6.

6.1.1

6.1.2

6.2
6.2.1
6-1 6-1
A (1) = 2 10 -4 m2 A ( 2) = 1 10 -4 m2 L(1) = L( 2 ) = 0.1 m
E (1) = E ( 2 ) = 2 10 5 MPa F3 100N

6-1
1

6-4 x

6-4a
6-4b

123

6-1c
i j x F e (x )
F ei (x ) F ej (x)
F ( x) = F ( x) +
e

e
i

F ej ( x) - F ie ( x)
x j - xi

( x - xi ) =

xj - x
x j - xi

F ei ( x ) +

x - xi e
F j ( x)
x j - xi

e
F ei ( x)
x j - x x - xi F i ( x)
e
= e
=
{
Y
(
x
)
Y
(
x
)
}
e
e = YF
i
j
e
L F j ( x)
F j ( x)
L

6-1

 Le = x j - xi

F e = {F ei F ej }
T

Y = {Yi ( x) Y j ( x)}

6-1
xj - x

Yi ( x ) =
Le

Y ( x ) = x - x j
j
Le

6-2

Ae E e
e
e
e
e (F i - F j ) = Fi
L
e e
A E (F e - F e ) = F e
j
i
j
Le

6-3

Fi e F je e i j
6-3
Ae E e
Le

e
e
1 - 1 F i Fi
=
- 1 1 e e
F j F j

6-4

K eFe = F e

6-5

K e
F e = {Fi e F je } 6-5
T

6-46-5 F e
F e Fi e F je e i j

4
F i F j
F 1 F 2 F 3 1


(1)

A E
L(1)

(1)

1 - 1 0 F 1
- 1 1 0 F
2

0 0 0 F 3

F1(1)
( 2)
= F2
0

6-6

2
0 0 0 F 1 0
A( 2) E ( 2 )
F = F ( 2 )
0
1
1
2 2
L( 2 )
0 - 1 1 F 3 F3( 2 )

6-7

6-66-7

A(1) E (1)
L(1)

A (1) E (1)

(1)
L
A (1) E (1)
- L(1)

A (1) E (1)
L(1)
A (1) E (1) A ( 2 ) E ( 2 )
+
L(1)
L( 2 )
A ( 2) E ( 2)
L( 2 )
-

F 1 F1
A ( 2) E ( 2)
F 2 = F2
L( 2 )
F
F
A ( 2 ) E ( 2) 3 3

L( 2 )

6-8

(K )F = F
NE

e =1

NE

6-9

e =1

NE

KF = F

6-10

K
F

3
6-8
3 F3
- (-

A ( 2 ) E ( 2)
A ( 2) E ( 2)
F
F 3 ) + F3 = 0
2 +
L( 2)
L( 2)


6-8
4 - 4 0 F 1 F1

10 - 4 6 - 2 F 2 = 0
0 - 2 2 F 3 1
6

6-11

6-8

5
F 1 = 0 6-11
F 2 F 3 6-11
F 1 = 0
6 - 2 F 2 0
10 6
=
- 2 2 F 3 1

6-12

F 2 = 0.25 10 -6 m F 3 = 0.75 10 -6 m

6
e e (x ) F e (x )

e e ( x) =

dF e ( x)
dx

6-16-2
dY e
1
e e ( x) =
F = BF e = e [- 1 1]F e
dx
L

6-13

6-14

s e ( x) = E e e e ( x) = E e BF e

6-15

s (1) = E (1)

(-F 1 + F 2 ) 2 10 5 (0 + 0.25 10 -6 )
=
= 0.5 MPa
0 .1
L(1)

s ( 2) = E ( 2)

(-F 2 + F 3 ) 2 10 5 (-0.25 + 0.75 10 -6 ) 10 -6

=
= 1 MPa
0.1
L( 2)

6.2.2

F e ( x, y, z ) = Y1 ( x, y, z )F 1e + Y2 ( x, y , z )F e2 + L + Ym ( x, y, z )F em = YF e

6-16

m Fe
F e = {F1e F e2 L F em } Y
T

x,y F e ( x, y ) 6-2

6-2
F e ( x, y ) = YF e = Y1 ( x, y )F1e + Y2 ( x, y )F e2 + Y3 ( x, y )F 3e

6-17

6-17 12 3
F 1e = Y1 ( x1 , y1 )F 1e + Y2 ( x1 , y1 )F e2 + Y3 ( x1 , y1 )F e3
e
e
e
e
6-18
F 2 = Y1 ( x 2 , y 2 )F 1 + Y2 ( x2 , y 2 )F 2 + Y3 ( x 2 , y 2 )F 3
e
e
e
e
F 3 = Y1 ( x3 , y3 )F 1 + Y2 ( x3 , y 3 )F 2 + Y3 ( x3 , y 3 )F 3
6-18
Y1 ( x1 , y1 ) = 1; Y2 ( x1 , y1 ) = Y3 ( x1 , y1 ) = 0
Y2 ( x 2 , y 2 ) = 1; Y1 ( x 2 , y 2 ) = Y3 ( x 2 , y 2 ) = 0
Y3 ( x3 , y 3 ) = 1; Y1 ( x3 , y 3 ) = Y2 ( x3 , y 3 ) = 0
i = j = 1,2,3
1 ij
Yi ( xi , y i ) =
0 i j

6-19

F 0
6-16
F 0 = Y1 ( x, y )F 0 + Y2 ( x, y )F 0 + Y3 ( x, y )F 0

Y1 ( x, y) + Y2 ( x, y ) + Y3 ( x, y ) = 1

6-20

6-196-20

1 ij
Yi ( x j , y j , z j ) =
0 i j

(i, j = 1,2, L , m)

6-21

Y ( x, y , z ) = 1
i =1

6-22

6-21
3

1
6-11 F 1 = 0 F 1
1
6-11 10 6
1 0 0 F 1 0
0 6 - 2 F = 0

2
0 - 2 2 F 3 1

6-23

F 1 = 0 6-11
F 1 = 0

6-11 F 1 = F1* (= 0) 6-11 1

k11 a F1 ak11F 1* 6-11

*
ak11 - 4 0 F 1 ak11F 1

-4
6 - 2 F 2 = 0

0
- 2 2 F 3 1

k11 F1 -

6-24

4 F2 0 F4
+
= k11F 1*
a
a

F 1* F 1
a F 1 F 1*
F 1 F 1* k

6.3

6.3.1
1

px
p = = px
py

py

6-11

py

6-12

px
p = = px
py

d = [d x

dy

t xy ]

6-13

ey

g xy

6-14

e = ex

d = [u

v]

6-15

e x x
v

e = e y =
y
e xy

v u
+
y x

6-16

s x
E

s y = 1 - m 2
t xy

1
m

m
1
0

0 e x

0 e y
1 - m g
xy
2

6-17

s = De

6-18

1
E
D=
m
1- m 2
0

m
1
0

0
0
1- m

6-19

6-18
6-19 E

E
m

2
1- m
1- m 2

E (1 - m ) m
D=
(1 + m )(1 - 2 m ) 1 - m 2

m
1- m2
1
0

1 - 2m

2(1 - m )
0

6-20

f * = u *

ptdxdy + f *T ptds = e *stdxdy

*T

v * e * = e x*

e x*

6-21

g xy*


F = [U 1 V1 U 2 V 2 U n

Vn ]

d * = u1*

v1*

u 2*

v 2* u n*

v n*

U 1u1* + V1v1* + U 2 u 2* + V2 v2* + + U n u n* + Vn vn* = d *T F

6-22

t t
6-21

d *T F = e *T stdxdy

6-23

2
6-3 i j m
i( xi , yi )j ( x j , y j )m( xm , y m )

6-7

u iviu jv ju mv m 6-3a d e

d e = ui

vi

uj

vj

um

vm

6-24

6-3b

F e = Ui

Vi

Uj

Vj

U m Vm

6-25


F e = k ed e

6-26

k e k e 6-4

ke

6-4
1
( x, y ) u v x y
a
i =12
i
6
u ( x, y) = a1 + a 2 x + a 3 y

v( x, y) = a 4 + a 5 x + a 6 y

6-27

6-27

a 1
a
2
1
0
0
0
u
x
y

a 3
f = =

v 0 0 0 1 x y a 4
a 5

a 6

6-28

f d e d e a
6-27
u i 1 xi
u = 1 x
j
j
u m 1 xm

y i a 1
y j a 2
y m a 3

 vi 1 xi
v = 1 x
j
j
v m 1 x m

yi a 4
y j a 5
y m a 6

1 xi
1
A = 1 xj
2
1 xm

yi
yj

6-29

ym

a
ai
a 1
a = 1 b
2 2A i
ci
a 3

aj
bj
cj

a m ui

bm u j
c m u m

b
ai
a 4
a = 1 b
5 2A i
ci
a 6

aj
bj
cj

a m vi

bm v j
c m v m

a ibici
a mbmc m
a i = x j y m - xm y j

bi = y j - y m

ci = - x j + xm

i j m a j b j c j a m
bm c m
cd6-27
ui
v
j
0
N j (x, y)
0
Nm (x, y)
0 ui
u(x, y) Ni (x, y)

v(x, y) = 0
0
0
Ni (x, y)
N j (x, y)
Nm (x, y)v j

ui

v j
N iN jN m
Ni =

1
(a i + bi x + ci y )
2A

i j m

6-31

6-30

N iN jN m
N

e x x

e = e y = 0

e xy

u
y v

6-30
u = N i u i + N j u j + N m u m

v = N i vi + N j v j + N m v m

gf

N i
b
= i
x
2A
N i
c
= i
y
2 A

ijm

e x
bi
1

e y = 2A 0
g xy
ci

bj

bm

ci
bi

0
cj

cj
bj

0
cm

ui
v
0 i
u
cm j
v
bm j
u m

v m

= B e

6-33

6-32

bi
1
B=
0
2A
ci

bj

bm

ci

cj

bi

cj

bj

cm

cm
bm

6-34

6-33 B
6-336-18
s e = De = DBd e

6-35

s e = Sd e

6-36

S = DB

6-37)

3
6-5a
F e s 6-5b
d *e , e e 6-23

6-5

d *eT F e = e *T stdxdy

6-38

d *e e e
6-33

e * = Bd *e

e *T = d *eT B T

6-38
e *e d *eT

d *eT F e = d *eT B T stdxdy

d *e
F e = Bstdxdy
B s dxdy = A
F e = B T s tA

6-39

6-35
F e = B T DBd e tA

6-40

k = B T DBtA

6-41

6-406-26

F e = k ed e
k e 66

k e k ij = k ji
k e
k e
3

1
6-6a M P x y

Px Py P = Px

Py

Re = X i

Yi

Xj

Yj

Xm

Ym

6-6b

f * = u*

v*

d *e = u i*

vi*

u *j

v *j

u m*

v m*

6-30
f * = Nd *e

6-6
R e R e

d *eT R e = f *T P
a

d *eT R e = d *eT N T P

Re = N T P

6-42

X i = N i Px

Yi = N i Py

i j m

p = px

py

 tdxdy P 6-42
R e = N T ptdxdy

6-43

g
p = [0 - g ]

6-43
gAt
[0 1 0 1 0 1]T
Re = 3

6-44

3
ij

p = px

py

tds P 6-42
R e = N T ptds

6-45

k e

m n
K 2 n2 n d 2 n1 = R2 n1

6-46

K 2n2n d R
2n1

s e = De = DBd e

6.4

6.4.1

6-7 2 a 2b i j m
p x y

6-7
1

u = a1 + a 2 x + a 3 y + a 4 xy

v = a 5 + a 6 x + a 7 y + a 8 xy

6-47

i j m p a 1 , a 2 , a 8
8 6-47
u = N i u i + N j u j + N m u m + N p u p

v = N i vi + N j v j + N m v m + N p v p

6-48

1
x
x
(1 - )(1 - )
4
a
b

1
x
x
N j = (1 + )(1 - )
4
a
b

1
x
x
N m = (1 + )(1 + )
4
a
b
1
x
x
N p = (1 - )(1 + )
4
a
b
Ni =

6-49

6-48
f e = Nd e

6-50

f e = [u v ]

Ni
N =
0

d e = ui

Nj

Nm

Np

Ni

Nj

Nm

vm

up

vi

uj

vj

um

vp

0
N p

6-51

6-52

2
6-50

e 3e1 = B38d 8e1

6-53

e e x e y g xy B

B = 0

N
y

6-54

3
s = De 6-53

s 3e1 = D33 B38d 8e1 = S 38 d 8e1

6-55

s s x s y t xy D S

4
k e 8 8
k e = B T DBtdxdy

k e = B T Stdxdy
D B B S k e
5
1

 W
1

R = -W 0
4

1
0
4

1
4

1
0
4

6
k e
K

6.4.2

xy xh

6-8a 6-8b
xh
xh0
x h 1
P( x, y )
P' (x ,h )
x1 jm

 6-8
xh P( x, y )
( xi , yi ) (i, j , m, p )
xh xh P( x, y)

x = N i xi + N j x j + N m x m + N p x p

y = N i y i + N j y j + N m y m + N p y p

6-56

Ni =

1
(1 + x i x )(1 + h ih )
4

(i, j, m, p )

6-57

xh
1

N i (xh ) (i, j , m, p )
u = N i u i + N j u j + N m u m + N p u p

v = N i vi + N j v j + N m vm + N p v p

6-58

e e = Bd e

B = Bi

Bj

Bm

Bp

N i

0
0

N i

Bi = 0
(i, j, m, p )
N i = 0
y
y

N i N i

x
y x
y

6-59

N i (i, j, m, p ) xh xy

N i N i
=
x
x
N i N i
=
h
x

x N i
+
x
y
x N i
+
h y

y
x
( i , j , m, p )
y
h

N i
x

=
N i
h

N i
x
( i , j , m, p )
J
N i
y

6-60

x
x
J =
x
h

y
x

y
h

6-61

J
6-56
N i
x xi
im, ,j p
J =
N i x
i

i , j h
m , p

N i

y i N i
i, j
x
m, p
=
N i N i
yi

h
i , j h

m, p

6-60

N j
x
N j
h

N m
x
N m
h

N p xi y i

x x j y j
N p x m y m

h x p y p

6-62

 N i
N i
x
x
(i, j , m, p )
= J -1

N i
N i
h
y

6-63

6-59

B = 0
Ni
y

y x

Nj

Nm

Np

6-64

s e = DBd e = Sd e

S = Si

Sj

Sm

Sp

6-65

N i

1 m 0
x
N i

E
m 1 0
S i = DBi =

0 y
1 - m 2

1- m
0 0
N i N i

x
y
N i
N
m i
x
y

N
N i
E
m i
=
(i, j, m, p )
2
1- m
x
y
1 - m N i 1 - m N i

2 x
2 y

6-66

E m
4

K e = B T DBtdxdy = B T Stdxdy
A

B S xh dxdy


dA = dx dh

6-67

dx dh dx x y

dx =

x
y
dx
dx dx
x
x

x
y
dx i +
dx j
x
x

i j xy dh
dh =

x
y
dhi +
dhj
h
h

dx dh 6-67
x
y
x
dx
dx
x
x
x
dA =
=
x
y
x
dh
dh
h
h
h

y
x
dxdh = J dxdh
y
h

6-68

B dA
1 1

Ke =

T
B DB J tdxdh =

-1 -1

1 1

S J tdxdh

6-69

-1 -1

6.5
6.5.1

0.3

E ' = E /(1 - m 2 ) m ' = m /(1 - m )

3
4

6
45 135
90 60
7

1 u v q
u v i
u i = u i vi = vi

m i
6-9a 6-9b

u i = u i vi = vi q i =

u j - uk
l

u i vi q i i u i vi u j u k i j k

6-9

2
A 6-10a
A 1 2
u v w
u1 = u 2 v1 = v 2 w1 = w2
A

A A'

6-10
3
A B 6-10b
i
v A = vB
u
4 i j
l i j
6-10c
u i = u j - q jy l q ix = q jx
vi = v j + q jx l q iy = q jy
wi = w j q ix = q jx

3 6
3

8
1

1 / n n

m
n m

m
m
m

6.5.2 CAE
CAE Computer Aided Engineering

CAE
CAE CAD
CAE
CAD

 CAE
6-11
CAE CAE CAD
CAD CAE
CAE CAD/CAE
CAE

CAD

CAE

CAD
CAD

6-11 CAD/CAE
CAE CAD
CAE

CAE 7080

6.5.3

1ANSYSNASTRANABAQUSMARCADINA

2ADAMSDADSMSC/FATIGUE

3 CAD/CAE/CAM

CAE I-DEAS
Pro/ENGINEERUNIGRAPHICS CAD/CAE/CAM

2ANSYS
ANSYS ANSYS John
Swanson 1970

1ANSYS
ANSYS ANSYS

ANSYS
ANSYS
ANSYS

-
ACDC
ANSYS

ANSYS

ANSYS


ANSYS

2ANSYS
ANSYS

ANSYS APDL
ANSYS FORTRAN

APDL

ANSYS
ANSYS

ANSYS

3ANSYS
ANSYS
ANSYS

Bresler-PisterWillam-Warnke Ottosen Willam-Warnke

ANSYS
SOLID656
ANSYS

LINK

ANSYS
ANSYS SOLID70

ANSYS
ANSYS

ANSYS
ANSYS

ANSYS
ANSYS
ANSYS

ANSYS
ANSYS

ANSYS

ANSYS
ANSYA

ANSYS PIPE59

ANSYS

3ADINA
ADINA 1975 K.J.Bathe
ADINA ADINA Automatic Dynamic
Incremental Nonlinear Analysis
ADINA


1ADINA
ADINA

ADINA
ADINA-FSIFluid-Structure Interaction
ADINA ADINA
ADINA

FSI
ADINA

//
ADINA

Seepage CFD
ADINA
ADINA
ADINA-F

ADINA
CFD

2ADINA
ADINA
ADINA

ADINA ADINA
Parasolid CAD

ADINA
ADINA
EnergyEnergy & ForceEnergy & DisplacementForceDisplacement
Contact Force
ADINA
Line Search
Newton-Raphson LDC

Determinant-Search

Displacement
Arrival Time
/ Wilson

Restart

ADINA
Cam-ClayMorh-ColoumbDrucker-Prager
Curve-InputDuncan-Zhang
Rebar

ADINA 2D/3D
/(/)/

Determinant-Search

ADINA

ADINA

ADINA

/
4ABAQUS
ABAQUS HKS

1ABAQUS
ABAQUS

ABAQUS

ABAQUS
ABAQUS

ABAQUS

ABAQUS

ABAQUS

ABAQUS

ABAQUS

ABAQUS

2ABAQUS

ABAQUS
Mohr-Coulomb Druker-Prager Druker-Prager
ABAQUS
UMAT
ABAQUS

ABAQUS ABAQUS Newton-Raphson

ABAQUS

ABAQUS

ABAQUS

ABAQUS
ABAQUS

OP

5MARC
MARC MARC
Pedro MarcelMARC

MARC

MARC MARC

MARC

MARC

MARC

MARC
6NASTRAN
NASTRAN MSC 1969

 CAE

DMAP

NASTRAN

NASTRAN

NASTRAN

NASTRAN

NASTRAN

NASTRAN

NASTRAN

NASTRAN

CAD/CAM/CAE

1PlaxisPlaxis Delft Technical

University
Plaxis

2GEO-SlopeGEO-Slope

3FATIGUEFATIGUE

4I-DEASPro/ENGINEERUNIGRAPHICSCATIA
CAD/CAM/CAE