201112


C0
Hermite
**

201112

5.1
5.2 Lagrange
5.3 Serendipity
5.4
5.5
5.6 Hermite
**5.7
201112

5.1
C0

Lagrange
Serendipity
C1
x

Pascal

201112

1
x
x2
x3

y3

xy2
x2y2

y2

xy
x2y

x3y

xy3

y4

Pascal

5.1

1. Ni(xj,yj,zj)=ij
2.
3.C0
4.Ni=1

201112

C0

201112

5.2 Lagrange

201112

1. Lagrange

k
( 0 )( 1 ) ( k 1 )( k 1 ) ( n )
n
N k lk ( )
( k 0 )( k 1 ) ( k k 1 )( k k 1 ) ( k n )
k 0,1,

,n

n 1n

ij
Kronecker
dalta

n
l
k ( ) 1 why ?
k 0

lkn ( )k
k 0

201112

n
n+1
1
8

1. Lagrange
0
Lagrange

n
:

( ) Ni Qi
i 1

Ni ( j ) ij
201112

N
i 1

( x) 1

2. Lagrange
i(I,J)

Ni N IJ lIn ( )lJm ( )
1
(0,m)

(n,m)
(I,J)

(0,0)

(n,0)

201112

10

2. Lagrange
Lagrange

1
x

m=n
Pascal

x2
x3
x4
x5

x4y

y
y2

xy
x2y

x3y

xy2
x2y2

x3y2

y3
xy3

x2y3

y4
xy4

y5

x3y3
201112

11

3. Lagrange
(0,n,p)

(m,n,p)

(0,0,0)

(n,0,0)

n m p
i( I , J , K )
Ni N IJK lIn ( )lJm ( )lKp ( )
201112

12

4. Lagrange

201112

13

5
():
N
Lagerange

1 0
y
4
4 (x , y )
4
4

(-1 ,1)

3 (x , y )
3
3

3 (1,1)

b
1(x , y )
1
1
a
a

2 (x , y )
2
2

()

1 0

1
1 (-1,-1)
1 1

2 (1,-1)

x / a, y / b

N1 (1 ,1 ) 1 N1 ( 2 ,2 ) N1 (3 ,3 ) N1 ( 4 ,4 ) 0

201112

14

5
: N1 ( ,) ( 1)( 1)

N1 (1,1) 4 1
1/ 4
1
N1 ( , ) ( 1)( 1)
4
,

1 0

4 (-1 ,1)

()

3 (1,1)

1 0

1
1 (-1,-1)
1 1

2 (1,-1)

1
N 2 ( , ) ( 1)(1 )
4
1
N 3 ( , ) ( 1)(1 )
4
1
N 4 ( , ) (1 )(1 )
4

201112

15

L2=0

4)PP
.

L1=0

P(a,b,c)

L3=0

L1=1

2L1=0; (1,2,3)
3)1n-n,L1=kn/k=
.

L1=a

L3=c

11L1=1
L2=L3=0

L2=b

(0,0,1)

L1-1/2=0

L2-1/2=0

(0,1/2,1/2)

L3-1/2=0

(1/2,0,1/2)

(1,0,0)

4
(1/2,1/2,0)

2
(0,1,0)

x
201112

16

5
(0,0,1)

1
: N1 ( L1 , L2 , L3 ) L1 ( L1 )
2

1
N1 (1,0,0) 1
2
2
1
N1 ( L1 , L2 , L3 ) 2 L1 ( L1 )
2
4: N 4 ( L1 , L2 , L3 ) L1 L2

L1-1/2=0

L2-1/2=0

5(0,1/2,1/2)

6
(1/2,0,1/2)

(1,0,0)

4
(1/2,1/2,0)

L3-1/2=0

2
(0,1,0)

1 1
1 1
N 4 ( , 0, ) . . 1
2 2
2 2
4
N 4 ( L1 , L2 , L3 ) 4 L1 L2
201112

17

5.3 Serendipity
(Princes of Serendip
), .(Horace Walpole), Serendipity

SerendipSerendip

Serendipserendipity

201112

18

1. Serendipity

4 (-1,1)

3 (1,1)

1 (-1,-1)

1
Ni (1 0 )(1 0 )
4
0 i 0 i

201112

2 (1,-1)

(i 1, 2,3, 4)
(i ,i )i

19

1. Serendipity

3
7
8

6
5

1
N i (1 0 )(1 0 )( 0 0 1)
(i 1, 2,3, 4)
4

1
N i (1 2 )(1 0 )
(i 0, i 5, 7)
2
1
N i (1 0 )(1 2 )
(i 0, i 6,8)
2
201112

20

1. Serendipity

3
11
12

10

N i

8
7

1
(1 0 )(1 0 )[9( 2 2 ) 10]
32

(i 1, 2,3, 4)

201112

9
N i (1 0 )(1 2 )(1 90 )
32
1
(i 1, i , i 7,8,11,12)
3
9
N i (1 0 )(1 2 )(1 9 0 )
32
1
(i , i 1, i 5, 6,9,10)
3
21

1. Serendipity

13

11

14

10

15
16

5
1

12

7
2

or

201112

22

2. Serendipity

3
6

(1)
1,
0

1
1
N 1 (1 )(1 )
N 2 (1 )(1 )
4
4
1
1

N3 (1 )(1 )
N 4 (1 )(1 )
4
4
1

Ni (1 0 )(1 0 )
(i 1, 2,3, 4)
4

201112

23

2. Serendipity

(2)
Lagrange
1,00
(

1
N5 (1 2 )(1 )
2
1
N 7 (1 2 )(1 )
2

1
N 6 (1 )(1 2 )
2
1
N8 (1 )(1 2 )
2

1
( 1)( 1)
N 5 (1 )
2
(0 1)(0 1)
1
(1 )(1 2 )
2
201112

24

2. Serendipity

(3) 0
7

4
0.5
1.0
1

1.0

1.0

0.5
5

N 1

N8

N5
7

8
8

1.0
1

1.0
5

N1 N5
2
201112

1
1
N 1 N5 N8
2
2

25

2. Serendipity

(p+1)
pLagrange
Pascal
1

2
2

2
2

4
p

201112

26

2. Serendipity

1
2.
3.
4.0

5.0
6.0

0
201112

27

3.

10

(1)

11

13

12
1

7
2

1
1
N 1 (1 )(1 )
N 2 (1 )(1 )
4
4
1
1

N3 (1 )(1 )
N 4 (1 )(1 )
4
4
1

Ni (1 0 )(1 0 )
(i 1, 2,3, 4)
4

201112

28

3.

(2)

1
( 1)( 1/ 3)( 1)

N5 (1 )
2
(1/ 3 1)(1/ 3 1/ 3)(1/ 3 1)
9
(1 )(1 2 )(1 3 )
32

9
N i (1 0 )(1 2 )(1 9 0 )
32
9

Ni (1 0 )(1 2 )(1 90 )
32
201112

(i 5, 6,9,10)
(i 7,8,11,12)
29

3.

(3)

N13 (1 )(1 )
2

1)Lagrange
)/

201112

30

3.

(4)
?

9
9
9
2

N5 N5 N13 (1 )(1 )(1 3 ) (1 2 )(1 2 )

32
32
32
9
(1 )(1 2 )(3 )
32

9
Ni (1 0 )(1 2 )(9 0 0 )
32
9
Ni (1 0 )(1 2 )(90 0 )
32
201112

(i 5, 6,9,10)
(i 7,8,11,12)
31

3.

(5)
2
1
2
1
1

N1 N1 N 5 N 6 N12 N11 N13

3
3
3
3
4
1
(1 )(1 )[9( 2 2 ) 10( )]
32
?

Ni

1
(1 0 )(1 0 )[9( 2 2 ) 10( 00 0 0 )]
32
(i 1, 2,3, 4)
N N N N 1
1

13

N
201112

i 1

1
32


4
8
1

3
6

9
5

4. 4~9

2
i

i=5

i=6

i=7

i=8

i=9

-N8/2

-N9/4

N1=

(1- )(1- )/4

-N5/2

N2 =

(1+ )(1- )/4

-N5/2

N3 =

(1+ )(1+ )/4

N4 =

(1- )(1+ )/4

N5 =

(1- 2)(1- )/2

-N9/2

N6 =

(1- 2)(1+ )/2

-N9/2

N7 =

(1- 2)(1+ )/2

-N9/2

N8 =

(1- 2)(1- )/2

-N9/2

N9 =

(1- 2)(1- 2)
201112

-N6/2
-N6/2

-N9/4
-N7/2
-N7/2

-N9/4
-N8/2

-N9/4

33

5.4

201112

34

1.
3
3
8
3

5
9

N1=L1
201112

7
10

N2=L2 N3=L3
35

1.
3 (0,0,M)

M
i ( L1 , L2 , L3 )

(I , J , K )

i (I,J,K)
2 (0,M,0)
1 (M,0,0)

0 I , J , K M
IJ K M

L1
i
201112

I
M

L2
i

J
M

L3
i
36

K
M

1.

Ni l ( L1 )l ( L2 )l ( L3 )
I
I

J
J

K
K

Ni : L1I LJ2 LK3 M

201112

37

2.
3

M 3
L1 ( L1 1/ 3)( L1 2 / 3)
1
N1
(3L1 1)(3L1 2) L1
(1 0) (1 1/ 3) (1 2 / 3) 2
1
L2 ( L2 1/ 3)( L2 2 / 3)
1
N2
(3L2 1)(3L2 2) L2
(1 0) (1 1/ 3) (1 2 / 3) 2
L3 ( L3 1/ 3)( L3 2 / 3)
1
N3
(3L3 1)(3L3 2) L3
(1 0) (1 1/ 3) (1 2 / 3) 2
L1 ( L1 1/ 3)
L2
9
N4

(3L1 1) L1 L2
(2 / 3 0) (2 / 3 1/ 3) (1/ 3 0) 2
L2 ( L2 1/ 3)
L1
9
N5

(3L2 1) L1 L2
(2 / 3 0) (2 / 3 1/ 3) (1/ 3 0) 2
201112

7
6

10
5

38

2.

9
9
N 6 (3L2 1) L2 L3
N 7 (3L3 1) L2 L3
2
2
9
9
N8 (3L3 1) L1 L3
N 9 (3L1 1) L1 L3
2
2
L1
L2
L2
N10

27 L1 L2 L3
(1/ 3 0) (1/ 3 0) (1/ 3 0)

201112

39

2.
Pascal

1
x
x2
x3

x4

y
xy

x2y
x3y

xy2
x2y2

y2
y3
xy3

y4

10
10
1
1

201112

40

5.5

201112

41

1. Serendipity
11

12
20
9

19

2
21

18
16

15

8
17

10

14
13

8-21

201112

42

1. Serendipity
(1)
1
N 1 (1 )(1 )(1 )
8
1

N 2 (1 )(1 )(1 )
8

(2)
1

N9 (1 2 )(1 )(1 )
4
1
N 10 (1 )(1 2 )(1 )
4
201112

43

1. Serendipity
N 1- 20
N i f ( , i ) f ( ,i ) f ( , i )
1
(1 ti t )
f (t , ti ) 2
(1 t 2 )

201112

(i ,i , i )i

(ti 1, t , , )
(ti 0, t , , )

44

1. Serendipity
(3)
N21 (1 2 )(1 2 )(1 2 )

(4)
1

Ni Ni N 21
4

201112

(i 9,10,

, 20

45

1. Serendipity
(5)
1
1
N1 N 1 ( N 9 N12 N17 ) N 21
2
8
1
1
N 2 N 2 ( N 9 N10 N18 ) N 21
2
8
1
1
N 3 N 3 ( N10 N11 N19 ) N 21
2
8
1
1
N 4 N 4 ( N11 N12 N 20 ) N 21
2
8
1
1
N 5 N 5 ( N13 N16 N17 ) N 21
2
8
1
1
N 6 N 6 ( N13 N14 N18 ) N 21
2
8
1
1
N 7 N 7 ( N14 N15 N19 ) N 21
2
8
1
1
N8 N 8 ( N15 N16 N 20 ) N 21
201112
2
8

46

2. Lagrange

5.3

201112

47

3.
4 (0,0,0,4)

M
(I, J, K, P)

(1,0,0,2)

(0,1,1,1)

3 (0,3,0,0)

Ni lII ( L1 )lJJ ( L2 )lKK ( L3 )lPP ( L4 )

1 (3,0,0,0)

(0,2,1,0)

2 (0,3,0,0)

201112

48

4.
3

11
12
1

2
1

10

14

15
13

Serendipity

5
14

Lagrange

L1,L2,L3

201112

49

4.
(1) Serendipity:

L
L
1
N10 1 2 (1 ) 2 L1 L2 (1 )
1
1
0 0 2
2
2
N11 2 L2 L3 (1 )
N12 2 L1 L3 (1 )
N13 2 L1 L2 (1 )

N14 2 L2 L3 (1 )

N15 2 L1 L3 (1 )

N 7 L1 (1 2 )

N8 L2 (1 2 )

N 9 L3 (1 2 )

1
1
1
1
1
N1 L1 (1 ) N10 N12 N 7 L1 (1 )(2 L1 2)
2
2
2
2
2
201112

50

4.
(2) Lagrange: Lagrange

L1 ( L1 1/ 2) ( 1) 1
N1

L1 (2 L1 1) ( 1)
1 (1 1/ 2) (1 1) 1 2
L1
L2
( 1)
N14

2 L1 L2 ( 1)
(1/ 2 0) (1/ 2 0) 1 (1 1)
L1
L2
( 1)( 1)
N8

4 L1 L2 (1 2 )
(1/ 2 0) (1/ 2 0) (0 1) (0 1)

201112

51

Hermite

201112

52

5.6 Hermite

201112

53

1. Hermite

d/dxC1Hermite.

1
=0

2
1

( ) H
i 1

(0)
i

( )i H i(1) ( )(
i 1

d
)i
d

or

( ) N i Qi
i 1

Q1 1

Q2 2

Q3 (

d
)1
d

Q4 (

d
)2
d

Hermite

H i(0) ( j ) ij

dH i(0) ( )
0
d

H i(1) ( j ) 0

dH i(1) ( )
ij
d
j

201112

54

1. Hermite
H1(0)

H1(1)

H2(0)

H2(1)

H1(0)H1(1)H 2(0)H 2(1)

N1 H1(0) ( ) 1 3 2 2 3
N 2 H 2(0 ) ( ) 3 2 2 3

( N1 N 2 N 3 N 4 1)

N 3 H1(1) ( ) 2 2 3

N1 N 2 1

N 4 H 2(1) ( ) 2 3

201112

55

1. Hermite
!
H1(0)

H1(1)

H2(0)

H2(1)

=1

-1

-1

-1

-1

1 3
H ( ) ( 3 2)
4
1
(0)
H 2 ( ) ( 3 3 2)
4
(0)
1

201112

1 3
H ( ) ( 2 1)
4
1 3
(1)
H 2 ( ) ( 2 1)
4
(1)
1

56

1. Hermite
Hermite
HermitenHermite
nHermite2n+12
Hermite
2

( ) H
i 1

2
d
d 2
(2)
( )i H ( )( )i H i ( )( 2 )i
d
d
i 1
i 1
2

(0)
i

(1)
i

H1(0) (1 ) 1
d 2 H1(2)
d 2

1
1

(0)
dH
1
H1(0) ( 2 )
d

1 , 2

d 2 H1(0)

d 2

(2)
dH
1
H1(2) (1 ) H1(2) ( 2 )
d

0
1 , 2

1 , 2

d 2 H1(2)

d 2

0
2

201112

57

2. Hermite
HermiteHermite
4
3

Q1 1

Q2
1

Q3

Q5 2

H1(0)

2
Q4

1
2
Q8

2
Q16

N1 H1(0) ( ) H1(0) ( )

N 2 H1(1) ( ) H1(0) ( )

N 3 H1(0) ( ) H1(1) ( )

N 2 H1(1) ( ) H1(1) ( )

N 5 H 2(0) ( ) H1(0) ( )

N8 H 2(1) ( ) H1(1) ( )

201112

58

201112

59

5.7
Hierarchical Shape
Functions
201112

60

201112

61

1.

u ( N1u1 N 2u2

N1

N1

1
2

N2

N2

1/2
2

1/2

1
2

dN 2
d
dN1
d

u1u2

201112

62

1.

u ( N1u1 N 2u2 N3a3

N1N 2

N3 1 2

u1u2

N3

2
1

2
2

dN 3
d

a3(=1)u3

1
1
1
u3 u1 u2 a3

a3 u3 (u1 u2 )
2
2
2

201112

63

1.
N4 (1 2 )

N5 2 (1 2 )

N4

2
2

N5

dN 4
d

dN 5
d

a4
a4
201112

du ( )
1
(u2 u1 )
dx 0 2
64

1.

1
p 1
(

1)
( p 1)!

N p ( )
1 ( p 1 )
( p 1)!

p 3,5,7
p 4,6,8

d p 1u ( )
a p a p
d p 1 0

p3

1
N 3 ( 2 1)
2

N5

201112

1
N 4 ( 2 1)
6

1 4
( 1)
24

65

1.

K111
1
K 21

K121
1
K 22

K111
1
K
221
K 31
3
K 41

K121
1
K 22
K 322
3
K 42

201112

K111
1
K 21
K 312

K132
K 232
K 332
3
K 43

K121
1
K 22
K 322

K132

K 232
K 332

K143
3
K 24

K 343
3
K 44

66

1.

dN l dN m
2 1 dN l dN m
K k
dx k
d
L

1
dx dx
L
d d
e
lm

-1,1Legendre
1
dm
2
m
Pm ( ) m 1
[(

1)
]
m
2 (m 1)! d
1
d p 3
2
p2
(m 3) N m Pm 2 ( )d p 3
[(

1)
]
p 3
1
2 ( p 3)! d
1

N3 2 1
201112

N 4 2( 3 )

3
N5 (5 2 1)( 2 1)
4
67

2.

N1h

N9h

N5h

1
N1h (1 )(1 )
4
1
N 5h ( 2 1)(1 )
2
N 9h (1 2 )(1 2 )

hierarchic

1 3
( )(1 )
3!
1
( 4 1)(1 )
4!

31 2N 5,h 3
41 2N 5,h 4
201112

68

3.
3

1-2

1 2 L3 0

( L1 L2 )1 2 1

1 2
1
1
L1 1 2 (1 )
L2 1 2 (1 )
2
2

( L2 L1 )1 2

N p (1 2 )

1
p 1
p 1
p3,5
( p 1)![( L2 L1 ) ( L1 L2 ) ]

1 [( L L ) p 1 ( L L )( L L ) p 2 ] p4,6
1
2
1
1
2
( p 1)! 2

N p (1 2)1 32 30
201112

69