Administrative Stuff

Quiz 3 Is Friday, October 21, 4:30-5:45, CW101-102103.

Magnetic force and torque. Faradays law and
inductance. AC circuits.
Review will be Wednesday evening, October 19, 7:30
PM, CW 102.
SAS review will likely be Thursday, October 20, TBA.
A progress report consisting of your range of possible
points in various categories will be produced after Quiz
3.

Average power and RMS voltage

The average power is <P>=<V0cos(2pft)i0cos(2pft-f)>,
where <P> means the time average of P, and to be
general we let the current has a phase constant f.
This can be written
<P>=V0i0<cos2(2pft)cosf+cos(2pft)sin(2pft)sinf>
=(V0i0/2)cosf,
So <P>=V02/2R for a resistive load. It is conventional to
write this as <P>=Vrms2/R, where Vrms[<V2>]1/2=V0/2.
It is Vrms that equals 120V in USA household electricity
applications, and 220V in European household
electricity.
One can similarly define irms=[<i2>]1/2, so in general <P>
= Vrmsirmscosf.
The number cosf is sometimes called the power factor.
It is 1 for a resistor.

Instantaneous and RMS

Can current be flowing through a circuit element that draws
no RMS power?
A. No.
B. Yes.
If no current flows through a circuit element, can it be
consuming RMS power?
A. No.
B. Yes.

Faradays Law is a Big Deal

This voltage difference can drive currents just like a
battery, but we dont need the battery.
We just need some way to change magnetic flux through
a coil.
Something like this:

Voltage vs. Time in Rotating coil

Define n to be a unit vector normal to the loop, such that

FB=NABn=BNAcosq, where q is the angle between B and
n, A is the area of the loop, and N is the number of turns..
If n performs one rotation in time T, then we can write
q=2pt/T=2pft=wt, where w is the angular velocity of the
loop.
Then FB=BNAcoswt, and E=-dFB/dt=wBNAsinwt. The
voltage varies sinusoidally; it is AC, or alternating current.

Generator Designs
A lot of jargon relates to different generator designs.
All designs have a moving part, the rotor, and a nonrotating part, the stator.
A permanent magnet, or a winding of coils provides the
magnetic field. This is called the field piece. The
windings could receive current from the generator itself!
The coils that see the change in magnetic flux form the
armature. The armature can be on the rotor and the field
piece on the stator, or vice-versa.
A commutator can be used to produce only one sign of
voltage, in which case we have a dynamo; or no
commutator can be used, and we have an alternator.

An alternator
A generator without a commutator.
In this version, the coils remain stationary
(the stator), with FB changing as the
magnets sweep across the face of the coil.
In this case, the stator serves as the
armature of the generator.
The outer ring on the stator is a piece of
iron to amplify B.
This alternator uses permanent magnets on
the rotor, which is attached to a wind
turbine.
The turbine could also be driven by water
(hydroelectricity), natural steam
(geothermal), or steam produced via boiling
water by burning coal, natural gas, or
uranium (nuclear).

Generators and Motors

We will call any design that uses mechanical work to
produce dFB/dt that results in E a generator.
Note that we have already seen a similar device, one
that drives current through a rotatable coil that
experiences a torque from an external magnetic field: a
motor.
The generator and motor have the same parts!
We can think of generator = (motor)-1.

More bang for buck

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

How can we get more maximum voltage from a rotating

coil generator generator?
Increase the field.
Increase the number of turns.
Wrap the coils around iron
Spin the coils faster.
The whole works!

Mutual Inductance
Suppose we energize an N1 turn, cross sectional area A1
air core solenoid by attaching it to a current source that
supplies a current i1. We place this inside, but not in
electrical contact with a second N2 turn, cross sectional
area A2 solenoid. Both solenoids have length l.
Solenoid 1 will produce a field B1=N1m0i1/l.
This field will generate a flux FB2=B1A1N2 in solenoid 2
(note, A1, not A2). This is FB2=N1N2m0A1/li1.
M12=N1N2m0A1/l is called the mutual inductance:
FB2=M12i1.

A Transformer
Since FB1=L1i1, and FB2=M12i1, Faradays law tells us the
voltage differences across solenoids 1 and 2 are DV1=L1di1/dt, and DV2=-M12di1/dt.
As long as the inductances dominate, we have
DV2=(M12/L1)DV1=(N2/N1)DV1.
The second coil has a voltage output that is (N2/N1)
times the first. If N1>N2, this is a step-down
transformer. If N1<N2, it is step-up transformer.

Power in a transformer
Suppose we attach the secondary coil on a transformer
with a resistor R. The resistor will dissipate a power
Pout=DV2DV2/R=DV2i2. This power must be pulled from
the transformer.
However, any energy that is pulled out has to come in,
so we must have Pin=DV1i1=Pout=DV2i2.
This implies i2/i1=N1/N2. A transformer that steps up
current steps down voltage and vice-versa.

Power Transformer

A.
B.
C.
D.

At least two transformers operate between us in

Manhattan and the Jeffrey Energy Center in Bellvue
where our electric power originates. What kind of
transformers are these?
Jeffrey: step-up. Manhattan: step-up.
Jeffrey: step-up. Manhattan: step-down.
Jeffrey: step-down. Manhattan: step-up.
Jeffrey: step-down. Manhattan: step-down.

Stepping it up
We step-up voltage to deliver high power at low current.
This minimizes fire hazards, but increases shock
hazards.
We step down voltages to reduce shock hazards. The
higher currents needed for the same power increase fire
hazards.
120 V allows typical appliances to draw around 1 A of
current. High power devices (dryer, electric stove) might
use 220V.
Europe prefers 220V for all household applications,
meaning you need a transformer to operate most
devices built for the USA.