shaped device used to transfer products. The hopper is often at the bottom of any
container for holding or using bulk products, especially drilling fluid additives and cementing material.
[Drilling]
The device used to facilitate the addition of drilling fluid additives to the whole mud system. While
several types of hoppers exist, they generally have a high velocity stream of mud going through them
and a means of mixing either dry or liquid mud additives into the whole mud stream. The resultant
mixed mud is then circulated back into the surface mud system. A hopper is generally used to introduce
relatively small quantities of additives to the mud system.
Hook load
The total force pulling down on the hook. This total force includes the weight of the drillstring in air, the
drill collars and any ancillary equipment, reduced by any force that tends to reduce that weight. Some
forces that might reduce the weight include friction along the wellbore wall (especially in deviated wells)
and, importantly, buoyant forces on the drillstring caused by its immersion in drilling fluid. If the BOPs
are closed, any pressure in the wellbore acting on the cross-sectional area of the drillstring in the BOPs
will also exert an upward force.
]
High-pressure, high-temperature
Pertaining to wells that are hotter or higher pressure than most. The term came into use upon the
release of the Cullen report on the Piper Alpha platform disaster in the UK sector of the North Sea,
along with the contemporaneous loss of the Ocean Odyssey semisubmersible drilling vessel in Scottish
jurisdictional waters. In the UK, HPHT is formally defined as a well having an undisturbed bottomhole
temperature of greater than 300oF [149oC] and a pore pressure of at least 0.8 psi/ft (~15.3 lbm/gal) or
requiring a BOP with a rating in excess of 10,000 psi [68.95 MPa]. Although the term was coined
relatively recently, wells meeting the definition have been safely drilled and completed around the world
for decades.
Hesitation squeeze
A technique used in squeeze cementing whereby a portion of the slurry is pumped, then pumping stops
to expose the slurry to differential pressure against the zone of interest in stages over a period from
several minutes to several hours. This pressure, higher than necessary for fluid movement, is applied to
force the cement slurry into the area requiring repair. This staged procedure is repeated until all the
slurry has been pumped or until no further slurry can be placed into the treatment zone. The cement
remaining in the zone forms an effective hydraulic seal with a high compressive strength.
Gunk squeeze
The operation of squeezing a gunk plug into a zone of lost circulation. When spotted next to the zone,
the annular blowout preventers are closed and pressure is applied by further pumping to force the gunk
into the loss zone.
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Fluid loss
The leakage of the liquid phase of drilling fluid, slurry or treatment fluid containing solid particles into
the formation matrix. The resulting buildup of solid material or filter cake may be undesirable, as may
the penetration of filtrate through the formation. Fluid-loss additives are used to control the process
and avoid potential reservoir damage.
Five-spot
An injection pattern in which four input or injection wells are located at the corners of a square and the
production well sits in the center. The injection fluid, which is normally water, steam or gas, is injected
simultaneously through the four injection wells to displace the oil toward the central production well.
Ant squeeze
The effect on a later log whereby the current lines are no longer properly focused but spread out at a
certain distance into the formation. The effect occurs opposite a high-resistivity bed with low-resistivity
shoulders. The result is that laterolog devices, in particular deep devices, tend to read too low and have
less depth of investigation. Shoulder-bed correction charts correct for these effects in certain welldefined situations, such as no invasion in horizontal beds with vertical wells.
[Drilling Fluids]
Any of a number of liquid and gaseous fluids and mixtures of fluids and solids (as solid suspensions, mixtures and
emulsions of liquids, gases and solids) used in operations to drill boreholes into the earth. Synonymous with
"drilling mud" in general usage, although some prefer to reserve the term "drilling fluid" for more sophisticated and
well-defined "mud." Classifications of drilling fluids have been attempted in many ways, often producing more
confusion than insight. One classification scheme, given here, is based only on the mud composition by singling
out the component that clearly defines the function and performance of the fluid: (1) water-base, (2) non-water-base
and (3) gaseous (pneumatic). Each category has a variety of subcategories that overlap each other considerably.
Classification chart for drilling fluids.
Deviated hole
A well bore that is not vertical. The term usually indicates a well bore intentionally drilled away from vertical.
Directional drilling
The intentional deviation of a well bore from the path it would naturally take. This is accomplished through the use
of whip stocks, bottom hole assembly (BHA) configurations, instruments to measure the path of the well bore in
three-dimensional space, data links to communicate measurements taken down hole to the surface, mud motors
and special BHA components and drill bits. The directional driller also exploits drilling parameters such as weight
on bit and rotary speed to deflect the bit away from the axis of the existing well bore. In some cases, such as
drilling steeply dipping formations or unpredictable deviation in conventional drilling operations, directionaldrilling techniques may be employed to ensure that the hole is drilled vertically. While many techniques can
accomplish this, the general concept is simple: point the bit in the direction that one wants to drill. The most
common way is through the use of a bend near the bit in a down hole steerable mud motor. The bend points the bit
in a direction different from the axis of the well bore when the entire drill string is not rotating. By pumping mud
through the mud motor, the bit turns while the drill string does not rotate, allowing the bit to drill in the direction it
points. When a particular well bore direction is achieved, that direction may be maintained by rotating the entire
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drill string (including the bent section) so that the bit does not drill in a single direction off the well bore axis, but
instead sweeps around and its net direction coincides with the existing well bore. Rotary steerable tools allow
steering while rotating, usually with higher rates of penetration and ultimately smoother boreholes.
Horizontal drilling
A subset of the more general term "directional drilling," used where the departure of the well bore from vertical
exceeds about 80 degrees. Note that some horizontal wells are designed such that after reaching true 90-degree
horizontal, the well bore may actually start drilling upward. In such cases, the angle past 90 degrees is continued,
as in 95 degrees, rather than reporting it as deviation from vertical, which would then be 85 degrees. Because a
horizontal well typically penetrates a greater length of the reservoir, it can offer significant production improvement
over a vertical well.
Logging while drilling
(LWD)
The measurement of formation properties during the excavation of the hole, or shortly thereafter, through the use
of tools integrated into the bottom hole assembly. LWD, while sometimes risky and expensive, has the advantage
of measuring properties of a formation before drilling fluids invade deeply. Further, many well bores prove to be
difficult or even impossible to measure with conventional wire line tools, especially highly deviated wells. In these
situations, the LWD measurement ensures that some measurement of the subsurface is captured in the event that
wire line operations are not possible.
Measurements-while-drilling
(MWD)
The evaluation of physical properties, usually including pressure, temperature and well bore trajectory in threedimensional space, while extending a well bore. MWD is now standard practice in offshore directional wells, where
the tool cost is offset by rig time and well bore stability considerations if other tools are used. The measurements
are made down hole, stored in solid-state memory for some time and later transmitted to the surface. Data
transmission methods vary from company to company, but usually involve digitally encoding data and transmitting
to the surface as pressure pulses in the mud system. These pressures may be positive, negative or continuous
sine waves. Some MWD tools have the ability to store the measurements for later retrieval with wire line or when
the tool is tripped out of the hole if the data transmission link fails. MWD tools that measure formation parameters
(resistivity, porosity, sonic velocity, gamma ray) are referred to as logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools. LWD tools use
similar data storage and transmission systems, with some having more solid-state memory to provide higher
resolution logs after the tool is tripped out than is possible with the relatively low bandwidth, mud-pulse data
transmission system.
Real-time data from our logging-while-drilling (LWD) services let you make timely, informed decisions, reducing
time and costs. VISION Formation Evaluation and Imaging While Drilling offers a detailed view of the borehole. This
enables you to detect and quantify potential pay zones, plus geosteer your well precisely to target.
LWD options include adnVISION Azimuthal Density Neutron and arcVISION Array Resistivity Compensated tools,
GeoVISION downhole MWD/LWD imaging services, and proVISION real-time
Spotlight
reservoir steering service. Also, Pulse telemetry and surveying services.
AdnVISION
Early quantitative measurements help save rig time and cut costs.
Arc VISION
Formation evaluation while drilling slim holes.
ArcVISION312
CDN
Determine formation porosity and lithology.
VISION LWD Systems
CDR
Hydrocarbon detection in all drilling muds.
GeoVISION
Azimuthally data provides imaging while drilling for solutions to complex interpretations.
Provision
Maximize well performance with real-time reservoir steering.
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seismic VISION
Real-time borehole seismic from an LWD tool.
sonic VISION
Drill safely and efficiently with unparalleled, real-time velocity measurements.
Bottom hole assembly

The lower portion of the drill string, consisting of (from the bottom up in a vertical well) the bit, bit sub, a mud
motor (in certain cases), stabilizers, drill collars, heavy-weight drill pipe, jarring devices ("jars") and crossovers for
various thread forms. The bottom hole assembly must provide force for the bit to break the rock (weight on bit),
survive a hostile mechanical environment and provide the driller with directional control of the well. Oftentimes the
assembly includes a mud motor, directional drilling and measuring equipment, measurements-while-drilling tools,
logging-while-drilling tools and other specialized devices. A simple BHA consisting of a bit, various crossovers,
and drill collars may be relatively inexpensive (less than $100,000 US in 1999), while a complex one may cost ten or
more times that amount.
Crooked hole
Antiquated term for a deviated well bore, usually used to describe a well deviated accidentally during the drilling
process.
BLOW OUT PREVENTORS:

It must be present for each drilled hole to prevent any kick, that may cause blowout.
BOPs is consisting of tow main parts:

Annular preventor.
Rams preventors.
Then they discharge the kick through choke line to circulate mud kicking to choke
manifold to mud gas separator to flareline to safe away area or pore.
In case of emergency of kick they firstly close the annular preventor then any of the
rams preventor either:
Pipe ram.
Blind ram.
Shear blind ram.
VBRs ram.
According to the case of operation of drilling or not.
There are many equipments work together in case of kick:
1- BOPs stack.
2- BOPs driller control pannel.
3- BOPs operating accumulator.
4- Choke manifold.
5- Mud gas separator.
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6- Flare line & pit.

7- Drill string safety valves in topdrives rigs & kelly cocks in kelly rigs.
8- Trip tank.
The rams and annular preventor are working with power of hydraulic pressure.
CASING
Its used to prevent the cave in of the drilled hole and also to seal off the formations.
Its asteel pipe added into the hole and cemented by specific cement.
(CASING COLLAR):
its the connection between the pin and box of each 2 casing pipe end.
There are especial and different tools used in the running of casing such as:
Heavy duty spider elevator.

Spider slips.
Power casing tongs and torque.
Fill up tool .
There are several types of casing and famous outer diameters:
Conductor 20 CSG.
Surface 13 3/8 CSG
Intermediate 9 5/8 CSG
Liner (production) 7 CSG,
they are making telescope shape.
As shown
For each type of casing or new open hole, there must be specific size of BOPs.
All the above types of casing are running from surface except the liner , so its hanged on the
previous casing by hanger.
Casing accessories:
1Guide shoe it's the guiding for the casing string on bottom of hole.
2Float collar one way valve to move fluid downward only.
3Float shoe to prevent mud entering CSG and keep it empty.
4Centralizersto reduce the differntial sticking & let CSG be centered.
5Scratchers. To remove any mud cake present on the hole.
STUCK PIPE
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There are two types of pipe stucking:

1-MECHANICAL
A-HOLE PACKOFF & BRIDGES:
2-DIFFERENTIAL
A- HYDR (P) > FM (P)
1-Settled cuttings.
2-Shale instability.
3-Unconsolidated formations.
4-Cement or junk metals in hole.
B-WELLBORE GEOMETRY INTERFERNCES:
B- POROUS &
PERMEABLE RX
1-Key seating.
2-Undergauge hole.
3-Stiff drilling assembly.
4-Mobile formation.
5-Ledges & doglegs.
6-Casing failure.
INDICATION MECHANICAL STUCK
DIFFERENTIAL STUCK
1-M.WT
2-TRQ
3-SPP
4-YP & PV
5-HKLD
6-RETURN
ALL DECREASE EXCEPT THE

SECOND ONE IS
DECREASE
AND THE LAST IS LOST
COMPLTELY
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ALL INCREASE EXCEPT

THE LAST ONE IS
DECREASE
2005
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Powering Up to Drill Down
Drilling Straight Down

Automatically Keeping the Well Path VerticalFrom Spud to TD
A new rotary steerable system for vertical drilling prevents boreholes from deviating from vertical and
can also return inclined boreholes to verticality.
Available for a wide variety of hole sizes, this system rotates continuously to provide superior hole
quality and hole cleaning, which minimize the risk of mechanical sticking and effect a higher rate of
penetration (ROP).
Eni selected the PowerV* vertical drilling system to drill the Miglianico 2 well in the Miglianico oil field of
Pescara, central Italy.
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The company wanted to improve efficiency, hole cleaning and wellbore quality. The carbonate reservoir
sits beneath tough, plastic claystones that make drilling large-diameter boreholes difficult because
claystone cuttings interfere with hydraulics. The SlimPulse* third-generation slim MWD tool confirmed
verticality in real time. To improve drilling efficiency and increase ROP, the system was deployed with a
PowerPak* steerable motor integrated in the bottomhole assembly.
The PowerV system offers a unique set of capabilities. Programmed on surface to automatically seek
and maintain verticality, the tool actively steers to constantly maintain verticality without any interaction
from surface once deployed in the hole. Sensors in the full triaxial survey package within the PowerV
tool determine whether inclination is changing, along what azimuth and by how much. If changes have
occurred, the tool automatically determines the direction necessary to steer back to a vertical
orientation by using pads that actively push against the high side of the hole. This automation means
that drilling with the PowerV system requires no adjustment at the well site.
The PowerV tool drilled the 16-in. borehole section, a length of 1,736 m [5,696 ft], in one run. The ROP was 21%
higher than the average ROP of nearby wells. The 12 1/4-in. section, drilled in eight runs, was 1,060 m [3,478 ft]
long, and the ROP was 24% higher than that of offset wells. Both sections were drilled with no tool failures and
a savings of 15 days compared with the drilling plan.
Encouraged by the success of the Miglianico 2 drilling, Eni used a specially built, 22-in. PowerV tool to drill the top-hole section of
the Monte Enoc 5 well in the Grumento Nova field of southern Italy. The PowerV system drilled troublesome clay-rich alluvium at
surface and hard limestones just below the point at which conductor casing is set. And it did so at higher rates of penetration than
a conventional bottomhole assembly.
High rates of penetration are the norm when drilling with the new PowerDrive vorteX* powered rotary
steerable system. This system includes an integrated power section that converts the hydraulic power
of circulating fluid to rotational torque, producing unprecedented high rates of penetration.
Like other advanced rotary steerable systems, this high-performance technology offers the advantages
of continuous rotation at drill string speed to minimize stick/slip phenomena and improve efficiency.
The PowerDrive vorteX system is playing a key role for operator Dragon Oil Plc. in the redevelopment of
the LAM field in the Cheleken block offshore Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea. Drilling operations with
positive-displacement motors in the thick, over pressured reservoir section commonly suffered from
differential sticking of the drill string. By using the powered rotary steerable system (RSS), Dragon Oil
saves several days of drilling time on each development well.
For Belayim Petroleum Company (Petrobel), the PowerDrive vorteX system provides more energy and
sufficient rotation rate to drill hard anhydrite stringers in the mature Belayim Marine field, offshore
Egypt in the Gulf of Suez. In a development well, use of the powered RSS saved more than 10 days of
rig time. In addition, the 12.25" section was drilled in a single trip, and the trajectory closely matched
the plan. The powered RSS saved at least five rig days per well in three other wells.
Similar success occurred in Alberta, Canada, where an operator drilled long horizontal wells to produce
gas. The plan for one such well involved drilling out of the surface-casing shoe with an assembly
capable of building inclination to 15 at a rate of 1.0/30 m [1.0/100 ft], and then drilling a 2,260-m
[7,415-ft] tangent section through steeply dipping formations. The high penetration rates of the powered
RSS saved 12 days of rig time. The powered RSS produced a smoother borehole than a down hole
motor, and allowed casing to be run quickly and easily. Compared with experience in offset wells, this
borehole required 56 fewer hours of reaming.
Kick
A flow of reservoir fluids into the well bore during drilling operations,
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The kick is physically caused by the pressure in the well bore being less than that of the
formation fluids, thus causing flow. This condition of lower well bore pressure than the
formation is caused in two ways:
First, if the mud weight is too low, then the hydrostatic pressure exerted on the formation by the
fluid column may be insufficient to hold the formation fluid in the formation. This can happen if
the mud density is suddenly lightened or is not to specification to begin with, or if a drilled
formation has a higher pressure than anticipated. This type of kick might be called an under
balanced kick.
Second, kick can occur is if dynamic and transient fluid pressure effects, usually due to motion
of the drill string or casing, effectively lower the pressure in the well bore below that of the
formation. This second kick type could be called an induced kick.
To flow formation fluids into the well bore in an unplanned fashion, as in "the well kicked
during the trip."
Questions to discern the validity of a hydrocarbon indicator
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Hydrocarbon indicator
A type of seismic amplitude anomaly, seismic event, or characteristic of seismic data that can occur in a
hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir. Although "bright spots," as hydrocarbon indicators are loosely called, can
originate in numerous ways, they are not all indicative of the presence of hydrocarbons. Criteria to distinguish true
hydrocarbon indicators (sometimes called HCIs) from other types of amplitude anomalies include:
amplitude variation with offset
bright or dim spot(s) in amplitude as a result of variations in lithology and pore fluids, sometimes
occurring in groups of stacked reservoirs
change or reversal in polarity because of velocity changes, also called phasing
conformity with local structures
diffractions that emanate from fluid contacts
flat spot that represents a fluid (gas-oil or gas-water) contact, which can also show the downdip limit of the
reservoir in some cases
gas chimneys above leaking reservoirs
shadow zones below the accumulation
velocity push-down because of lower velocities of hydrocarbons than rocks
difference in response between reflected pressure and shear energy.
Hydrocarbon indicators are most common in relatively young, unconsolidated siliciclastic

sediments with large impedance contrasts across lithologic boundaries, such as those in the Gulf
of Mexico and offshore western Africa. An ongoing issue in exploration for hydrocarbon
indicators is the difficulty in distinguishing between gas accumulations and water with a low
degree of gas saturation ("fizz water").
Hydrocarbon kitchen
An area of the subsurface where source rock has reached appropriate conditions of pressure and
temperature to generate hydrocarbons; also known as source kitchen, oil kitchen or gas kitchen
Bright spot
A seismic amplitude anomaly or high amplitude that can indicate the presence of hydrocarbons. Bright
spots result from large changes in acoustic impedance and tuning effects, such as when a gas sand
underlies a shale, but can also be caused by phenomena other than the presence of hydrocarbons,
such as a change in lithology. The term is often used synonymously with hydrocarbon indicator.
Dim spot
A type of local seismic event that, in contrast to a bright spot, shows weak rather than strong
amplitude. The weak amplitude might correlate with hydrocarbons that reduce the contrast in acoustic
impedance between the reservoir and the overlying rock, or might be related to a stratigraphic change
that reduces acoustic impedance.
HSE
Abbreviation for health, safety and environmental. These three issues are of paramount importance to
the drilling and drilling fluids community, as they are to the entire petroleum industry. Adherence to
HSE guidelines is a requirement for operators worldwide and is also dictated by internal policies of
most corporations.
Fill cement
A cement system used to provide zonal isolation across generally nonproductive zones located above
the zones of interest. The fill cement is also called the lead cement
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Cement
The binding material in sedimentary rocks that precipitates between grains from pore fluids. Calcite and
quartz are common cement-forming minerals.
Cementer
The colloquial term for the crew member in charge of a specialized cementing crew and trucks.
Cement retainer
An isolation tool set in the casing or liner that enables treatments to be applied to a lower interval while
providing isolation from the annulus above. Cement retainers are typically used in cement squeeze or
similar remedial treatments. A specially profiled probe, known as a stinger, is attached to the bottom of
the tubing string to engage in the retainer during operation. When the stinger is removed, the valve
assembly isolates the well bore below the cement retainer.
Cement plug
A balanced plug of cement slurry placed in the wellbore. Cement plugs are used for a variety of
applications including hydraulic isolation, provision of a secure platform, and in window-milling
operations for sidetracking a new wellbore
Cement head
A device used to hold plugs until they are released and pumped down the casing during cementing
operations. In most operations, a bottom plug is launched before the spacer or cement slurry. The top
plug is released from the cement head after the spacer fluid. Most cement heads can hold both the top
and bottom plugs.
A device fitted to the top joint of a casing string to hold cement plugs to be launched during the
cementing operation. A manifold incorporated into the cement head assembly allows connection of a
fluid circulation line.
Cement bond log

A representation of the integrity of the cement job, especially whether the cement is adhering solidly to
the outside of the casing. The log is typically obtained from one of a variety of sonic-type tools. The
newer versions, called cement evaluation logs, along with their processing software, can give detailed,
360-degree representations of the integrity of the cement job, whereas older versions may display a
single line representing the integrated integrity around the casing.
Cement additive
Chemicals and materials added to a cement slurry to modify the characteristics of the slurry or set
cement. Cement additives may be broadly categorized as accelerators, retarders, fluid-loss additives,
dispersants, extenders, weighting agents, lost-circulation additives and special additives designed for
specific operating conditions. Cement additives are commonly available in powder or liquid form,
enabling some flexibility in how the cement slurry is prepared.
Cement accelerator
A chemical additive mixed with cement slurry to reduce the time required for the set cement to develop
sufficient compressive strength to enable drilling operations to continue. Accelerators are generally
used in near-surface applications in which the temperature is relatively low
Wait on cement (WOC)

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To suspend operations while a cement slurry to develops sufficient compressive strength to allow
drilling or other well bore activity to continue. The WOC time is generally used to test the surface
pressure-control equipment, such as the BOP stack. Attempting to drill out the float or guide shoe
before the cement has developed sufficient bond strength may result in backing off a casing joint.
To suspend drilling operations while allowing cement slurries to solidify, harden and develop
compressive strength. The drilling crew usually uses this time to catch up on maintenance items, to rig
down one BOP and rig up another one for the new casing, to get tools and materials ready for the next
hole section, and other non-drilling tasks. The WOC time ranges from a few hours to several days,
depending on the difficulty and criticality of the cement job in question. WOC time allows cement to
develop strength, and avert development of small cracks and other fluid pathways in the cement that
might impair zonal isolation.
Cementation exponent
The exponent of porosity, m, in the relation of formation factor, F, to porosity, phi. In the Archie
equation, F = 1 / phim, H. Guyod termed m the cementation exponent because m was observed to be
higher in cemented rock. The more general term is porosity exponent.
Cement squeeze
A remedial cementing operation designed to force cement into leak paths in wellbore tubulars. The
required squeeze pressure is achieved by carefully controlling pump pressure. Squeeze cementing
operations may be performed to repair poor primary cement jobs, isolate perforations or repair
damaged casing or liner.
Tubing displacement
A type of batch-treating technique used in corrosion control in which a batch of corrosion inhibitor is
displaced through the tubing to the bottom of the well. The well is shut in for 2 to 15 hr and then put
back on production.
The tubing-displacement technique, also called a kiss squeeze, is used mainly in wells with packers and
in gas-lift wells. The treatment could last from a week to several months depending on the specific
corrosion inhibitor used.
Tracer-loss measurement
A method of determining injection-flow profiles by monitoring the reduction in tracer material as it
moves down the well. A slug of radioactive tracer is added to the injection fluid. As the slug moves
down the well, several gamma ray logs are recorded at well-defined time intervals. The position of the
slug is seen as a large gamma ray peak whose size is proportional to the flow rate. A reduction in the
size of the peak indicates a loss of fluid into the formation. Fluid velocity can be calculated from the
time interval and the distance the peak has moved using timed-slug analysis. Tracer-loss
measurements produce a type of radioactive-tracer log, used mainly to give a general idea of fluid flow
in low flow-rate wells.
In very low flow-rate wells, an alternative technique has been used in which the gamma ray detector is
held stationary at some depth until the slug has passed. The detector is then moved down to another
depth to observe the slug again. With these data, it is possible to make quantitative estimates of fluid
flow.
Tail cement
The last cement system pumped during primary cementing. The tail cement covers the lower sections
of the well, especially planned completion intervals, and is typically denser than the lead slurry that
precedes it.
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Squeeze cementing
The process of forcing a cement slurry through holes or splits in the casing or liner. Once the slurry
encounters a permeable formation, the cement solids are filtered out of the slurry as the liquid phase is
forced into the formation matrix in the form of cement filtrate. A properly designed squeeze-cement
operation will fill the relevant holes and voids with cement filter cake that will cure to form an
impenetrable barrier.
The forcing, by pressure, of cement slurry into a specified location in a well, such as channels or
perforations, for the purpose of achieving zonal isolation. Squeeze cementing is a remedial cementing
technique used to repair flaws in primary cement or damage incurred by corrosive fluids
Squeeze
The careful application of pump pressure to force a treatment fluid or slurry into a planned treatment
zone. In most cases, a squeeze treatment will be performed at down hole injection pressure below that
of the formation fracture pressure. In high-pressure squeeze operations, performed above the formation
fracture pressure, the response of the formation and the injection of treatment fluid may be difficult to
predict.
Spot sample
A sample of liquid or sediments obtained at a specific depth inside a tank using a thief or a bottle. Spot
samples are analyzed to determine the gravity of the oil and BS&W content of the fluid in the tank.
To accurately place a fluid, or fluid interface, at a given position within the well bore Treatment fluids
such as cement slurries and stimulation fluids for localized treatment often require accurate placement.
Correctly calculating and pumping the appropriate volume of displacement fluid while taking account of
well production, well bore returns and fluid-density variations are key factors in achieving accurate
placement of fluids.
Running squeeze
A cement-squeeze technique in which the cement slurry is continuously injected until the desired
squeeze pressure is achieved. When pumping stops, the final squeeze pressure is monitored. If the
pressure falls, additional slurry is squeezed to increase the pressure back to the final squeeze value.
This process is repeated until the final squeeze pressure can be sustained.
Round trip
The complete operation of removing the drill string from the well bore and running it back in the hole.
This operation is typically undertaken when the bit becomes dull or broken, and no longer drills the
rock efficiently. After some preliminary preparations for the trip, the rig crew removes the drill string 90
ft [27 m] at a time, by unscrewing every third drill pipe or drill collar connection. When the three joints
are unscrewed from the rest of the drill string, they are carefully stored upright in the derrick by the
fingerboards at the top and careful placement on wooden planks on the rig floor. After the drill string
has been removed from the well bore, the dull bit is unscrewed with the use of a bit breaker and quickly
examined to determine why the bit dulled or failed. Depending on the failure mechanism, the crew might
choose a different type of bit for the next section. If the bearings on the prior bit failed, but the cutting
structures are still sharp and intact, the crew may opt for a faster drilling (less durable) cutting
structure. Conversely, if the bit teeth are worn out but the bearings are still sealed and functioning, the
crew should choose a bit with more durable (and less aggressive) cutting structures. Once the bit is
chosen, it is screwed onto the bottom of the drill collars with the help of the bit breaker, the drill collars
are run into the hole (RIH), and the drill pipe is run in the hole. Once on bottom, drilling commences
again. The duration of this operation depends on the total depth of the well and the skill of the rig crew.
A general estimate for a competent crew is that the round trip requires one hour per thousand feet of
hole, plus an hour or two for handling collars and bits. At that rate, a round trip in a ten thousand-foot
well might take twelve hours. A round trip for a 30,000-ft [9230 m] well might take 32 or more hours,
especially if intermediate hole-cleaning operations must be undertaken
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Hydrocyclone
An item of solids-control equipment consisting of an inverted cone, the mud being fed tangentially into
the upper (larger diameter) part. The resulting spinning effect forces solids to the wall of the device and
they exit from the bottom (apex) of the cone, while the cleaned liquid exits at the top. Hydrocyclones are
classified by the size of the cone as either desanders (typically 12 inches in diameter) or desilters (4 to 6
inches in diameter) and will separate particles in the medium-, fine- and ultrafine-size ranges. The
efficiency of hydrocyclones is poor in viscous weighted muds and many units are being replaced by
more efficient, high-speed shakers.
Hopper
In general, a funnel-shaped device used to transfer products. The hopper is often at the bottom of any
container for holding or using bulk products, especially drilling fluid additives and cementing material.
[Drilling]
The device used to facilitate the addition of drilling fluid additives to the whole mud system. While
several types of hoppers exist, they generally have a high velocity stream of mud going through them
and a means of mixing either dry or liquid mud additives into the whole mud stream. The resultant
mixed mud is then circulated back into the surface mud system. A hopper is generally used to introduce
relatively small quantities of additives to the mud system.
Hook load
The total force pulling down on the hook. This total force includes the weight of the drillstring in air, the
drill collars and any ancillary equipment, reduced by any force that tends to reduce that weight. Some
forces that might reduce the weight include friction along the wellbore wall (especially in deviated wells)
and, importantly, buoyant forces on the drillstring caused by its immersion in drilling fluid. If the BOPs
are closed, any pressure in the wellbore acting on the cross-sectional area of the drillstring in the BOPs
will also exert an upward force.
High-pressure, high-temperature
Pertaining to wells that are hotter or higher pressure than most. The term came into use upon the
release of the Cullen report on the Piper Alpha platform disaster in the UK sector of the North Sea,
along with the contemporaneous loss of the Ocean Odyssey semisubmersible drilling vessel in Scottish
jurisdictional waters. In the UK, HPHT is formally defined as a well having an undisturbed bottomhole
temperature of greater than 300oF [149oC] and a pore pressure of at least 0.8 psi/ft (~15.3 lbm/gal) or
requiring a BOP with a rating in excess of 10,000 psi [68.95 MPa]. Although the term was coined
relatively recently, wells meeting the definition have been safely drilled and completed around the world
for decades.
Hesitation squeeze
A technique used in squeeze cementing whereby a portion of the slurry is pumped, then pumping stops
to expose the slurry to differential pressure against the zone of interest in stages over a period from
several minutes to several hours. This pressure, higher than necessary for fluid movement, is applied to
force the cement slurry into the area requiring repair. This staged procedure is repeated until all the
slurry has been pumped or until no further slurry can be placed into the treatment zone. The cement
remaining in the zone forms an effective hydraulic seal with a high compressive strength.
Gunk squeeze
The operation of squeezing a gunk plug into a zone of lost circulation. When spotted next to the zone,
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the annular blowout preventers are closed and pressure is applied by further pumping to force the gunk
into the loss zone.
Fluid loss
The leakage of the liquid phase of drilling fluid, slurry or treatment fluid containing solid particles into
the formation matrix. The resulting buildup of solid material or filter cake may be undesirable, as may
the penetration of filtrate through the formation. Fluid-loss additives are used to control the process
and avoid potential reservoir damage.
Five-spot
An injection pattern in which four input or injection wells are located at the corners of a square and the
production well sits in the center. The injection fluid, which is normally water, steam or gas, is injected
simultaneously through the four injection wells to displace the oil toward the central production well.
Ant squeeze
The effect on a later log whereby the current lines are no longer properly focused but spread out at a
certain distance into the formation. The effect occurs opposite a high-resistivity bed with low-resistivity
shoulders. The result is that laterolog devices, in particular deep devices, tend to read too low and have
less depth of investigation. Shoulder-bed correction charts correct for these effects in certain welldefined situations, such as no invasion in horizontal beds with vertical wells.
[Drilling Fluids]
Any of a number of liquid and gaseous fluids and mixtures of fluids and solids (as solid suspensions, mixtures and
emulsions of liquids, gases and solids) used in operations to drill boreholes into the earth. Synonymous with "drilling mud" in
general usage, although some prefer to reserve the term "drilling fluid" for more sophisticated and well-defined "mud."
Classifications of drilling fluids have been attempted in many ways, often producing more confusion than insight. One
classification scheme, given here, is based only on the mud composition by singling out the component that clearly defines
the function and performance of the fluid: (1) water-base, (2) non-water-base and (3) gaseous (pneumatic). Each category
has a variety of subcategories that overlap each other considerably.
Classification chart for drilling fluids.
Deviated hole
A well bore that is not vertical. The term usually indicates a well bore intentionally drilled away from vertical.
Directional drilling
The intentional deviation of a well bore from the path it would naturally take. This is accomplished through the use of whip
stocks, bottom hole assembly (BHA) configurations, instruments to measure the path of the well bore in three-dimensional
space, data links to communicate measurements taken down hole to the surface, mud motors and special BHA components
and drill bits. The directional driller also exploits drilling parameters such as weight on bit and rotary speed to deflect the bit
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away from the axis of the existing well bore. In some cases, such as drilling steeply dipping formations or unpredictable
deviation in conventional drilling operations, directional-drilling techniques may be employed to ensure that the hole is drilled
vertically. While many techniques can accomplish this, the general concept is simple: point the bit in the direction that one
wants to drill. The most common way is through the use of a bend near the bit in a down hole steerable mud motor. The
bend points the bit in a direction different from the axis of the well bore when the entire drill string is not rotating. By pumping
mud through the mud motor, the bit turns while the drill string does not rotate, allowing the bit to drill in the direction it points.
When a particular well bore direction is achieved, that direction may be maintained by rotating the entire drill string
(including the bent section) so that the bit does not drill in a single direction off the well bore axis, but instead sweeps around
and its net direction coincides with the existing well bore. Rotary steerable tools allow steering while rotating, usually with
higher rates of penetration and ultimately smoother boreholes.
Horizontal drilling
A subset of the more general term "directional drilling," used where the departure of the well bore from vertical exceeds
about 80 degrees. Note that some horizontal wells are designed such that after reaching true 90-degree horizontal, the well
bore may actually start drilling upward. In such cases, the angle past 90 degrees is continued, as in 95 degrees, rather than
reporting it as deviation from vertical, which would then be 85 degrees. Because a horizontal well typically penetrates a
greater length of the reservoir, it can offer significant production improvement over a vertical well.
Logging while drilling
(LWD)
The measurement of formation properties during the excavation of the hole, or shortly thereafter, through the use of tools
integrated into the bottom hole assembly. LWD, while sometimes risky and expensive, has the advantage of measuring
properties of a formation before drilling fluids invade deeply. Further, many well bores prove to be difficult or even impossible
to measure with conventional wire line tools, especially highly deviated wells. In these situations, the LWD measurement
ensures that some measurement of the subsurface is captured in the event that wire line operations are not possible.
Measurements-while-drilling
(MWD)
The evaluation of physical properties, usually including pressure, temperature and well bore trajectory in three-dimensional
space, while extending a well bore. MWD is now standard practice in offshore directional wells, where the tool cost is offset
by rig time and well bore stability considerations if other tools are used. The measurements are made down hole, stored in
solid-state memory for some time and later transmitted to the surface. Data transmission methods vary from company to
company, but usually involve digitally encoding data and transmitting to the surface as pressure pulses in the mud system.
These pressures may be positive, negative or continuous sine waves. Some MWD tools have the ability to store the
measurements for later retrieval with wire line or when the tool is tripped out of the hole if the data transmission link fails.
MWD tools that measure formation parameters (resistivity, porosity, sonic velocity, gamma ray) are referred to as loggingwhile-drilling (LWD) tools. LWD tools use similar data storage and transmission systems, with some having more solid-state
memory to provide higher resolution logs after the tool is tripped out than is possible with the relatively low bandwidth, mudpulse data transmission system.
Real-time data from our logging-while-drilling (LWD) services let you make timely, informed decisions, reducing time and
costs. VISION Formation Evaluation and Imaging While Drilling offers a detailed view of the borehole. This enables you to
detect and quantify potential pay zones, plus geosteer your well precisely to target.
LWD options include adnVISION Azimuthal Density Neutron and arcVISION Array Resistivity Compensated tools,
GeoVISION downhole MWD/LWD imaging services, and proVISION real-time reservoir
steering service. Also, Pulse telemetry and surveying services.
Spotlight
AdnVISION
Early quantitative measurements help save rig time and cut costs.
Arc VISION
ArcVISION312
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CDN
Determine formation porosity and lithology.
CDR
Hydrocarbon detection in all drilling muds.
GeoVISION
Azimuthally data provides imaging while drilling for solutions to complex interpretations.
Provision
Maximize well performance with real-time reservoir steering.
seismic VISION
Real-time borehole seismic from an LWD tool.
sonic VISION
Drill safely and efficiently with unparalleled, real-time velocity measurements.
VISION LWD Systems
Bottom hole assembly

The lower portion of the drill string, consisting of (from the bottom up in a vertical well) the bit, bit sub, a mud motor (in
certain cases), stabilizers, drill collars, heavy-weight drill pipe, jarring devices ("jars") and crossovers for various thread
forms. The bottom hole assembly must provide force for the bit to break the rock (weight on bit), survive a hostile
mechanical environment and provide the driller with directional control of the well. Oftentimes the assembly includes a mud
motor, directional drilling and measuring equipment, measurements-while-drilling tools, logging-while-drilling tools and other
specialized devices. A simple BHA consisting of a bit, various crossovers, and drill collars may be relatively inexpensive
(less than $100,000 US in 1999), while a complex one may cost ten or more times that amount.
Azimuth
The angle between the vertical projection of a line of interest onto a horizontal surface and true north or magnetic north
measured in a horizontal plane, typically measured clockwise from north.
The compass direction of a directional survey or of the well bore as planned or measured by a directional survey. The
azimuth is usually specified in degrees with respect to the geographic or magnetic north pole.
The angle that characterizes a direction or vector relative to a reference direction (usually True North) on a horizontal plane.
The azimuth is usually quoted in degrees from 0 to 359.
Crooked hole
Antiquated term for a deviated well bore, usually used to describe a well deviated accidentally during the drilling process.
Float collar
A short length of casing fitted with a check valve. This device may be a flapper-valve type, a spring-loaded ball valve or
another type. The float collar prevents the cement slurry placed in the annulus to U-tube, or reverse flow back into the
casing. The greater density of cement slurries than the displacement mud inside the casing causes the U-tube effect.
A component installed near the bottom of the casing string on which the cement plugs land during the primary cementing
operation. A check-valve assembly fixed within the float collar prevents flowback of the cement slurry when pumping is
stopped.
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Float collar
Float collar. The float collar provides two important functions during a cementing operation: when the cementing plug is
landed on the float collar, positive indication is obtained at surface that the cement slurry has been properly displaced.
Subsequently, when the pump pressure is bled off, a check-valve assembly in the float collar closes to prevent the backflow
of cement into the casing string.
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Questions to discern the validity of a hydrocarbon indicator
Hydrocarbon indicator
A type of seismic amplitude anomaly, seismic event, or characteristic of seismic data that can occur in a
hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir. Although "bright spots," as hydrocarbon indicators are loosely called, can
originate in numerous ways, they are not all indicative of the presence of hydrocarbons. Criteria to distinguish true
hydrocarbon indicators (sometimes called HCIs) from other types of amplitude anomalies include:
amplitude variation with offset
bright or dim spot(s) in amplitude as a result of variations in lithology and pore fluids, sometimes
occurring in groups of stacked reservoirs
change or reversal in polarity because of velocity changes, also called phasing
conformity with local structures
diffractions that emanate from fluid contacts
flat spot that represents a fluid (gas-oil or gas-water) contact, which can also show the downdip limit of the
reservoir in some cases
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gas chimneys above leaking reservoirs

shadow zones below the accumulation
velocity push-down because of lower velocities of hydrocarbons than rocks
difference in response between reflected pressure and shear energy.
Hydrocarbon indicators are most common in relatively young, unconsolidated siliciclastic

sediments with large impedance contrasts across lithologic boundaries, such as those in the Gulf
of Mexico and offshore western Africa. An ongoing issue in exploration for hydrocarbon
indicators is the difficulty in distinguishing between gas accumulations and water with a low
degree of gas saturation ("fizz water").
Hydrocarbon kitchen
An area of the subsurface where source rock has reached appropriate conditions of pressure and
temperature to generate hydrocarbons; also known as source kitchen, oil kitchen or gas kitchen
Dim spot
A type of local seismic event that, in contrast to a bright spot, shows weak rather than strong
amplitude. The weak amplitude might correlate with hydrocarbons that reduce the contrast in acoustic
impedance between the reservoir and the overlying rock, or might be related to a stratigraphic change
that reduces acoustic impedance.
Bright spot
A seismic amplitude anomaly or high amplitude that can indicate the presence of hydrocarbons. Bright
spots result from large changes in acoustic impedance and tuning effects, such as when a gas sand
underlies a shale, but can also be caused by phenomena other than the presence of hydrocarbons,
such as a change in lithology. The term is often used synonymously with hydrocarbon indicator.
HSE
Abbreviation for health, safety and environmental. These three issues are of paramount importance to
the drilling and drilling fluids community, as they are to the entire petroleum industry. Adherence to
HSE guidelines is a requirement for operators worldwide and is also dictated by internal policies of
most corporations.
Depositional energy
The relative kinetic energy of the environment. A high-energy environment might consist of a rapidly flowing
stream that is capable of carrying coarse-grained sediments, such as gravel and sand. Sedimentation in a lowenergy environment, such as an abyssal plain, usually involves very fine-grained clay or mud. Depositional energy
is not simply velocity. For example, although glaciers do not move quickly, they are capable of carrying large
boulders.
Depositional environment
The area in which and physical conditions under which sediments are deposited, including sediment source;
depositional processes such as deposition by wind, water or ice; and location and climate, such as desert, swamp
or river.
Petroleum
A complex mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbon compounds found in rock. Petroleum can range from solid
to gas, but the term is generally used to refer to liquid crude oil. Impurities such as sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen are
common in petroleum. There is considerable variation in color, gravity, odor, sulfur content and viscosity in
petroleum from different areas.
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Petroleum system
Geologic components and processes necessary to generate and store hydrocarbons, including a mature source
rock, migration pathway, reservoir rock, trap and seal. Appropriate relative timing of formation of these elements
and the processes of generation, migration and accumulation are necessary for hydrocarbons to accumulate and
be preserved. The components and critical timing relationships of a petroleum system can be displayed in a chart
that shows geologic time along the horizontal axis and the petroleum system elements along the vertical axis.
Exploration plays and prospects are typically developed in basins or regions in which a complete petroleum
system has some likelihood of existing.
Graph of elements of a petroleum system
Petroleum system. The timing of formation of the major elements of a petroleum system can be presented
graphically. This petroleum system is in the Maracaibo basin of Venezuela
Schematic diagram of depositional environments

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Depositional environment. The sediment source, physical processes and environment of deposition affect the
development of sedimentary rocks.
Point bar
An arcuate deposit of sediment, usually sand, that occurs along the convex inner edges of the meanders of
channels and builds outward as the stream channel migrates.
Profile of continental margin to abyss
Bathyal. Marine bathymetric zones are generally grouped from littoral, or within tidal range; and neritic, where
waves and tides dominate; to Bathyal, where oceanic currents dominate; and abyssal, where there is low
depositional energy.
Abyssal
Pertaining to the depositional environment of the deepest area of the ocean basins, the abyss. The depositional
energy is low, the abyssal plain is flat and nearly horizontal, and fine-grained sediments are deposited slowly by
waning turbidity currents or from suspension in the water. The water is thousands of meters deep (> 2000 m) [6520
ft], so the water is cold and sunlight is minimal
Bathyal
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Pertaining to the environment of deposition and the organisms of the ocean between depths of 200 m [656 ft], the
edge of the continental shelf, and 2000 m [6560 ft]. The bathyal environment is intermediate between the neritic
environment and the abyss.
Benthic
Pertaining to the environment and conditions of organisms living at the water bottom, or benthos. Also called
benthonic.
Delta
An area of deposition or the deposit formed by a flowing sediment-laden current as it enters an open or standing
body of water, such as a river spilling into a gulf. As a river enters a body of water, its velocity drops and its ability
to carry sediment diminishes, leading to deposition. The term has origins in Greek because the shape of deltas in
map view can be similar to the Greek letter delta. The shapes of deltas are subsequently modified by rivers, tides
and waves. There is a characteristic coarsening upward of sediments in a delta. The three main classes of deltas
are river-dominated (Mississippi River), wave-dominated (Nile River), and tide-dominated (Ganges River). Ancient
deltas contain some of the largest and most productive petroleum systems.
Littoral
Pertaining to an environment of deposition affected by tides, the area between high tide and low tide. Given the
variation of tides and land forms from place to place, geologists describe littoral zones locally according to the
fauna capable of surviving periodic exposure and submersion
Neritic
Describing the environment and conditions of the marine zone between low tide and the edge of the continental
shelf, a depth of roughly 200 m [656 ft]. A neritic environment supports marine organisms, also described as
neritic, that are capable of surviving in shallow water with moderate exposure to sunlight.
Basin
A depression in the crust of the Earth, caused by plate tectonic activity and subsidence, in which sediments
accumulate. Sedimentary basins vary from bowl-shaped to elongated troughs. Basins can be bounded by faults.
Rift basins are commonly symmetrical; basins along continental margins tend to be asymmetrical. If rich
hydrocarbon source rocks occur in combination with appropriate depth and duration of burial, then a petroleum
system can develop within the basin.
World map of sedimentary basins
Basin. Most of the worldUs sedimentary basins have been identified. Onshore basins are shown in green; offshore
basins are lavender. The brown contour represents 1000-m [3300-ft] water depth
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Channel
A linear, commonly concave-based depression through which water and sediment flow and into which sediment
can be deposited in distinctive, often elongated bodies. Channels can occur in a variety of morphologies, e.g.,
straight, meandering or braided. In some areas, coarse sediments can fill channels of streams or rivers that cut
through finer grained sediments or rocks. The close proximity of coarse-grained and fine-grained sediments can
ultimately lead to the formation of stratigraphic hydrocarbon traps.
Photograph of channel
Channel. The light-colored body in the center of the photograph is the
cross section of a channel that cuts through the darker shale.
Facies
The overall characteristics of a rock unit that reflect its origin and
differentiate the unit from others around it. Mineralogy and sedimentary
source, fossil content, sedimentary structures and texture distinguish
one facies from another.
The characteristics of a rock unit that reflect its origin and permit its
differentiation from other rock units around it. Facies usually are
characterized using all the geological characteristics known for that rock
unit. In reservoir characterization and reservoir simulation, the facies
properties that are most important are the petrophysical characteristics that control the fluid behavior in the facies.
Electrofacies and other multivariate techniques are often used to determine these characteristics. Rock types
rather than facies are more likely to be used in reservoir simulation
Structure map and cross section of a prospect
Prospect. The structure map of Sand X shows a prospective drilling location at the crest of the faulted anticline.
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The cross section A-A' demonstrates essential elements of the Prospect, including the reservoir, cap rock or seal,
source rock and trap.
Source rock
A rock rich in organic matter which, if heated sufficiently, will generate oil or gas. Typical source rocks, usually
shales or limestones, contain about 1% organic matter and at least 0.5% total organic carbon (TOC), although a rich
source rock might have as much as 10% organic matter. Rocks of marine origin tend to be oil-prone, whereas
terrestrial source rocks (such as coal) tend to be gas-prone. Preservation of organic matter without degradation is
critical to creating a good source rock, and necessary for a complete petroleum system.
Shale
A fine-grained, fissile, detrital sedimentary rock formed by consolidation of clay- and silt-sized particles into thin,
relatively impermeable layers. It is the most abundant sedimentary rock. Shale can include relatively large amounts
of organic material compared with other rock types and thus has potential to become a rich hydrocarbon source
rock, even though a typical shale contains just 1% organic matter. Its typical fine grain size and lack of
permeability, a consequence of the alignment of its platy or flaky grains, allow shale to form a good cap rock for
hydrocarbon traps.
Schematic diagram of sediments and Udden-Wentworth scale
Depositional energy. Areas of steep slopes and rapidly flowing water or wind have higher depositional energy and
can transport larger grains of sediment than areas of gentle slopes and slow-moving water or wind.
Play
An area in which hydrocarbon accumulations or prospects of a given type occur.
To pursue hydrocarbon accumulations of a given type.
A conceptual model for a style of hydrocarbon accumulation used by explorationists to develop prospects in a
basin, region or trend and used by development personnel to continue exploiting a given trend. A play (or a group
of interrelated plays) generally occurs in a single petroleum system
Sedimentary basin
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A depression in the crust of the Earth formed by plate tectonic activity in which sediments accumulate. Continued
deposition can cause further depression or subsidence. Sedimentary basins, or simply basins, vary from bowlshaped to elongated troughs. If rich hydrocarbon source rocks occur in combination with appropriate depth and
duration of burial, hydrocarbon generation can occur within the basin.
Reservoir
A subsurface body of rock having sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids. Sedimentary
rocks are the most common reservoir rocks because they have more porosity than most igneous and metamorphic
rocks and form under temperature conditions at which hydrocarbons can be preserved. A reservoir is a critical
component of a complete petroleum system
Hydrocarbon
A naturally occurring organic compound comprising hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons can be as simple as
methane [CH4], but many are highly complex molecules, and can occur as gases, liquids or solids. The molecules
can have the shape of chains, branching chains, rings or other structures. Petroleum is a complex mixture of
hydrocarbons. The most common hydrocarbons are natural gas, oil and coal.
Pay
A reservoir or portion of a reservoir that contains economically producible hydrocarbons. The term derives from
the fact that it is capable of "paying" an income. Pay is also called pay sand or pay zone. The overall interval in
which pay sections occur is the gross pay; the smaller portions of the gross pay that meet local criteria for pay
(such as minimum porosity, permeability and hydrocarbon saturation) are net pay.
Oil field
An accumulation, pool or group of pools of oil in the subsurface. An oil field consists of a reservoir in a shape that
will trap hydrocarbons and that is covered by an impermeable or sealing rock. Typically, industry professionals use
the term with an implied assumption of economic size.
The surface area above a subsurface oil accumulation is called an oil field.
Field
An accumulation, pool, or group of pools of hydrocarbons or other mineral resources in the subsurface. A
hydrocarbon field consists of a reservoir in a shape that will trap hydrocarbons and that is covered by an
impermeable, sealing rock. Typically, the term implies an economic size.
The surface area above a subsurface hydrocarbon accumulation
Preservation
the phase of a petroleum system after hydrocarbons accumulate in a trap and are subject to degradation,
remigration, tectonism or other unfavorable or destructive processes.
Fairway
The trend along which a particular geological feature is likely, such as a sand fairway or a hydrocarbon fairway.
Prediction of conceptual fairways helps explorationists develop prospects. Along a sand fairway, for example, sand
was transported and, presumably, was deposited, allowing an interpretation of the presence of reservoir rock in the
fairway
Map of sand fairway
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Fairway. This isopach shows a fairway along which gas wells are producing from a thick sand body and dry holes
were drilled in areas where sand was absent. The contours indicate sand thickness in feet
Anomaly
An entity or property that differs from what is typical or expected, or the measurement of the difference between
observed and expected values of a physical property. Anomalies can be of great interest in hydrocarbon and
mineral exploration because they often indicate hydrocarbon and mineral prospects and accumulations, such as
geologic structures like folds and faults. Geochemical anomalies at the surface of the Earth can also indicate an
accumulation of hydrocarbons at depth. Geophysical anomalies, such as amplitude anomalies in seismic data and
magnetic anomalies in the Earth's crust, can also be associated with hydrocarbon accumulations.
Closure
The vertical distance from the apex of a structure to the lowest structural contour that contains the structure.
Measurements of both the areal closure and the distance from the apex to the lowest closing contour are typically
incorporated in calculations of the estimated hydrocarbon content of a trap.
Spill point
The structurally lowest point in a hydrocarbon trap that can retain hydrocarbons. Once a trap has been filled to its
spill point, further storage or retention of hydrocarbons will not occur for lack of reservoir space within that trap.
The hydrocarbons spill or leak out, and they continue to migrate until they are trapped elsewhere.
Map and cross-section of closure and spill point of trap
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Spill point. In map view (a), closure is the area within the deepest structural contour that forms a trapping
geometry, in this case 1300 ft [390 m]. In cross section (b), closure is the vertical distance from the top of the
structure to the lowest closing contour, in this case about 350 ft [105 m]. The point beyond which hydrocarbons
could leak from or migrate beyond the trap is the spill point.
Trap
A configuration of rocks suitable for containing hydrocarbons and sealed by a relatively impermeable formation
through which hydrocarbons will not migrate. Traps are described as structural traps (in deformed strata such as
folds and faults) or stratigraphic traps (in areas where rock types change, such as unconformities, pinch-outs and
reefs). A trap is an essential component of a petroleum system.
Stratigraphic trap
A variety of sealed geologic container capable of retaining hydrocarbons, formed by changes in rock type or pinchouts, unconformities, or sedimentary features such as reefs. Structural traps, in contrast, consist of geologic
structures in deformed strata such as faults and folds whose geometries permit retention of hydrocarbons.
Block diagrams of structural and stratigraphic traps
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Stratigraphic trap. Hydrocarbon traps that result from changes in rock type or pinch-outs, unconformities, or other
sedimentary features such as reefs or buildups are called stratigraphic traps. Hydrocarbon traps that form in
geologic structures such as folds and faults are called structural traps
Geochemistry
The study of the chemistry of the Earth and within solid bodies of the solar system, including the distribution,
circulation and abundance of elements (and their ions and isotopes), molecules, minerals, rocks and fluids. For
geochemists in the petroleum industry, source rock geochemistry is a major focus. Geochemical techniques can
determine whether a given source rock is rich enough in organic matter to generate hydrocarbons, whether the
source rock has generated hydrocarbons, and whether a particular oil sample was generated by a given source
rock.
Kerogen
The naturally occurring, solid, insoluble organic matter that occurs in source rocks and can yield oil upon heating.
Typical organic constituents of kerogen are algae and woody plant material. Kerogens have a high molecular
weight relative to bitumen, or soluble organic matter. Bitumen forms from kerogen during petroleum generation.
Kerogens are described as Type I, consisting of mainly algal and amorphous (but presumably algal) kerogen and
highly likely to generate oil; Type II, mixed terrestrial and marine source material that can generate waxy oil; and
Type III, woody terrestrial source material that typically generates gas.
Oil mud
A mud in which the external phase is a product obtained from an oil, such as diesel oil or mineral oil.
More generally, a mud system that has any type of nonaqueous fluid as the external phase. This definition would
include the newer variety of oil muds that are more exactly defined as synthetic-base muds. Synthetic mud is
analogous to oil mud.
Flower structure
Folded structures associated with strike-slip faults. In areas where strike-slip faults occur in converging crust, or
transpression, rocks are faulted upward in a positive flower structure. In areas of strike-slip faulting in diverging
crust, or transtension, rocks drop down to form a negative flower structure. Flower structures can form
hydrocarbon traps. The term "flower structure" reflects the resemblance of the structure to the petals of a flower in
cross section
Block diagram of flower structure
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Flower structure. Convergence associated with strike-slip faulting can form flower structures. The largest arrows
indicate dextral strike-slip motion. The crossed arrows in the middle of the structures denote anticlines formed by
the combination of convergence and strike-slip faulting. This is an example of a positive flower structure.
Bitumen
Naturally-occurring, inflammable organic matter formed from kerogen in the process of petroleum generation that
is soluble in carbon bisulfide. Bitumen includes hydrocarbons such as asphalt and mineral wax. Typically solid or
nearly so, brown or black, bitumen has a distinctive petroliferous odor. Laboratory dissolution with organic
solvents allows determination of the amount of bitumen in samples, an assessment of source rock richness
Asphalt
A solid or nearly solid form of bitumen that can melt upon heating and contains impurities such as nitrogen,
oxygen and sulfur. Asphalt forms naturally when the light components or volatiles of petroleum have been removed
or evaporated
Coal
A carbon-rich sedimentary rock that forms from the remains of plants deposited as peat in swampy environments.
Burial and increase in temperature bring about physical and chemical changes called coalification. Because of the
organic origin of coal, it cannot be classified as a mineral. The main types of coal, anthracite, bituminous coal and
lignite, can be distinguished by their hardness and energy content, which are affected by their organic content as
well as their conditions of formation. Natural gas associated with coal, called coal gas or coalbed methane, can be
produced economically from coal beds in some areas. In some basins coals form source rocks
Generation
The formation of hydrocarbons from a source rock as bitumen forms from kerogen and accumulates as oil or gas.
Generation depends on three main factors: the presence of organic matter rich enough to yield hydrocarbons,
adequate temperature, and sufficient time to bring the source rock to maturity. Pressure and the presence of
bacteria and catalysts also affect generation. Generation is a critical phase in the development of a petroleum
system
Maturity
The state of a source rock with respect to its ability to generate oil or gas. As a source rock begins to mature, it
generates gas. As an oil-prone source rock matures, the generation of heavy oils is succeeded by medium and
light oils. Above a temperature of approximately 100 oC [212 oF], only dry gas is generated, and incipient
metamorphism is imminent. The maturity of a source rock reflects the ambient pressure and temperature as well as
the duration of conditions favorable for hydrocarbon generation.
Post-mature
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Pertaining to a hydrocarbon source rock that has generated as much hydrocarbon as possible and is becoming
thermally altered.
Tar sand
A sand body that contains heavy hydrocarbon residues such as tar or asphalt, or degraded oil that has lost its
volatile components. Hydrocarbons can be liberated from tar sands by heating and other processes, but tar sands,
such as the Athabasca tar sands of Canada, are not commonly commercial because of their high production costs.
Secondary migration
The movement of generated hydrocarbons into a reservoir after their expulsion, or primary migration, from a
source rock.
Diapir
A relatively mobile mass that intrudes into preexisting rocks. Diapirs commonly intrude vertically through more
dense rocks because of buoyancy forces associated with relatively low-density rock types, such as salt, shale and
hot magma, which form diapirs. The process is known as diapirism. By pushing upward and piercing overlying
rock layers, diapirs can form anticlines, salt domes and other structures capable of trapping hydrocarbons.
Igneous intrusions are typically too hot to allow the preservation of preexisting hydrocarbons.
Diapir. Salt diapirs can evolve from a mass of salt to a diapir and then to a smaller detached sheet. Because salt is
less dense than other sediments, it tends to flow upward, piercing the overlying material and, in some cases,
forming traps in which hydrocarbons can accumulate
Retrograde condensation
The formation of liquid hydrocarbons in a gas reservoir as the pressure in the reservoir decreases below critical
point pressure during production. It is called retrograde because the gas condenses into a liquid under isothermal
conditions instead of expanding or vaporizing when pressure is decreased.
Oil-prone
The quality of a source rock that makes it more likely to generate oil than gas. The nature of the organic matter
(kerogen) in source rocks varies from coaly, plant-like material commonly found in terrestrial source rocks to algal
or other marine material that makes up marine source rocks. Marine source rocks are commonly oil-prone.
Gas-prone
The quality of a source rock that makes it more likely to generate gas than oil. The nature of the organic matter or
kerogen in source rocks varies from coaly, plant-like material commonly found in terrestrial source rocks to algal
or other marine material that makes up marine source rocks. Terrestrial source rocks are commonly gas-prone.
Dry gas
Natural gas that occurs in the absence of condensate or liquid hydrocarbons, or gas that has had condensable
hydrocarbons removed. Dry gas typically has a gas-to-oil ratio exceeding 100,000 scf/STB.
Gas produced from a well that produces little or no condensate or reservoir liquids. The production of liquids from
gas wells complicates the design and operation of surface process facilities required to handle and export the
produced gas.
Methane
[CH4]
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The lightest and most abundant of the hydrocarbon gases and the principal component of natural gas. Methane is a
colorless, odorless gas that is stable under a wide range of pressure and temperature conditions in the absence of
other compounds
Natural gas
A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon gases that is highly compressible and expansible. Methane [CH4] is
the chief constituent of most natural gas (constituting as much as 85% of some natural gases), with lesser amounts
of ethane [C2H6], propane [C3H8], butane [C4H10] and pentane [C5H12]. Impurities can also be present in large
proportions, including carbon dioxide, helium, nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide.
Wet gas
Natural gas that contains less methane (typically less than 85% methane) and more ethane and other more complex
hydrocarbons.
Natural gas containing significant heavy hydrocarbons. Propane, butane and other liquid hydrocarbons can be
liquefied.
Azimuth
The angle between the vertical projection of a line of interest onto a horizontal surface and true north or magnetic
north measured in a horizontal plane, typically measured clockwise from north.
The compass direction of a directional survey or of the well bore as planned or measured by a directional survey.
The azimuth is usually specified in degrees with respect to the geographic or magnetic north pole.
The angle that characterizes a direction or vector relative to a reference direction (usually True North) on a
horizontal plane. The azimuth is usually quoted in degrees from 0 to 359
Page 55 of 55
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AHMED ABD EL FATAH EDREES.

I should prepare two samples. One dried, the other is wetted.

We have to take care of many of the drilling parameters such as:

C) Stand pipe pressure

Q: What are the sensors that feel all those parameters?

(Rotary & turbine).

1- Anh: Crmy 1- Salt: Anh

3-Reacts with 3-SALINITY

ROP2------------------ = 60/ROP1 (min/ft)

SPP , HKLD max.

## Calculate the (TFA) ---------- total flow area

## POP = (LD) 2 * length stroke * efficiency * 0.000243

1-it take angel and

1-it takes angel only.

1-it takes angel only.

2-it ran with rotary

2-it ran through the

2-it ran through the

CALCULATION OF THE CAPACITY:

CALCULATION OF THE DISPLACEMENT IN THE TRIPPING:

The difference of the outer

CEMENT JOB REPORT

MUD VOLUME RECEIVED = 291 BBL

= (50 SPACER) + (213 LEAD)+ (98 TAIL) = 361 BBL

LOSSES DURING PUMING CEMENT = 361-291= 70 BBL

DURING DISPLACEMENT CEMENT

= 684 BBLS @ 06:00 PM

LOSSES DURING DISPLACEMENT CEMENT = 735 - 684 = 51 BBL

1-DECREASE IN THE PIT VOLUME

1-INCREASE IN THE PITS VOLUME.

2-INCREASE IN THE SPP, WITH SAME

2-DECREASE IN THE SPP

3-IN CASE OF COMPLETE LOSS,

3-INCREASE IN THE MUD

SPP decrease with same SPM

2-jets may be plugged.

3-MWD problems if present.

3-the deficiency of the pumps (POP)

Its ataxic additive is placed in the geochemical samples to preserve it.

(TD FLOAT COLLAR DEPTH) VALUE (WHICH IS NEEDED) TO BE

ENTER THE STANDS NUMBER IN (DRILL STRING GEOMETRY)

Drilling Straight Down

Cement bond log

Wait on cement (WOC)

Classification chart for drilling fluids.

Logging while drilling

VISION LWD Systems

Bottom hole assembly

BLOW OUT PREVENTORS:

BOPs is consisting of tow main parts:

6- Flare line & pit.

Heavy duty spider elevator.

There are several types of casing and famous outer diameters:

There are two types of pipe stucking:

INDICATION MECHANICAL STUCK

ALL DECREASE EXCEPT THE

ALL INCREASE EXCEPT

Powering Up to Drill Down

Drilling Straight Down

Questions to discern the validity of a hydrocarbon indicator

amplitude variation with offset

change or reversal in polarity because of velocity changes, also called phasing