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Geology 3212
Sedimentary Rocks for Engineers
Spring 2017
Bob Trentham
Grain Size
Reflect:
Weathering
Erosion
Transportation
Udden-Wentworth Scale
Universally accepted
Over 100 years old (Udden)
Modified by Wentworth (1922)
Udden-Wentworth
Geometric Scale
Each value is either 2X
or as large as the
preceding value.
Phi (f) scale:
F = -log2d
Log Grain Size in mm.
EG: Grain Size = 1/8
mm (.125 mm)
F = -(-3)
F=3
Fig 3.1
Mathematical Treatments
Mathematical parameters of a
histogram
Importance of Grain
Size Data
Grain Size affects
Porosity/Permeability.
Factors in whether a rock
will be a suitable
reservoir rock
Size and Sorting reflect
depositional conditions
and environments >>
sediments form different
depositional
environments can be
determined.
Interpret se-level
fluctuations.
Trace Glacial sediments.
Other methods.
Grain Shape
Sphericity
relative length of
the three axies.
Roundness
degree of
sharpness of the
corners and
edges.
Top row = High Sphericity
Bottom row = Low Sphericity
Sphericity
Reflect shape of original
grains.
Effects settling velocity of
small grains (suspension
Load) = spherical grains
settle faster.
Traction load = spherical and
roller grains travel faster.
Sphericity has not been
reliably shown to permit
environmental dicrimination.
Surface Texture
Polished
Frosted
Pits
Scratches
Fractures
Ridges
Mechanical Abrasion
during transport
Chemically Etched
Electron Microscope
Surface Texture:
Pitted Quartz grain (left), non pitted (right)
Surface Textures
Susceptible to change during sediment
transport.
Old surface features modified or removed
Record the last cycle of sediment transport
Warning!!!!! Similar features can be
caused in different environments.
Environmental Indicators
Littoral, eolian and glacial environments
can be identified.
Littoral V shaped percussion marks and
conchoidal breakage
Eolian surface smootheness and
rounding, silica solution and precipitation
features.
Glacial conchoidal fracture patters and
parallel striations.
Glacial Indicators
Fabric:
Grain Orientation
No Imbrications.
Poorly sorted
conglomerate deposited
in alluvial environment
associated with periodic,
torrential rains.
Porosity vs.
Compaction
Contacts
Grain Supported
Tangential Contacts
Long Contacts
Concavo-Convex Contacts Big D
diagenesis
Sutured Contacts Dig D
Matrix Supported
Floating Grains
Tangential
Contacts,
Poor Sorting
too
Diagenesis has
overwhelmed
Deposition
Sneider (1987).
Sneider (1987).
Byrnes, 2000
Lucia, 2000
Lucia, 2000