Your Fall 2016 Motor Madness Winners

Aaron Florian, Braden Mishler, Cole Nyffeler, Jesus

Quintanilla-Cruz.
Who win:
The right to make three questions for Quiz 3.
Fabulous prizes!
And most important, the esteem and adulation of their peers.

Faradays Law
The summary of this is Faradays Law: the
voltage difference around a closed loop, often
called the EMF E, equals the negative rate of
change of magnetic flux through the loop.
d B

dA
E E d dt dtd B

Self Inductance and Mutual Inductance

We will put off many details of Faradays law until later and
confine ourselves now to consequences within circuits.
If a circuit consists of a solenoid or other coil device that
generates its own flux, well call this an inductor, and define
the flux as FB=Li, with L the self inductance (often just
called inductance).
If a circuit has a coil that intercepts flux from another circuit,
well call this a transformer, and well write the flux in circuit 1
due to the field in current 2 as FB,1 = M12I2, with M12 the
mutual inductance between circuits 1 and 2.

Units
Flux has units of Tm2, also called a Weber (Wb).
An old-fashioned term for B is flux density and you will
see B still given in terms of Wb/m2 sometimes.
The unit of inductance is the Henry (H). The is our first
American unit, named after Joseph Henry, who
independently discovered magnetic induction.

An inductor in a circuit
Applying Faradays law to the inductor, we deduce that
the device will produce a voltage drop DVL =-LdI/dt.
The inductor complements the capacitor in many ways.
On a capacitor, the voltage drop is proportional to the charge, or
the integral of the current. DVC = (1/C)I(t)dt.
On an inductor, the voltage drop is proportional to the derivative
of the current. DVL = -LdI/dt.

If the current through the inductor changes slowly, then

DVL0, and inductor acts like a short circuit for steady or
nearly steady current.
If the current through the inductor changes rapidly, then
DVL becomes large, and inductor acts like an open circuit
for rapidly changing currents.

Effect of self inductance

When we first turn on the solenoid by closing the switch,

the back EMF caused by the changing flux will reduce
the voltage across the resistor, slowing current flow.
(Note that the resistor could just be the windings of the
solenoid).
More quantitatively, we have E-iR-Ldi/dt=0. With i=0 at
t=0, the solution for this RL or LR circuit is i(t)=imax[1exp(-t/tRL)], where imax=E/R, and the RL time constant is
tRL=L/R.

Turning the magnet off

If we switch the battery out of the circuit, induced EMF in

the coil will try to keep the current constant.
Quantitatively we have Ldi/dt-iR=0, the solution of
which is i(t)=imaxexp(-t/tRL).
It can take a long time to turn on (the term is energize,
rather than charge, but many say charge) or turn off
(deenergize) a magnet!

RL circuit -- 1

A.
B.
C.
D.

If E=12 V, R=100 W, and L=0.1H How much current

would flow just after the switch closes?
0 mA.
60 mA.
120 mA.
240 mA.

RL circuit -- 2

A.
B.
C.
D.

If E=12 V, R=100 W, and L=0.1H How much current

would flow a long time after the switch closes?
0 mA.
60 mA.
120 mA.
240 mA.

Boosting Inductance
Lets say this is a good thing.
For the solenoid and toroid, we can make the object
bigger. This is often bad because of space constraints.
A sizable boost occurs by just increasing the number of
windings, since LN2.
Another big boost can be obtained by wrapping the coil
around a high permeability core, like iron. In this case
the inductance increases by a factor of the relative
permeability mR compared to an air core device. This
increase can be substantial, ~1000.
That is, for an iron-core inductor we make the
replacement Lair-coreLFe-core=mRLair-core.

Inductors
If we deliberately use a coil for its ability to resist
changes in current, then we are using an inductor.
Two inductors in series just have a net inductance
LS=L1+L2 (imagine just dividing a coil in half).
In parallel, the inductors would divide a current i into
i1+i2. We also have L1di1/dt=L2di2/dt. This gives
L1di1/dt=L2di2/dt=1/(1/L1+1/L2)di/dt, so 1/LP=1/L1+1/L2.
Inductors have series and parallel formulas similar to
those of resistors.

Inductors as storage devices

An inductor stores flux. This flux can in principle be
borrowed until the inductor de-energizes, a time of
order tRL=L/R, and converted into voltage and current.
As the inductor supplies current to the resistor, energy is
dissipated in the form of heat at a rate PR=i2R=imax2exp(2t/tRL)R. The total heat energy released will be
UB=imax2Rexp(2t/tRL)dt=Limax2/2.
Where did this energy come from: it was stored in the
inductor.
Where in the inductor? Take a solenoid, L=m0N2A/D,
and we can write UB=(m0NI/D)2/2m0AD=BS2/2m0, which
has the form (energy/volume)(volume). The energy is
stored in the magnetic field with a density uB=B2/2m0.
This result turns out to be totally general.

An LCR circuit

If R=0

Suppose we put some charge Q0 on the capacitor, and

then close the switch.
Kirchoff tells us that LdI/dt-IR-Q/C=0.
Or, taking the derivative of both sides,
Ld2I/dt2+RdI/dt+(1/C)I = 0.
This is a non-trivial equation, but we have seen it before:
the damped mass on a spring or damped pendulum..

Qualitative solution

The general behavior is of a a sine or cosine function

with an amplitude that dies away with time (or damps).
The more the resistance, the more the damping.

RCL quantitative
Kirchoff tells us that Ld2I/dt2+RdI/dt+(1/C)I = 0..
Were going to solve this equation by apparently making
it harder! The effort is worth it.
We will guess that the answer is I=I0eiwt
Whats this? Here i=[-1]1/2, ii=-1, and eiwt=coswt+isinwt,
one of the five most important mathematical formulas for
physics and engineering.
That is, i is the imaginary number. Now, we cannot
have imaginary currents, but as long as we take the real
part of things (i.e. throw the imaginary part away)
I=Re(I0eiwt), once we figure out what I0 and w are.

There is no i in team, but there is one in

complex numbers.
So now we guess that I(t) = Re(I0 eiwt). If we can find a
value for I0 (which could have real and imaginary parts),
our guess will be a good one.
So we just plug in, using the fact that derivatives and
integrals of exponentials are just proportional to the
exponentials: I0(-w2L+iwR+1/C) eiwt = 0.
To make this work, we need -w2L+iwR+1/C=0.

R
2L

1
LC

R2
4L 2

The answer
We now have our answer for I=Re(I0eiwt):
I Re I 0 exp i i R
2L
I 0 exp Rt
2L

cos

1 R2
LC
4L 2
1 R2
LC
4L 2

t
t

Some interesting features:

If R=0 (no resistance) then we just get cosine oscillations with a
frequency w=(LC)-1/2. This is the natural frequency of oscillation.
If R0, then the current dies away in a time characterized by the LR
time constant, tRL=L/R, and the frequency is shifted to lower values.
If R gets too big, no oscillations happen at all. The currents just dies
away. This happens for R2>4L/C. (Note L/C has units of W2).