TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTIONS DRILL BITS . TRAINING OBJECTIVES BREAK-IN Bottom hole Pattern Bearing Wear. DRILLING WITH PDC BITS. ComMeNts scone sh STANDARDIZED DULL BIT GRADING SYSTEM System StTUCLUT roe DULL BIT GRADING. - The “ADC Dull Grading System" How to Grade a Dull Bit. Drill Bit Dull Grading Broken Cone (BC) Broken Teeth (BT) Balled Up (BU). - Cracked Cone (CC) oe Cone Dragged (CD).. 2 Cone Interference (Cl). Cored (CR) : snes Bottom Hole pattem of Corec/Non-cored bit Chipped Teeth (CT). Erosion (ER) Flat Crested Wear (FC) Heat Affected Seal... Heat Checking (HC) Junk Damage (JC). Lost Cone (LC). Lost Nozzle (LN). Off-Center Wear {OC) Pinched Bit (PB) Plugged Nozzle |PN) Rounded Gauge (RG) .. Shirttail Damage (SD). Self Sharpening ‘Wear (SS) Tracking (TR) Sr Lean H. Robinson, 2070. Al ights n.senved. iPractical Drilling Skills Table of Contents Washed Out Bit (WO). Wor Teeth (WT)... Worn Seal (Denoted as SF) PDC CurTER DULL CHARACTERISTICS. The “IADC Dull Grading System APPLYING GRADING SYSTEM TO DULLS Graded Dull No. 4 Graded Dull No. 2. Graded Dull No. 3. ‘©Dr Leon H. Robinson, 2090. Alvights resorved.Section 8 DRILL BITS TRAINING OBJECTIVES 1. Understand the guidelines for removing cuttings beneath a PDC bit. 2. Understand the purpose for “Grading” Drill Bits. 3. Understand the old IADC dull bit grading method which is prevalent in many old well files. 4, Understand how teeth, bearings, and gauge are now evaluated, 5. Understand how to use bit grading to correct some hole problems 6. Understand how to use bit grading to help select the next bit to go in hole, Drilling programs evaluate off-set drill bit performance and make suggestions concerning which diill bils to use while drilling a well. Usually the drill bits selected in a driling program are the best guesses based on available information about which bits drilled with the lowest cost per foot of hole in the off-set wells. Successful drilling practices (meaning the cheapest, trouble-free drilling) depend not only upon implementation of the, program but also on responding correctly to what the well is “saying.” The old adage of “Listen to the Well" is good advice. Improper bit operational procedures can lead to artificially short bit life or low penetration rates even if the correct bit is selected. Some suggested operating practices are discussed here for implementation at the rig. BREAK-IN Proper break-in of a roller-cone drill bit accom ishes two objectives: 1. Developing the correct bottom-hole pattern 2. Properly seating bearings in their races BOTTOM HOLE PATTERN The bottom of the borehole has a mating configuration with the drill bit just pulled. Immediate loading of the maximum weight on a new bit does not allow the new bit teeth to create their own pattern. Frequently, bit teeth are broken or the bit cones are pinched together. ‘©Dr Leon H Robinson, 2010. Allrights reserved. otPractical Drilling Skills Section 8 BEARING WEAR When a roller cone bit first starts drilling, drill with a slow rotary and a light weight on the bit for five to 10 minutes to prevent damaging bearing races. Initially, this guideline was thought to be just an excuse for the driller to leave the rig floor to take a smoke after a long trip. Currently, some feol that the surfaces of the bearings and races are so smooth that this is not needed any more. But is this a “feeling” or a "fact"? One test was observed where a major bit manufacturer was testing greases to determine which grease would be best for their bits. They would assemble a single leg of a sealed bearing bit with a test grease sample lubricating the journal and ball bearings. The cone would have no teeth and was pushed against a rotating plate. Water was circulated through a nozzle to cool the bit. With a set rotary speed and bit load, the temperature of the water was measured as the bearings were worn. When the water temperature rose 80°F, the test was automatically stopped. The test would take many hours. Early in the test, a temperature spike as high as 500°F was evident on the temperature recording. Inquiries about that spike brought forth the answer that this was caused by immediately loading the maximum weight on the bit. They ~ deliberately did that to shorten each test. They said that without that spike, each test would take much too long. This was convincing evidence to support the concept of slowly loading the weight on the bit downhole. This was a ‘mind-changing’ test. Although the surfaces are now reportedly much “smoother” than before, no data has been revealed to cause this process to be abandoned. DRILLING WITH PDC Bits Polycrystalline Diamond Compact {PDC} drill bits make hole by scraping the rock, very much in the, same manner as a diamond bit. The rock fails primarily by shear, which is the preferred mode of failure for shale and limestone under differential pressure. Compacts come in a variety of sizes and all seem to work much better when used with an oil-base fluid or a non-aqueous fluid [NAF]. This fluid promotes malleable failures, which aid the scraping failure. The combination of a relaxed-fuid-loss oil-based drilling fluid and PDC bits have, established drilling records around the world. With high differential pressures, most sedimentary rocks become malleable (or fail plastically). This is ideal for a bit that drills by scraping the rock. PDC bits also have no moving parts. Roller cone bits drill primarily by crushing or chipping the rock. When the bearings in a roller cone bit fail, there is a possibility that the cone will fall off and a fishing job will result Environmental concems, particularly offshore, make water-base drilling fluids more attractive than NAF, PDC bits generally do not drill as well with a water-based fluid; partly because of the rock failure mode and partly because the bits tend to “ball-up.” A dril bit balls up when cuttings (usually shale) sticks to the face of the bit or the cuttings stick to each other and cover th bottom of the bore hole. Reactive shales create more problems than other rock. “Reactiv means the shale tends to hydrate or absorb water and swell. A shale is more reactive when the cation exchange capacity [CEC] is large. CEC is a measure of the positive electric charges on the clay platelet. Montmorillonite [bentonite or gel] is a very reactive clay. It disperses well and is frequently used as a commercial driting fluid additive for fitration control or to increase the low- shear-rate viscosity. The Table below lists a range of values normally associated with a variety ‘of the more common clays: a2 ‘© DrLoon H, Robinson, 2070. Alvights reserved,Practical Drilling Skills Drill Bits Table 8-1 ion Exchange 7 Clay Mineral Cation Exchange Capacity (meq/100 gm) Montmorillonite 70 - 200 Mite 40-50 Kaofin 3-15 Chiorite 10-40 The more recent sediments usually have the most reactive {higher CEC} shales. Usually the CEC decreases as shales age and are buried deeper and deeper. Many offshore basins contain very reactive shales and are difficult to drill with PDC dril bits using water-base drilling fluids. The same hydraulics used successfully with a NAF does not always work successfully with a water-base drilling fluid. In 1986, Allen Gault’ applied some technology developed by Shell to a Tenneco field study project using PDC bits with a water-based drilling fluid in the Gulf of Mexico. This field application of good hydraulics was reported to save 1.4 million US dollars for 22 bit runs. This remarkable success was reported to be achieved by recognizing that special hydraulic conditions are needed for PDC bits. The fluid must achieve cuttings cleaning: remove cuttings from the bottom of the hole, and transport those cuttings to the surface. A dedicated nozzle for each cutter prevents cuttings from sticking to the diamond compacts. Bottom-hole cleaning used “nydraulic blast energy,” rather than mechanical energy, to remove the cuttings as soon as they were generated. A high annular velocity was used to move the cuttings up the well bore. These high annular velocities were demonstrated NOT to enlarge or erode the well bore. Flow rates and bit hydraulic power requirements developed during Gault’s field tests are shown in the table below. This drilling was primarily in the Miocene formations where the CEC values are relatively high. Better bit hydraulics and high annular velocities resulted in drilling rates increasing from 15 fuhr-to 75 ft/hr. ‘Gaull, A.D.; H, Knowlton; H.E. Goodman; A. Bourgoyne, Jr “POC Apptications in the Gu of Mexico with Water- Based Driling Fluids", SPE Driling Engingering, June 1988, pg 117 — 24 ‘© Dr Leon H. Robinson, 2070, Alvighis reserved. eaPractical Drilling Skills Section 8 Table 6-2 Hydraulic Selection Chart for Large-Diameter Cutter PDC Bits it Diamoter CEC Ranges Bit Diamet (rsqhooge) Inches 6-18 | 24-30 aby Recommended gpm, HIS 450,45 550, 5.0 TS % Minimum gpm, HiS 350, 2.0 450, 25 “9 Tha Recommended gpm, His | 600, 4.5 650, 5.0 S110 Bis Minimum gprs, HiS 350, 20 600, 3.0 19%, Recommended gpm, HIS 700, 4.5 800, 5.0 J Minimum apm, HIS 600, 2.0 750, 3.0 sa tTs Recommended gpm, HIS | 800, 5.5 950, 6.0 ama AT Minium apm, HIS 700, 2.0 800, 3.5 COMMENTS The minimum values of flow rates and hydraulic horsepower per square inch of bit diameter [HSI] may not be sufficient to keep a PDC bit clean enough to prevent bit balling in all situations. The guidelines might be used in planning wells, and selecting rig pumps, however, using the procedures previously discussed in the chapter on Hydraulics, the maximum available horsepower can be determined at each drilling location, HIS is the commonly accepted hydraulic optimization procedure to be used with PDC bits. Although this seems logical and is a commonly accepted practice, please note that validation is missing in the literature. Direct controlled comparison of driling rates achieved with either maximum impact or maximum hydraulic power has not been presented in the literature, In the procedures presented earlier, the total flow area [TFA] of the next nozzles, which will produce the maximum hydraulic power through the drill bit, should be determined just before a dull bit is pulled. This procedure will provide the optimum flow rate to produce the maximum power, The carrying capacity of the fluid in the vertical part of the annulus can be adjusted by calculating the yield point needed to transport the cuttings. By controlling the rheology of the fluid, even holes with very low annular velocities can be cleaned By using the MSE procedures, the best WOB and RPM can be selected to provide the maximum possible drilling rate. The MSE procedure is used to determine when the bit starts to “ball-up"; or more precisely, when the drilling fluid is no longer removing cultings before the next row of cutters arrive, ea @Dr Leon H, Robinson, 2090. Al rights reservedDrill Bits Practical Drilling Skills IADC BIT CLASSIFICATIONS uri [owes wn ‘niga ‘oH vaniosw 02 105 Toor arin Figure 8-4 a5 ©DrLeon A. Robinson, 2040. Alrrights reserved.Practical Drilling Skills Section & IADC Dul Bit Grading Sys em Steel Tooth Bits ‘A meaaute of lost tooth height de to abrasion and for ‘damage 0 No Loss of Tooth Height Total Lose of Tooth Height Insert Bits ‘A measure of aa cutiog structure resvetion due to lost worn and or broken Inserts, No Lost, Warn and / of Broken Inserts -@—All Inserts Lost, Wom ons for Broken Fixed Cutter Bits Ameasute of fost, wom and, ertroken cuting (0—No Lost, Worn snd Jor Broken Cutting Structure {8 —AllofCutinig Stucture Lost, Wom and /or Broken D— Dull Characteristics (Use only Cuting Structure related code ec. sroken cone LE Lost teem cutters BF | Bond Fature Ge | Girone Wear fT | Broken Tesh /Cuters PB | Pinened Bt bu | Bates upon PN. = Plogged Nezzia Cracked Cone Flow Passage [:c0 * Gone Orage RG = Rounded Gage Gi Goneererenca RO” Ring Out ck | Corea SD. = Shirts Damage Cr = Chipped Teeth /Cuters 88 * Self Sharpening ER _ Erosion Wear FC Fin crestes Wear TR = Tracing He 7 Heat Cheeng Wo = Woaned out {0 = dink Damage’ WT = Wom Tooth Cutters Hic not Gone NO. | No Bul Gheracterates IN = Lostheaae "Show cone Funder locaton ‘Chitting Structure Bearings) | Ga5e Giher Reason inner [Outer [Dull Char. | Location | Seals 9° | Dull Char. | Pulled T o D a S oi R Inner Cutting Structure (All inner Rows) L = Location (0— Outer Cutting Str a Roller Cone Fixed Cutor ‘ater Guiting Structure (Gage row only) N--NoseRRow" Cone# Cone In columns 1 and 2 a near sole rom O08 is uses to Be tee roe ox ae serine tho condition ofthe ein stuctre according Si Goerow 3 T Teper tothe folowing Ao AlRows 3 5 Shoulser & = Gage B ~ Bearing Seals Non-Sealed Bearings Ainear scale estimating beating ite used (0 Nolte Used. 8 = Allie used: NO bearing ie remaining ) Seated Bearings seals efecive F seals iaies IN notable to grade X= fixed cuter bt (@earngiess} G~ Gage 1 = ingage N16 = 116" out of 9a9@ 216 = 118" out of ga9e An6 © 414" eutot oa 0 - Other Dut! Characteristics Fer o column 3 codes. R— Reason Pulled or Run Terminated BHA - Change Botlom UH Latin Hole ‘ecoriy LOS | Run tage OM = Conon Mas PE” Pump Pressure © | Cor Pont PR Pension Rate DMF < Downhole Motor Fature RIG. | Rig Repar DP On Pg TO Tots! Gepins OS © Bal Sting Faire Easing Depth DST Dalston Testing TO Torque, OTF * Dowsholo Tool Falure TW Twat On Ful Fomaton Change WG: Weaber Ha_2 Hours oa Figure 8-2 ‘GDr Leon H Robinson, 2070. Alvights reserved.Practical Drilling Skilis Drill Bits STANDARDIZED DULL BIT GRADING SYSTEM Today's competitive oilfield mandates drilling wells as efficiently and economically as possible. Few oilmen will argue, the people most successful at making hole are those with good iron, experienced crows and the best drilling information. One tool for obtaining timely and accurate drilling information is grading the dull rock bit. When the dull bit comes out of the hole, a study of ils cutting structure and bearing condition can tell a very important story. An accurate dull grade gives a good picture of how the hole was drilled Did the bit perform to its full potential? If not, what changes do we need to make before we go back into the hole again? Careful inspection of the dull cutting structure and bearings can give us a good handle on the bit's dull characteristics which can affect out next bit selection, break-in procedures and operating practices. Grading a dull bit and evaluating those findings is a simple operation that can increase our driling efficiency while lowering drilling costs. The industry has developed a dull bit grading methort and symbols that simplify this important operation. The dull grading symbols indicated here can be used to grade all types of bits including Journal bearing bits, carbide and stee! tooth Sealed ball and roller bits of both types Non-sealed bearing bits Natural diamond bits Polycrystalline diamond bits ‘Thermally stable polycrystalline diamond bits SYSTEM STRUCTURE The dull grading method described herein follows the [ADC Grading System. Eight columns of information are used for reporting dull bit conditions on bit records. a REMARKS | CUTTING STRUCTURE B .. G REMARKS Taner Outer Dull Toca- Bing, Reason Rows | Rows | Char. | tion seal | 46°C) | panto) | Pulled @ (O) (0) o @) ®) Column 1 (|-Inner) is used to report the condition of the cutting elements not touching the wall of the hole (Inner). The change from inner 2/3 of the cutting structure was made to reduce variations in grading and increase understanding of the system, Column 2 (O-Quter) is used to report the condition of the cutting elements that touch the wall of the hole (Outer). In the previous version, this was the outer 1/3 of the cutting structure. This change reflects the importance of gauge and heel condition to good bit performance. @Dr Leon H. Robinson, 2070. Allrighis reserved, a7Practical Drilling Skills Section & In columns 1 and 2 a linear scale from 0-8 is used to describe the condition of the cutting structure as follows, STEEL TOOTH BITS This is a measure of lost tooth height. 0 - No loss of tooth height 8 - Total loss of tooth height Figuro 8-3 INSERT BITS This is a-measure of combined cutting structure reduction due to lost, worn and/or broken inserts! teeth. 0- No loss of cutting structure 8 - Total loss of cutting structure Example: A bit missing half of the inserts on the inner rows of the bit due to loss or breakage with.the semaining teeth on.the inner rows having a 50% reduction in height due to wear, should be graded a 6 in column 1. If the inserts on the outer rows of the bit were all intact but were reduced by woar to half of their original height, the proper grade for column 2 would be 4. Column 3 (D-Dull Characteristic ~ Cutting Structure) uses a two-letter code to indicate the major dull characteristic of the cutting structure, Table 8-3 lists the two-letter codes for the dull charac- teristics to be used in this column, Table 8-3 Dull Characteristics BC — Broken Cone LN Lost Nozzle BF —Bond Failure LT ~Lost Teeth / Cutters BT Broken Teeth / Cutters OC ~Off-Center Wear BU — Balled Up Bit PB — Pinched Bit *CC Cracked Cone PN ~ Plugged Nozzle / Flow Passage *CD Cone Dragged RG - Rounded Gauge Cl —Cone Interference RO —Ring Out CR —Cored SD = Shirttail Damage CT Chipped Teeth / Cutters SS ~Self-Sharpening Wear ER ~Erosion TR ~ Tracking FC —Flat Crested Wear WO Washed Out Bit HC ~Heat Checking WT ~Worn Teeth / Cutters JD = Junk Damage NO No Dull Characteristic “LC Lost Cone *Show Cone # or #'s under location 4 ae @DrLeon H, Robinson, 2070. Alrighis reserved.Practical Drilling Skills Drill Bits Column 4 (L-Location) uses a letter or number code to indicate the location on the face of the bit where the cutting structure dulling characteristic occurs. Table 8-4 lists the codes to be used for describing locations on roller cone bits. NOTE: "G" (gauge row) replaces "H" for this version. ine 8-4 Location (Roller Cone Bits) N_ - Nose Row Cone # M Middle Row 1 G = Gauge Row 2 A - AllRows 3 Location is defined as follows: © + Gauge — Those cutting elements whic: touch the hole wall. ‘+ Nose — The centermost cutting eloment(s) of the bit ‘+ Middle — Cutting elements between the nose and the gauge. + All AN Rows, Cone aumbers are identified as follows: ‘+ The number one cone contains the centermost cutting element. * Cones two and three follow in a clockwise orientation as viewed looking down at the cating structure with the bit sitting on the pin. Column 5 (B-Bearing/Seals) uses a letter or a number code depending on bearing types, to indicate bearing condition of roller cone bits. For non-sealed bearing roller cone bits, a linear scale from 0-8 is used to indicate the amount of bearing life that has been used. A zero (0) indicates that no bearing life has been used (a new bearing) and an 8 indicates that all of the bearing life has been used (locked or lost). For sealed bearing (journal or roller) bits, a letter code is used to indicate the condition of the seal. An “E* indicates an effective seal, an "F* indicates a failed seal(s), and an "N" indicating "not able to grade” has been added to allow reporting when seal/bearing condition cannot be determined. Column 6 (G-Gauge) is used to report on the gauge of the bit. The letter "I" (IN) indicates no gauge reduction. If the bit does have a reduciion in gauge it is to be recorded in 1/16th of an inch. The "Two Third’s Rule" is correct for three-cone bits. GDr Lean H. Rabinson, 2010. Allrighis reserved.Practical Drilling Skills Section & Amount Out of Gauge = Measured Distance x 2/3 Figure 8-4. "Two Thirds Ruse.” The Two Third’s Rule, as used for three-cone bits, requires that the gauge ring be pulled so that ‘it contacts two of the cones at their outermost points. Then the distance between the outermost Point of the third cone and the gauge ring is multiplied by 2/3's and rounded to the nearest 1/16th of an inch to give the correct diameter reduction, Column 7 {0-Other Dull Characteristics) is used to report any dulling characteristic of the bit, in addition to the cutting structure dulling characteristic listed in column 3 (D). Note that this column is not restricted to only cutting structure dulling characteristics, Table 6-3 lists the two- letter codes to be used in this column, Column 8 (R-Reason Pulled) is-used to report the reason for terminating the bit run. Table 8-5 lists the two-letter or three-letter codes to be used in this column. Table 8-5 Reason Pulled or Run Terminated BHA Change Bottom Hole Assembly CM Condition Mud CP - Gore Point DMF = Downhole Motor Failure DP = Drill Plug DSF Drill String Failure DST - Drill Stem Testing DIF = Downhole Too! Falture FM = Formation Change HP - Hole Problems HR - Hours on Bit LH = Left in Hole LOG - Run Logs PE - Purp Pressure PR - Penetration Rate RIG - Rig Repair TO — = Total Depth / Casing Depth TQ = Torque TW Twist Om WC = Weather Conditions 510 @ DrLaon M Robinson,Practica! Drilling Skills Drill Bits DULL Bit Grapinc Dull bit grading is determining the condition 01 a worn bit as it relates to the bit cutting structure, bearing, and gauge. Established in 1961 by the AAOC, the dull grading standard was adopted for rock bit evaluation by the industry in 1963 based on a T-8-G system of grading Tooth, Bearing and Gauge wear. In 1987, the IADC offered a much improved rock bit version and introduced a fixed cutter dull grade version of the system, both of which were modified in 1992, and are currently in common use today. The objective of the dull grade system is to facilitate creation of a “mental picture” of a worn bit's, physical condition through a standardized evaluation of certain bit characteristics. The system provides an industry-wide standard for recording the physical condition of the wom bit for future reference. Therefore, the meaning of a dull grade must be subject to as little misinterpretation as possible, The IADC System has been refined over time to accommodate changes in bit design and needed improvements. The current system provides a better description of the dull bit than previous versions, especially for journal bearing TCI and fixed cutter bits (natural and synthetic diamond). The ADC System also now provides a code to describe why a bit was pulled or a run was terminated. Now an industry-wide standard, this system provides valuable information, when used correctly, to aid drilling personnel in preparing well programs, and also assist bit manufacturers designing new tools for the drilling industry. The system has been incorporated into user and manufacturer databases providing an extremely useful resource for improving bit design and optimizing drilling programs, The system provides an accurate and consistent way of evaluating worn bits, and in fact, most bit selection methods should start with analysis of bit dull condition. Historically, a driller would learn through experience how to examine a “dull’ to determine what type of bit to run next, and how it should be run (WOB, RPM, etc,). Frequently, the company man, the driller or the toolpusher would be the ones to select drill bits. They were suppose to evaluate where the predominate wear was located and then select another bit which would have the bit teeth and the bearings fail at the same time Of course, there were many “deals” made at that time as bit salesmen tried to persuade the rig personnel to select their bits, One of the most interesting approaches for some of the poor quality bits was the "Whiskey Bit.” [AND at various times in the past, the major bit manufacturers would go through a period when their bit quality was not the best it should be. This meant the bit salesman had to resort to some innovations to sell that particular bit] By placing a fifth of whiskey in the bit box, the bit salesman would tell the company man that he could have the whiskey if that bit was used. Usually on the final day of the four, the company man would pull the bit in the hole and start the new one just before leaving the location. The relief company man then had the problem of a drill bit which might not perform as well as it should. This practice, fortunately, seems to have disappeared and now various contracts with bit manufacturers are examined more thoroughly. Today, the dull grade provides information on how a bit has worn, with specific characteristics Suggesting areas that might be improved in terms of bit design or operating parameters. For ‘©DrLeon H. Robinson, 2010. Allrights reserved. otPractical Drilling Skills Section & example a roller cone bit that is cored (CR), with the noses of cones having a concave appearance with smooth edges, may indicate excessive WOB was applied during drilling or, depending on other wear characteristics, may indicate the need for an entirely different cutting structure design. It will certainly indicate that the next bit must be used to remove the “hump” or protrusion in the center of the bottom of the hole. Without that process, the next bit will fail. much sooner than the previous one — and in the same manner. Recognizing and understanding ‘the significance of wear characteristics can lead to better bit selection, optimized operating parameters, and maximum performance in terms of ROP and bit life, all of which contribute to improved driling efficiency and lower cost per foot. The IADC Dull Grading System can be applied to all types of roller cone bits as well as all types of fixed cutter bits. Bits with steel teeth, tungsten carbide inserts, natural or synthetic diamond cutters all can be described using this system, The format of the dull grading chart records eight wear factors: the first four spaces describe the extent and location of wear of the “Cutting Structure.” The next two spaces address “other* criteria for bit evaluation, with the fifth space reserved for grading bearing wear of roller cone its. This space is always marked with an "X" when fixed cutter bits are graded, The last columns refer to aspects of dull condition other than the cutting structure area, a secondary or “other” duit characteristic, and reason the bit was pulled, whether section TD, bit failure or other. The slides used in this lecture will also be used as text material to explain the grading system. This will assist in ‘note-taking’ and in comprehension. Drill Bit Dull Grading: + Wear characteristics are informative + Dull bit analysis is a powerful diagnostic tool ‘+ Wear can be related to operating practices, ‘+ Wear can be related to bit design features + Accelerated wear can often be corrected ‘+ Analysis of dulls can yield better bit choices + Analysis of dulis can improve drilling operations e12 Gr Leon A. Rotinson, 2010. Alrighis reserved.Practical Drilling Skiils Drill Bits Dull grading is the determination of the + Established in 1961 by the AAODC as the degree of drill bit wear as it relates to the first dull grading standard cutting structure, bearing, and gauge Adopted by the industry in 1963 Improved by the IADC in 1987 Modified in 1992 ‘Adopted now by most drillers Dull Grading is essential for driling wells in an efficient and cost effective manner * Dull Grading provides an accurate and consistent way of evaluating dull bits “3 Primary Reasons” 1. To improve bit type selection for Dull Grading 2. To identify those operating practices that can be refined to improve drilling performance 3. To assist drill bit manufacturers improve bit designs and to design new and more _ effective bits ‘AN OVERVIEW OF THE IADC DULL A standardized system to “facilitate the GRADING SYSTEM creation of a mental picture of a worn bit's physical condition...” (SPE 1992) The “IADC Dull Bit Grading System” AnB Column system is used for grading dull bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zz 8 DULL GAUGE CHAR. 4M6THS PULLED The Oid System: TBG The “IADC Dull Grading System” + The first flour columns grade the cutting structure. 1 2 3 4 INNER | OUTER | DULL | LOCA Rows | Rows | CHAR. | TION Lt + Column 1 reports condition of teeth not touching hole walll (RC) = reports condition of cutters of the inner 2/3 of the bit radius (FC) * Column 2 reports condition of teeth touching hole wall (RC) ~ reports condition of cutters of outer 1/3 of the bit radius (FC) + Column 3 reports the major dull characteristics of the bit + Column 4 gives location where major dull characteristic occurs eta Robinson, 2070. All ights reserved.Practical Drilling Skills Section & ‘THE “IADC DULL GRADING SYSTEM” + Columns 1 and 2 use a graduated scale of 0 to 8 to measure average tooth wear +> Cofumn 3 uses a two letter code to report the major dull characteristic + Column 4 uses a single letter code to define the location where the dull characteristic occurs A=Allareasiows — G= Gauge rows N= Nose (row) M = Middle rows =Cone T= Taper S = Shoulder H = Heel row 1 2 3 4 INNER ] OUTER | DULL | LOCA ROWS TION [> fs [= Ts | The “IADC Dull Grading System” + The last four columns grade other aspects of the dull condition. al 2 3 4 5 6 z 8 a mire cs BRNG? | GAUGE | OTHER [REASON W16THS | DULL _| PULLED SEALS, = ‘Column 5 reports condition of seals and bearings (X" for fixed cutter bits) + Column 6 reports gauge condition of bit + Column 7 reports the secondary or “other” dull characteristic ofthe bit + Column 8 gives the reason the bit was pulled ot @Or Leon A RobPractical Drilling Skills Drill Bits Codes for "Reason Pulled’ (Column 8) BHA = Change Bottomhole Assembly DMF = Downhole Motor Failure DSF = Drill String Failure DST = Drill Stem Test LOG = Run Logs RIG = Rig Repairs CM = Condition Mud CP = Core Point DP = Drill Plug FM. = Formation Change HP = Hole Problems HR = Hours PP = Pump Pressure PR = Penetration Rate TD = Total Depth/Casing Depth TQ = Torque TW = Twist Off "WC = ‘Weather Conditions. WO = Washout Drillstring Column § uses a letter code to represent the condition of the bearings and seals for sealed bearing bits; or, a numeric code for non-sealed bi E= Effective F = Failed N = Not able to determine X = Fixed Cutter 0 to 8 (0 = nowear, 8 = No life left) Column 6 uses the following to report gauge conkition: Given in n/16ths or In gauge Column 7 uses a two letter code to report the secondary or “other” dull condition, Column 8 uses a two letter code to report the reason for run termination 5 6 z 8 BRNG/ | GAUGE | OTHER | REASON SEALS | 1/6THS | DULL | PULLED F 2 cT PR Dr Leon A. Robinson, 2070, Allrights reserved. BSPractical Drilling Skills Section & HOW TO GRADE A DULL BIT Examine Ball plug weld and pressure plug for leakage All welds Pin for cross-threading Shoulder for improper make-up torque Cone gauges and arm condition For lost inserts, erosion, and ST damage Reservoir cap and nozzle area for damage or erosion Examine the cutting structure looking down on the bit, Start with cone 1 (with bit on pin, cone #1 has: centermost teeth, cones 2 & 3 follow in clockwise manner). Examine the teeth and cone condition. Look for worn, broken, lost or chipped teeth, junk damage, cone running together ete. Ring gauge the dull bit. wie Rotate all cones to place a tooth at maximum gauge point Place the ring gauge touching two cones. Measure the gap at the closet point on the third cone. For roller cone bits, this distance x 2/3 is the amount out of gauge (recorded in n/16ths). @Dr Leon H. Robinson, 2070. Allright reseedPractical Drilling Skills Drill Bits DRILL BIT DULL GRADING * Cone interference «Hitting ledge on trip or connection + Dropped drill string + Hydrogen sulfide embrittlement * Show cone number under location ‘One-or more cones brokerr in two: or more pieces, with most of the cone still attached to the bit. Figure &-9 NOTE: This may be the first indication of Hydrogen Sulfide in the well bore. When a bit comes to the surface looking like this, the mud engineo: should immediately check for sour gas. BROKEN CONE (BC) ‘The broken cone is this photo was caused by tydrogen sulfide embrittlement. A cone also may break when the bit hits a ledge during a trip or connection or there is cone interference caused by the cones sunning on each other after a bearing failure. Notice the two flat axial breaks on this particular bit. The circumferential break is the cup/cone tear break. Generally, the “BT" on Cone One and Cone Two is caused by junk left on the botiom by Cone Three. The crest of the broken inserts indicates the insert break was caused by inserts impacting the cone piece during drilling. Figure 8-10. Broken Cone (BC). BROKEN TEETH (BT) The photo below is an example of multiple tooth breakage. The sharp edges to the junk dent marks in the cone shell indicates this chippage or breakaye occurred near the end of the bit run, Note also that the heel inserts and nose inserts have remained in the best condition. In some formations, broken teeth like chipped teeth can be normal wear characteristic of tungsten carbide insert (TCI) bits and does not necessarily indicate problems in bit application or operating practices. Broken teeth, however, are not considered a nctmal wearing condition for steel tooth bits. For those, it may indicate either improper bit application or operating practices. ‘© Orleon H. Robinson, 2070. Allrights reserved.Practical Drilling Skills Section & In TCI bits, this dull feature frequently occurs when the compressive strength of the rock exceeds the compressive strength of the cutting structure. If, however, the bit run was of unusually short duration, broken teeth could indicate excessive weight and/or rpm, improper bit application andlor the need for a shock sub. Excessive weight for the particular application is evident by broken teeth predominately on the inner and middle rows. Excessive rpm for the particular application is indicated by breaks predominately on the gauge row. Teeth also can break when the tit is run on junk, hits a ledge or suddenly strikes the bottom or the bit has been improperly broken in, which is indicated by a major change in the bottomhole pattern. Drilling a formation that is too hard for the type of bit being used also can break teeth. ‘+ Improper bit selection + Junk in hole + Excessive WOB or RPMs + Improper break-in * Cone interference + Design and/or materials The major portion of the tooth extension is broken off, Figure 8-11. Broken Teeth (31) When a large number of inserts are broken, the driller should always wash bottom before applying weight to the bit. Loose inserts will rip more teeth from the bit BALLED UP (BU) A balled-up bit will show tooth wear. This is caused by a cone or cones, being unable to turn because of formation being packed between the cones. It erroneously may appear a bearing has locked up. After cleaning the cutting structure of this particular bit it was discovered the bearings were in good condition which often is the case with a balled-up bit. Balling may occur because of inadequate hydraulic cleaning of the hole, when the bit is forced into formation cuttings with the pump not running or by drilling a sticky formation ‘+ Usually occurs to all three cones + Inadequate hydraulic cleaning of bottomhole ‘+ Bit forced into formation cuttings with pump off, + Drilling sticky formation The skidding wear is due to formation packing and locking of cones. Figure 8-12. Balled Up (BU). ee 6 Dr Leon H, Robinson. 2070. All rights reserved,Practical Drilling Skills Drill Bits CRACKED CONE (CC) This photo shows a circumferentially cracked cone. This crack was caused by cone shell wear, which reduced the cone shell thickness over tie cone retention groove. The heat generated by . the formation wear. during. off-center running is responsible for this particular crack, From an operational standpoint, a cone may crack wher junk is left on the bottom, the bit hits a ledge or bottom or the drill string is dropped. Cones can also crack by hydrogen sulfide embrittlement, ‘cone shell erosion or overheating, ‘+ Junk of hole bottom + -Striking ledge + Dropped drill string + Hydrogen sulfide embrittlement = Overheating + Cone shell erosion + Cone interference * "Snow cone number under “Location” iPigure 6-13, Cieeked Cone (6 Cracks anywhere on the cone — precursor to broke and lost cone. CONE DRAGGED (CD} This dull feature means one or more of the c»ies did not turn during part of the bit run. This is indicated-by one or more-flat wear spots. Us-tally, a dragged cone is caused by bearing failure ‘on one or more of the cones, junk lodging between the cones, a pinched bit that causes cone interference or a balled-up bit. = Bearing failure on one or more cones ‘+ Junk lodging between cones ‘+ Pinched bit causing cone interference © Bit balling up + Inadequate break-in “Show cone number under “Location” ‘Skidding wear and locking of cone/cones. Figure 8-14, Cone Dragged” (CD). CONE INTERFERENCE (Cl) On this bit, notice the "BT, M 3° breakage is irregular, indicating the Number One Cone shell and inserts impacted on another. The "WT, M 1” is a good example of insert wear against the adjacent cone shell material as opposed te wear against the formation. Cone interference which can lead to cone grooving and broken teeth is often mistaken for formation damage. Broken teeth caused by cone interference does not indicate improper bit selection, @Dr Leoni Robinson, 2010. Allrighis reserved. a9Practical Drilling Skills Section 8 Some causes of cone interference are a pinched bit, reaming an undergauge hole with excessive weight on bit (WWOB) or bearing failure in one or more cones. + Bearing failure + Pinched bit One or more of the cones moves toward the bit center causing circumferential gouging, Figure 845. Cone Interference (C). CORED (CR) ‘The centermost cutters of this bit were damaged by a rock core that was left in the hole by the preceding bit. This is merely one way in which a bit can core. A bit often cores when the nose part of one or more cones is broken or when the abrasiveness °of the formation exceeds the wear resistance of the center cutters. Improperly breaking in a new bit after a major change in the bottomhole pattern also can result in coring. A bit will also core vwhen cutters are Jost because of cone shell erosion or when junk left in the hole breaks the conter cutters. + Improper bit sélection + Excessive WOB + Highly abrasive formations ‘+ Improper break-in = Cone shell erosion Figure 8-16. Cored (CR). Noses have a concave appearance with smooth edges. The next bit must start drilling before it reaches the bottom. This dull bit profile is quite puzzling when it is first observed. Usually, the center part of the hole has not been drilled — for a variety of reasons. An abrasive mound of formation is in the center of the hole. It can be eliminated by slowly reaming back to bottom. If weight is applied without removing this mound, the next bit will look even worse. SDrLeon H. Robinson, 2070. All rights reserved.Practical Drilling Skills Drill Bits BOTTOM HOLE PATTERN OF COREDINON-CORED BIT This photo compares the bottomhole pattem of a bit that has been cored and one thal is running normally. The yellow portion shows the formation mound left on the bottom by a previously run bit that was cored. In Number One, or Two rock and with proper care, the mound can be removed and drilling proceed without coring the next bit. In the harder Numbers Seven, Eight or Nine rock, it is recommended the core first the cleaned up and 5-10 feet of new hole can be drilled. Atterwards, it is wise to trip and examine the bit to determine if another cleaning is called for. Figure 8-17. Bottomhole pattern of coredinon-cored bit. CHIPPED TEETH (CT) The photo below shows two examples of how teeth can chip. Note the chipped insert on the upper left middle row, adjacent to the heel or gauge row. This insert was sheared by impact from something on the bottom if the hole, The two inserts to the right in the same row each have a single break with a ridge in the center and a small one to the side. On TCI bits, chipped teeth often become broken teeth. A tooth is considered to only be chipped if a substantial part remains above the cone shell. Possible causes of chipped teeth are impact loading caused by rough running and/or slight cone interference. Usually, chipped teeth are not indicative of any problems in bit applications or operating parameters. + Usually results from normal wear + High impact loading * Cone interference + Running on junk ‘+ Design and material problems The larger portion of the insert remains above the cone shell. Figure 8-18. Chipped Teeth (CT) ‘SDr Leon A, Robinson, 2070. All ighis reserved. eatPractical Drilling Skills ection & EROSION (ER) ‘The erosion indicated in this photo suggests abrasive cutlings in the mud traveled at a high rate from right to left. When encountering an insert the eddy effect caused the cuttings to remove the cone shell on the right side of the inserts, On TCI bits the loss of cone shell material can lead to a loss of inserts because the support and grip of the cone shell material was reduced. Erosion also can indicate a hydraulic-related problem. Abrasive cuttings can erode the cone shell because of inadequate hydraulics. On the other hand excessive hydraulics can lead to high-velocity fluid erosion. An abrasive formation contacting the cone shell between the cutters also can lead to erosion. This is usually caused by tracking, off center wear or excessive WOB. < Abrasive formations [errno ed + Tracking + Off-center wear + Excessive WOB + Poor hydraulics (cleaning) + High velocity fluid erosion + Poor drilling fuids solids control Figure 8-19, Erosion (ER). + Loss of cone shell material FLAT CRESTED WEAR (FC) This characteristic generally reduces the rate of penetration toward the end of the run and ends many stee! tooth runs. As shown here, flat crested wear is an even reduction in height across the entire face of the cutters. Flat crested wear is dependent on many factors including formation, hardfacing and operating parameters. This characteristic often is caused when weight is decreased and rpm is increased to control deviation. + Normal and expected dull characteristic, + Affected by formations, hardfacing and operating parameters, + Accelerated by low weight and high RPMs + Has an even reduction in tooth height Figure 8-20, Flat Crested Wear (FC). eae ‘@Dr Loon A Robinson, 2010. Allrighis reserved.Practical Drilling Skills Drill Bits HEAT AFFECTED SEAL A bearing may fail because of a heat affectex’ seal (would be denoted on form as SF). Thermal degradation of a seal is a time and tempvrature reaction and can be caused by modest temperature over long runs or by high temperature over short runs. The damage to the bit shown here was caused when, after making a connection, drilling resumed without starting the mud pump Figure 8-21. Heat affected soat. HEAT CHECKING (HC) Heat checking occurs when a cutter overheats by being dragged on the formation and is later cooled by the drilling fluid over many cycles. Along with dragging the cutters, heat checking also > can occur"when*rearning a slightly undergauge hole at high rpm. Heat checking on this particular bit was caused by reaming with a motor, which is considered a bad driling practice. -Note-heve-that one leg of the bit was removed so the bearing could be examined. + Teeth being dragged + Reaming an undergauge hole at high RPMs Has heat cracks that look like spider webs, usually on the gauge row, Figure 8-22. Heat Checking (HC). JUNK DAMAGE (JD) This can be determined by marks on any part of the bit. The deep groove in the shirttail of this bit is believed to have been caused by junk irom the bit itself. The heavy cone shell erosion around the heel inserts makes it easy to understand why an entire insert would be dropped Note the circumferential scratches which came from sharp formation damage. It sometimes is necessary to clear the junk form the hole before proceeding. Common sources of junk and thereby junk damage are: junk dropped in the hole from the surface, junk from the drill string such as reamer pins, stabilizer blades, ete; junk from a previous bit run and junk from the bit itself. ‘BDr Leone Robinson, 2070. Alrighis reserved. a2Practical Drilling Skills. Section & + Materials dropped from the surface + Materials from a previous run + Lost dillsting and BHA components such as reamer pins, inserts, ball bearings, rollers, etc, ‘Material from the bit itself This is indicated by marks that appear on any part of the 2 bit Se Fiquro 8-22, unk Donsage (0). LOST CONE (LC) Cones can be lost in a variety of ways. With few exceptions the dropped cone must be cleared from the hole before drilling can resume. Cones can be lost by the bit striking a ledge of the bottom during a trip or connection. A dropped drill string, bearing failure or hydrogen sulfide embrittlement also can cause a cone to be lost. ‘+ Bit heavily impacting hole bottom + Bit striking a ledge + Dropped dill string + Bearing faifure + Hydrogen sulfide embrittlement “Show cone number under “Location” The cone is detached from the arm journal. Figure 8-24. Lost Cone* (LC). LOST NOZZLE (LN) This is an important other dulling characteristic that can help explain a bit run. A lost nozzle causes a pressure decrease that requires the bit be pulled from the hole. A lost nozzle also is a source of junk in the hole. Some possible causes of lost nozzles are improper installation, improper nozzle and/or nozzle design or mechanical or erosion damage to the nozzle and/or nozzle retaining system. On the bit shown here the washing action indicates a nozzle without a good O-ring, It was later determined the lack of sealing was caused by installing another manufacturer's nail-retained nozzle in a Hughes assembly. This meant the Hughes O-ring was left unsealed by the nail groove of the incompatible nozzle. eae ~~ S Brlean He Robinson, 2070. Alivighis reserved,Practical Drilling Skills Drill Bits + Improper nozzle installation, selection or design + Erosion to nozzle recess or retaining system « - Nozzle lost from nozzle recess Figuro 8-25, Lost Nozzle (LN). OFF-CENTER WEAR (OC) This occurs when the geometric center of the bit and the geometric center of the hole do not coincide. The result is an oversized hole. Off center wear is identified either by wear on the cone shelis between the rows of cutters, more gauge wear-en one-cane ar by a less than expected penetration rate. Off center wear can reduce ROP more so than a tracking bit. On this particular bit the cone on the right was cutting ‘anvoversized hole while the cone to the let had fitle or no engaugement with the wall of the hole. Since the wear is between the rows of inseits this indicates the bit was drilling an oversized hole. Some causes of off center wear are a change in the formation from brittle to plastic, inadequate stabilization ‘in a deviated hole, inadequate weight or the formation, improper bit type and when the hydrostatic pressure significantly exceeds the formation pressure. Off center wear can be climinated by changing bit types, thereby changing the bottomnole pattem. + Change of formation ‘+ Inadequate stabilization ‘+ Improper WOB, + Hydrostatic pressure exceeds formation pressure Wear on the cone shell between rows of teeth; more gauge wear on one cone and less PR. Figure 8-26, Oft-Conter Wear (OC). ‘GDrLeonH. Robinson, 2070. Ail rights reserved, ~ 25Practical Drilling Skills Section & PINCHED BIT (PB) Bits become pinched when they are mechanically forced to a less than original gauge. The bit shown here, for example, was forced into an undersized BOP stack. Note the broken heel inserts. Generally, the ridge from broken inserts is circumferential while the ridge in insert breakage normally is perpendicular to the force causing the breakage. Several of these heel inserts have circumferential crests on the broken heel inserts which indicates the undersized BOP broke the heel inserts. Other causes of pinched bits are forcing the bit into an undergauged hole forcing a rolling cone bit into a section of hole drilled by a fixed cutter bit forcing a bit through casing that does not drift to the bit size or pinching a bit in the bit breaker. Pinched bits can lead to broken teeth, chipped teeth, cone interference, dragged cones and several other cutting structure duling conditions. + Drilling an undersize hole + Forced into undersized casing or blow-out preventer + Bit breaker damage Excessive wear to the gauge and shittail Figure 8-27. Pinched Bt (PB). PLUGGED NOZZLE (PN) While this dulling condition does not describe the cutting structure, it nonetheless cen be useful in providing information about a bit run. A plugged nozzle can result in reduced hydraulics or force a trip out of the hole because of excessive pump pressure. Jamming the bil into fill with the pump off can plug a nozzle. Plugging can occur when during a connection solid material going up the drill string and through the bit becomes lodged in a nozzle when circulation is resumed, Conversely, solid material being pumped down the drill string also can lodge in a nozzle. + Jamming bit into fill with pump off + Solid material inside the dril string * Debris obstructing the nozzle flow 8-26 “6 Or Laon H. Robinson, 2010. All rights reserved.Practical Drilling Skills Deill Bits ROUNDED GAUGE (RG) This dulling condition describes a bit that has experienced gauge wear in a rounded manner but has yet to wear out of normal gauge. The heel inserts may be less than gauge but the cone backfaces are still within nominal diameter. On this particular bit, the lack of shirttail and hardfacing wear along with the remaining bevwis on the gauge inserts, suggest it was still drilling a nominal gauge hole. The gauge of a bil can become rounded when drilling an abrasive formation with excessive rpm or reaming an undergauge hole. ‘+ Drilling highly abrasive formations at high RPMs + Reaming an undergauge hole The hole smoothly rounded the gauge. Figure 8-29, Rounded Gauge (RG). SHIRTTAIL DAMAGE (SD) ‘Damage ‘to the shirttail may be different from junk damage and is not considered a cutting structure dulling characteristic. Shirttail wear can lead to seal failures, Junk left in the hole, reaming an undergauge hole in faulted or broken formations or a pinched bit that makes the shirttail the outermost part of the bit are some of the’ causes of shirttail damage. ‘+ Reaming an undergauge hole > Pinched bit © Poor hydraulics Junk in the hole © Drilling a highly deviated or horizontal iicle Erosion, marks or wear on the shirttail or the ain, Figure 8-30, Shirttail Damage (SD). © Dr Leon A. Robinson, 2010. Alrights reserved. 6-27Practical Drilting Skills Section & SELF SHARPENING WEAR (3S) Since self-sharening helps maintain better penetration rates throughout the run, this dulling characteristic often indicates proper bit selection and operating parameters, Both TC! and steel tooth bits may wear in-@-setf-sharpening manner. As shown here, the cutters wear in such a manner as to retain some cutting edge. + Hardmetal application maintains tooth sharpness under normal wear conditions + Teeth retain sharp characteristic when worn Figure &-31. Self Sharpening Wear (SS). TRACKING (TR) ‘As shown here, the middie rows that tracked have turned the cones at an improper speed. The flat crested wear on the heel and inner rows also indicate improper speed. Another tracking indicator is the scooped wear between sharp crested teeth in a single row. A tracking bit will drill a nominal gauge hole with all three cones reaching gauge. Tracking ‘occurs when the teeth mesh like gears into the bottom of the hole. The cutter wear ona tracking bit will be on the leading and trailing flanks. The cone shell wear will be between the cutters in a row. Tracking sometimes can be prevented by using a softer formation bit or by reducing, if possible, the hydrostatic pressure. Tracking can be caused by changes in the formation from brittle to plastic or when hydrostatic pressure significantly exceeds the formation pressure. ‘+ Formations that change from brittle to plastic, + Excessive hydrostatic pressure ‘+ Improper weight to RPM combination This is indicated by wear to the leading and trailing flanks of the teeth. Figure 8-32. Tracking (TR). 528 © DrLeon H Robinson, 2070. Alirights resorved.Practical Drilling Skills Drill Bits WASHED OUT BIT (WO) Washout can occur at any time during a bit un, If the bit weld is porous, or not closed, the bit will start to wash out as soon as circulation begins. Often, the welds are closed but will crack during the bit run because of impact with the bottom or with ledges on connections. When a crack occurs and circulation start through the crack, the wash-out is established very quickly. Weld wash-out caused by drill string harmonics happens after the bit is in the hole long enough to indicate the weld was sealed during bit assembly. After installing triads during Hughes bit assembly, the frequency of weld washouts caused by drill string harmonics was reduced greatly. ‘+ Not cutting structure related + Can occur: = Anytime during the run = Through weld seams — Through cracks — Around nozzle = Around Pin Flow erosion through weakened material. Figure 632. Westod Out Bit WO). WORN TEETH (WT) This is a normal dulling characteristic for both TCI and steel tooth bits. When “WT” is noted for sleel tooth. bits, it usually is appropriate to note either self-sharpening (SS) or flat-crested wear (FC). + Is anormal and expected wear characteristic for both tooth and insert bits. ‘There is a flattened appearance to inserts or teeth. Figure 8-34, Worn Tooth (W1). br Leon A. Robinson, 2010, Allrighis reservec. 629Practical Drilling Skills Section 8 WORN SEAL. (DENOTED AS SF) Under SealsiBearings, one possible cause of bearing failure is worn seal. In this photo, the seal is worn on the 1,0. of the mud side. This particular wear was caused by mud solids wearing away the seal material Figuro 8-35. Worn seal (Denoted as SF). PDC Cutrer DULL CHARACTERISTICS ‘THE “IADC DULL GRADING SYSTEM” come [ od Qk =e oo esse Ty Figure 8-36 Fixed Cutter: Location Definitions (Column 4) Chipped Cutter (CT) * Less than half of the cutter is broken off » + Chip is:in both the diamond layer and carbide substrate + Caused by impact associated with bit whirl or excessive torque due to formation changes There is a minor breakage to the cutter element. Figure 8-37. Chipned Cutter (C1). 630 i Lean A. Robinson, 2070. Ala red.Practical Drilling Skills Drill Bits Heat Check (HT) * Diamond layer is usually missing « Excessive heat due to poor cooling or higher pressures + Excessive weight on bit in certain types of formations Flat wear with small micro cracks in carbide, Erosion (ER) + ‘Excessive mud flow from nozzles «Amplified by abrasive mud and formation material Matrix wear between the cutters Broken Cutter {8T) Break occurs in both diamond and carbide substrate ‘+ Impact against loose PDC cutters © Bit whirl © Sporadic torque More than half of the cutter is broken off. ‘@DrLeonH Robinson, 2070. Alighis reserved.Practical Drilling Skills Sectio. Lost Cutter (LT) = Braze bond fails to retain the carbide ‘The cutter is completely or mustly gone from the pocket. 8-41, Lost Cutter (LT). Worn Gutter WT} Diamond is without major chips, spalls, or cracks along the worn edge + Normaland expected wear ‘+ Indicates everything is working well ‘The cutter wear has an even flat appearance, Bond Failure (BF) + Usually related back to the PDC manufacturing process Braze joint between cutter and bonded extension breaks. 8-43. Bond Failure (BF). 32 ‘© DrLeon H, Robinson, 2070. All rights reserved,Practical Drilling Skills Drill Bits Ring Out (RO) + Caused by a loss of cutting structure in a pinpointed area * Can occur over entire bit + Usually accompanied by heat checking ‘Aworn groove that occurs mostly on the nose and shoulder. 8-44. Ring Out (RO). APPLYING GRADING SYSTEM To DULLS The best way to fully understand the benefils inherent in the dull grading system is to see its -application-on rotler cone-bits. Therefore, the following are the graded dull condition of three. bits. It is important to remember that in some instences there may be more than one “correct” dull grading for each bil. This can ocour if two graders should disagree on the primary cutting ‘structure dulling characteristic or on what the cther dulling characteristic should be. GRADED DULL NO. 1 This first bit was graded 7, 1, BT, M, E, |, WT, PR. The bit looks to have been dulled by encountering a harder formation than the bit was designed for. This is indicated by the heavy tooth breakage on the inner rows and by the fact the bit was pulled for penetration rate. The reduced penetration rate was caused by tooth breakage occurring when the bit encountered the hard formation. Excessive weight on bit also could cause the dull to have this appearance. The bit application was proper if the run was 2f reasonable duration, there was no evidence of “other” dulling characteristics, the seals wen effective and the bit was pulled in gauge. If, however the bit had a shorter than expected ruin the application probably was improper. The bit ‘may have been too soft for the formation or it may have been run under excessive weight. @ Dr Leon Hy, Robinson, 2070, Allrights reserved EX}Practical Drilling Skills Section @ Figure 8-45, Graded Dull No.1 (7, 1, BT, M, El, WT, PR). GRADED DULL NO. 2 This bit was graded 5, 8,WT, A, 3, 2, FC, HRS. This dull grade indicates proper bit selection and application. There is not a great deal more tooth wear (WT) on the outer cutters than on the inner cutters, which suggests proper rpm and weight on bit, Worn teeth is a normal dull characteristic in the harder tungsten carbide insert bits as opposed to chipped or broken teeth, both of which could indicate excessive rpm or weight. ‘When pulled, the bit was stil drilling well as indicated by listing HRS as reason pulled. The bit, however, was slightly undergauge (2/16") at this point and may well have rapidly lost more gauge if left in the hole. This supports the decision to pull the bit based on hours. A bearing condition "3" on the air bearings suggests adequate bearing life still remaining. Since there are no harder bits available and the dull grade indicates a softer bit would not be appropriate, this seems to have been a proper bit application. oa4 “~SDrLeon Fi Robinson, 2070. Allrights reservedPractical Drilling Skills Drill Bits Figuro 8-46. Graded Dull No. 2 (5, 8, WT, A, 3, 2, FC, HRS). GRADED DULL NO. 3 The third dull was graded 0, 0, NO, A, E, 1, LN, PP, Since there is no evidence of any cutting structure dutling, the 0, 0, NO, A is used to describe the cutting structure. {fthis bit had been run for an extended time before losing the nozzle, this dull grading would indicate a softer bit — possibly a steel tooth ~ might be better suited to drill this interval, If the.sun was very short, it is probable the nozzle was not the proper one or it was improperly installed. If this was the case, no other information concerning the proper or improper bitapplication can be determined. FFigure 8-47. Graded Dull No. 3(0, 0, NO. A, LN, PP). ® br Leon A Robinson, 2070, Allrights reserved, 635Practical Drilling Skills Section 8 © = Cone 1k Gauge N = Nose (Row) 46-116" Undorgauge T = Toper 26 — 18" Undergauge S = Shoulder G = Gauge A ~ All Amas/Rows pS M = Middie Row H = Hee! Row Cutting Structure B S Remarks inner] Outer | Outt Y] cotion | Bearing’ | Gauge/ | Other | Reason Rows | Rows | Char. & Seals | 1te/ | Char. | Pulled A | A ® 7 * (0 No Weer ‘Non Sealed Bearings 8—No Usable Cutting O-No Life Used Structure : "BC ~ Broken Cone Sealife Used BF — Bond Failure BT = Broken ToethvCuters Sealed Bootngs BU ~ Balled Up F — Seals Fale SCC. Cracked Cone “CD ~ Gone Dragged i ~ Gone interference Sones GR Cored CT ~ Chipped Teeth’Cuttors ER Erosion BHA — Change Botiomhole Assembly FC ~ Flat Crested Wear DMF — Downhole Motor Failure HG Heat Checking DSF — Dail Sting Failure JD ~ Junk Damage DST ~ Dril Stem Test “LO ~ Lost Cone DIF — Downhole Too! Failure LN ~ Lost Nozzle LOG = Run Logs LT ~ Lost TeathvCuttors RIG — Rig Repair NR = Not Rerunnable CM — Condition Mud OC ~ Off-Conter Wear GP = Core Point PB — Pinched Bit DP = Dri Plug PN — Plugged Nozzie/Flow Passage FM — Formation Change RG ~ Rounded Gauge HP = Hole Problems RO ~ Ring Out HR = Hows RR — Rerunnable PP — Pump Pressure ‘SO — Shirai! Damage PR — Penetration Rate SS = Soff Sharpening Wear ID. = Total DepthiCasing Depth TR — Tracking TQ = Torque WO ~ Washed Out Bit TW ~ Twistor WT — Wom TeethiCutters WC — Weather Conditions NO = No MajorfOther Dull WO. = Washout -Dristng Characteristics Ma eee *Show Cone Number(s) Under Location Figure 8-48, Format of Dull Grading Chart. 536 Gr Leon A Ralinson, 2070. Alirighis resonedPractical Orilling Skills brill Bits tapos puns 013 _ pao = uo Ge suasguau wp = 9 st29 pepurod - Os s6erseg nogy@=20N peBénid - No pavpulg > a seaqasven HO = 50 sainganeeL se) = 11 SEEN eT - NT ing 48U0 (c ‘snes puoa - 38 se09 ua0:9 = OB a8eb oie uk = tit isopoo pres mons Suna fu on) ‘Soebusf puveresomenuansesn Beg (2 sonsweizeveyo tina (b (esopuseoa) Sarorens 7x stig Jono paxtd ajeig 10 pue Woy 807 HSSUI EY —@ su2eu uotorg JO, pue won ¥SOTEN =O + syasu uexag 201 pve wom 80} amp Uoganpasainjony= Buys fo eIneaw Y sug wesu 1uSi2H M003 40 5807 0.2 1HSIBH Weed Jo8897 N~ 9 sBeuep 10 ue user 2p SN ROE 1840 BuNEEELLY w sug NEO] |9MS a oh (uo wos 209) aamyanayg Burang 4949, 3a 2 (xcu2un ny aumonng Bumng sou) (¢ 9 © ® ©. @ © uosesy, seas Lwonessy [aeu0 jaa] sino | —zeuul ssSuyeog ainjonng BUMS Burpes Hg ING OAV! Figure 8-49 oar @DrLeon H Robinson, 2040. Allnights reserved.Practical Drilling Skills Section & Figure 8-50, Inner /outer row designation 28 Radius iB Rediwe . ae ay Gauge Shoulder Cone So ihoae\ }Gauge a Shoulder _ Taper FonNose Gauge SS \ Shoulder [Cone |, Taper Gauge A Shoulder Cone \ £9" J Nose Figure 8-51, Location designation. ae Wi Loan A Robinson, 2010" AM phe reservedPractical Drilling Skills Drill Bits DID DA RAAL 0 Figure 8-52. Tooth height measurement. Measured Distance { Amount Out of Gauge = Measured Distance x 2/3 Figure 8-53. Two thirds rufes and how to measure gauyo. ‘Dbr Lean He Robinson, 20Ta, Allg rasenvedPractical Drilling Skills Section 8 e40 ‘©Dr Lean H. Robinson, 2010, All righis resored.0840 9bHp» 0 eros voumetaen: YF “Yeonea = 2300 pst bon een teK q Wyclonule Mopsepower = Cee co)0820 9b46 0780 .0820 9bGuia para la Seleccion de Barrenas CONTENIDO 4. Introduccién Conceptos generales Metodotogia para la seleccién del tipo de barrena: tricénica o de cortadores fijos 3.1, Seleccién de la barrena tricénica éptima usando informacion de registros geofisicos. 3.2. Seleccién de la barrena de cortadores fijos éptima, 4, Determinacién de la vida atit de la barrena 5, Recomendaciones 6. “Nomenclature Referencias Apéndice A. Calculo de UCS mediante el Modelo de Smorodinov Apéndice B. Clasificacién [ADC para barrenas de cortador fijos. La seleccién de barrenas es parte importante dentro del proceso de planeacién de la perforacion de un pozo, ya que de ello depende en buena parte la optimizacion del ritmo de penetracién, Esta guia proporciona ios elementos de criterio necesarios para la seleccién de barrenas basado en propiedades mecanicas de la formacién y condiciones de operacién de la barrena. Se propone e! método de Energia Mecénica Especifica como criterio de apoyo para la seleccionGuia para ia Seleccién de Barrenas 4. Introduccién La seleccion de barrenas es una parte importante dentro del proceso de planeacién de la perforacion de un pozo, ya que de ello depende, en buena parte, fa optimizacién del ritmo de penetracién, el cual ‘esta influenciado por diversos parametros, tales como: esfuerzos efectivos de la roca, caracteristicas de la barrena, condiciones de operacién (peso sobre barrena, velocidad de rotacién e hidréulica), ensamble de fondo, propiedades fisico-quimicas de la roca, fluidos de perforacion y desviacién del pozo, entre otros. El alcance de esta guia se concentra en el andlisis, de la eficiencia de la barrena en funcion de propiedades mecanicas de la roca y algunos parémetros de operacién como el peso sobre barrena, velocidad rotatoria, ritmo de penetracién, y torque. ‘Los fenémenos fisicoquimicos originados por la interaccién del fiuido de perforacién con la formacién en la cara de la barrena, las propiedades del todo de pertoracion, el ensamble de fondo y la optimizacién de la hidraulica no son considerados. Esta metodologia es secomendable:para etapas de perforacién intermedias y profundas, en donde se dispone'de la informacién de registros requerida Tradicionalmente, la seleccién de barrenas se efectiia con base en la informacion de registros de barrenas usadas en pozos de correlacion. Se selecciona la barrena mas econémica utilizando e! ciiterio de costo por metro. Este criterio de seleccién requiere de una buena base de datos de registros de barrenas usadas en pozos vecinos y de.la experiencia del personal involucrado en la seleccién de la barrena, y les otorga poco valor a las caracteristicas mecanicas de la roca como titerio para su seleccion. Su efectividad esta limitada a la repeticion de las mismas condiciones de operacién y bajo el supuesto de que los datos, existentes representan parametros éptimos de operacién, fo cual no necesariamente es cierto Como resuttado, la seleccién de barrena finaliza en un proceso de ensayo y error. Algunos de los criterios y —metodologias reconocidos en la literatura para la seleccién de barrenas son los siguientes’: factor de barrena, perforabilidad de la formacion, energia mecénica specifica, indice de perforacién, y costo por metro. Algunos son estadisticos, basados en registros de barrenas, mientras que otros son analiticos, basados en principios _matematicos asociados con las propiedades mecanicas de las formaciones EI propésito de esta guia es proporcionar los elementos de criterio al personal para seleccionar barrenas con base en las propiedades mecanicas de la formacién y las condiciones de operacién, tomando como criterio de comparacién el tradicional método de costo por metro basado en estadistica y experiencia 2. Conceptos generales Las barrenas son clasificadas de acuerdo con su mecanismo de ataque a la roca en dos tipos: tricénicas y de cortadores fijos. El mecanismo principal de ataque de las barrenas tricénicas, ya sea de dientes maquinados 0 insertos, es de trituracién por impacto. Este ataque causa que la roca falle por compresién, como se ilustra en la Figura 1 aS Figura 1. La roca falla por estuerzos compresivos. En cambio, las barrenas de cortadotes fijos tienen un mecanismo de ataque por raspado de la roca Esto causa que la roca falle por esfuerzos de corte, La Figura 2 ilustra este mecanismo*Gui para Seleceidn de Barvenas Figura 2. La roca fella por estuerzos de corte, 3. Metodologia para la seleccién del tipo de barrena: tricénica o de cortadores fijos La primera disyuntiva que el ingeniero de disefio enfrenta es la de elegir una barrena tricénica 0 una de arrastre. La revisién de la literatura indica que no existe un cfiterio normalizado sobre cémo seleccionar el tipo de barrena, por lo que generalmente se nace @ partir de experiencias del comportamiento de cade tipo de barrena en titologias conocidas. Por lo tanta, aqui se propone la siguiente metodologia para este trabajo. Inicialmente, es necesario recopilar informacion de pozos de correlacién, sobre todo registros de barrenas y registros geofisicos (sénico bipolar, de preferencia-, de densidad, y de rayos gamma) Existen diferentes tipos 'y presentaciones de registros de los cuales se puede obtener la informacién necesaria. La Figura 3 muestra un registro sénico que contiene informacién del tiempo de transito, porosidad y rayos gamma Se propone el método de energia mecanica especifica (Es) como criterio de apoyo para decidir qué tipo de barrena seleccionar: tricénica o de cortadores fijos. Debido a que la energia mecanica especifica no es s6lo una propiedad intrinseca de la roca, sino que esté intimamente ligada con las condiciones de operacién de la barrena, (Es) proporciona una medida directa de la eficiencia de la barrena en una formacién particular La energla mecanica especifica se define como la energia requerida para remover una unidad de volumen de roca, y se calcula de acuerdo con la siguiente expresion’. 13415" WN aR, (1) Donde W es el peso sobre la barrena, NN es la velocidad de le rotaria, d es didmetro de la barrena, y Re el ritmo de penetracién. Cuando se estima la eficiencia de la barena conforme al concepto de costo por metro (C), existen parametros como el tiempo de viaje (t,) y el costo del equipo (Ce) que afectan el costo por metro perforado, pero que no son representativos de la eficiencia con la que la barrena perfora. Esto se puede ver en la ecuacién (2) de costo por metro que se presenta a continuacién, donde el costo por metro es directamente proporcional al costo del equipo y tiempo de viaje. lt, +t), (2) Donde Gg es el costo de la barrena, tr es el tiempo efectivo de rotacién de la barrena en el interval perforado H. Figura 3. Registro con informacion del tiempo de transit, porosidad y RG,ia pra la Seleecin de Barenas La metodologia es la siguiente: 4. Ordenar la informacién det registro de barrenas de pozos de correlacién, como se muestra en fa Tabla 1 Table 1 Inforacisn obtenis de un registo de barenes, iar” | Scams | scaneasa | tomar. | | [tS [> is inp Bo too e8 ef Hempo Ho rotaion isla tan e& e! empo' de rolacon scumulado 2. Calcular la energia mecénica especifica (Es) con la ecuacién 1 para cada intervalo perforado y para cada barrena. 3. Graficar los datos de Es en una grafica como la mostrada en ta Figura. de profundidad alcanzada vs Es . 4, Seleccionar.ta(s) barrena(s) utlizando la gratica construida. El oriterio de decision es que la barrena mas efectiva es la que requiere menos energia, Es. Este criterio junto can el tradicional de costo por metro sirve como un apoyo para decidir qué tipo de barrena se va 2 utilizar. Para el caso ilustrado en la Figura 4, es claro que la barrena que requiere menor Es para perforar el interval 1750-2500 m es la barrena de cortadores fijos, la cual seria seleccionada. [ Es (paibina3) ° 500 +000 1500 1700 1800 1900 Profundide aicanzads 2300 2400 2500 Figura 4, Grafica comparativa de eficiencia en términos do la energia mecanica especifca E:, 3.4 Seleccién de ia barrena tricénica dptime usando informacién de registres geofisicos. Si en el punto 3 se decidié utilizar una barrene tricénica, ef disefio parte de calcular el UCS (esfuerzo compresivo de la roca sin confinamiento) el cual es definido como la resistencia que una muestra no confinada de roca tiene bajo esfuerzos compresivos. Los valores de UCS calculados se comparan con los rangos de aplicacion de las barrenas PDC proporcionados por el fabricante para seleccionar la barrena con la dureza suficiente para vencer la resistencia de la roca. Existen diferentes criterios para el calculo del UCS. A continuacién se presenta la metodologia para calcularlo a partir de informacion de registros geofisicos’. Existen otros métodos para calcularlo, como el modelo de Smorodinov, y por su simplicidad es presentado en el Apéndice A como altemnativa de calculo. La seleccion de barrenas con base en registros geofisicos usa la relacién que existe entre la litologia de la formacién y la resistencia a la compresién de la roca. A continuacién se presenta el método de seleccién de barrenas tricénicas con base en el esfuerzo compresivo sin confinamiento ucs 3.1.1 Célculo del UCS a partir de informacion de registros geofisicos. Si no cuenta con la informacién del registro sénico que proporcione directamente los datos de los tiempos de transito compresional y de cizallamiento, Af. y At;, entonces se calculan de {a siguiente forma**. 1. Caleular A‘. para el intervalo Ate [a1qo(1—e)]+ lar, (0) (3) Donde A/,,, e6 el tiempo de transito a través de la matriz de la roca, el cual se obtiene de la tabla 2, $e la porosidad, y At, es el tiempo de transito @ través del fluido en el poro. Un valor de Ar, =207 seg/pie, correspondiente al agua, puede ser considerado.5 Guia paral Seceion de Barrenas 2, Caleuler Ar, para el intervalo At, = At as) @ Donde @ es un factor de correccién por tamafio de grano. Debido a que su valor es cercano a ia unidad, para propésito de esta guia se toma como a Los valores de la relacién tiempo de transito de cizallamiento y tiempo de transito compresivo, At (22), para diferentes tipos de rocas se obtienen de la tabla 2 3. Calcular la relacién de Poisson (v) con los valores de tiempo de tansito. (5) 4. Obtener del registro de densidad la densidad de la roca (p,) para cada intervalo 5, Calcular el médulo de cizallamiento (6). G= yo Pe saxio" Pe 6) aon a (6) 6. Calcular el médulo de Young (E) E=2G(1+v) @” 7. Calcular el médulo volumétrico (K) y ef médulo de compresibilidad (C) kata - ‘| (8) 1 Tabla 2. Relaciin de tiempo de trdnstto de izaliamiento/compresivo y tempo de transito & raves de matrices para uiferentes tipas de roca. - Titolgie dele Atte Velocidad on Formacibn nati racasa Arcillita 1.90 Arcilla 3.20 | fetid Das Arenisealipia) 60 Arenisea (limos) 1.70 Areisea (arin) 188 | Basa Us Cate mpi) 90 Cali moss) 210 Cala taro) 230 Carbon fenoso 248 Cuareta 130 Cuarzo 13s Diabasa 10 Diora Us Dolamia 180 | Epidsia 130 Cobre 160 Greis 130 | Granito 0 Tomo iss | moni 180 | Lodo iss cia 3001.75 Mirol 10 Pederal 160 Pra 10 al Dis eso. bas 8. Determinar el volumen de arcillas en fraccién del registro de rayos gama (V,). 9. Calcular el confinamiento (UCS) esfuerzo compresivo sin ip ae F fo.008V, +0.0045(1-V.)] (10) ucs= Esta expresién ha sido simplificada suponiendo ef ‘caso de una roca poco consolidada con un angulo de fricci6n interna de 30°. 11, Seleccionar la barrena tricénica de acuerdo con los valores de UCS en la Tabla 3,Guia para la Seleecin de Barrens ole 3. Clasiicacion de le WADC con el valor de UCS Tipo de ologia Resisten- [Codigo TADCT APT ciaala | compre L. sin (psi) jmaciones muy = 1500 [11 = 1741S 427 debiles - Alta plasticidad con baja resistencia (margas y acillas) Formaciones dbiles- | 1500 — [121 - 1277435327 aja resistencia 3000 (margas, evaporitas y lotitas) Formactones debiles a | 3500— [1311377537 —Sa7 medianamente débiles-| 7500 baja resistencia, interlaminadas con secuencias de alta [resistencia Qtitas, pizarras,lignitos) Formaciones 7500 medianamente duras- | 15000 alta densidad, alta resistencia; pero sit lentes abrasivos usta, areniseas y | DUT 2a F617 637 | curbonatos) Formaciones duras~ | 15000 [316-3477 732787 alta resistencia, con 30000 lentes abrasivos (oreniscas, limolitas y dolomitas) Formaciones 30000 [832-837 temadamente duras esistencia muy alta, muy abrasivas (rocas faneas y metamérficas) | 3.2 Seleccién de la barrena de cortadores fijos Sptima. En el caso de haber determinado en el punto 3 la utiizaci6n de una barrena de cortadores fijos, la seleccién de la barrena éptima se inicia calculando fa velocidad de transmision de la onda compresiva en la roca con confinamiento, CCV. Debido a que el UCS sélo relaciona la dureza de la formacién con la dureza y tamafio de los cortadores (ver tabla Apendice B), pero no proporciona informacion para definir el numero y diametro de cortadores, numero de aletas, ni el cuerpo (gauge) de la barrena, el UCS no toma en cuenta ni el grado de compactacién de la roca a perforar, ocasionado por la sobrecarga, ni los esfuerzos efectivos de la formacién ocasionados por la presién de poro, Por esta raz6n, se requiere Una seleccién mas rigurosa y se sugiefe un método que tome en cuenta las propiedades mecanicas de la roca bajo condiciones de confinamiento. El método aqui descrito es el propuesto por O'Hare” para el disefio de barrenas de cortadores utilizando la velocidad de transmision de la onda compresiva en la roca con confinamiento, CCV. 5.1 Célculo del mimero y diémetro de cortadores y del ndmero de aletas utiizando la velocidad de transmision de la onda compresiva en la roca con confinamiento. 4. Con Ia informacién del registro de barrenas (Tabla 1) y los tiempos de transito compresional y de cizallamiento para cada intervalo, calcular la velocidad de cizallamiento (Av,.). 1 Av, =—— 44 's Te ay 2. Caleular la CCV utilizando una de las siguientes ecuaciones: Si la cima del intervalo a perforar esté a una profundidad vertical real mayor a 610 m (2000 pies) Tha > 610 m_entonces cov = 881 Hous a 1524 Si la cima del intervato a perforar esta a_una profundidad vertical real menor a 610 m (2000 ples) Hyg, < 610 m, entonces: cev =(14 Hana (13) 1524, 3, Calcular el numero de cortadores (C,). C, = [51.967 In(CCV) - 442.8] (14) 4. Caleular el diémetro de cortadores a partir de la CCV y el tamafto de grano de fa formacién (a), (Considerar o ). ton 21.617-.0002*CCV *a (18)Gin para la Sleocin de Ba 5, Calcular el nimero de aletas (B,), en funcién del nuimero de cortadores, B, = -0.0006C? +0.1576C, -1.0245 (16) Esta metodologia deja fuera el calculo de otras caracteristicas de la barrena, como la longitud del cuerpo “gauge” (de primordial importancia en . perforacién direccional) y el area libre al flujo en la barrena. Para ello se sugiere consultar la referencia citada. Con la metodologia aqui detallada, es posible indicar al proveedor las caracteristicas minimas de barrena de cortador requeridas para la seccién de pozo programada. Esta _metodologia tampoco: incluye ta posicién {Angulo de ataque) de los cortadores en las aletas. Se requieren modelos mas complejos para un disefio completo de una barrena de cortadores, por fo que se recomienda el uso de software especializado para la optimizacion del programa de barrenas. 4, Determinacién de la vida util de la barrena En el punto 3 de esta guia se mencioné la ventaja de utilizar el criterio de la energia mecanica especifica”para ta seleccién de fa barrena, Con base en este argumento, este mismo criterio es importante para decidir, una vez que la barrena esta perforando, el tiempo éptimo para sacarla; por lo tanto, se sugiere su uso. La metodologia es similar a la ya expuesta en el punto tres y se detalla a continuacion. 1. Se ordena la informacién del registro de la barrena en uso como en la Tabla 1 2. Se calcula la energia mecanica specifica (Es) con la ecuacion 1 para los intervalos perforados, 3. Se grafican los datos obtenidos de Es en una grafica de avance acumulado vs Es. La Figura 5 muestra un caso tipico. 4, Se analiza .el comportamiento de la barrena tomando en cuenta al menos los siguientes aspectos: grafica de Es, grética de torque en superficie y las caracteristicas de los recortes en superficie. A continuacién se presentan tres casos tipicos, EI primer caso corresponde a incrementos suaves de Es; esto indica que la barrena esta perforando a través de formaciones con mayor dureza. La figura 5 ilustra este caso en la seccién denominada a). La misma Figura 5 ilustra los casos b) y c) donde se observa un significativo incremento de ta Es. En et caso b), se detecta un incremento de la Es y et registro de torque (ver Figura 6) se_mantiene dentro de un comportamiento normal, Esto indica que se esta perforando una formacién con mayor dureza, lo cual debe ser corroborado con el cambio de formacién observado en la recuperacién de recortes en superficie. En el caso c), Es incrementa significativamente y el torque muestra un incremento anormal; —_adicionalmente, la recuperacién de recortes comprueba que no hay cambio de litologia. Este comportamiento indica el punto donde la barrena debe ser reemplazada [_ ~ err) 7 “| ° "| | | | i) | i v2 | | me + 5 | 00 as | oS || Figura 5, Grafica tipica para decidir la vida uti de la barrena en términos de la energia mecanica especitica (E:) En general, el incremento de Es asociado al incremento anormal en el torque es indicativo de desgaste excesivo de la barrena La figura 7 ilustra el andlisis del comportamiento de esta misma barrena con base en el criterio de costo por metro. Se observa que, de acuerdo con este criterio, la barrena atin tiene vida util, mientras que el criterio de Es indica fo contrario. La explicaci6n de esta diferencia es que la Es toma en. cuenta parametros de operacién y, por lo tanto, permite detectar mas rapidamente cambios en el desempefio de la barrena. Una limitacién de este método es que no evaliia el desgaste de la barrena. Con el propésito de tomar en cuenta este importante pardmetro, se sugiere que, de acuerdo al desgaste exhibido por la barrena, se establezcan8 Gin pare a Selecoién de Barenas valores méximos de energia especifica (Es) para el intervalo analizado 500 7000 7500 000 & 8 3 700 100 200 00 600 700 200 a Figura 7. Grafica tipica para decidir la vida dt de fa barrena en 1é1minos del costo por metro (Sim). 20 10 200 6 200 400 6008001000 Figura 8. Efecto de la presion diferencia sobre el ritmo de penetracion 6, Recomendaciones En formaciones someras donde la toma de informacién de registros es limitada, los registros de barrenas de pozos de correlacién son la mejor herramienta para seleccionar barrenas. La metodologia aqui propuesta es aplicable para etapas de perforacién intermedias y profundas, en donde se dispone de la informacion de registros requerida. Cuando no se tenga la informacion, la aplicacién de criterios practicos de campo es trascendental. Asi como una roca dura no puede ser perforada con una barrena cuyos elementos de ataque son de menor dureza que la roca, una roca suave no puede ser perforada con eficiencia si los elementos de ataque de la barrena son para alta dureza. Se recomienda mantener una diferencial de presién minima entre la densidad equivalente de circulacién y la presién de poro de la formacién (minimo sobrebalance). Estudios realizados por diversos _investigadores* ‘comprueban que esta practica mejora el ritmo de penetracion, La Figura 8 itustra el comportamiento tipico del efecto. de sobrebalance en el ritmo de penetracion, Es necesario optimizar la hidraulica del sistema de tal modo que la potencia hidraulica sea transmitida de manera éptima al fondo del poze. EI uso de fluidos de perforacion limpios de sélidos es de vital importancia para el correcto desempefio de la barrena Esto implica unGuin para la Seleccin de Barrenas edecuado mantenimiento de los fluidos en superficie. « La ventaja de fa utizacion det criterio de energia especifica es que proporciona la informacion oportuna acerca de la eficiencia de la barrena para cada intervalo perforado en funcién de condiciones de operacion. Sin embargo, su uso en planeacién esta limitado para pozos de desarrollo. En pozos exploretorios 0 con poca informacién de correlacién, solo es aplicable como criterio para decidir sacar oportunamente la barrena, Mantenerse informado acerca de innovaciones tecnolégicas en todo tipo de barrenas, particularmente las PDC de vanguardia, que permiten un mejor control de la direccién en. perforacion direccional. + Fomentar la cultura de toma de informacion tutinaria dela roca y sus fluidos para la caracterizacién de nuestros campos. © Los resultados de le aplicacién de esta metodologia deben ser entendidos como un soporte para tomar decisiones correctas y no como un criterio de validez absoluta Nomenclatura Costo por metro de a barrena [Sim Médulo de compresibildad [psi Velocidad compresional con confinamiento ipiefuseg] Numero de cortadores. Diametro de cortadores [mm]. Nimero de aletas. Diametro de le bartena [pg] Médulo de Young [psi Energia mecérica especifica[pa-ttfpa') Médulo de cizalamiento [psi Cima del intervalo a perforar (mi Madulo volumétrico [psi] Velocidad de la rotaria (rpm) Ritmo de penetracién [rn] Esfuerzo compresivo de la roca sin confinamiento [psi Volumen de arcilaleido del Peso sobre la barrena [Ton] Factor de correccion por tamafo de grano. Tiempo de trénsito de la onda compresional tusegipie} lay = Tiempo de transito a través de la matriz de roca [useg/pie} Af, = Tiempo de transito de la onda de cizallamiento [useg/pie] ‘Av, = Velocidad de cizallamiento [pie/useg] o= Porosidad [fraccién} Py = Densidad obtenida del registro de Itodensidad gricm’] v= Relacién de Poisson [adimensional] Referencias: 4. Perrin, V.P., Mensa-Wilmot, G., and Alexander WL: Driling Index-A New Approach to Bit Performance Evaluation, SPENADC paper 37595, presented at the SPE/IADC Driling Conference, The Netherlands, March 1997, 2, Burgoyne, AT. y asociados: Applied Drilling Engineering, Society of Petroluem Engineers, textbooks series, second printing, Texas 1991 3. Rabia, Hs Specific Energy as a Criterion for Bit Selection, SPE paper 12355, Journal of Petroleum Technology, July 1985.100 afios de le industria petrolera en México. 4, Procedimiento para la seleccion de_barrenas, Gerencia de Tecnologia, Unidad de Perforacion y Mantenimiento de Pozos. 5. Mason, KL: Three-Cone Bit Selection with Sonic Logs, SPE paper 13258, SPE Drilling Engineering, June 1987. 6. O'Hare J. and Aigbekaen, O.A.: Design Index: A Systematic Method of PDC Dril-Bit Selection, IADCISPE paper 59112, presonted at the IADCISPE Drilling Conference, Louisiana, February 2000.10 Guia para a Sezccn de Baremas Apéndice A. Calculo de UCS mediante el Modelo de Smorodinov Smorodinov y asociados* determinaron dos relaciones entre el esfuerzo compresivo de la roca para un grupo de roces carbonetadas: une en funcién de la densidad de la formacién y el otro en funcion de la porosidad. Ellos propusieron que la resistencia a la compresién de la roca (UCS) puede relacionarse con la densidad y porosidad de la siguiente forma’ ucs 88 exp(2.85p,) at) UCS = 2590 exp(—0.919) (A2) Donde p, es la densidad y ges la porosidad de la formacién. Apéndice B. Clasificacién IADC para barrenas ae cortadores fijos. coco Tipo aS ee ors a ataTABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 3 HypRautics TRAINING OBJECTIVES DISCUSSION... ee Derivation of Hydraulic Impact Force .. Maximizing Hydraulic Impact Maximum Impact Force. Maximum Hydraulic Power. LimTING ConoiTions... Measuring “ Comments .. Nozzle plugging Fielé implementation... Steps to select nozzle sizes APPENDIX A, APPENDIX C. PROBLEM 1 — OCHO HYDRAULIC OPTIMIZATION... PROBLEM 2— HYDRAULICS PROBLEM 2-~HYDRAULICS S Dr Lean H Robinson, FOTO. Ai tis served 7Practical Drilling Skills iTable of Contents ji GDrLeon H. Robinson, 2010. Allrights reserved.Section 3 HYDRAULICS TRAINING OBJECTIVES + Explain why “hydraulic optimization” computer programs cannot properly calculate nozzle sizes before a well is spudded. «Determine correct parameters measured at the rig site, before pulling a bit, to calculate optimum flow rate and proper nozzle sizes for maximum hydraulic power al the bit. * Determine correct parameters measured at the rig site, before pulling a bit, to calculate ‘optimum flow rate and proper nozzle sizes for maximum hydraulic impact at the bit «Discuss why neither impact or power optimization may increase drilling rate, ‘+ Identify what must be done to properly apply hydraulic optimization to increase drilling rate. Hydraulic optimization can mean many things to many different drilling personnel. It can refer to maximizing annular flow rate, maximizing the force with which the fluid strikes the bottom of the hole (impact), or maximizing the power expended through the nozzles in the drill bit (hydraulic power). This development will focus on an attempt to maximize cuttings removal beneath a drill bit. Better cuttings removal will result in elevated bit founder points and promote faster drilling. Equations are derived in the appendix to maximize this cuttings removal based on maximizing either hydraulic impact or hydraulic power. Hydraulic impact is the product of the density, flow rate, and the nozzle velocity. Hydraulic power is the product of the density, flow rate, and square of the nozzle velocity. When the drilling fluid flow rate is low, very little pressure losses in the system leaves a very large pressure available for the nozzles. The velocity of the drilling fluid through the nozzles is directly rolated to the pressure across the nozzles. As the flow rate is increased, less pressure is available across the nozzles. The product of the velocity and flow rate increases. At some flow rate, the hydraulic power reaches a maximum value. At a file higher flow rate, the hydraulic impact reaches a maximum value. ‘@Dr Loon H. Robinson, 2010. All rights reserved. ” atPractical Drilling Skil Sect E000 \. —yrauic pact _ bcnuke Paver | |x. Power Range I-00 lax InpactRange = — z Ie z I). -400 hit 1 : } 200 po ML I 0 400°) 5 200 300: 400-5, $00 500. “Fowrste: gpm Figure 3-1. Comparing maximum impact with maximum power. The maximum values for both parameters extend over a reasonable range of flow rates. That is, the peak values are not very narrow regions on the chart. As the flow rate continues to increase, the pressure available for the nozzles decreases significantly. When the flow rate is very large, very litle pressure is available for the nozzles, Both the hydraulic impact and hydraulic power available for the bit decrease rapidly after reaching the maximum as the flow rate increases. The mathematical development, presented below, simplifies the measurements needed on a drilling rig te locate these maximum values. One of the problems with predicting pressure losses in well bores is the fact that not all of the variables are known. For example: CONSIDER: A fluid 4s flowing at 6 gallons per minute inside of a 4 inch inside diameter, 100 feet long pipe What is the pressure loss in the pipe? In this simple example, the fluid description is absent from the problem specifications. Would it make a difference if the fluid is water, alcohol, or honey? Why? Obviously, the viscosity of the fluid would have a big impact on the pressure loss in laminar flow. On a driiing rig, the theological properties of a driling fluid are measured at either 120°F or sometimes at 10°F for an oil-based drilling fluid in a hot hole. Unfortunately, rheological properties cannot be predicted at other temperatures (and pressures) from measurements made at one temperature Second, the flow rheology is unknown in a well bore. When fluid is flowing in laminar flow in pipe, the pressure drop in a pipe is proportional to the flow rate and the viscosity of the fluid, When fluid is flowing in turbulent flow, the pressure drop in a pipe is proportional to the square of the flow rate and the viscosity does not enter into the calculation. Within a drill string, tool Tean H. Robinson,Practical Drilling Skitts Hydraulics joints disrupt the flow profile between cach joint. In a very viscous drilling fluid, very little turbulence may be experienced; in a very low viscosity fluid, a lot of turbulence may be experienced. The induced turbulence would not necessarily continue throughout the pipe joint. A very low viscosity fluid would allow the turbulence to propagate down the drill pipe much jurther than a highly gelled drilling fluid. So the pressure drop through drill pipe should be proportional to flow rate raised to some exponent between 1 and 2, inclusive. The viscosity of the fluid would be important in the laminar part of the flow stream. These values cannot be predicted with any certainty before the well is drilled because the viscosity and flow behavior of the fluid depends upon the ingredients in the drilling fluid as well as the temperature, Many hydraulic programs assume an exponent (on flow rate) of around 1.82 to 1.85. This range of values is based on measurements made shortly after the Second World War. A better solution would be to measure the effect at the rig site and use the well bore as a rheometer. This “rig-measured exponent” will include all of the unusual features within the circulating system (large diameters, small diameters, changes in viscosity with pressure and temperature, changes in flow regimes, etc.) Pressure losses of a liquid flowing through a conduit has another interesting feature, when the flow is fully turbulent as through jet nozzles, the pressure loss is dependent upon the mud weight and the square of the velocity. The actual low shear rate viscosities have very little effect. When the fluid is flowing in laminar flow, with no turbulence, the pressure loss is dependent upon the viscosity of the fluid at the particular shear rate within the conduit. Inside of a drill string, the tool joints and the other components may create a turbulent zone. The pressure loss through this interval would be proportional the square of the velocity. As the turbulence diminishes, the pressure loss becomes proportional to the velocity and the viscosity of the fluid The viscosity of a drilling fluid depends upon the shear rate and the temperature. With a water- base diilling fluid, the viscosity is not affected by pressure. In a Non-Aqueous Fluid [NAF], the pressure as well as the velocity and temperature will affect the pressure loss. The above discussion explains why computer programs have so much difficulty predicting nozzle sizes before spud. This chapter describes a proven technique which maximizes either the hydraulic impact force or the hydraulic power of the fluid hitting the bottom of the hole. The procedure has also been incorporated into API Recommended Practice 13D ~ Hydraulics. Discussion OCHO (Onsite Continuous Hydraulic Optimization) is an eight step plan for tailoring the hydraulics program to the well bore as itis being drilled. The eight steps are: 1. Calibrate rig pumps. Measure the rate of liquid level drop in the slugging tank while pumping down hole through the drill bit. Account for air in the drilling fluid to calculate the volume of liquid moved by the rig pumps. 2. Just before tripping for a new bit, circulate at several pump rates and accurately measure the standpipe pressure at each rate. The pump rates should be mostly near the normal operating range used while drilling, ‘@DrLeon H. Robinson, 2010. All rights reserved.Practical Drilling Skills Section 3 3. Calculate and subtract the bit nozzle pressure drops from the measured standpipe pressures (This gives the circulating pressure loss through the system, except for the bit nozzles.) 4. Plot the circulating pressure loss as a function of flow rates on log-log paper. 5. Draw the best straight line through the circulating pressure losses. 6. Measure the slope of the circulating pressure line with a ruler or scale. 7. Calculate the optimum pressure loss through the bit to give either the maximum hydraulic force or the maximum hydraulic power at the bit. 8. Calculate nozzle sizes for the next bit. Hydraulic impact is a force F that is the mathematical product of the fluid density, p, flow rate, Q, and velocity, v. With suitable conversion units, the force may be expressed in pounds, kilograms, or newtons of force using the equation: F=p Qv Equation 3-1 Hydraulic power, HP, may be calculated by multiplying the force, F, by the velocity of the fluid, v; or HP=Fv=pQv* Equation 3-2 Both techniques will require calculating the force with which the fluid strikes the bottom of a This force can be related to the pressure drop through the nozzles; as shown in the DERIVATION OF HYDRAULIC IMPACT FORCE Newton's Second Law of Motion, F = ma, can also be expressed as a change in momentum Equation 3-3 The fluid moving downward toward the bottom of a hole starts with a velocity vz and is stopped by the bottom of the hole from further downward movement, i.e. vi = 0. The mass flow rate, or mit, could be expressed as the product of the fluid density, p, and the flow rate, Q. The equation then becomes F=p Qv Equation 3-4 The pressure loss through a nozzle, AP, can be expressed as: Le KA? Equation 3-5 34 @Drlean H. Robinson, 2010, Ali rights reserved,Practical Drilling Skills Hydraulics This equation is derived in Appendix C. Since QIA is velocity, the equation can be written: Ap, = 2° K Equation 3-6 This equation can be solved for the velocity and that term substituted into the force equation fk" ap, Equation 3-7 P yk The density. is a.constant so it can be combined with the other constants in the equation and gives the expression for force: Since force is pQy, then force must also be PPaa, Equation 3-8 F=KQ (AP) Equation 3-9 This expression is used to develop the mathematical relationships which will maximize the hydraulic impact or power, as shown in the Appendix. ‘The pressure loss through the system will be related to flow rate raised to an exponent between ‘one and two. This exponent, u, is unique for every well and is characteristic of the well at the time it is determined. Put another way, this characteristic exponent will change over the life of the well and hence must be determined for each bit independently. ‘MAXIMIZING HYDRAULIC IMPACT ‘As shown in the Appendix, two separate regimes exist for riaximizing the force with which the fluid strikes the bottom of the hole. The first regime is where the Maximum Standpipe Pressure is limited by the available hydraulic power at the rig. Pumps are operated by connecting to motors. if small motors drive pumps, very littie power will be available for pumping fluid. This regime occurs at the shallower depths where the optimum flow rate is high. Each drilling rig has a maximum possible standpipe pressure. The limit might be the pressure ratings of the pump liners, or contract limitations, or a bubble in the rotary hose that limits the pressure. This is the second regime. Between these two regimes, the hydraulic impact will be limited by both the hydraulic power and the maximum standpipe pressure, Optimum Conditions Either the impact force or the hydraulic power can be maximized to use as a criterion for optimization. Searching the literature for years has failed to reveal valid correlative investigations that confirm one method is better than the other ta improve drilling rates. Both will be presented here. ‘©r Lean Ht. Robinson, 2070. Allrights reserved. 35Practical Drilling Skills Section 3 7 _ _ MAXIMUM IMPACT FORCE, If the limiting condition is hydraulic power, the pressure loss through the bit which creates the maximum impact force obtained from the fluid flowing through the bit nozzles, can be calculated from the equation: w+] AP = Pip Equation 3-10 mh uF? If the limiting condition is stand pipe pressure, the pressure loss through the bit which creates the.maximum impact force, obtained from the fluid flowing through the bit nozzles, can be calculated from the equation: AP yy = Prue Equation 3-11 oe ut? Maximum Hydraulic Impact for the Power Limited Case On a driting rig, the mud pumps are powered by motors with a finite amount of power. Generally, the hydraulic power can be obtained by assuming a mechanical efficiency of power transfer of about 85% and a volumetric efficiency of 93% to 95%. [Pump strokeiflow rate calibration is recommended because only 6%volume air or gas in the drilling fluid has been observed to decrease the volumetric efficiency to 85%] MAXIMUM HYDRAULIC POWER For maximum hydraulic power, the limiting feature on a drilling rig will always be the maximum standpipe pressure possible. The optimum pressure loss through the drill bit will be: AP, Prax Equation 3-12 te UT This will normally result in a lower flow rate in the well than optimizing for hydraulic impact. LimitING CONDITIONS On a drilling rig a motor, or motors, are dedicated to providing hydraulic power to drive the mud pumps. Thus, the first limiting condition is the hydraulic power. The second limiting condition is the maximum standpipe pressure. Before the well is spudded, these values can be placed on a log-log plot of pressure and flow rate. a6 ‘@Dr Leon H, Rebinson, 2070. Allrights reserved,Practical Drilling Skills Hydraulics 6000 1900 Fréseure: psi | 100 Flow Rate: gpm Figure 3-2. Rig limiting conditions. The maximum surface pressure intersects the available hydraulic horsepower line at a flow rate called Qcq, or Q critical. This represents the flow rate where both the maximum stand pipe pressure and the maximum hydraulic horsepower can be used. The area to the right of Qu is the region where the Timit conditions would be the maximum available hydraulic power; the area to the left of Qua is the region where the limit condition is the maximum standpipe pressure. MEASURING “u” The optimum bit pressure drop is related to the constant “u” which is a characteristic of a particular system. It is the slope of pressure loss curve for the entire system (Pei), except for the ‘drill-bit, plotted on a tog-log graph. The system pressure losses, which would be the standpipe pressure (P...), may be calculated as the sum of the bit pressure loss (Pye), and the circulating system pressure loss (Pec). ‘The.pressure loss through the nozzles of a gi bit may be calculated from the equation: (mwyoy / 12042(1.03)' (NozzleArea)’ Where: TFA MW is the mud weight in ppg Qis the flow rate, in gpm Nozzle area is the total flow area of the nozzles, in square inches Equation 3-13, The equation is derived in Appendix C. This equation is slightly different from older equations in that the nozzle coefficient of 0.95 has been replaced by a nozzle coefficient of 1.03 for the new nozzle shapes. This is an attempt to quantify the pressure recovery effect observed from field measurements. This change is discussed in Appendix A. This coefficient was also independently validated in controlled laboratory tests. Read the standpipe pressure for at least four flow rates just before tripping the drill bit. ‘@Dr Leon H. Robinson, 2010. Allrighs reserved. =Practical Drilling Skills Section 3 10,000 5 [Maximum Standpipe Pressure e I i « Standpipe Readings——>+ 1960 a 100 100 200 400 600 1000 Flow Rate: gpm Figure 3-2. Standpipe readings. prior-to.pulling drill bit. At each circulating rate, the pressure loss through the drill bit may be calculated. The circulating Pressure loss or pressure loss in the system may be calculated by subtracting the calculated bit pressure loss from the measured standpipe pressure. 10000 Seay - Standpipe Pressure — a 3 5 1000 re Loss 8 a Circulating Pressure Loss 100 400 1000 Flow Rate: gpm Figure 3-4. Creating the erculating presse ine ae © DrLeon H. Robinson, 2070. Allvights reserved.Practical Dr Hing Skills Hydraulics Pressure: ps 100 1000 10000 Flow Rate: apm Figure 3-5, Measuring the slope 3f the circulating pressure line. With a ruler, measure the slope of the circulaling pressure line. In the example problem, the slope is 1.4. This is.the value of u. Optimum Circulating Flow Rates When the slope u, has been determined, the optimum pressure loss through the nozzles may be found to either maximize the hydraulic imoact or the hydraulic power using the equations from the derivations just presented. ‘Maximum Hydraulic Power'at the Bit For hydraulic power, the optimum pressure loss through the drill bit nozzles would be calculated from the equation: p - Up 5 Pa =i Pan | Equation 3-14 7 4 or i4 , AP, = + s000psi = 1750 psi Equation 3-15 “Lael If the optimum pressure loss through the drill bit nozzles is 1750 psi and the maximum pressure is 3000 psi, the optimum circulating pressure !oss would be 3000 psi ~ 1750 psi or 1260 psi. Draw this horizontal line on the pressure-flow rate chart. The proper flow rate to produce this, optimum circulating pressure loss will be where that line intersects the circulating pressure line. The equation for the circulating pressure line would indicate that the circulating pressure equal to a constant times the flow rate raised to the 1.4 power. The constant can be determined from one of the data points (P = 739 psi; Q = 351 gpm or k = 0.194). The optimum circulating rate can now be calculated from the equation: ‘Dr Leon i. Robinson, 2070. Allrighis reserved. 39Practical Drilling Skills Section 3 1250 psi=(0.194)(Q)4), Equation 3-16 or Qopt = $26 gpm 10000 imum Pt irculating Pressure Circufating Pressure 1900 4 EHOperaing Font Pressure: ps ‘Q.Gri 100 100 1000 10000 Flow Rate: gpm Figure 3-6. Determining the operating point for the next bit. In this case the optimum flow rate from the graph would be 520 gpm and the pressure loss through the bit nozzles should be 1250 psi. This will cause the drilling fluid to expend the maximum hydraulic power hit the bottom of the hole. From the equation for pressure loss through the drill bits, the nozzle area may be calculated and proper nozzles dressed into the new drill bit, Equation 3-17 The bit can be dressed with one 11/32 inch and one 12/32 inch nozzles, or one 9/32 inch and two 10/32 inch nozzles. ‘Maximum Hydraulic Impact at the Bit For hydraulic impact at the calculated from the equation: . the optimum pressure loss through the drill bit nozzles would be AP Aig = Pie Equation 3-18 Seow? ap, =*L Py, Equation 3-19 Sue? Or, depending upon whether the optimum circulating flow rate is above or below the critical flow rate, Qen ExT} © Dr Leon A Robinson, 2070. Allrights reserved.Practical Drilling Skills _ Hydraulics Since u = 1.4, these values may be calculated: Equation 3-20 or Equation 3-21 These lines could be drawn on the initial chart: 1272 HHP Available too0 A) 1000 Pressure: psi 100 100 1000 Flow Rate: gpm Figure 3-7. Limit conditions with optimum bit. The Circulating Pressure Line crosses the Optimum Line at the operating point, as shown in Figure 3-8. ‘©Dr Leon H. Robinson, 2090. Allrighls reserved. atPractical Drilling Skills Section 3 1272 HHP Avaiteste 100 00 100 wm opm Figure 3-8. Circulating pressure line crosses the optimum. Pressure line at 670 gpm. The Equation for the Circulating Pressure Line is: 3000 psi -1235 psi =1765 psi et Equation 3-22 Qopt = 673 gpm For a bit pressure loss of 1295 psi at a flow rate of 673 gpm, the nozzle area may be calculated from the equation: __CL.-7ppgX(673gpm)* © (12042)(1.03)? (1235psi) ).3359 in? Equation 3-23 Three 12/32" nozzles should be installed into the new bit to make the drilling fluid strike the bottom of the hole with the most force possible. COMMENTS Optimizing hydraulics on one drilling rig resulted in a surprising savings. Prior to optimization, the drilling rig was using between 1700 and 2300 galllons of diesel fuel per day. The optimization process was initiated around day 20 and resulted in an immediate decrease in fuel usage. (Perfect optimization was not achieved because the field personnel believed the change in hydraulics was too drastic.) Just before reaching casing depth, the procedure was repeated to better identify the correct flow rate and nozzle sizes for maximum hydraulic impact. With the field personnel fully convinced, the correct hydraulics were run on the next bit. For the two days before reaching the casing point, the fuel usage dropped to 920 gallons of diesel. The decrease was unexpected but could be easily rationalized by the fact that the optimization procedure uses energy more efficiently. B42 ‘© Dr Leon H. Robinson, 2076. Allvights reserved,Practical Drilling Skills Hydraulics . Compute 32300 bGererated - 3. Hydrautics Wat, lnital 3 FIyaraanes 5 Lo Supmiees a Next $1500 -——_] Hie 31500 HH Sat 21100 H f e WHT conn os Nn 1 8 10 15 Rig Days Figure 3-9, Fuel usage at.arig, before and after hydraulic optimization. It seems counter-intuitive that optimizing hydraulics can result in less fuel used for running the pumps. However, field experience has shown that the tendency of field personnel is to run jets a litte larger than needed, and then run the pumps a little faster in order to reach a particular standpipe pressure. This practice results in less pressure drop across the bit (as compared to optimized hydraulics), and more pressure drop in the annulus and drill pipe (due to the higher flow rates). Hence, optimizing hydraulics often has the effect of actually decreasing flow rates slightly and hence the fuel savings. Correspondingly, if maximum annular velocities are needed in order to clean the hole, then this consideration may take priority over bit hydraulics optimization. Even in this case, however, the above OCHO procedure can be used to optimize the jet nozzles around whatever flow and pressure drop restrictions or limitations exist. One other feature which is frequently ignored in hydraulic optimization is the effect of hydraulic optimization on drilling rate. The derivations of the equations used do not contain a driling rate term. The assumption is made that better cuttings removal from the bottom of the hole will permit faster drilling. If the bit was drilling in a foundered condition before optimization and optimization changed that condition, significant drilling rate improvement will be noticed. If, however, the bit loading was very low and all of the cuttings are being removed from the bottom, of the hole, increasing the cuttings removal capabilities will not increase penetration rates. Stated more explicitly: Optimizing hydraulics will not guarantee the maximum drilling rate. It provides one important part of the problem but must be matched with drll-off tests to achieve the maximum benefit. Figure 3-10 or Table 3-1 are provided to simplify calculations. The driling fluid velocity will be the same as through all the three nozzles. ‘®DrLeon H. Robinson, 2010, Allrights reserved. 9Practical Drilling Skills Section 2 1 UT pegerp epee a 40 Figure 3-10, Areas for two nozzles. For convenience the flow areas of one, two, three and four nozzle combinations are presented in Table 3-1 ‘@ Dr Leon Hi Rabinson, 2070. Alirights reservedPractical Drilling Skills Hydraulics Table 3-4 Flow Area for Various Nozzle Combinations Nozzle Combinations Sizes in 1/32-inch ‘One Two Three Four 7 8 9 7 7 10 7 8 1" 8 8 12 8 8 7 7 7 9 9 7 7 8 13 7 8 8 9 10 8 8 8 “ 7 7 7 7 10 10 8 8 9 7 7 7 8 10 " 15 8 9 9 7 7 8 8 7 8 8 8 1 " 9 9 9 18 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 1“ 42 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 2 2 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 8 9 9 9 2 18 10 10 " 18 9 9 9 9 2 13 10 " " 9 9 9 10 9 9 9 10 " 1" " 18 4 8 10 10 10 " 12 12 “ 14 20 10 10 10 10 12 12 14 10 10 10 in o.049087 0.082126 0.752 0.076699 0.867 0.082808 0.0982 0.110447 oti outer 0.1243 0.129621 0.1358. 0.1388 0.1473 0.150330 0.1834 0.1603 ot618 0.1695, 0.172673 0.1733 o.t843 o.ta568 0.1854 0.196350 0.2010 0.2033 0.2094 0.2155 0.2209 0.2224 0.2301 0.2385 0.2401 0.2462 0.248505 0.2592 0.2623, 0.2631 o2r77 02784 9.2800 0.2922 0.2961 0.3037 0.308796 0.3137 013229 Wr Leon H. Robinson, 2090. Alvights reserved.Practical Deilling Skills Nozzle Combinations (Cont.) rea Sizes in 1/32-inch_ Square Four —__| Inches ~ 2 1% 0.3313 10 10 1" 11 | 0.3390 18 15 ji 0.3451 12 12 2 0.3505 10 " 1 11 | 0.3581 15 16 0.3689 2 18 43 0.3697 22 “1 4 " 11 | 0.371223 15 13 13 1" "1 4 12 | 0.3889) 16 16 0.3927 1" u 12 12 | 0.4065 13 13 14 0.4096 1" 12 12 12 | 0.4241 13 4 14 0.4303 24 2 12 12 12 | 0.441786 16 18 0.4449 14 4 4 0.4510 2 12 12 12] 0.4610 4 14 15 0.4732 2 2 13 413 | 0.4801 4 15 15 0.4955 18 18 0.4970 12 13 13 13 | 0.4993 1s 45 15 0.5177 26 2B 13 13 13 | 0.518486 B 13 19 14 | 0.5392 15 15 16 0.5415 18 20 0.5553, 8 13 14 14 | 0.5599 15 16 16 0.5653, 13 4 “ 14 | 0.5805 16 16 16 0.5890 28 4 4 “ 14 | 0.601320 20 20 0.6136 14 “4 4 15 | 0.6236 16 16 18 o.6s12 14 14 15 15 | 0.6458 4 15 18 15 | 0.6680 20 22 0.6780 & 15 16 18 15 | 0.6903, 16 8 16 0.6934 : 15 18 18 16] 0.7141 5 6 16 16 | 0.7378 22 22 0.7424 18 18 18 0.7485 15 16 16 16 | 0.7616 6 16 16 16 | 0.7854 18 18 20 0.8038 22 24 0.8130 16 16 16 18 | 0.8376 18 20 20 0.8621 24 24 0.8836 16 16 18 18 | 0.8897 a 20 20 20 90,9204 a6 ~“SBrLean H Robinson, 2070. Allvights reserved.Practical Drilling Skifis Hydraulics NOZZLE PLUGGING Plugging of nozzles usually causes concem to some inexperienced drillers when dressing a roller cone bit with two nozzles instead of three. If one of the 14/32 inch nozzles plugged, the flow rate would have to be reduced to 312 gpm to keep the standpipe pressure at 3300 psi. If the 17/32 inch nozzle plugged, the flow rate would have to be reduced to 258 gpm to keep the same standpipe pressure of 3300 psi. The likelihood of one of the 14/32 inch nozzles plugging is much greater than plugging one of the larger size. Practical experience suggests a better procedure is to use two different nozzle sizes instead of plugging one of the nozzles. Plugging nozzle may interfere with the ability of the driling fluid to keep the bit teeth clean. PDC bit nozzles should NOT be plugged. FIELD IMPLEMENTATION Field use of this technique can be best accomplished by providing the person at the rig with a graph having the limits already drawn. For example, a rig has two 1200-kw motors, each driving a triplex pump. The maximum standpipe pressure permitted is 3000 psi. Assume that the driller has just drilled to a depth of 8294 feet with 10 Ib/gal mud in the hole and is now ready to pull out of the hole. First, the electrical power driving the pump is translated to horsepower: P 1200 kw = 1609 HP Equation 3-24 7457 kw ‘Second; the efficiencies of the mechanical drive and the volumetric displacement of the pump are used to reduce the input power to output hydraulic horsepower: (1609 HP) (0.85) (0.93) = 1272 hhp Equation 3-25 Third, hydraulic horsepower is drawn on the log P-log Q graph. To draw this curve, select arbitrary flow rates and calculate associated pressures. The maximum hydraulic horsepower curve is generated from the equation: 22-1272 bhp Equation 3-26 ima Therefore, at Q = 1000 ggm, 2. ¢ G272 bhp) (1714) _ 510 psi Equation 3-27 1000 gpm and at Q = 300 ggm, (0272 bhp) (1714) 300 gpm = 7267 psi Equation 3-28 @DrLeon H. Robinson, 2010. Allrights reserved. wTPractical Drilling Skills Section 3 The hhp curve is plotted on the graph with these two points, Fourth, maximum surface pressure was given as 3000 psi, so this line is now constructed on the chart, As a check, Qea may be calculated as: _ 1272 hp) (1714) a 3000 psi =727 gpm Equation 3-29 This should agree with the graphical method, as it does in Figure 3-11. The maximum surface pressure and the available hydraulic horsepower do not change on a tig very often. The Drilling Engineer can easily supply charts in which the above steps are completed with the driling program. The remainder of the steps can then be developed at the rig site just before each drill bit is pulled. By the time the dril bit is on the bank, the next nozzle sizes can be calculated Minimum and maximum flow rates could be included. These values are usually arbitrary guidelines established by each company. Actual minimum flow rate required to clean the well must be determined on site by watching the cuttings come over the shale shaker. Hole cleaning is controlled by three parameters: mud weight, the low shear-rate viscosity, and the annular velocity. The mud weight is usually dictated by requirements other than hole ‘cleaning. The other parameters are discussed in the next section Fifth, just before the driller pulls out of the hole, the standpipe pressures at several pump stroke rates are determined. For example, if the bit has one 14/32-inch and two 15/32-inch nozzles and the tig is equipped with FA-1300 pumps with 6 1/2 inch liners, pumping rates of 70, 90 and 100 ‘spm yield standpipe pressures of 1225, 1850 and 2200 psi, respectively. The driller’s normal operating condition is 120 spm with 3000-psi standpipe pressure. With the information from the pump manufacturer and a hydraulic slide rule, the following table is set up. Stroke rate, spm 70 90 100 120 Flow rate, gpm 361 465 517 620 Standpipe pressure, psi 1225 1850 2200» -3000 Bit pressure, psi 490 810 © 1000-1440 Circulation pressure, psi 735 1040 1200-1860 a8 ~~@ Dr Loon A, Robinson, 2070. Allrights reserved.Practical Drilling Skills Hydraulics 40000 9000 7000 5000 ano Maximum |___Surface Pressur 3000 | —Surface Pressur 2000 |- 1000 800 600 500 [- Pressure, psi 300 | 200 | 1 1 l<¢=4726.7 gpm ' too Lt oe 100 = 200 300 400 500 600 1000 Flow Rate, gpm Figure 3-11. Chart to be included in drilling program. Sixth, Pac is drawn on the log P-iog Q graph. The slope u is found to be 1.4 as shown in Figure 312, TDeLaoa Robinson, BOT. Al gh esewed. 37Practical Drilling Skills Section 3 : 000 4272 HHP Z so ¢ 800 2 ox = 24 9000 psy 21.25 200 ,000 psi- 1.235 psi = 1,765 100 100-200 500 Flow Rate, gpm 0) Hn Figure 2-12, Pressure vs. flow rate curve to determine slope u, Seventh, the optimum pressure at the bit is calculated by using the equation: u - Pa eg Pom = Te 14 500 psi Equation 3-20 4 =1235 psi Maximum hydraulic impact is achieved if 1235 psi occurs at the bit. This leaves 1765 psi for the circulating system, Pex, which can be achieved with the optimum circulating rate of 680 gpm. Eighth, Equation 3-13 is used to circulate nozzle size. With this flow rate, (680 gpm), and the 1235 psi bit pressure drop, the nozzle sizes indicated are three 16/32 inch nozzles. Alternately, better cross-flow velocity with two nozzles would give nearly the same hydraulic impact. These nozzles would be two 20/32 inch (0.614 in.*), which would have almost the same 0.589 in.” as three 16/32 inch nozzles. This example resulted in a pressure-limited case. If Per: had crossed the Qe line, the value of pressure al this intersection would be the optimum circulating pressure. The difference between this value and the maximum surface pressure would be the optimum pressure loss across the bit $20 ‘© Dr Leon H. Robinson, 2070. Allrighis reserved,APPENDIX C POTENTIAL ENERGY Pressure, or stress, is the energy per unit volume. For example, in a static column of fluid, the pressure at any depth would be the potential energy at that depth. Pressure ‘otential Energy Volume Pressure =| Potential energy may be calculated from the equation: Potential Energy Where: mis the mass gis the acceleration of gravity his the depth of fluid, or the height above the point of interest Pressure would be: Pressure Volume From Newton's Second Law of Motion: Wemg Where Wis weight, or the force applied to a body by the gravitational attraction. A ratio of weight to volume is called density, p. The equation for pressure becomes: Pressure = ph To convert the units to oil-field variables and calculate pressure in pounds per square inch, p should be expressed as pounds per gallon and h in feet 12in 2 | This equation reduces to the familiar equation used in well control: Pressure = 0,052 (MW, ppg)(depth, ft) @Dr Lean A. Robinson, 2070. Allights reserved. 333Practical Drilling Skills Section a If fluid is flowing in fully turbulent flow — as through a nozzle, the pressure loss can be described as the kinetic energy (KE) per unit volume. AP =KE/volume Where: Pis the pressure mis the mass vis the velocity of the fluid Weight per unit volume is. density (p).. Newton's Second Law: Weight = mg, ‘Substituting this into the equation results in: ap=4{ 2 |y alg This can be converted to oilfield units where the density is in pounds per gallon, and the velocity is expressed by a ratio of flow rate (Q, in gpm) and area (in square inches). (MWy(Q") 12032(A*) Where the value of g is selected as 32.17 fl'sec’. Usually, the pressure loss through nozzles is calculated from this equation with the addition of @ nozzle coefficient, Cy, in the denominator: (MW}(Q") 12032(C,)° (A*) This equation indicates that the pressure foss is proportional to the square of the flow rate. In Jaminar flow the pressure loss is proportional to the flow rate. With the nozzle coefficient uses as a “fudge factor.” The constant in the denominator depends upon which value of “g” is used. If g=32.2 ft/ sec’, the constant is 12032; if g = 32.17 ft/sec, the constant will be 12042. Of course, the problem with either of these calculations is the fact that the value of "g” is not constant. It depends upon exactly what material is in the earth in the area where the measurements are made. oe ~ © DrLeon H Robinson, 2010, Allrights reserved.PROBLEM 1 - OCHO HYDRAULIC OPTIMIZATION This problem is divided into three parts. The same drilling rig will be considered in all three parts. Each solution should show an illustration of Circulating Pressures which require flow rates from Optimization in each of the three different regions: Surface Pressure Limited, Surface Pressure and Hydraulic Horsepower at their maximum values and Hydraulic Horsepower limited, A drilling rig has a 900 horsepower motor driving the mud pumps that have a maximum pressure output of 2300 psi. Assume a volumetric efficiency of 97% and a mechanical efficiency of 85%. Three different wells will be drilled. This problem is designed to maximize the hydraulic impact force and the hydraulic horsepower of the drilling fluid passing, through the drill bit nozzles. Each part of the problem will fall in a different “limit” regime. 4. Draw the Hydraulic Horsepower Limit curve on a Log P vs. Log Q chart Hint; Calculate the hydraulic horsepower. Select an arbitrary value for flow rate and find the corresponding pressure. The hydraulic horsepower can also be calculated from the equation: epm) P, psi) (Q, Hydraulic horsepower a7 2. Draw the Maximum Surface Pressure Line from zero flow rate to the Hydraulic Horsepower Limit curve on a Log P vs. Log Q chart . Hydraulic Horsepower = (0.97) (0.85) (© _np) = 777 King _ Sei poe p= JTM4HHP _ (1714) p) FT 1000 aps a 7 ay If the flow rate is only 500 gpm, the pressure will be twice the value of 1272 psi, or 18 Fr Two points are now available to plot a straight line of the log-log plot. To find points to draw the horsepower line, assume a flow rate of 1000 gpm, and calculate Pressure. Find Qari and draw on the log P vs, log Q graph. crit ae 58,8671 2300 psi 555601 crit ‘GDr Leon H, Robinson, 2070, Allrighis reserved, 335Practical Drilling Skills Section 3 PARTA After drilling to 14,000 # with a 9%" IADC S37 bit dressed with two 11/32" and one 12/32" nozzles, the driller was ready to pull the dull bit. The drilling fluid properties were MW = 12.0 npg, PV = 28 cp, YP = 40 th/100 5q fi, gels 30/70. While circulating bottoms up, the driller read the standpipe pressure on the choke manifold for four different flow rates ‘Stanapipe Bit Pressure Gircutatin Frow Rate Pressure Lose Pressure” AS gpm pst pst pst + 280 2300 T3727 TEH ST [300 175% UGE 786. 18 250 4272, CCELD wor, Ww 200 364 G5 U5 Th \ 2 bredpre . Gik greene ARTA Gratien ALowte ds Categuens Be brady Find the optimum pressure loss through the bit nozzles that will produce the maximum hydraulic impact force at the bottom of the hole. Find nozzle sizes to make this so. Calculate the hydraulic impact force and the hydraulic horsepower for these nozzles. PARTB Find the optimum pressure loss through the bit nozzle that will produce the maximum horsepower through the bit nozzles at the bottom of the hole. Find nozzle sizes to make this so. Calculate the hydraulic impact force and the hydraulic horsepower for these nozzles. Plot the Circulating Pressure vs. the Flow Rate. u= a _ Ces) C450) ~ PF | To6uS mew?) ‘i °" 72082 (1.03)" (rea) PARTA For maximum Impact: Pressure Limited Case AP, tp ay, ua Teor = Ba Riort 5 4 Praoer = ger) AP xso0r= LB5/ The P circ line crosses the Optimum Circulation Pressure line at a flow rate of Uf Calculate the nozzle area for this flow rate to give the proper pressure drop: Ce 12042(1.03)° (,.¢psi) arca= 0,46) saul ranes Op in! (Areay’ = 0/854 ae Horsepower Limited Case psi gpm. © Drlwon H. Robinson, 2070. Allrighis reserved.Practical Drilling Skills Hydraulics Plot Circulating Pressure Losses on Log-Log paper. Measure the slope with a ruler. 13 Calculate the optimum pressure losses for the Maximum Pressure Limit region and the ‘Maximum Horsepower Limit region. Pressure Limited Case Horsepower limited Case. AP ort = Sey Pan AP yon = Zhe, ur? ut? 13, 5 23 AP\voor = 352300 psi =906 psi Aor =< 2300psi = 1603 psi 33 33 The Pcie line crosses these optimum lines in the region between these two limits. In this case the optimum flow rate-is the critical flow rate of 553 gpm and the optimum circulating pressure loss is 1100 psi. The optimum pressure loss through the bit nozzles will be (2300 psi — 1100 psi) = 1200 psi. Since the pressure loss through the bit (1200 psi) and flow rate (553 gpm) are known, the nozzle area may be calculated: (Area)? = WHO?) 12042(1.03)" AP,,, (Area)? =—U2S pps)SS3epm)_ 9 2995 in* 12042(1.03)" (1200 psi) Area = 0.4577 square inches Three 14/32" nozzles have this area and will maximize both the hydraulic impact and the hydraulic horsepower. ‘Gir Leen A Robinson, 2070. Allrighis recened. 36TPractical Drilling Skills Section 3 cx @Dr Leon H Robinson, 2070, Allvights reservedPractical Drilling Skills Hydraulics Look in the chart to find the nozzles that would produce this area, Calculate the nozzle velocity: 5 min) (231 in” /gal) (Lmia/60 sec) (1 fv12 4 Velocity = Q-eetAnin) 31in' Head UmiieOsee)OMI2ID) HIF tysec The impact force (F) can be calculated from the equation: =PQv “se gto Force = (38N6 Blge) (Qa) (1 min/60 sec) website) (arp2.2 tsect) = O7Y bo Horsepower =p=Qv? sz ys? 300 Horsepower = (uwerTbigaly (132.2 flsec*) (Q,gallmin) (1 min/60 sec) (velocity, fusecy’ = BVSVSIY,IGZ Horsepower Ib ft/sec) [1 hhp/S50 Ib ft/sec] = bhp. PART B: For maximum hydraulic horsepower for u = A Pope bit = nce = Circulating flow rate is where the Circulating Optimum Pressure intersects the Circulating pressure loss with psi circulating pressure loss, To calculate the nozzle area for this case: 650 2 4G — MW, a? 00007 148 12042 1.03)" A Py, —_— (MW, ppa) Q spea)? 4 (Area)? = + PPEVN Es ' (Area) = 19082.(.03)" Pps) ———— 50 OU . ye Area = square inches. eG de LO yt What size nozzles does the chart show which will give this nozzle are? 20 writ) 3 Calculate hydraulic impact force for these nozzles in Part 8. ‘Wdr Leen A, Rabinson, 2070. All rights reserved. 337Practical Drilling Skills Section 2 ‘The impact torce (F) can be calculated from the equation: F=pQv Force = (MW, Ib/gal) (Q, galimin) (1 min/60 sec) (velocity, ft/sec) (1/32.2 fYsec” Catoulate the hydraulic horsepower for Part B Horsepower = p = Qv? Horsepower = (MW, tb/gal) (1/32.2 ftisec%) (Q, galimin) ({min/60 sec) (velocity, fsec* Horsepower = 1b f’séc) [1hhp/S50 tb fusec] = inhp. Compare the hydraulic impact and hydraulic horsepower values for the two different cases. BART] Hyaraute pact Hydraulic Horsepower dbs hho PARTB While drilling at 9800 ft, with a 10.1 ppg drilling fluid with three 12/32" nozzles in a 12)", the Giiller measured four standpipe pressures at different flow rates just before tripping for a new bit. 4. Find nozzle sizes for the next bit which will give the maximum hydraulic impact 2. Find nozzle sizes for the next bit which will give the maximum hydraulic horsepower. rear | pene | tae | wena | on psi psi “pst ~_ 400 4874 722 4152 Plot Circulating Pressure Losses on Log-Log paper. Measure the slope with a ruler. 277 @drLeon Hi Robinson, 2010. Alirighis reserved,Practical Drilling Skills Hydraulics Calculate the optimum pressure losses or the Maximum Pressure Limit region and the Maximum Horsepower Limit region. Pressure Limited Case Horsepower Limited Case , atl A Pyioer max APuorr = ‘max. u APoxorr = — Psi A Phi opr = psi Where does the Peirc line cross the optimum circulating pressure lines? This will determine the flow rate and the optimum circulating pressure loss. From the pressure limit, subtract the optimum circulating pressure loss to find the optimum pressure loss across the bit nozzles. ‘With the pressure ioss through the bit and flow rate determine the nozzle area, wy) Arca = square inches Determine nozzles have this area and will maximize both the hydraulic impact and the hydraulic horsepower. Problem C: After drilling to 3,000 ft, the driller is planning to trip for a new 143* drill bit. The mud weight is 9.3 ppg; PV = 12 cp; YP = 5 Ib/100 sq ft; and gels 2/8. Before the trip the driller pumps at four flow rates through three 12/32" nozzles in the dull bit. The standpipe pressures were: Fewtoe | Sauie | tess” | hana = = psi 450 1609 400 r 1294 ~ PARTA Find the optimum pressure loss through the bit nozzles that will produce the maximum hydraulic impact force at the bottom of the hole. Find nozzle sizes to make this so. Calculate the hydraulic impact force and the hydraulic horsepower for these nozzles. PARTE, Find the optimum pressure loss through the bit nozzle that will produce the maximum horsepower through the bit nozzles at the bottom of the hole. Find nozzle sizes to make this so. Calculate the hydraulic impact force and the hydraulic horsepower for these nozzles. BBr Leon A. Robinson, 2010, Alinighis reserved. 335Practical Deilling Skills Section 3 First, calculate the pressure loss through the drill bt for each of the four flowrates (Mw) 12042 (1.03) A Py (Area)? Plot the Circulating Pressure vs. the Flow Rate and determine the slope. u PARTA For maximum Impact Pressure Limited Case Horsepower Limited Case AR oor == B, Por P root Pow bor = Pam A Pasort= A Paorr= ‘Determine the optimum circulating pressure loss to maximize the hydraulic impact and the hydraulic horsepower. This case usually occurs in shallow holes or in holes where large diameter tubular are involved (area)? - Q@) 12042.(1.03)* A Pri Area square inches The maximum horsepower across the nozzles can be achieved by circulating at the Critical flow rate and using the maximum standpipe pressure (which is also the maximum horsepower). The circulating pressure curve crosses the Qert line at a pressure of psi. The pressure loss across the nozzles would be (2300 psi-.___psi) or_psi. Since the flow rate and pressure loss across the nozzles are known, the area required may be calculated. MW) (@?) 12042(1.03)" A Phit (area)* This corresponds to an area of ‘sq. in. which would be what size nozzles?? Confirm that the two different nozzle configurations produce a higher impact force for the higher flow rate and a higher horsepower for the lower flow rate, First, calculate the velocity through each one of these nozzle configurations. (Q gal/min) (231 in’/gal) (1 min/60 sec) (1 f/12 in) Velocity = _flsec in, 340 Gr leon, Robinson, 2070. Allrighis rasarvedPractical Drilling Skills Hydraulics ‘The impact force (F) can be calculated from the equation F=pQv Force = (MW, Ib/gal) (Q, gaVmin) (1 min/60 sec) (velocity, ft/sec) (1/32.2 ftisec?) = ib The hydraulic horsepower may be calculated from the equation: Horsepower = p Qv? Horsepower = (MWY, Ib/gal) (1/32.2 fsec*) (Q, gal/min} (1 min/60 sec) (velocity, tt'seo)? Horsepower = (____Ib ft/sec) [1 hhp/S50 Ib ftlsec]=_hhp, Compare the hydraulic impact and hydraulic horsepower values for the two different cases. Hydraulic impact Hydraulic Horsepower Ibs hhp impact Opt. HHP Opt ‘Dr Lean A Robinson, 2010. Allrighis reserved. oatPractical Orilling Skills Section 2 waz @ br Leon H, Robinson, 2070. Allvights reserved,Instructor's Package CHapTER 8 — REVIEW ANSWERS 1. What information is leamed through the performance of a drill-off test? a. Identification of the bit's founder point, b. Optimal weight on bit and rotary speed for the application 2. Name two possible techniques for raising the founder point. a. Increase hydraulics b. Increase rotary speed Do hydrauti affect the drilling rate? Only if drilling at or above founder point 3. What is the best indicator of the ability of the mud stream to lift all of the generated cuttings from the hole? ‘Carrying capacity index Dr Leon H. Robinson, 2010. Allrights reserved. as Package 9 — SOLUTION To HYDRAULICS PROBLEM OCHO HYDRAULIC OPTIMIZATION This problem is divided into three parts. The same drilling rig will be considered in all three parts. Each solution should show an illustration of Circulating Pressures which require flow rates from Optimization in each of the three different regions: Surface Pressure Limited, Surface Pressure and Hydraulic Horsepower at their maximum values, and Hydraulic Horsepower limited A driling rig has a 900 horsepower motor driving the mud pumps that have a maximum pressure output of 2300 psi. Assume a volumetric efficiency of 97% and a mechanical efficiency 0f.85%. Three different wells will be drilled. This problem Is designed to maximize the hydraulic impact force and the hydraulic horsepower of the drilling fluid passing through the drill bit nozzles. Each part of the problem will fal in a different "limit" regime. 4, Draw the Hydraulic Horsepower Limit curve on a Log P vs Log Q chart. Hint: Calculate the hydraulic horsepower. Select an arbitrary value for flow rate and find the corresponding pressure. The hydraulic horsepower can also be calculated from the equation’ Hydraulic horsepower = sPsiXQ, ger) 1714 2. Draw the Maximum Surface Pressuré Line from zero flow rate to the Hydraulic- Horsepower Limit. curve on a Log P vs Log Q chart. Hydraulic Horsepower (0.97)(0.85)(900 hp) = 742 hhp. If the flow rate is only 500 gpm, the pressure will be twice the value of 1272 psi., or pa tTH4HHP (174447420) sor psi Q 1000 apm 2544 psi. Two points are now available to plot a straight line of the semi-log plot. To find points to draw the horsepower line, assume a flow rate of 1000 gpm, and calculate pressure: Find Qa and draw an the fog P vs fog Q graph. a, -74kra2hp) et "2300 psi 53 gpm Problem A. After driling to:44,000 ft. with a 93" IADC 537 bit dressed with two 11/32" and one 42/32" nozzles, the driller was ready to pull the dull bit, The drilling fluid properties were MW = 12.0 ppg, PV = 28 cp, YP = 40 Ib/100 sq. ft., gels 30/70. While circulating bottoms up, the driller read the standpipe pressure on the choke manifold for four different flow rates. ‘© Drieon Hi. Robinson, 2070. Al rights resorved, a2Instructor's Package Flow Rate Standpipe Pressure | Bit Pressure Loss | Circulating Pressure | |. gem psi psi psi 350, 2300 1312 988 [300 1751 064 787 250 1272 670 602. —«| 200 ‘864 ___ 429) 435 Part a) Find the optimum pressure loss through the bit nozzles that will produce the maximum hydraulic impact force at the bottom of the hole. Find nozzle sizes to make this so. Calculate the hydraulic impact force and the hydraulic horsepower for these nozzles. Nozzle Area two 11's, one 12 = 0.2961 in? (12ppg)(350.9pm)*__ (350)? 12042 (1.03) (0.2961 in} 2 or (300) 93.34 Bit pressure los: 3 g| Part b) Find the optimum pressure loss through the bit nozzle that will produce the maximum horsepower through the bit nozzles at the bottom of the hole. Find nozzle sizes to make this so. Calculate the hydraulic impact force and the hydraulic horsepower for these nozzles. Plot the Circulating Pressure vs the Flow Rate. u = 1.5, (uw) (a? AP 042 (1.03) (Area)? Part a) For maximum Impact: Pressure Limited Case Horsepower limited Case u AP opr = Pout oer = 8 2300 psi =986 psi AP opr The Pec line crosses the Optimum Circulation Pressure line at a flow rate of 400 gpm, [The Horsepower Limited Case is not used because the Pec line crosses the optimum line in the Pressure Limited regime.} 2 __(12ppg)(400 gpm)? (Areay 12042 (1.03)* (986 psi) 15242 Area = 0.39004 square inches ‘GDr Lean A. Robinson, 2070. Allvights reserved. 33Instructor's Package This could be two 16/32" nozzles or two 13/32" and one 14/32" nozzles. Velocity ~ 400 gatlmin)las ina mini sec} ft/12in) 204 in ‘The impact force (F) can be calculated from the equation: Fepav Force = (12.0 Ib/gal)(400 gal/min)(1 min/60 sec)(329 ft/sec)(1/32.2 fUsec? ) = 817 Ib (12.0 Ib/gal)(1/32.2 ft'sec”)(400 gal/min)(1 min/60sec)(329 ft/sec)” Horsepower = (269000 Ib fi/sec)[1 hhp/550 Ib fsec] = 489 hhp. Part c) For maximum hydraulic horsepower for u = 1.5: a orret “ad AP, Circulating flow sate is.where the Circulating Optimum Pressure intersects the Circulating pressure loss or 333 gpm with 1000 psi circulating pressure loss. To calculate the nozzle area for this case: 2 (roa)? MWY) _ ¥2042(1.03)" aP,, Area = 0.2831 square inches. (Area? ~ 42.0 ppaX333 apm)? 12042(1.03)° (1300 psi) 0.080122 in* ‘The chart shows that three 11/32" nozzles have an area of 0.2783", Calculate hydraulic impact force for these nozzles in part b, The impact force (F) can be calculated from the equation F=pav Force = (12.0 Ib/gal)(333 gal/min)(1 min/60 sec)(384 ft/sec)(1/32.2 fl'sec® ) = 794 Ib © Drleon H Robinson, 2070, All rights reserved. ca2 Instructor's Package Calculate the hydraulic horsepower for part b. Horsepower = p Qv? Horsepower = (12.0 Ib/gal)(1/32.2 flsed? )(332 gal/min)(1 min/60 sec)(384 fUsec!* Horsepower (305000 Ib f/sec)[1 hhp/550 Ib fsec] = 555 hhp. ‘Compare the hydraulic impact and hydraulic horsepower values for the two different cases, PART Hydraulic Impact ‘Hydraulic Horsepower Ibs. hp a “si 489) b 194 555 Problem 8: While drilling at 9800 ft., with a 10.1 ppg drilling fluid with three 12/32" nozzles in a 124", the driller measured four standpipe pressures at different flow rates just before tripping for anew bit Find nozzle sizes for the next bit which will give the maximum hydraulic impact. 4. Find nozzle sizes for the next bit which will give the maximum hydraulic horsepower. FlowRate | Standpipe | git Pressure Loss | Circulating ressure : ; ‘gpm | - psi Pressure psi 450 ~ | _ 8a 1458 400 722 | 1152 350 _| 607 882 | 300 1145 497 648 Plot Circulating Pressure Losses on Log-Log paper. Measure the slope with a ruler. u=43 Calculate the optimum pressure losses for the Maximum Pressure Limit region and the ‘Maximum Horsepower Limit region. Horsepower limited Case u ust *icort =F 5 Pina AP oer = 5p Pimax APseopt = $3.2300 psi=906 psi 2300 psi =1603 psi The Pec line crosses these optimum lines in the region between these two limits. In this case the optimum flow rate is the critical flow rate of 353 gpm and the optimum circulating pressure loss is 1100 psi. The optimum pressure loss through the bit nozzles will be (2300 psi - 1100 psi) = 1200 psi @ Dr Leon A. Robinson, 2070, Allvights reserved, 5Instructor's Package Since the pressure loss through the bit (1200 psi) and flow rate (553 gpm) are known, the nozzle area may be calculated: iw? (rea)? - awe?) _ (areay’ = 12042(1.03)° AP, (Area)? = £10-Sp9}853 gpm)" 42042(1.03)° (1200 psi) 0.2095 in* Area = 0.4577 square inches Three 14/32" nozzles have-this area and will maximize both the hydraulic impact and the hydraulic horsepower. Problem C: After drilling to 3000 ft, the driller is planning to trip for a new 142° drill bit. The mud weight is 9.3 ppg; PV = 12 cp; YP = 5 Ib/100 sq.ft; and gels 2/8. Before the trip the driller pumps at four flow rates through three 12/32” nozzles in the dull bit. The standpipe pressures were; Flow Rate Standpipe Pressure | Bit Pressure Loss | Circulating Pressure gpm psi de psi psi 550 2336 2006 331 450 1609 266. 400 71294 233 1013 201 Part a} Find the optimum pressure loss through the bit nozzles that will produce the maximum, hydraulic impact force at the bottom of the hole. Find nozzle sizes to make this so. Calculate the hydraulic impact force.and the hydraulic horsepower for these nozzles. (838 galimin}2311in* gal mir/60 sec\t 112 in) 0.2783 in’ Velocity = 384 flisec Part b) Find the optimum pressure loss through the bit nozzle that will produce the maximum. ‘horsepower through the bit nozzles at the bottom of the hole. Find nozzle sizes to make this so, Calculate the hydraulic impact force and the hydraulic horsepower for these nozzles. First, calculate the pressure loss through the drill bit for each of the four flowrates. (Area)? -—— wa) _ 12042(1.03)* AP. Plot the Circulating Pressure vs. the Flow Rate and determine the slope: u = 1.1 © Dr Leon H Robinson, 2010. All rights reserved. 36Insiructor's Package Part a) For maximum impact Pressure Limited Case Horsepower limited Case u uit BP uoer =p Pax APonorr =F p Prax worn Ut u+2 24 AP, 2300 psi=1558 psi aot 42000 psi=816 psi AP opr For maximizing the hydraulic impact, the optimum circulating pressure loss curve above Qu is parallel to the Horsepower Limit line. The Pu line crosses the Optimum Circulation Pressure line at a flow rate of 800 gpm in the horsepower limited range. This case, which usually occurs in shallow holes, or in holes where large diameter tubulars are involved, has an optimum flow rate of 800 gpm for the maximum hydraulic impact, and an ‘optimum flow rate of §53 gpm for the maximum hydraulic horsepower through the nozzles. The Impact case must use a standpipe pressure of 1590 psi, which is significantly lower than the maximum value of 2300 psi. At the flow rate of 800 gpm, the pump horsepower would exceed that which is available. The pressure drop through the nozzles for the hydraulic impact case would be (71580 psi-500 psi) or 1090 psi. —_(far) _ 12042(1.03)° AP, (Area)? «2:3 908)800 gem?) | 72042(1.03)' (1090 psi) (Area) The area of one 18/32" and two 16/32" nozzles is 0.6412 sq. if. which is about as close as possible to the required area. The maximum horsepower across the nozzles can be achieved by circulating at the Critical flow rate and using the maximum standpipe pressure (which is also the maximum horsepower). The circulating pressure curve crosses the Qea line at a pressure of 333 psi. The pressure loss across the nozzles would be (2300 psi ~ 332 psi) or 1967 psi. Since the flow rate and pressure loss across the nozzles are known, the area tequired may be calculated. (wa? (area)? (Area) (2042(1.03) AP (2.3 ppa)653 gpm?) 12042(1.03)° (1967 psi This corresponds to an area of 0.3365 sq. in. which would be three 12/32" diameter nozzles. @rLeon H. Rabinson, 2010. Allvights reserved. aInstructor's Package Confirm that the two different nozzle configurations produce a higher impact force for the 800 gpm flow rate and a higher horsepower for the lower flow rate. First, calculate the velocity through each one of these nozzle configurations. (800 gavin {231in® gal min/60 sec fv12in) Velocity eT 393 t/sec (683 galimin(231in? igal}{t min/60 sec)(tf¥12in) 0.3365 in’ Velocity =527 ft/sec The impact force (F) can be calculated from the equation: Force = (pQ\(v) Force = (9.3 Ib/gal)(800 gatimin)(1 min/60 sec)(393 ft/sec)(1/32.2 ft/sec’) = 1513 Ib Force = (9.3 Ib/gal)(553 galimin}(1 min/60 sec)(527 f'/sec)(1/32.2 fUsec’ ) = 1403 Ib Clearly, the impact force is higher for the higher flow rate than the other value. Horsepower = p Qv* Horsepower = (9.3 Ibigal)(1/32.2 ftlsec* )(553 gal/min)(1 min/60 sec)(527 ft/sec) Horsepower = (739300 Ib fi/sec)[1 hhp/550 tb ft/sec = 1344 hhp, Horsepower =p Qv? Horsepower = (9.3 Ibigal)(1/32.2 f'sec? (800 gal/min)(1 min/60.sec)(393 ft/sec) Horsepower =-(594700 Ib ft’sec)[1 hhp/550 Ib ft/sec] = 1081 hhp. ‘Compare the hydrat impact and hydraulic horsepower values for the two different cases. Hydraulic Impact Hydraulic Horsepower Ibs hp Impact Opt. 1513 1087 HHP Opt. 7403 1344 GDr Leen H. Robinson, 2070. All rights reserved, 38Instructor's Package 4000 3000 2.5 2000 = 15 Pressure : psi Moe 100. 15 200 2% 300 4 5006 7008 9 1000 Flow Rite : GPM GDr Leon A Robinson, 2010, Alvrighis reserved. 39Instructor" ackage CHAPTER 10 — SOLUTION To PROBLEM #1 Dry shales will imbibe water from a water-based drilling fluid. This imbibition cannot be controlled with fluid loss controlled additives or with mud weight. Dry shale will even remove water from a freshwater, internal phase of an oil-base drilling fluid. Dry shale will imbibe water even if the pressure in the bore hole (controlled by mud weight) is less than the pore pressure in the shale. Highly illic shales have a propensity to act as “dry shales". This imbibition process acts to increase the pore pressure in the shales. So the logging indication of increasing pore pressure is correct. (Usually data doesn't lie, interpreters do.) The increase in pore pressure reduces the “effective stress” within the shale. An "effective stress" is @ principal stress minus the pore pressure. The strength of a shale decreases as the effective stress decreases. Shales with 15,000 psi confining pressure and 15,000 psi pore pressure will fail in the same manner as shales at atmospheric pressure (.e., the strength will be low and the failure mechanism could be brittle.) If the pore pressure is decreased to 5000 psi, the shale will have an effective stress of 10,000 psi, will be much stronger and will fail malleably (or plastically). Since the stresses around the borehole are related to the overburden stress, the horizontal stresses, and the pressure inside of the borehole, the decrease in effective stress may cause the deviatoric stress to exceed the strength of the shale. ("Deviatoric” is a $2,00 word that simply means the maximum difference in the three-dimensional stresses in the shale.) Shear Stress Failure Envelope Effective Stress ‘@Drleon A. Robinson, 2040. Allrights reserved. ” 40we (Comes, 2) j raid: PvE«fh _, £900* ape) eit égma 07 4 a" Gi! DOL. Bb 6 Om 4 Zz a Loe 5c : orn 170 = - Lokg 9°° ( tloyics er “pur = fates - [324-996PROBLEM 2 — HYDRAULICS The rig is pumping 450 gpm at a standpipe pressure of $000 psi through four 12/32” nozzles, While drilling the last 1000 feet of hole with a four 12/32" nozzles in an 83" PDC bit, a new 537 drill bit was programmed to drill the last 100 fi. Before tripping out of the hole, while circulating bottoms-up before the trip out, the standpipe pressure was measured for several pump stroke rates. The data is presented below: ‘Standpipe Flow Rate Pressure ‘gpm pst 450 5000) 422 ;___388, 242, 300) 287 The pressure loss through the drill bit was calculated from the equation: ___ MWQy’ “12042 (1.03)? (Area)? ‘The area of four 12/32" nozzles" is 0.4418 in’, and the mud weight is 12.5 ppg. The pressure loss through the drill bit was calculated for each flow rate and subtracted from the standpipe pressure. This is the parasitic pressure loss through the system, ‘Standpipe Calculated Flow Rate Pressure pbit p system gom psi si pst 450 | 5000 422 4465 [385 | 3852 | _ 342, 3086, 300 2451 287 2268 On a log-log plot of pressure vs. flow rate, the boundary conditions imposed by the mud pumps are plotted. The mud pump is powered with a 2700 HP motor. Assuming an 85% mechanical efficiency and a 90% volumetric efficiency, "The area of four 12 5182" nozzles is 0.47937 in’, ant ‘are within the teleraner area of four 11,5132" nozzles 0.40574 in’. Each of these of nozzles marked as 12/32". For te 450 gpm flow rate, the pressure loss through the bit could range from 970 psi to 1354 psi, This is the reason thal accurate hydraulic predictions require careful measurements of nazzle diameters, For this example, the 12/32" nozzle diameter will be accepted as correct ‘@DrLeon H. Robinsan, 2070, All aaaPractical Drilling Skills Section 9 Calculate the HHP can be delivered to the drilling fluid, Draw the HHP LINE on a log-log graph. 1000 E Pressure: psi 4060 1000 Flow rate: gpm 3 Ss | J ‘The maximum standpipe pressure is 5000 psi. Drew that limit on the log-log plot. Read the flow rate (called Qerit) where the maximum pressure is delivered at the available horsepower; also calculate Qerit from the equation PQ ina HHP Plot the circulating pressure losses for the system [standpipe pressure minus bit pressure loss] on the graph. Label this as Peic. The slope of the Peire-tine is measured by measuring the linear distances horizontally and ically with a ruler. In this case the slope (called ‘v') is, Does the Peire line fall in the Pressure Limit Case, the Hydraulic Power Limit Case or in between? What is the limit candition? a4 ‘© Dr Leon H, Robinson, 2010. Allrighis reserved,Practical Drilling Skills Hydraulics MAXIMUM HYDRAULIC IMPACT Calculate the optimum bit pressure loss for maximum hydraulic impact from the equation u P P uy2™ “Subtract the Pyieps from the limit pressure and determine the optimum circulating pressure loss in the system: The optimum circulating pressure loss in the system is psi, Plot this line on the log-log graph from 100 gpm to Qest. The intersection of the optimum circulating pressure loss and the parasitic pressure losses on the graph indicates that the new optimum flow rate; It is gpm. The flow rate and the pressure loss through the bit nozzles have now been determined. Calculate the area of the nozzles which will produce this pressure loss at that flow rate. From the chart pick the-next nozzles. Calculate the nozzle velocity through the nozzles. Use the conversion factor: 1 gallon = 231 cubic inches. Velocity will be equal to the flow rate divided by the total flow area, Calculate the flow velocity through the drill bit that is being pulled. ‘The velocity will be the same through all of the nozzles. Calculate the nozzle shear rate: Nozzle shear rate is 96 times the velocity in tl/sec divided by diameter in inches. [The shear rate should be less than 100.000 sec" to decrease the possibility of hole erosion] © Or Loan H. Robinson, 2070. Allighis reserved. 345Practical Drilling Skills MAXIMUM HYDRAULIC POWER If the preferred optimization procedure is to maximize the hydraulic power at the drill bit, calculate the pressure loss across the nozzles for maximum power. , u Opt P= wl ™ ‘Subtract the nozzle pressure loss from the limit condition to find the pressure loss through the circulating system. ‘The circulating pressure loss through the system intersects the Pcirc at a value of. gpm. Calculate the nozzle area to give the pressure loss at the optimum circulating flow rate. p _ (MW, ppg)(Q, gpm)* eg te aot. 12042(1.03)* (Area) The area of the nozzles-should be From the chart of nozzle diameters and areas pick the nozzles for maximum hydraulic power. The nozzle velocity is and the nozzle shear rate is _ “HOLE CLEANING Calculate CCI in the riser for both optimization procedures, Calculate @ K viscosity needed to move cuttings up the riser with the annular velocity avaitable for the flow rates of the hydraulic impact optimization and the hydraulic power optimization. COMPARISON Calculate the impact forces for both optimization procedures and the hydraulic power for both ‘optimization procedures, Stand [Flow | Nozzle | impact | Hydraulic ) Nozzle AV cei Pipe Rate | Velocity | Force | Power | Shear In Pressure | gpm | ft/sec Ib HP Rate Riser psi i 40 8sect | Ftimin 5000 50 5000 28 ~ Lo To 5000 287__| sae © Dr Leon H. Robinson, 2070. Allrights reservedPROBLEM 3 — HYDRAULICS A drilling rig has a 900 horsepower motor driving the mud pumps that have a maximum pressure output of 2300 psi, Assume a volumettic efficiency of 97% and a mechanical efficiency of 85%. Draw the Hydraulic Horsepower Limit curve on a Log P vs. Log Q chart. CP, psi(Q. gpm) 1714 Hydraulic horsepower Hint: Calculate the hydraulic horsepower. Select an arbitrary value for flow rate and find the corresponding pressure, The hydraulic horsepower can alse be calculated from the equation: Hydraulic Horsepower = (0.97)(0.85)(900 hp) = hhp To find points to draw the horsepower line, assume a flow rate of 1000 gpm, and calculate Pressure: pa 274 HP _(1714)(_bhp) _ Q 1000 gpm If the flow rate is only 500 gpm, the pressure will be twice the value of 1272 psi or 2544 psi, ‘Two points are now available to plot a straight line of the semi-log plot. —(714)C hp) _ cit Fa00ps1 EP Find Qent and draw on the log P vs. log Q graph, PARTA After driling to 14,000 ft. with a 9%" IADC 537' bit dresséd with two 11/32" and one 12/32" nozzles, the driller was ready to pull the dull bi.. The drilling fluid properties were MW = 12.0 ppg, PV = 28 cp, YP = 40 Ib/100 sq. ft. gels 30/7. Dr Lean H, Robinson, 2010, Allrights reserved. 3a7Practical Drilling Skiils Section 3 fold for While circulating bottoms up, the driller read the stendpipe pressure on the choke 1 four different low rates. [Fiowiaie J —-Stanapipe _] Bit Pressure) Gireutating gpm Pressure Loss Pressure pst pst pst 350 2300, a751 1272 264 PARTA Find the optimum pressure loss through the bit nozzles that will produce the maximum hydraulic impact force at the bottom of the hole. Find the nozzle sizes to make this so. Calculate the hydraulic impact force and the hydraulic horsepower for these nozzles. PARTB. Find the optimum pressure loss through the bit nozzle that will produce the maximum. horsepower through the bit nozzles at the bottom of the hole. Find the nozzle sizes to make this 80, Calculate the hydraulic: impact force and the hydraulic horsepower for these nozzles. Plot the Circulating Pressure vs. the Flow Rate, U=. ap, O@) “ 12042(1.03)’(Area) PART A For maximum Impact Pressure Limited Case Horsepower limited Case. u ud AP root = AP, —— icant TPs ‘sort Too Phe APicorr 2300psi~ psi AP yor = ——2300psi psi The Poe line crosses the Optimum Circulation Pressure line at a flow rate of 400 gpm. [The Horsepower Limited Case is not used because the P... line crosses the optimum line in the Pressure Limited regime} (area)? = C12000400epm?) 12042(1.03)7( psi) Area = 039004 square inches aie ‘© Dr Leon H, Robinson, 2610, Allrights reservedPractical Drilling Skills Hydraulics, This could be two 16/32" nozzles or two 13/32" and one 14/32” nozzles. L Velocity = L__.gamnin in*/yai)(1 min/60 sec)(1 £12 in) Y(23 Lint) min/60 secy(1 12 in) _ _fulsee ‘The impact force (F) can be calculated from the equation: F=pQv Force = (12.0 Ib/gal)( gal/min)(1 min/60 sec)(___ ft'sec)(1/32.2 fvsec* ) Horsepower =p Qv* Horsepower = (12.0 Ib/gal)(1/82.2 ft/sec® ) gal/miny1 mini60sec) ftisec)® Horsepower = Jb ft/sec)[1 nhp/S80 tb fsec] = hp AP ye =— tit = Pin PARTB For maximum hydraulic horsepower for u = Circulating flow rate is where the Circulating Optimum Pressure intersects the Circulating ‘Pop. Bit (2300 psi) = 1300 psi Pressure loss or 333 gpm with 1000 psi circulating pressu’s loss. (MwyxQ’) (Area) = 7504201.03)' Ag To calculate the nozzle area for this case: Area = square inches, gpm)? 12042(1.03)>(__psi) ‘© Dr Leon H Robinson, 2010. Allrights reserved. carPractical Drilling Skills Section 2 The chart shows that three nozzles have an area of __ Calculate hydraulic impact force for these nozzles in Part B. Velocity = _____ fi/see The impact force (F) can be calculated from the equation: F=pQ Force = (12.0 tb/gal)___-gal/min}(1 niin/60 sec)(____ ft/sec)(1/32.2 ft/sec? ) = Ib Calculate the hydraulic horsepower for Part 8. Horsepower = p QV? Horsepower = (12.0 Ib/gal)(1/32.2 ft/sec” )(__ _gallmin1 min/60secy\, __ ftisec)? Horsepower = ( ____Jb fl/seo)[1 hhp/5S0 fb fUsec]=___ inp. Compare the hydraulic impact and hydraulic horsepower values for the two different cases BART | Hyde tipact a i B PARTB While drilling at 9800 ft., with 2 10.1 ppg drilling fluic with three 12/32" nozzles in a 124" bit, the ‘driller measured four standpipe pressures al different flow rates just before tripping for a new bit. Find nozzle sizes for the next bit which will give the rnaximum hydraulic impact. Find nozzle sizes for the next bit which will give the maximum hydraulic horsepower. Flow Rate Stanapipe Bit Pressure Circulating ‘gpm Pressure Loss Pressure 350Schlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL SECCION 3 BARRENAS DE PERFORACION Contenido 1.0 Seleccién de Barrenas 2.0 Barrena de Conos 2.1 Caracteristicas de la Barrena de Conos 2.1.1, Los Cortadores 2.1.2 Desalineado de los Conos 2.1.3 Los Cojinetes (Rodamientos) 2.2 Seleccién de Barrena de Tres Conos 2.3 El Sistema de Clasificacién de la IADC para Barrenas de Conos 3.0 Barrenas de Cortadores Fijos 3.1 Tipos de Barrenas con Cortadores Fijos 3.1.1. Barrenas PDC 3.1.2. Barrenas de Diamantes 3.1.3 Barrenas TSP 3.1.4 Barrenas Impregnadas de Diamantes 3.2 Tecnologia de la Barrena PDC 3.2.1, Nomenclatura de la Barrena 3.2.2 Accidn Cortadora de la Barrena PDC 3.3 Tecnologia del Cortador PDC 3.3.1. El Cortador PDC 3.3.2 Densidad del Cortador 3.3.3 Tamajio del Cortador 3.3.4 Distribucién del Cortador 3.3.5. Orientacién del Cortador 3.3.6 Disefio del Cortador - General 3.3.7 Geometria del Cortador 3.4 Aplicaciones de la Barrena de Cortadores Fijos y Caracteristicas de Disefio 3.4.1. Altas Velocidades de Rotacién 3.4.2. Perforacién de Agujero Esbelto o de Didmetro Pequefio 3.4.3. Perforacién Direccional y Horizontal 3.4.4 Disefios de Barrena Bi-Céntricas y Excéntricas 3.5 Clasificacién de la Barrena de Cortadores Fijos 4.0 Manejo de la Barrena y Procedimientos de Conexién 5.0 Procedimientos para Correr la Barrena 5.1 Barrenas de Conos 5.1.1. Corrida en el pozo 5.1.2. Establecimiento de un patrén de corte 5.1.3 Antes de volver a correr Barrenas Verdes 5.2 Barrenas de Cortadores Fijos 5.2.1. Preparacién Pag. 1 de 36Schlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL 5.2.2 Corriendo la Barrena (con ensamblaje rotario) 5.2.3. Corriendo la Barrena (con PDM y Turbina) 5.3 Pruebas de Perforabilidad 5.3.1. Procedimiento de la Prueba de Perforabilidad 5.4 Perforacién del Cuello Flotador y la Zapata 6.0 Dinamica de la Perforacién Relacionada con La Barrena 6.1 Vibraciones Axiales 6.2 Vibraciones Laterales 6.3 Vibraciones de Torsién y Atrapamiento de Corrida 6.3.1. Prediccién y Monitoreo de Vibraciones de Fondo 7.0 \dentificacién de Problemas de Perforacién 7.1 Presién Diferencial 7.2 Presi6n Circulante 7.3 Torsion 7.4 Velocidad de Perforacién (ROP) 8.0 Clasificacién de Barrenas Desgastadas 8.1 Sistema de Clasificacién de la [ADC para Barrenas Desgastadas 8.1.1 Desgaste de la Estructura de los Cortadores/Elementos Cortantes 8.1.2 Cédigos de Localizacién para Barrenas de Conos 8.1.3 Cédigos de Localizacién para Barrenas de Cortadores Fijos 8.1.4 Cédigos de Clasificaciin de la IADC para Barrenas Desgastadas. 8.1.5 Elcalibre del didmetro externo 8.2 Condiciones de Barrenas Usadas / Causas / Tablas Remediales 8.2.1 Barrenas de Conos 8.2.2 Barrenas de Cortadores Fijos 9.0 Aspectos Econémicos de la Corrida de BarrenasSchlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL 1.0 SELECCION DE BARRENAS El desemperio de la barrena es medido por la longitud total y el tiempo de perforacién, antes de que la barrena deba ser sacada y reemplazada. Costo minimo por metro (o pies), es el principal objetivo. Una revisién cuidadosa de la informacion del pozo vecino (0 de prueba), debe ser realizada, cuando se selecciona una barrena, para una seccién del agujero, en particular. Las consideraciones principales para seleccionar una barrena son: + Geologia = Propiedades de la formacién + Fuerza de compresion - Se refiere a la fuerza intrinseca de la roca, la cual esta basada en su composicion, método de deposicion y compactamiento, Es importante considerar la fuerza compresiva, “confinada” 0 “en sito", de una formacién dada, Muchos fabricantes de barrenas, proveen ahora un servicio suplementario de andlisis de resistencia de rocas, como ayuda para la seleccién de barrenas * Elasticidad + Afecta la forma en la que la roca fala. Una roca que fala en forma “pléstica’, mas que fracturarse, se deformard, + Abrasién + Presin de sobre-carga - Afecta la cantidad de compactacién de sedimentos y por lo tanto Ia dureza de la r + Atvrapamiento + Presién de los poros = Afecta los requerimientos de peso del lodo y puede afectar la velocidad de perforacin. + Porosidad y Permeabilidad = Cambios de formacién dentro de una seccién dada del agujero Los cambios en la formacién, durante la corrida de una barrena, pueden tener un efecto significative sobre el desempefio de a barrena, Las formaciones a ser perforadas y las profundidades predichas de los cambios de formacién, seran dados en él programa de perforacién y formaran la base de la seleccién de barrenas. Es importante recordar la diferencia entre exploracién y perforacion de evaluacién/desarrollo, en e! lo siguiente: + Para la perforacién de evaluaciénidesarrollo, se conocerd mucho sobre las propiedades de fas formaciones pronosticadas y la seleccién de barrenas estara basada en el desempefio de la barrena en pozos vecinos (0 de prueba) junto con la data de registro electrénico (s6nico, rayos gamma, etc.), datos de registro de lodo, muestras de nucleo, etc. + Para la perforacion de exploracién, probablemente se conoceré poco de la perforabilidad de las formaciones que probablemente sean encontradas y por lo tanto serd desarrollado un programa de barrenas mas conservativo. En estas siluaciones es prudente cargar una variedad mas amplia de disefios de barrena, para cubrir todas las eventualidades. ‘= Tamaiio del agujero y programa de tuberias de revestimiento, + Perfil direccional de la trayectoria del pozo y navegabilidad del disefio de barrena. + Tipo de transmisién (Rotaria / Rotaria Navegable / Motor de Lode / Turbina).. + Propiedades del fluido de perforacion * Hidraulica ‘* Capacidades del equipo de perforacién Pig. 3 de 36Selhimberger ‘DRILLING SCHODL 2.0 BARRENA DE CONOS. Barrenas de tres conos o barrenas de conos, fueron introducidas por primera vez en los afios 30 por Hughes Tool Company. Las barrenas de conos incluyen cortadores de acero montadas en el cuerpo de la barrena, de tal manera que son libres de rotar. La mayoria de las barrenas de conos tienen tres, conos, a pesar de que existen disefios que utilizan dos y cuatro conos. Recientemente se han vuelto a utilizar barrenas de un cono para la perforacién de hoyos estrechos, 2.1 Caracteristicas de la Barrena de Conos Las barrenas de conos tiene tres elementos principales: + Cortadores (0 conos) ‘+ Cojinetes (valeros 0 rodamientos) ‘+ Cuerpo de la Barrena YE CCoottadores (dientes de acero o insertos) Cono Insertos del calibre o del diémetro externo Toberas 0 chorros > Faldén Reservorio de Grasa (Compartimiento Setiado) [> Conexion de Pifién o de Espiga (pin) 2.1.1 Los Cortadores Los elementos cortantes de una barrena de conos, son flas circunferenciales de dientes, que se ‘extienden de cada cono y se entrelazan entre las filas de dientes de los conos adyacentes. Estos son, ya sea forjados con maquina desde la estructura de acero de los conos (Barrena de Conos Dentados), 0 son prefabricados de carburo de tungsteno mas duro y ensambladas err botsilos forjados dentro de los conos (Barrenas de Insertos).. Las barrenas de insertos de carburo de tungsteno, fueron originalmente disefiadas para perforar formaciones extremadamente duras y/o abrasivas, tales como chert (roca cuarzosa) y cuarcita, que ‘no podian perforarse con barrenas de conos dentados disefiadas para formaciones mas blandas. Sin ‘embargo, y debido a su durabilidad superior, ahora también existen disefios de barrenas de insertos, adecuados para perforar formaciones blandas, en forma econdmicaSchlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL Los dientes pueden ser de una gran variedad de formas y tamafios, dependiendo de la intencién de la aplicacién y son responsables de triturar o excavar Ia formacién, mientras la barrena rota. La trituracion proviene del alto peso colocado sobre la barrena el cual empuja los dientes hacia dentro de la roca, a medida que los conos y la barrena, rotan, FE | 4 SNS Roller Cone Git - Crushing 2.1.2 Excentricidad de los Conos La accién de excavacién de una barrena de tres conos, es el resultado de la excentricidad de los ‘conos en la barrena que hace que no roten sobre sus ejes reales. La Excentricidad (offset) es la distancia horizontal entre la linea central de la barrena y un plano vertical, a través'de ta linea centrab del mufién o eje del cono. La excentricidad se refiere al grado de desalineacién y se conoce también como oblicuidad (‘skew’), Si los conos son forzados a rotar sobre un eje distinto a su eje real de rotacién geométrica, se deslizaran 0 arrastraran ocasionalmente, a 10 largo del fondo del agujero, produciendo de estaSchlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL manera un mecanismo de elementos cortantes de arrastre o de excavacién en adicién al efecto de trituracién mencionado antes. Por lo general, y mientras mayor sea la distancia del desalineamiento © excentricidad de los conos en la barrena, mayor sera el grado de la accién de elementos cortantes para la excavacion / raspado. Las barrenas de conos para formaciones mas blandas tienen mayor excentiicidad que aquellas barrenas disefiadas para perforar roca dura, en donde podria no haber niingtin tipo de desalineamiento y la barrena remueve formacién, netamente debido a la accién de aplastamiento o trituracién por el peso impuesto sobre ela Pag. 6 de 36Schiumberyer DRILLING SCHOOL 2.1.3 Los Cojinetes (Rodamientos) Los cojinetes o rodamientos permiten a los conos rotar alrededor del cuerpo de la barrena. Los cojinetes para barrenas de conos de primera calidad, son sellados y lubricados, para asegurar una vida mas larga en el dificil ambiente del fondo del agujero. Cojinetss de rocillos y de bola no sellados también se fabrican y son primordialmente utilizados para secciones superiores del agujero, en donde el tiempo de viaje es corto y las altas velocidades rotarias, son preferibles, Los cojinetes de friccién no contienen rodillos, solamente un mutién sélido incluido en la superficie del cono 0 un buje, el cual cabe entre el cono y la mufionera. Los rozamientos se disefian de tal forma que todos los elementos de los cojinetes estén cargados de manera uniforme y se puedan utilizar altos pesos en barrena y velocidades rotarias. Un reservotio sellado de lubricantes es mantenido dentro del cuerpo de la barrena’para lubricar los cojinetes 0 los rodamientos. UN wd tice UNA BARRENA CON COJINETE DE UNA BARRENA CON COJINETES DE RODILLOS Y COJINETES DE BOLA MUNION J \ | Sg | crete | MS A | 74036Schlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL EL LODO SE ENFRIA Y LUBRICA LOS GRASA DEL RESERVORIO INCORPORADO COJINETES SIN SELLO LUBRICA LOS COJINETES SELLADOS 2.2 Selecci6n de Barrena de Tres Conos En muchas ocasiones, las barrenas de conos pueden ser corridas err las mismas aplicaciones que las barrenas de cortadores fijos PDC, particularmente las barrenas tipo "premium" para motor con dientes de gran diametro y barrenas “premium” de insertos para altas velocidades (algunas de las cuales incorporan sellos de metal). Las barrenas de conos, en general, perforan mas lento que las barrenas PDC y tienen una vida mas corta en términos de la longitud en pies (o metros) que pueda ser perforada, Sin embargo, en relacién con la barrena en si, su precio es menor al de las barrenas PDC. La eleccién de cual barrena se debe correr en una aplicacién dada, muchas veces depende de Jos resultados del analisis de costo por pie. Las siguientes directrices basicas deberdn ser ullizadas como una ayuda para la seleccién de las barrenas de conos. ‘La lutita tiene una mayor respuesta a las RPM, + La roca caliza tiene una mayor respuesta de perforacién al peso sobre barrena. Las barrenas con cojinete de rodillos pueden ser corridas con RPM mas altas que las barrenas con cojinetes de friccién. «Las barrenas con cojinetes sellados pueden tener una vida mds larga, que las barrenas. con cojinetes abiertos, Las barrenas de conos dentados con cojinetes de mufién (de friccién), pueden sec corridas. con pesos mas altos que las barrenas de conos dentados con cojinete de rodillos. ‘Las barrenas de cortadores fijos pueden ser corridas a mayores RPM que las barrenas de conos. ‘= Las barrenas con alta excentricidad de conos podrian desgastar mas en el calibre. + Las barrenas con alta excentricidad podrian también causar mayor desviacién del agujero. Las aplicaciones en donde se tiende a utlizar barrenas de conos antes que barrenas de cortadores fijos, incluyen Pozos Exploratorios en donde existe insuficiente formacién para determinar si las formaciones a ser perforadas son demasiado duras para ser perforadas con barrenas PDC. Otro factor que favorece a las barrenas de conos en los poz0s exploratorios, es el tamafo de los recorles. Los gedlogos algunas veces prefieren que no se coran barrenas PDC, debido a que los recortes generados por barrenas PDC en las formaciones, probablemente productoras, tienden a ser mucho mas pequefios que aquellos hechos por barrenas de conos. Intervalos Cortos en donde Ia larga vida de una PDC de alto costo, no puede ser nivelada aun menor-costo por pie. Situaciones de Alto Riesgo en donde existe una lta probabilidad de dafiar la barrena (como por ejemplo, limpiar equipo de cementacién que cantenga partes metdlicas). ‘Areas de Perforacién de Bajo Costo en donde el valor del tiempo ahorrado por una barrena PDC de perforacién mas répida, no es sufciente para desviar el precio mas’alto de tx barrena. Formaciones Extremadamente Duras en donde las barrenas de PDC aun no han demostrado poder perforar de manera econémica. Areas Altas en Fallas con intercalaciones Duras en donde es extremadamente dificil predecir cuando una formacién extremadamente dura (en particular una que contenga nédulos de roca cuarzosa), seré encontrada, Pag. 8 de 36Schlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL 2.3 El Sistema de Clasificacién de la IADC para Barrenas de Conos Este esquema de clasificacién prove un método para categorizar las barrenas de conos de acuerdo ‘con sus caracteristicas de disefo y la intencién de sus aplicaciones. E! cédigo de clasificacién para una barrena individual, contiene cuatro caracteres. Los primeros tres caracteres son numéricos y el cuarto es alfabstico. . Primer Caracter — Series de Estructuras Cortantes (1-8) Los niimeros de series describen las caracteristicas de informacion general. Los niimeros 1-3 se refieren a barrenas de conos dentados y de! 4-8 cubren las barrenas de insertos. Dentro de los grupos, la formacion se vuelve mas dura, a medida que el numero se incrementa. Segundo Caracter — Tipos de Estructuras Cortantes (1-4) Cada una de las series anteriores es dividida en cuatro tipos de grado y dureza. El Tipo 1 se refiere a barrenas diseiadas para la formacién mas blanda en una Serie en particular y el Tipo 4 a barrenas para la formacion més dura, Tercer Caracter Cojinete / Calibre del didmetro Existen siete calegorias para el disefio de cojinetes y proteccién det calibre. Cuarto Caracter ~ Caracteristicas / Mejoras Disponibles (Opcional) Diez y seis caracteres alfabéticos son ullizados para indicar "Caracteristicas Disponibles”, Estas incluyen estructuras cortantes, configuraciones hidraulicas y proteccion al calibre de cuerpo. 3.0 BARRENAS DE CORTADORES FIJOS ‘A diferencia de las barrenas de conos, no existe ningin sistema uniforme de clasificacién que relacione esto lo de barrena con perforabilidad de formacién, Existe una dasificacion de la !ADC, pero no se relaciona a la perforabilidad de formacién. Pig, 9 de 36Schlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL 3.1 Tipos de barrenas de cortadores fijos ‘A pesar de que algunos estilos de barrenas modemas incorporan mas de un tipo de diamante (por ejemplo diamante natural y TSP), las barrenas son tradicionalmente clasificadas de acuerdo a la naturaleza de su cortador de diamante. Los tres tipos de cortadores fjos de diamantes son: el diamante natural, el diamante Policristalino Termalmente Estatte (FSP) y el Compacto-de Diamante Policristalino (PDC). 3.1.1 Barrenas PDC Estructura cortante hecha de dia mantes fabricados que son termicamente estables hasta 700 grados C. Las barrenas de PDC cortan la formacién en una accién deslizante. Al contrario de los relativamente pequefios diamantes usados en barrenas de diamantes natural y en barrenas TSP, el PDC puede ser adherido al cuerpo, como grandes y filosos elementos cortantes. Los elementos cortantes PDC estén unidos @ un sustrato o poste de carburo de tungsteno (que prove mayor resistencia de impacto), que se encuentra fijos en el cuerpo/hojas de la barrena. El cuerpo puede ser de acero o tipo matriz. Hoy en dial as barrenas de PDC representan una gran mayoria dentro de las barrenas de cortadores fijos. 3.1.2 Barrenas de diamantes Estructura cortante hecha de diamantes naturales (estable hasta aproximadamente 850 grados C), que requiere buen enfriamiento y son sensitivas a cargas de choque. 444 4.1.2 MECANISMO CORTANTE Arado y Molienda (Cuerpo: Matriz solamente 3.1.3 Barrenas TSP La estructura cortante hecha de diamantes fabricados, la cual exhibe una resistencia mas alta a la temperatura (estable hasta 1000-1200 grados C) que los diamantes naturales, que podrian contener inclusiones o impurezas. Pag, 10 de 36Schlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL LOS TSP’s SON DE FORMA TRIANGULAR O REDONDA La ventaja sobre diamantes naturales: los diamantes TSP pueden ser orientados en el cuerpo de la barrena y son auto-afilables, igual que los cortadores PDC, cuando comienzan a desgastarse. Pero los diamantes TSP son més dificiles de unir al material de soporte que los PDC, es por esto.y al igual quo los diamantes naturales, que son ullizados para barrenas de tipo cuerpo de matriz, solamente. MECANISMO CORTANTE: Basicamente arando/moliendo al igual que fos diamantes naturales y en menor extensién, por fuerza cortante. 3.1.4 Barrenas impregnadas de diamantes Las barrenas impregnadas de diamantes (comtnmente llamadas barrenas impregnadas), contienen polvo de diamantes naturales afilados mezclados (en varias concentraciones) con matriz de carburo de tungsteno, Los diamantes utiizados en estas barrenas son por lo general mucho mas pequefios que aquellos uliizados en barrenas convencionales de diamantes naturales. Grandes diamantes naturales son Pag. 11 de 36Schlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL colocados en el area del calibre para mantener el tamaiio del agujero durante la corrida de la barrena. Los diamantes TSP son algunas veces utiizados en conjuncién con el polvo de diamante para aplicaciones especificas en donde velocidades mas altas de perforacién, son requeridas. Las barrenas impregnadas de diamantes, perforan de manera similar a las barrenas de cortadores de diamantes naturales, pero cuando los diamantes se desgastan y son.desgarrados fuera de la matriz, los nuevos quedan continuamente expuestes. Esto les da la habilidad para perforar las formaciones mas duras y abrasivas a altas RPM, lo cual las hace particularmente iitiles cuando se utiizan turbinas. POC CUTTER — DIAMOND.INPREGNATED STUD BLADE siT B0Dy UN POSTE DE RESPALDO IMPREGNADO DE DIAMANTES DETRAS DEL CORTADOR PDC. 3.2 Tecnologia de la barrena PDC 3.2.1 Nomenclatura de la barrena = | : Biota ose | = | " | ue | Barrenas de cuerpo de acero Barrenas de cuerpo matriz Pig. 12 de 36Schlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL ono Ercono de la barrena provee un grado de estabildad cuando esté perforando Nariz 0 lanza La nariz es la primera parte de la barrena en encontrar cualquier cambio.en la formacién cuando se perfora un pozo vertical. Debido a esto, es preferible tener una gran cantidad de cortadores colocados en el area de la nariz. Parte angular de la barrena 0 ahusado ("Taper”) La longitud de la parte angular de la barrena es usualmente gobernada por el requerimiento de la densidad de corte, y su aplicacién, Sin embargo, una via alterna para lograr una alta densidad. de corte sin incrementar la parte angular de la barrena es la de incrementar el numero de cuchillas 0 aletas de corte. Las barenas PDC utilizadas en aplicaciones de perforacién direccional, tendran por lo general un ahusado mas reducido. Radio del didmetro exterior (ODR) EI ODR se refiere a esa regién del perfil de la barrena en donde el radio al final del flanco de la barrena, nos lleva dentro calibre de la misma. Esta regién de la barrena es extremadamente importante, especialmente en aplicaciones de motor o turbina en donde las velocidades rotarias son altas, ya que los cortadores deben soportar los efectos de altas velocidades debido a su posiciém radial sobre la cara de la barrena. A pesar de la velocidad angular de los cortadores en el calibre de la barrena es idéntica a la Velocidad angular de los cortadores en los conos, la velocidad tangencial es mayor, ya que es una funcién de localizacion radial El calibre Longitu Generalmente estandar, la longitud del calibre es un compromiso entre estabilidad y sensibiidad: direccional + Un calibre largo prove incremento de estabilidad de barrena, +El disefio de calibre corto es utlizado para incrementar la sensibilidad direccional y el ultracorto para la capacidad de perforar hoyos de desvio lateral (side tracking), Proteccién: Mantener el diémetro completo del calibre, es crucial para evitar un agujero de tamafio menor a lo normal. Si la barrena es usada para aplicaciones direccionales, especialmente si un motor o turbina va a ser utiizado, la proteccién reforzada al calibre sera mas necesaria, Los diamantes naturales son utilzados para la proteccién de tamafio en las barrenas de cuerpo matriz, pero también pueden ser ulllizados en insertos de carburo de tungsteno, en el calibre de barrenas de cuerpo de acero, Las barrenas de cuerpo de acero, utiizan insertos de carburo de tungsteno. En ambos casos, los elementos impregnados de diamantes, también podrian posicionarse en la parte posterior de los dientes de la barrena y dientes de la cara para respaldarlos y para ayudar a reducir torsidn relacionada a la barrena, por medio de. la limitacién de la orofundidad de corte de los cortadores principales. Los dientes de la barrena deberian ser de forma pre-aplanada Pig, 13 de 36Schiumberyer DRILLING SCHOOL 3.2.2 Accién cortadora de la barrena PDC aes i Scene Las barrenas PDC perforan, cortando Ia formacién por fuerza cizallante, bastante parecida a la accién cortarte de un torno. Las cargas compresivas verticales causa que la roca falle deslizéndose ‘lo largo de un plano de falla de aproximadamente 4° a horizontal. La accién cortadora de una barrena, juega un papel fundamental en la cantidad de energia requerida para perforar a través de una formacién dada. Esta caracteristica es generalmente presentada en término de “energia especifica’, la cual se define como la cantidad de energia requerida para cortar luna unidad de volumen de formacién. Una barrena que hace fallar la roca_ por accién cizallante directa, antes que utilizar altas cargas compresivas para causar que la roca falle por cizallamiento a to largo de su plano de falla natural, tiene una energia especifica mas baja. Como regla general, fa fuerza cortante es aproximadamente un medio de la fuerza compresiva. Sin embargo asta relacién « puede variar, dependiendo del el tipo especifica de roca. 1. 1 Desgaste auto-afilable Para mantener alta la eficiencia de energia de un mecanismo de corte tipo cizallado, es esencial que el borde cortante de los POC se mantenga afilados. A medida que se utiliza el cortador y se desarrolla un desgaste plano, la energia especifica del cortador se incrementa, a medida que se requiera mas peso, para mantener la constante profundidad del corte. Los cortadores PDC mantienen un borde aflado a medida que se desgastan, porque el carburo de tungsteno, que se encuentra directamente detrés de la capa de diamantes, se desgasta més rapido ‘que el diamante policrstalino, debido a su baja resistencia a la abrasién. Esto resulta en la formacion de un labio de diamantes, e! cual se mantiene aflado a través de la vida del cortador. En contraste con esto, los diamantes en una barrena de diamantes, se embotan con el uso, tomando una apariencia lisa y pulida. Los dientes en una barrera de cones, se desgastan de forma similar y pierden su eficacia con el desgaste, Esto resulta en un mecanismo cortante que se vuelve menos eficiente 2 medida que la barrena perfora, Consecuentemente, las barrenas de conos y las barrenas de diamante natural tienden a perforar una velocidad de perforacién mas baja, a medida que se desgastan, mientras que las barrenas PDC, mantienen una velocidad de perforacion mas alta través de todo el intervalo perforado. Pig, 14 de 36Schlumberger BRILLUNG SCHOOL 3.3 Tecnologia del cortador PDC 3.3.1 El cortador PDC Termicamente estable hasta los 700 grados C., ol elemento cortante PDC esta unido a un substrato de carburo de tungsteno que se encuentra fijo dentro del cuerpo / aletas de la barrena, En la mayoria de los casos los cortadores PDC se encuentran adjuntos a ya sea el poste angular o los substratos ilindricos, a pesar de que otro tipo de ensambles, son producidos por los fabricantes. Por ejemplo, uno soporte cilindrico significa que se puede lograr mayor densidad del cortador, ya, que los ccortadores cénicos pueden ser colocados mas cerca el uno del otro, en el cuerpo de la barrena, TUNGSTEN x CARBIDE SUBSTRATE 1A2Ad EL CORTADOR PDC. 3.3.2 Densidad del cortador Habiando de forma general, mientras mas duras y / 0 mas abrasivas sean las formaciones, mas alta seré la cantidad de cortadores. Sin embargo una cantidad alta de cortadores, hace a la barrena, mds costosa (particularmente debido a que los componentes PDC constituyen un alio porcentaje del costo total de la barrena) y, en general, causa que la barrena perfore a una velocidad de perforacién mas lenta, 3.3.3 Tamaiio del cortador Se encuentra disponible una variedad de tamafos de cortadores PDO desde: Bina SOmm de diametro. Los cortadores PDC mas grandes, son mas agresivos, generan mas torsion y son mas susceptibles al dafio por impacto que las barrenas con cortadores mas pequefios, de modo que son mas apropiadas para formaciones blandas. + Los cortadores de 8mm han sido utiizados en barrenas para formaciones ras duras. Sin embargo, los cortadores mas pequerios muchas veces implican una ROP més baja y un WOB més alto. También son titles en aplicaciones direccionales, ya que el punto de carga reducido que resulta de la distribucion del WOB sobre un gran numero de Cortadores, produce una torsion menor en la cara de la barrena, ‘Los cortadores de 13mm, son el tamaiio industrial estdndar, ellos son los més aplicables para formaciones desde media hasta dura, asi como roca abrasiva + Los cortadores de 16mm estan muchas veces asociados con formaciones desde media-blanda hasta media-dura + Los corladores de 19mm estan por lo general asociados con perforaciones répidas en formaciones desde blandas hasta medias. Ha sido comprobado que los cortadores de gran didmetio, se desempenan bien en fuerzas compresivas bajas y formaciones altamente elasticas, las cuales tienden a deformarse en vez de fracturarse. Pig, 15 de 36Schlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL «Los cortadores de 24mm y mas grandes estén asociados con formaciones blandas. El espacio es limitado en la cara de la barrena y el utilizar cortadores grandes, la redundancia del cortador, es limitada, Cuando un cortador falla la barrena podria tener que sacarse del agujero. Adicionalmente, y ‘a medida que los cortadores grandes se desgastan, proven una gran superficie de contacto, la cual incrementa el calor, causando darios a la capa de diamantes. Desarrollos reciente en la tecnologia de barrenas, incluyen la combinacién de dos tamafios diferentes de cartadores (por ejemplo 13mm y 16mm), asi Como también utilizar dos diseftos de cortadores, en la misma barrena, 3.3.4 Distribucién del cortador Los cortadores estan posicionados a través de la cara de la barrena para asi asegurar el uso mas eficiente de los elementos PDC y permitir el maximo de vida a la barrena. Para formaciones mas. duras o ms abrasivas, la redundancia del cortador, ha sido optimizada. \ Ke WT CYLINDER stu 3.3.5 Orientacion del cortador La orientacién de un cortador PDC en el cuerpo de la barrena, y por lo tanto, el éngulo en el cual el cortador compromete la formacién, tiene un efecto significante sobre e'desemperto de ta barrena PDC. La orientacién de un cortador PDC es definida por sus angulos de Inclinacién hacia atras y hacia los lados, pudiendo ser ambos positives, negatives 0 cero, Inclinacién hacia atrés. EI angulo desde la vertical del elemento cortante en la POC, en la forma en que es presentada a la formacién, Esto controla la agresividad y vida del cortador. BACK RAKE ANGLE | Ls | a | \ Se dice que la inclinacién hacia atrés es mas agresiva cuando el cortador esta posicionado de forma que un peso dado sobre la barrena, resulla en una profundidad de corte mayor. Mientras mas Pig. 16 de 36Schlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL pequeta sea la inclinacién hacia atras, mas agresivo serd el cortador. Debido a esto un cortador con Una inclinacién hacia alrés de 5 grados, sera mas agresivo que un cortador con 30 grados. En general, una inclinacién hacia atrés mas agresiva, hard a la barrena mas adecuada para perforar formaciones mas suaves a altas velocidades de perforacién, En caso de que la inclinacién hacia atras sea demasiado agresiva, entonces la perforacién de formaciones mas duras podria resultar en. la vibracién del cortador y el posible comienzo de un giro de barrena Los cortadores con un mayor angulo de inclinacién hacia atras, son menos agresivos y por lo tanto. mas adecuados para perforar formaciones mas duras. Estos también generan menos torsién para un peso dado en barrena, permitiendo navegacién mejorada en aplicaciones direccionales. En la mayoria de los casos, una barrena PDC seré disefiada de manera que los cortadores estén ordenados con varios grados de inclinacién hacia ards, radiando desde el. mas. agresivo en el.cono de la barrena hasta el menos agresive en el ODR. Inclinacién Lateral SIDE RAKE ANGLE Una medida de la oblicuidad del cortador a una linea de 90 grados hacia la direccién de viaje de la barrena, La inclinacin lateral puede ser utilizada para direccionar mecénicamente los cortadores, ya sea hacia el cono de la barrena (inclinacién lateral negativa) o hacia fuera hacia los espacios de desecho (positive) para ayudar en la limpieza de la cara de ta barrena. Sin embargo y ya que el ineremento de la inclinacién lateral resulta en la reduccién del ancho operativo efectivo de los cortadores, su uso es, de alguna manera, de aplicaciones limitadas. 3.3.6 Disefio del cortador — General Desde que las barrenas PDC estuvieron disponibles por primera vez, los fabricantes se han enfocado sobre vias para hacer sus productos mds resistentes al impacto y la abrasién. Las siguientes caracteristicas se encuentran entre aquellas disponibles en los disefios’ Bordes biselados Los bordes biselados alrededor de la circunferencia de los discos de diamante mejoran la resistencia al impacto y, cuando es llevada a los extremos, algunos fabricantes aseveran que reducen la torsién por medio del incremento efectivo de la inclinacién hacia alras, del cortador. Maltiples capas de ciamantes Los cortadores "Twin Edgene de las barrenas GeoDiamon¢, premueven un-segunde posicionado dentro del soporte de carburo, detrds del elemento cortante. Soportes de Impregnados de diamantes Pig. 17 de 36Schlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL Las barrenas FI PDC de Security DBS, tienen principalmente elementos cortadores PDC, cuyos soportes estan compuestos de una seria de discos impregnados de diamantes, 3.3.7 Geometria del cortador El disco de diamante PDC, unido al poste del cortador es susceptible a una variedad de formas de falas. Estas incluyen dafios por impacto en forma de dientes astillados 0 quebrados y capas de diamantes descantados o astilados, como resultado de una pobre transferencia de calor a través del cortador. Este tipo de dafio del cortador, obviamente tiene un impacto sobre el desemperio de la barrena. En tiempos recientes, los fabricantes de barenas han tratado este tema, enfocandose sobre la geometria interna de los elementos cortantes PDC. En un cortador PDC estdndar, la unién entre la capa de diamantes y el sustrato de carburo, forma una simple interfase plana, ‘Al disefiar un cortador sin interfase plana entre eslos dos elementos, resultara en resistencia superior al impacto y a la abrasién. Esto es debido al mojorado agarre mecanico y esfuerzo reducido entre el disco de diamantes y el carburo asi como al volumen substancialmente incrementado de los iamantes. En afios recientes tales innovaciones, han permitido correr barrenas PDC en formaciones de las cuales se crefa podian ser perforadas Unicamente con disefios de conos e insertos o barrenas de diamantes naturales. La mayoria de los fabricantes de barrenas PDC son ahora capaces de prover cortadores PDC, de (os tiempos, ticas de 3.4 Aplicaciones de las barrenas de cortadores fijos y caracteri disefio Las barrenas PDC son altamente adecuadas para formaciones blandas hasta medias-duras, generalmente no-abrasivas, de composicion homogénea. Mejoras en la tecnologta y en el disetio, han extendido el rango de formaciones que pueden ser perforadas con barrenas PDC, Conglomerados, Rocas Cuarzosa y Rocas Volednicas, son usualmente consideradas, no perforables con POC. En contraste, barrenas TSP y de diamantes naturales, se desempefian en formaciones de media a dura, tales como, calizas, dolomitas, anhidritas y arenas suavemente abrasivas, areniscas duras intercaladas y luttas 0 arcillas cenagosas quebradizas, Las barrenas TSP y de diamantes naturales son efectivas en formaciones mas duras (medias a duras) y mas abrasivas que las barrenas PDC, pero no son tan efectivas en formaciones mas blandas. Debido a su mecanismo cortante, la fuerza cortante (desgarrado), opuestamente a la accién de aplastamiento | excavacion producida por barrenas de conos, las barrenas POC requieren considerablemente menos WOB, Las barrenas de cortadores fijos son conocidas por un mejor desempetio en fodos con base aceite que en lodos can base agua, en donde las barrenas de cones, se afectan meres. Cuando los pardimetros de perforacién son oplimizados para una formacién dada, se puede esperar una considerable mejora en ol ROP, cuando se compara con barrenas de conos convencionales, Sin Pag, 18 deSchlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL ‘embargo, estas berrenas son mucho mas caras que los disefios convencionales de barrenas de conos. Por estas razones se debe llevar a cabo una evaluacién econémica general Las barrenas de cortadores fijos también son una buena opcién para las siguientes aplicaciones: 3.4.1 Altas velocidades de rotacion Muchas veces asociadas con el motor, pero particularmente con turbinas debido a su incapacidad de los sellos de los cojinetes de las barrenas tricénicas a tolerar altas velocidades rotarias. Las barrenas de cortadores fijos también conllevan menos riesgo de dejar deshechos en el agujero. Las barrenas de cortadores fijos disefiadas especificamente para aplicaciones con turbinas, son construidas con Un perfil prolongado, generalmente parabdlico con un ahusado mas largo y una nariz cerca del eje de la barrena, Esto permite el incremento de redundancia del cortadores en dreas de alto desgaste. 3.4.2 Perforacién de agujero estrechos o de eidmetro reducido (Slim Holes) Las barrenas de cortadores fijos perforan més eficientemente que las barrenas de conos, con poco peso en barrena. Por esta razon las barrenas PDC y de diamantes naturales son muchas veces preferidas para perforacién con tuberia flexible, en donde Ia transferencia de peso a la cara de la barrena, es limitada. 3.4.3 Perforacién direccional y horizontal Cuando se requiere de peso reducido en la barrena, para propésilos de perforacién direccional, las barrenas PDC pueden, una vez mas, ser mas efectivas que los disefios de barrenas de conos. Sin embargo, en ciertas formaciones, las barrenas PDC podrian producir demasiada torsién cuando la navegacién esta envuolta. En este caso, las barrenas de tres conos podrian ser la opcién preferente. Cuando se seleccién una barrena de perforacién POC para una aplicacién direccional, las siguientes caracteristicas de disefio, deberan ser consideradas: + Tamaito del cortador Cortadores de PDC de menor diametro, producen menos torsidn reactiva que, digamos, cortadores de 19mm y de esta manera ayudan a la estabilidad. En general los cortadores de 13mm de diémetro ¥y menores, son la opcién preferente. El uso de caracteristicas reductoras de torsién, es de parlicular importancia cuando las barrenas se corren junto con un moter de lodos, el cual se podria ahogar en caso de que la barrena produjera domasiados recortes. + Orientacién del Cortador Altos grados de inclinacién hacia atrés en los cortadores PDC, hacen el diserio de barrenas menos agresivo y por lo tanto ayudan a mantener el control de la cara de ta herramienta, + Perfil de la Barrena Un perfil de cara plana, incorporando un cono relativamente poco profundo con un quiebre afilado desde la nariz del codo de la barrena, reduce la carga en puntos de cortadores individuales, al permitir mejor distribucién de WOB, Esto también reduce fa torsién y hace a la barrena, mas navegable, + Longitud de! calibreSchlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL La longitud del calibre es muy importante cuando se selecciona una barrena para aplicaciones direccionales, En caso de que mucha navegacién sea requerida, entonces una longitud de calibre pequefia de 2.50 pulgadas 0 menos, proveerd mejor sersibilidad. Sin embargo, si se perforan secciones largas y horizontales, una barrena con una longitud de calibre fuertemente protegida y un poco mass larga, podria ser preferida, Cortadores de ampliacién hacia delante (0 hacia atrés): posicionados en et extrema inferior de la superticie del calibre, proven accién cortante lateral adicior 3.4.4 Disefios de barrena bi-céntricas y excéntricas Las barrenas bicéntricas y excéntricas son disefiadas de manera que su paso por didmetro es menor al didmetro del agujero que estan perforando. Esto se logra disefiando la barrena para que exista una asimetria en la estructura, asi como un agrandamiento en el cuerpo, hacia un lado del eje Cuando esta en uso, este lado agrandado, rotara junto con la barrena y cortara un agujero en medida (0 ligeramente sobre medida, dependiendo del disefio y el grado de excentricidad). Sin ‘embargo sin rotacién, la asimetria permite a la barrena pasar a través de un agujero de dia mas angosto, que el que se acaba de perforar. Algunos disefios promueven una seccién cona una barrena piloto mas pequefia en ta punta, seguida por una seccién ampliada de didmetro mas grande. Las barrenas bicéntricas y excéntricas tienen una cantidad de aplicaciones y pueden ser beneficiosas cuando se esta perforando lulitas en lodazales o formaciones salinas resbatadizas. 3.5 Clasificacién de la Barrena de Cortadores Fijos A contrario de las barrenas de conos, no existe un sistema uniforme.de clasificaciéa que elaciones el tipo de barrena con la aplicacién. Los cédigos de la JADG para clasificar barrenas de cortadiores fijos, Unicamente tienen la intencion de proveer los medios para caracterizar de forma general su apariencia fisica. Dos barrenas de con un cédigo de ADC similar 0 incluso igual, podrian tener capacidades de desemperio significativamente diferentes, EI sistema de clasificacidn de ta IADC para estas barrenas se encuentra representado por un sistema de codificacién de cuatro cifras. Los cuatro caracteres describen el material del cuerpo, densidad del cortador, tamanio y tipo del cortador y el perfil de la barrena, respectivamente. Material del Cuerpo M— Matriz 'S~ Acero. Densidad del Cortador Para barrenas PDC, este cardcter se relaciona a la cuenta total de cortadores, incluyendo los cortadores estandar del calibre y clasifica desde 1 (juego ligero) hasta cuatro (juego pesado). Para barrenas de diamantes en la superficie de la mattiz. diamante natural, TSP 0. disefios. de impregnado de diamantes), los numeros 6 a 8, son utilizados para designar la densidad de los cortadores. En este caso, no obstante, el caracter representa el tamafio de los diamantes utilizados en el diserio de la barrena, en lugar del numero de cortadores. +8 — tamafios de diamante mas grandes que 3 piedras por quilate Pig, 20 de 36Scilumberger DRILLING SCHOOL +73 piedras por quilate a 7 piedras por quilate +9 Mas pequetio que 7 piedras por quilate En esencia, el caracter es una indicacién a grosso modo, de cuan dura o abrasiva podria ser la aplicacién intentada. Una barrena de diamantes sobre la superficie con un 8 representando la densidad del cortador, tendrfa diamantes mas pequefios y sera indicada para formaciones mas duras ylo mas abrasivas de lo que seria para una barrena de diamantes codificada con un 6, Tamafio o Tipo de Cortador Para barrenas PDC, estos digitos representan el tamafio de los cortadores, como sigue: +1 —cortadores mas grandes que 24mm de didmetro © 214mm a 24mm de diémetro +38mm a 13mm de diémetro +4 cortadores de 8mm y menos Para barrenas con juegos en superficie, el tercer digito representa el tipo de diamante: ¢ 1 - diamantes naturales +2-TSP +3 —tipos de diamantes mezclados, es dacir, diamantes naturales y elementos TSP + 4—disefios impregnados de diamantes Perfil de la Barrena El ultimo caracter en el sistema de codificacién indica el diseo del perfil de la barrena hasta la longitud general de la cara cortante de la barrena. Clasiica desde 1 (perfil plano) hasta 4 (estilo ‘urbina larga afilada) La tinica excepcién a esto es para las barrenas de perforacién PDC tipo “cola de pez", cuya capacidad de limpieza durante la perforacién de formaciones blandas a altas velocidades de perforacién, es considerada como una caracteristica mas importante que su peri 4.0 Manejo de la barrena y procedimientos de conexién Se deberd tener cuidado cuando se manejen barrenas de tres conos aon insertos de carburo de tungsteno y las barrenas de cortadores fijos, de todo tipo. Bajo ninguna circunstancia se debera permitir que la estructura cortante de la barrena de cortadores fjos, entre en contacto con ninguna de las superficies de acero del equipo de perforacién, ‘Antes de la conexién nici, todas tas barrenas deben ser medidas con un anillo de medicién de tamafo apropiado, es decir anillos calibrados de medici6n “Go” y ‘No Go". Debido a que las barrenas de conos y barrenas de diamantes son fabricadas a diferentes tolerancias, es importante que las, barrenas sean graduadas utlizando el anillo de medicion apropiado. Un medidor "Go", disefiado para graduar barrenas de conos, mostrara un calibre para una barrena de cortador fijo, debajo de la medida. Por lo que se deberd utilizar siempre un medidor "No Go" para graduar el calibre de una barrena de cortadores fjos. El niimero de serie de la barrena debera ser registrado, junto con el.tipa.de barrena y el.diémetro. La barrena debera ser cuidadosamente revisada por dafios, toberas bloqueadas, etc. En caso de ser necesario, se podra modificar el TFA (Area Total de Flujo), utilizando un expansor apropiado para cambiar las toberas. En todos los casos, se debe revisar que las toberas estén correctamente colocadas. Las barrenas de diamantes naturales, barrenas impregnadas y barrenas TSP, tienen un ‘TFA fio, el cual no puede ser modificado en la localizacién del pozo. Pig, 21 de 36Schlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL Las barrenas de tres conos deberdn conectarse a la sarta de perforacién utilizando el soltador de la barrena del tamafio correcto. Las barrenas de cortadores fijos, deberén ser “caminadas’ a mano sobre el porta barrenas y conectadas al motor 0 sub en forma manual antes de aplicar el torque de ajuste, La torsién correcta de conexion debord entonces ser aplicada. 5.0 PROCEDIMIENTOS PARA CORRER LA BARRENA 5.1 Barrenas de Conos 5.1.1 Metiendo Tuberia * Conecte la barrena a la sarta y coloque la torsién adecuada, * Baje la barrena lentamente, entre zonas con salientes y patas de perro. + Pase la barrena lentamente por el tope dal “liner + Las barrenas de conos no estan disefiadas para ampliar agujeros de bajo calibre. En caso de que se requiera ampliar, entonces deberd ser realizado con peso ligero y bajas RPM. + Proteja las toberas de taponamiento. 5.1.2 Establecer Condiciones de Fondo + Rote la barrena y circule cuando se acerque al fondo. Esto prevendrd toberas tapadas y limpiard of relleno del agujero. * Toque el fondo ligeramente con bajas RPM + Incremente gradualmente las RPM + Incremente graduaimente el peso sobre la barrena (WOB). 5.1.3 Antes de volver a Correr Barrenas Verdes (reusables 0 en buen estado) + Aseguirese que la barrena esta en calibre, + Revise Ia estructura completa de los cortadores, en toda barrena, + Revise los cojinetes sellados de barrena para asegurarse de la efectividad de sellado, ‘+ Hunda los cojinetes sellados de barrena en agua o diesel para soltar la formacién empacada en los puertos ecualizadores de la capa de reservorio. + Vuelva a engrasar 14 % de didmetro y agrande los cojinetes abiertos de barrena, 5.2 Barrenas de Cortadores Fijos 5.2.1 Preparacion * Antes de correr una barrena de diamantes en un agujero, corra una canasta chatarrera con la barrena previa a fin de colectar cualquier residuo metalico o insertos: dejados. por barrenas anteriores. * Después de que la barrena previa ha sido sacada, revise si existen dafios por desechos u otros desgasies, luego midala, + Sila barrena previa parece OK, prepare la nueva PDC para correrla dentro del agujero. + Revise ol Oring @ instale las toberas, en caso de ser apropiado, utiizando la llave de tuercas correcta, de acuerdo con el procedimiento recomendado por el fabricante + Revise si hay dafios en los cortadaresScilumberger DRILLING SCHOOL + Revise que la barrena esta en tolerancia con el didmetro y que no existe material extrafio dentro de ella, Tome nota del estado y condicién general de la barrena antes de entrar en el agujero. 5.2.2 Corrida de la Barrena (con ensamblaje rotario) *Trate la barrena de cortadores fijos con cuidado. NO baje la barrena sin colocar un soporte de madera 0 de goma debajo de los cortadores de diamantes. ‘Un soltador de barrenas correcto debe ser utlizado y la barrena debera ser conectada hasta la torsion correcta, segtin Io determinado por el tamario de la conexion del pian. * Se debera tener cuidado al correr la barrena a través de la mesa rolaria y a través de cualquier sitio angosto conocido. Golpear las capas 0 correr a través de sitios angostos sin cuidado, podria dafiar los cortadores 0 el calibre. + La ampliacién no es recomendada, sin embargo y en caso de ser necesaria, levante la sarta y aplique el maximo de caudal (gasto) posible, Rote aproximadamente a 60 RPM. Avance la barrena a través del sitio angosto con no mas de 4000 libras de peso sobre ella (WOB), en todo momento Una vez que se acerque al fondo del agujero, lavar despacio las tres titimas juntas de tuberia a flujo completo y con 40 a 60 RPM, para evita taponar la barrena con los recortes acumulados, * Una vez que el fondo ha sido localizado la barrena deberd ser levantada justo por encima del fondo (4/- 1 pie, de ser posible) y se debera circular flujo completo mientras se rota lentamente por aproximadamente 5 a 10 minutos. «Después de circular, vuelva lentamente al fondo y establezca el patrén de corte *Cuando este listo para comenzar a perforar, incremente la velocidad de rotacién a aproximadamente 100 RPM y comience a cortar un’ nuevo patron de corte con aproximadamente 1000 a 1400 libras WOB, + Corte por lo menos un pie de esta manera antes de determinar el peso sobre la barrena y las RPM 6ptimas para perforar. «Determine fos parametros WOB y ROP éptimos, conduciendo una prueba de perforabilidad. 5.2.3 Corrida de Barrena (con PDM 6 Turbina) ‘+ Arranque las bombas e incremente hasta la tasa de flujo (gasto) deseado, cuando se este cerca del fondo. ‘+ Después de un corto periode de limpieza, baje la barrena al fondo e incremente el WOB, en forma lenta, # Después de establecer un patrén de corte, se podra agregar mas peso, lentamente, + A medida que se incrementa el peso, también se incrementara la presién de bombeo, de modo que la presion diferencial y el WO8 ‘deberan ser mantenidos dentro de las especificaciones recomendadas para el motor de fondo. ‘La tuberia de perforacién deberd ser rotada lentamente, para prevenir atrapamiantos diferenciales. * Todas las demas practicas operacionales, estaran de acuerdo con las practicas estandar. 5.3 Pruebas de Perforabilidad Las pruebas de perforabilidad son realizadas para asegurarse de la éptima combinacién de peso en barrena y velocidad rotaria para conseguir la maxima velocidad de perforacid. Tales pruebas deberan ser realizadas: Al comienzo de la corrida de una barrena Al encontrar una nueva formacién + Cuando ocurra una reduccién en la ROP 5.3.1 Procedimiento de la Prueba de PerforabilidadSchlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL 4, Mantenga un valor de RPM constante. Seleccione un WOB cerca del maximo permitido. 2. Registre ol tiemnpo de perforar un incremento de peso, por ejemplo, 5,000 libras, 3. Vuelva a aplicar el peso inicial y registre la longitud de la tuberia perforada durante el paso 2. 4. A partir de los pasos 2 y 3 se podra encontrar la velocidad de perforacién. 5. Repita los pasos 2 y 3, por lo menos 4 veces. La iltima prueba deberd estar en el mismo valor que la primera. Repetir estas pruebas, determinard si la formacién ha cambiado 0 no. 6. Grafique el tiempo para perforar en segundos vs. el peso aplicado sobre barrena, 7. Grafique la velocidad de perforacion vs. el peso sobre la barrena 8. Seleccione el peso sobre la barrena que produjo la mejor ROP. Mantenga este WOB constante y repita lo anterior pero variando las RPM. 9. Grafique las ROP vs. RPM y seleccione la RPM que dio la mayor ROP. Esta es la velocidad rotaria éplima. 10, Estos valores obtenidos para WOB y RPM, resultarén en un progreso dptimo para.esta formacién en particular y el tipo de barrena, 5.4 Perforacién del Cuelo Flotador y la Zapata Si se utiliza una barrena PDC, asegurese que el equipo flotador sea del tipo perforable con POC. La limpieza debe ser realizada con un alto WOB y bajas RPM. 6.0 DINAMICA DE LA PERFORACION RELACIONADA CON LA BARRENA Las vibraciones de fondo pueden ser exiremadamente nocivas para el desempefio de la barrena y podrian también resultar en dafios sobre las herramientas de fondo, como sensores de MWD/LWD y motores de lodo. Las vibraciones de fondo estén ampliamente asociadas con la interaccién entre la barrena y la formacién que se esta perforando y son, por lo general el resultado de la naturaleza, de alguna manera agresiva de los disefios de la estructura cortante de los PDC. Sin embargo, se debe recordar que estos problemas de vibracién no estan restringidos a corridas con barrenas PDC y que los ensamblajes con barrenas de conos pueden estar sujetos a muchos de los mismos problemas. Existen tres formas principales de vibracién de fondo, las cuales, ya sea que ocurran independientes una de la otra o juntas, pueden impedir el desemperio general de la perforacién: + Vibraciones Axiales + Vibraciones Laterales + Vibraciones de Torsién 6.1 Vibraciones Axiales Muchas veces denominadas “rebote de barrena”, las vibraciones axiales toman la forma de movimiento axial periddico de la barrena, en la direccién del eje central de la sarta. A medida que la barrena vibra hacia arriba y hacia abajo én el fondo del agujero, el peso aplicado a cada cortador de forma individual, cambia. La profundidad de corte de los cortadores cambia, alcanzando desde un minimo, cuando ta barrena esta en la posicién “hacia arriba’, hasta un maximo, cuando la barrena esta nuevamente en fondo. Variaciones en la profundidad de corte se traducen en variaciones en la torsi6n, Estas fluctuaciones pueden ser una causa de vibracién de torsién en fa barrena, flevandonos un potencial comportamiento de atrapamiento de corrida. El rebote de barrena es generalmente mas preocupante cuando se corren barrenas de conos. 6.2 Vibraciones Laterales La vibracion fateral, algunas veces llamada “giro de la barrena”, es el movimiento periddico lateral de la barrena en el plano "xy". El giro de la barrena es un fendmeno especifico que ocurre cuando Pag. 24 de 36Schlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL las fuerzas dinamicas penetran dentro del agujero, causan que el centro instanténeo de rotacién de la barrena, se mueva de su centro geométrico. Cuando una barrena PDC gira, corta con un patron de muti-l6bulos en el fondo vs. los circulos concéntricos vistos en el patrén de fondo de una corrida normal de la barrena. Cuando un cortador individual PDC “agarra’ la formacién, el. centro. instantdneo.de rotacién de la barrena es deslizado al punto de contacto cortadorlformacién. Esto, a su vez, crea un movimiento giratorio hacia atras que imparte impacto de carga sobre los cortadores PDC en el lado opuesto del Centro de rotacién. Los darios inducidos por el giro, son generalmente causados por estas altas cargas de impacto, que provienen de detras de los cortadores, El giro ocurre cuando es introducida una fuerza de desbalance, tal como cuando: + Se perfora un pozo inclinado. * La dureza de la formacién cambia y el agujero descubierto no es perpendicular a los planos de depositacién de la formacién. + La sarta de perforacién esta vibrando debido a estabilizacion inadecuada. + La suma de las fuerzas sobre los cortadores cada cortador individual tiene un componente lateral, Las primeras tres de estas condiciones son el resultado de factores fuera del control del disefiador de la barrena. ‘Sin embargo, y en un esfuerzo para superar esto tltimo, un gran énfasis es colocado en el balance de la fuerza y masa de los disefios de barrenas PDC. Utilizando las dltimas técnicas de disefio por computador (CAD), el disefiador de barrenas puede controlar la direccién y magnitud relativa de las fuerzas sobre cada uno de los cortadores. Estas fuerzas individuales sobre los cortadores, pueden ser sumadas y resueltas en sus componentes resultantes, produciendo una fuerza axial (fuerza de peso-en-barrena), fuerza de torsion (torsion. 0 “torque” y fuerza radial para un juego de condiciones iniciales conocidas. La fuerza radial o “fuerza de balance", es virtualmente directamente proporcional a la fuerza axial y es por lo tanto usualmente expresada como un porcentaje del WOB aplicado en una direccién-emparticular.: El balance de la fuerza de los cortadores se confunde muchas veces con el balance dindmico de la masa en el disefio de la barrena como tal. A medida que una barrena es rotada, se genera una fuerza que es influenciada por la distribucién de masa en la barrena, Esta fuerza es proporcional a la masa de la barrena, la distancia entre el centro de la masa y el eje de rotacién de la barrena y el cuadrado de la velocidad de rotacién. Debido a que la mayoria de los disefios de barrenas PDC son generalmente de forma simétrica, usualmente no habra una gran distancia entre el centro de masa y el eje de rotacién, El efecto de desbalance, como resultado de la distribucién de la masa de la barrena, es por lo tanto relativamente insignificante cuando se compara con la fuerza generada por la estructura cortante. Una de las formas con las cuales los fabricantes intentan superar el problema del desbalance de fuerzas, es la de hacer que la suma de las fuerzas de cargas generadas. por los. cortadores, tengan. Un cierto valor dirigido a través de una via de medicién larga de baja friccién diseflada para deslizarse a lo largo de la pared del agujero descubierto. Si el valor de esta fuerza cortadora resultante es siempre mayor que las fuerzas laterales inevitables, entonces la fuerza total siempre pasaré a través del dea del calibre y la barrena se establecerd por si sola, durante la perforacién, La direccion de esta fuerza es limitada a un pequefio arco en fa circunferencia de la barrena y ‘empuja esta area de la barrena, continuamente contra la formacién. El contacto continuo con la formacién reduce las vibraciones en el agujero y previene que la. barcena.“camine” alrededar del agujero, es decir, impide el “giro de la barrena” mencionado arriba, Otros fabricantes intentan limitar el efecto de bs vibraciones laterales colocando los cortadores de POC, de forma tal que los cortadores en una aleta, directamente enruten los de la aleta anterior (lo contrario de estar colocados de forma convencional en una configuracion en espiral, radiando desde Pag, 25 de 36Schlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL el cono hasta la barrena, Esta iniciativa fue tomada por “Security DBS" en su categoria "Trac-Set" de barrenas PDC. Los surcos resultantes en la formacién, que permanecen sin cortar en cada rotacién de la barrena, se dice que restringen el movimiento general. Los pasadores impregnados de diamantes de respaldo, posicionados directamente detras de los cortadores PDC en cada aleta y que son incluidos en muchos disefios, se dice, ayudan a reducir las vibraciones laterales. ‘A pesar de que la iniciativa de cada fabricante de barrenas hacia el problema de “giro de barrena’, podria variar, todas estan dirigidas a la mejora definitiva de la estabilizacion del disefio de barrenas. Un fabricante de barrenas, Reed-Hycalog, introdujo al mercado un tipo de barrenas PDC, cuya navegacién se supone alcanza la de los disefios de las barrenas de cono: Esto se logra disefiando la barrena con un anillo de medicién de 360 grados de completo contacto, que previene que los cortadores exteriores se troceen dentro de la formacién. La restriccién resultante en vibraciones laterales, ayuda a estabilizar la barrena, produce una torsion mas homogénea y. reduce ol efecto de “giro de la barrena’. Asi como la mejora de la sensibilidad direccional, 6! uso de la barrena ayuda-a-produeir un agujero mas homogéneo. 6.3 Vibraciones de Torsion y Atrapamientos de Corrida \Viéndolo de forma simple, la fuerza de torsién es causada cuando una punta de un objeto es torcida mientras que la otra punta es mantenida firme o cuando son torcidas en direcciones. contrarias. Las fluctuaciones en la torsién dentro del agujero pueden conllevar al desarrollo de vibraciones de torsion, Existen dos tipos basicos de vibracién de torsién a las cuales esta sujeta la sarta de perforacién + Vibraciones transitorias, que corresponden a los cambios de las condiciones dentro del pozo, por ejemplo, tipos de ltologia entrecruzados, ‘+ Vibraciones estacionarias que son auto‘inducidas a través de acciones sobre la sarta de perforacién, como por ejemplo fuerzas de friccién entre la tuberia’y la pared detagujero, cambio en el peso sobre la barrena o de los estabilizadores que se cuelgan. Las vibraciones de torsién de la sarta de perforacién ocurren frecuentemente, Cuando se convierten en severas, pueden empeorarse y convertirse en oscilaciones de atrapamiento de corrida, por medio de lo cual la barrena podria dejar de girar hasta que se desarrolla la torsién suficiente en la barrena, para superar la friccién estatica. Cuando la barrena paralizada logra soltarse, lo hace a velocidades rotacionales que van desde 2 a 10 veces la velocidad rotacional en superficie. Al momento de soltarse, una onda de torsién viaja desde la barrena de perforacién, a través de la sarta de perforacién, hasta la superficie. El equipo de perforacién refleja 0 rebota esta onda de regreso a la barrena, que una vez mas, se paraliza. Este ciclo se repetira, a menos que los pardmetros de perforacién sean ajustados para interrumpirio, Durante vibraciones de torsién severas, es posible que la barrena gire hacia atras. En formaciones de rocas duras, esto puede dajiar la barrena en un corto espacio de tiempo: Las vibraciones de torsién de la sarta de perforacion pueden identificarse por medio de las oscilaciones ciclicas de la torsién en superficie, en la corriente de entrada para el motor de la rotaria y algunas veces la velocidad de rotacién. También pueden observarse variaciones ciclicas en la presion del tubo vertical El atrapamiento de corrida causa oscilaciones de torsin y velocidades de rotacién a lo largo de toda la longitud de la sarta de perforacion. Pig. 26 de 3Schlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL Estos periodos de oscilacién y el comportamiento ciclico de torsién, medidos en superficie, son buenos indicadores de vibraciones de torsién en la sarta de perforacién, Las caracteristicas de la oscilacién dependen de la longitud y peso de la tuberia de perforacién, las propiedades mecanicas del sistema de perforacién, la velocidad de rotacién en superficie, y la naturaleza y ubicacién de la friccién dentro del agujero. Alulilizar jos valores maximos, minimos y promedio de la torsin en superficie, uno podria deducir la extensién del movimiento de atrapamiento de corrida, de la barrena. Reducir el peso sobre la barrena y/o reducir la velocidad de rotacién, puede ayudar a remediar el problema. En casos severos, se podrian requerir modificaciones de las propiedades de lubricacién en el sistema de lodos. Las vibraciones de torsién de la sarta de perforacién y en particular las oscilaciones de atrapamiento de corrida son perjudiciales para la vida de la sarta de perforacién y la barrena: Las-oseilaciones de- torsién ciclicas pueden llevar a fallas por fatiga prematuras en la tuberia de perforacion. Hay muchas ventajas a ser reconocidas al reducir 0 eliminar las oscilaciones de atrapamiento de corrida. La fase de “atrapamiento” del atrapamiento de corrida, incrementa la probabilidad de tener una tuberia atrapada y una particién por torsién al continuar rotando, mientras que la fase de “corrida” es dafina para la barrena debido a las altas velocidades de rotacién que pueden ser alcanzadas por la barrena al momento de soltarse lo que conllevarfa al desenrosque las conexiones. 6.3.1 Prediccién y Monitoreo de Vibraciones de Fondo Hoy en dia se tienen disponibles paquetes de analisis y de cdlculo (software) que cuando son utiizados apropiadamente, pueden ayudar a predecir la probabilidad de que ocurran vibraciones de fondo. Parte del software de disenio de BHA, el modulo de “Sperry-Sun's '‘Whirtrn’, puede predecir, para un BHA y una geometria.de pozo dada, las combinaclones de peso en barrena y velocidades Totarias que probablemente exciten al BHA a frecuencias de resonancia e induzcan el “giro de la barrena’. Esto provee la oportunidad, en la etapa de disefio del BHA, ya sea de, cambiar el disefio. ara que sea mas tolerante o proveer al perforador con un juego de parémetros que debe evitar. Un numero de compafias de servicio han desarrollado herramientas de fondo que permiten que los niveles de vibracién sean medidos en tiempo real. Un ejemplo de estas herramientas es el Sensor de Dindmica de Sarta de Perforacién “Sperry-Sun's MWD". La herramienta consiste’en un paquete de un acelerémetto triaxial montado en una herramienta de Rayos Gamma Dual modificada, eliminando la necesidad de un medidor MWD adicional, en la sarta. Los acelerémetros estan orientados con el eje Z.a lo largo de la sarta de perforacién, el eje X alineado lateralmente y el eje Y a 90 grados de los otros dos ejes pero tangencial a la sarta de perforacién. Esta configuracién permite a la herramienta: monitorear las vibraciones axiales, laterales y de torsién, a medida que ocurran. La informacién de aceleraciones promedio, maximas e instantdneas, en tiempo real, pueden ser utilizados para interpretar y analizar las vibraciones dentro del pozo, e indicar la existencia de comportamiento-de posible atrapamiento de corrida, giro de la barrena y rebote de la barrena, para la oportuna toma de acciones correctivas. 7.0 IDENTIFICACION DE PROBLEMAS DE PERFORACION Las tres fuentes mayores de informacién durante la perforacién, san las.presionas. (diferencial y circulante), la torsiGn y velocidad de perforacién 7.1 Presion Diferencial Pig. 27 de 36Schlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL La presién diferencial reducida indica una o mas de las siguientes condiciones: + Tasa de flujo (0 gasto) reducida + Fugas én la tuberia + Erosin extrema de la barrena (no usual) + Peso sobre la barrena (WOB) reducido Un incremento en la presi6n diferencial indica una o mas de las siguientes condiciones: + Aumento en la tasa de flujo (gasto) + Los cortadores han desgastado de manera que la cara de la barrena se encuentra en contacto con el fondo del agujero + Peso excesivo sobre la barrena ‘+ Gran profundidad de corte: la formacién es mas blanda de lo esperado 7.2 Presién Circulante Presién de bombeo con barrena arriba del fondo El incremento de presién circulante podria ser debido a una o mas de las siguientes causas: + Peso mayor del lodo o propiedades inadecuadas del lodo + Toberas de la barrena taponadas o parcialmente taponadas + Tasa de flujo (gasto) incrementada ‘+ Restriccién anular La disminucion de presién circulante puede deberse a una o mas de las siguientes causas: ‘= Peso del lodo més liviano Fuga en la sarta ‘+ Reduccién en la tasa de flujo (caudal o gasto) ‘Aire en el lodo ‘Mal funcionamiento de bomba 7.3 Torsién (Torque) Incremento de torsién ‘+ Cambios en los angulos del agujero + Fuga en la sarta ‘= Cambio de formacién + Propiedades no adecuadas del lodo +s Incremento en el peso sobre la barrena +s Limpieza inadecuada del pozo + Falla de los cojinetes (rodamientos) en una barrena de tres conos Disminucién de torsion * Cambios de formacién + Cambios en la velocidad de rotacién * Disminucién en el peso sobre la barrena ‘+ Mejora en las propiedades del lodo ‘+ El angulo del agujero se esta enderezando Pig. 28 de 36Schlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL Torsién irregular / variable ‘+ Ampliacién con estabilizador *Perforacién seca *Barrena embolada = Perforacién de formacién arenosa ‘= Residuos metalicos en el agujero ‘sfugas en la tuberia = WOB excesivo ‘= Cambios en la velocidad de rotacién 7.4 Velocidad de Perforacién (ROP) Un incremento en el ROP podria indicar: ‘+ Cambios en la formacién ylo + Perforando cerca del balance (reduciendo sobrebalance) Una disminucién en la ROP puede resultar de uno o mas de las siguientes condiciones: + Barrena desgastada Los pardmetros WOB, RPM 0 hidraulicos no estan optimizados * Cambios en la formacién # Agujero torcido + fugas hidraulicas en la sara * Incremento de sobrebalance Un ROP cambiante indica una o més de las siguientes condiciones: * @ormacies intercaladas + Desgaste de Barrena + Barrena embolada + Fugas Hidraulicas + Transferencia inconsistente del WOB 8.0 CLASIFICACION DE BARRENAS DESGASTADAS Un aspecto importante del mejoramiento de! desempefio es el reporte de toda la informacion perteneciente a la cortida ce la barrena. Ambos, el ingeniero de perforacién y el fabricante de la barrena, por igual, utlizaran esta informacion para: ‘+ Mejorar la seleccién de barrenas en pozos futuros + Mojorar el diserio de barrenas Junto con el grado final de desgaste de la barrena en si, los siguientes factores deberdn ser registrados con exacttud + Longitud (en pies) perforados + Velocidad de perforacién + Parémetros de perforacién promedio, maximos y minimos (WOB, RPM, tasa 0 gaslo de fluo). + Propiedades del luido de perforacién (tipo, densidad, viscosidad, etc). + Tipo de mecanismo de perforacién (Fotatoro, sistema rotatorio navegable. con motor. etc.) + Porcentaje de navegacién para la corrida + inclinacién, azimut y velocidad de incremento angular 0 de giro + Tipo de formacién + Topes de formacion Pag. 29 de 36Schlumberger ‘DRILLING SCHOOL 8.1 Sistema de Clasificacién de la IADC para Barrenas Desgastadas La tabla de clasfcacién de la IADC para barrenas desgastadas permite registrar ocho factores 0 criterios de evaluacién del desgaste. La tabla aplica tanto para barrenas de conos como para barrenas de cortadores fijos, a pesar de que existen diferentes cédigos de desgaste para cada una. ESTRUCTURADE LOS ELENENTOS CORTAMTES [B SF oBsERVACIONES] - 12° CA russ] ruas | canact. | ooarg| SNE | 7 Le | oreas | RAZDN InTERNas | EXTERNAS | DESCASTE sevio |. RE [eamoar | PARAL en ane? 8.1.1 Desgaste de la Estructura de los Cortadores / Elementos Cortantes Para ambas barrenas el desgaste es medido en una escala desde 0 (cero desgaste) hasta 8 (perdida total de la estructura de corte). Cuando se clasifica una barrena PDC, es importante recordar que los cortadores deberdn ser Glasificados bajo la condicién de! compacto de diamante visible, sin importar la forma o exposicién de! cortador. Por ejemplo, si al comienzo de la corrida de la barrena, un cortador PDC tiene un 50% del compacto de diamantes expuesto por encima de la altura de las aletas, y después de la corrida, todo el diamante expuesto “utiizable” ha sido desgastado, entonces la clasificacién correcta de desgaste para el cortador sera *4” ~ igualando el 50% desgastade. Un: error-comiin: seria- ek de: lasificar el desgaste en dicho cortador como con un valor de *8 Para barrenas de Diamantes Naturales, TSP © Impregnada de Diamantes, el desgaste es determinado comparando la altura del cortador visible inicial (0, en el caso de disefios Impregnados, altura inicial de las aletas), con la cantidad remanent, despues de.la carrida de la barrena, Es por Io tanto importante recordar inspeccionar y medir la estructura de elementos cortantes, antes de correr ne Pag. 30 de 36Schlumberger ‘BRILLING SCHOOL 8.1.2 Localizacién del desgaste de los cortadores para Barrenas de Conos Cuando se entra al area de caracteristicas de embotamiento para barrenas de conos, los siguientes ©cédigos, junto con el niimero del cono (es decir, 1, 2.6 3), se deberdn utilizar asi N = Fila de Nariz A= Todas las Filas 8.1.3 Cédigos de Localizacién para Barrenas de Cortadores Fijos SC HOMBRO/" TAPER” Z 4.4 CALE Pag. 31 de 36Schlumberger BRILLING SCHOOL Codigos de Clasificacién de la IADC para Barrenas Desgastadas NONSEALED BEARINGS ‘0 = NOUFE USED a - ure use sequeo peanaies ‘ X= reo curren errs ‘BROKEN cone ra SOND FALURE Ea ‘CRACKED CONE a > Hours Pag, 32 de 36Schlumberger BRILLING SCHOOL 8.1.5 El Calibre Debido a que las barrenas de conos y las barrenas de diamantes son fabricadas hasta distintas tolerancias, es importante que las barrenas sean calibradas utilizando el anillo me se calibra una barrena de cortadores fijos que esta en calibre con un medidor tipo "Go", disefiado para calibrar las barrenas de conos mostrard la barrena estar bajo-calibre: Se deberd utllizar siempre lun medidor “No Go" para calibrar las barrenas de cortadores fijos, 8.2 Condiciones de Barrenas Usadas / Causas / Tablas Remediales. 8.2.1 Barrenas de Conos jor apropiado. Si Condicion dat Psenie Cane Posibles Soluciones Tipo de barrena inapropiado Desgaste Velocidad excesiva de rotacion | Disminucion de RPA Tiempo excesivo de rotacién | Reduccién de las horas de rotacién WOB excesivo WOB mas ligero Exceso de arena en el sistema | Remocién de arena del sistema Desgaste excesivo de | de circulacién circulatorio los cojinetes Lastra barrena desestabilizada | Estabilizacién de lastra barrenas Uso de un tipo de barrena para formaciones mas duras y con una estructura de cojinetes mas fuerte Tipo inapropiado de barrena Quiobre excesivo de ‘Uso de un tipo de barrena para formaciones mas duras y con una mayor cantidad de dientes Procedimiento de arranque | inadecuado barrena nueva Seas Procedimiento de arranque Uso del procedimiento de arranque inadecuado para la barrena __| apropiado para la nueva barrena nueva WOB excesivo _ WOB més ligero Tipo inapropiado de barrena | Uso de tipo diferente de barena basado en las flas de dientes que Desgaste ; Cer estan excesivamente desgastados. Sen en la barrena embolada. Uso apropiado de procedimiento de quiebre para la nueva barrena Velocidad excesiva de rotacion Tipo de barrena inapropiado Desgaste excesivo de dientes Uso de un tipo de barrena con dientes sin recubrimiento Disminuya la velocidad de rotacion slice un tipo de barrena para formaciones més duras y con una mayor cantidad de dientes Use un tipo de barrena que tenga dientes recubiertos “Tasa de flujo (gasto) excesiva Exceso de arena en el sistema de circulacion El Muido corta los dientes y conos Reduccién en tasa de cireulaciont Remocién de arena del fluido de circulacién WOB excesivo ere) Tipo inapropiado de barrena embolamiento ‘Tasa de flujo insuficiente WOR mas igor Use un tipo de barrena para formaciones mas blandas con dientes mas espaciados Incremente tasa ae Mujo Tipo inapropiado de barrena Excesiva disminucién de calibre ‘Tiempo excesivo de rotacién Use una barrena que tenga mayor proteccién contra la disminucién de medidas Reduccién de horas de rotacién Pig. 33 de 36Schlumberger BRILLING SCHOOL 8.2.2 Barrenas de Cortadores Fijos Condicién del Desgaste Posible Causa Posibles Soluciones Diamantes pulidos Rotando en una formacion dura sin perforar ‘Adicione WOB 0 seleccioné una barrena con diamantes / cortadores mas pequefios Diamantes rotos Establizacion inadecuada Vibraciones anormales Manejo inadecuado Cortija la estabilizacion Reduzea la vibracién, cambiando el RPM Manejo adecuado Diamantes trasquilados ‘Arrangue inadecuado 6 Cortadores de Nariz partidos Cortija procedimiento de arranque, limpieza de fondo, Diamantes quemados. (aplanados) Enfriamiento inadecuado Tncremente el ia tasa de circulacion para mejorar el enfiamiento Barrena quemada ‘Sobrecalentamiento como resultado de taponamiento y / ‘© embolamiento Cuide que exista la hidraulica apropiada Revision de calor de tos soportes de la PDC 0 el cuerpo de la barrena (matriz) Sobrecalentamiento garganta desgastada Fragmentos de formacion dura rodando dentro de la garganta Hidrdulica apropiada Perdida de Calibre (Tamafio) Larges intervaios ampliados con enfriamiento inadecuado, debido a los espacios taponados con desechos Mientras este ampiiando, reduzca las RPM y el peso sobre la barrena darios por desechos Desechos en el agujero justo delante de la primera barrena de diamantes utlizada Limpie el fondo sobre la barrena previa, corra con ella la canasta- chatarrera en la sarta 9.0 ACTIVIDAD ECONOMICA DE LA CORRIDA DE BARRENAS ‘A pesar de que las barrenas de perforacién contribuyen sélo con una fraccién del costo del equipo en general, ellas pueden ser el elemento mas critico en el calculo de Ia actividad econémica de la perforacion. El costo de una barrena POC o una barrena de diamantes podria ser muchas veces el de una barrena de conos dentados y con esto se vuelve evidente que el uso de diserio de barrena mas costoso debe ser econémicamente justificado a través de un desemperio superior. EI método aceptado de evaluar el desempefio de barrenas en términos econémicos, es el de calcular el costo por pie (0 por metro) perforado, Ya que una barrena PDC es considerablemente mas Pag, 34 de 36Schlumberger ‘DRILLING SCHOOL costosa que una de conos, es evidente que la barrena PDC debe compensar dicho costo adicional perforando mas rapido y / 0 perforando mas tiempo. La siguiente formula es utilizada para calcular el costo por pie perforado: R(T+D)+B F Donde: C= costo de perforacién por pie (S/pie) ato operativo del equipo de perforacion (Sir) T= tiempo de viaje (hr) D = tiempo de perforacin (hr) B = costo de barrena ($) F = pies perforados (pies) La formula de perforacién costo-por-pie, es valida para cualquier tipo de barrena. La formula puede ser usada después de correr una barrena con datos de desempefio real pater caleularun costo-per. pie real o puede ser utiizada antes de correr una barrena, con valores supuestos para calcular un costo por pie proyectado. Una proyeccién de costo por pie para una barrena propuesta, es usualmente comparado al costo por pie real, obtenido de pozos vecinos (0 de prueba). Cuando se propone una barrena PDC en un area en donde normalmente se corren barrenas de cones, puede ser util realizar un andlisis de igualdad (break-even) para identificar el nivel de desempefio (en términos de longitud y horas). En este caso una barrena PDC tendré-que lograr tener tun costo total de perforacién igual al de las barrenas de conos. ‘A continuacién se presenta un ejemplo de un anélisis de igualdad para una barrena PDC: Datos de desempefio en un pozo vecino (0 de prueba) Tiempo total de rotacién (00 hrs, ‘Tiempo total de viaje 45 hs. Costo operacional del equipo de perforacion = $500 hr Costo total de la barrena $16,000 Total de pies perforados 3,750 ft Utiizando la ecuacién de costo de perforacién, el costo por pies logrado en esta seccién del poz vecino (0 de prueba), es calculada en US$23.60ipie. Si una barrena PDC puede resultar en el mismo valor, estara en “igualdad’. En caso de que un desempefio mejor pueda ser razonablemente esperado, el uso de una PDC puede ser econémicamente justificado. El andlisis de igualdad requiere que el desempefio de la barrena PDC sea estimado, Este desempefio puede ser calculado de dos maneras distintas: 1. Longitud (en pies) supuesta Si la longitud se supone equivalente a 3,750 pies se debe calcula la velocidad de perforacién de la barrena para conseguir un costo-por-pie de USS23.60/pie o menos. Usando la formula: ROPoc= R C-(RxT*B)/F Donde ROP5t = velocidad de perforacién en igualdad costo de desalineamiento por pie (S/pie) tiempo de viaje para la barrena POC ($) costo de barrena propuesta (8) Longitua asumida (pies) costo operacional del equipo de perforacién (Shr) prB40 Pig. 35 de 36Schlumberger DRILLING SCHOOL Utilizando los datos de desempeiio del pozo vecino (0 de prueba), previamente presentados y las. siguientes suposiciones para la barrena propuesta se puede calcular una velocidad de perforacién asi: 3,750 pies En este ejemplo, la barrena propuesta tendra que perforar eb interval: com uner velocidad: de Perforacién de al menos 34 piesihora, para justificar su uso, 2. Velocidad de Perforacién Supuesta Si la velocidad de perforacién es supuesta, se puede calcular longitud minima que la barrena debe perforar para ahorrar dinero al operador. La formula derivada en este caso, es: Fas longitud en igualdad (pies) jelocidad de perforacién asumida (pies/hr) ‘Asumiendo una velocidad de perforacién de 45 pies/hora, la barrena propuesta debe perforar 2,287 pies para quedar por igual con el pozo vecino (o de prueba). Pag. 36 de 36