Nadia Karima Izzaty

1306369466
Dept. Teknik Sipil

2.2.1. A reservoir has the following inflows and outflows (in cubic meters) for the first
three months of the year. If the storage at the beginning of January is 60 m 3, determine
the storage at the end of March

S j =S 0 + I jQ j
i=1

S j =60+[ ( 48 ) + ( 611 ) +(95)]

3

S j =55 m

2.2.2. Compute the constant draft from a 500-hectare reservoir for a 30-day period
during which the reservoir level dropped half a meter despite an average upstream
inflow of 200,000 m3/day. During the period, the total seepage loss was 2 cm, the total
precipitation was 10.5 cm, and the total evaporation was 8.5 cm. (1 hectare = 104 m2).
500 ha = 5.000.000 m2
Outflow
Level drop = 0.5 * 5.000.000 = 2.5*106 m3

Inflow
Precipitation = 0.105 * 5.000.000 = 525.000

Seepage = 0.02 * 5.000.000 = 100.000 m3

m3
Outflow = 200.000 m3/day = 6.000.000
m3/month

Evaporation = 0.085 *5.000.000 = 425.000

m3

S j =I Q
S j =( 525.000+6.000 .000 )( 2.500 .000+100.000+425.000 )
S j =3.500.000 m3

2.2.4. From the hydrologic records of over 50 years on a drainage basin of area 500
km2, the average annual rainfall is estimated as 90 cm and the average annual runoff as
33 cm. A reservoir in the basin, having an average surface area of 1700 hectares, is
planned at the basin outlet to collect available runoff for supplying water to a nearby
community. The annual evaporation over the reservoir surface is estimated as 130 cm.
There is no groundwater leakage or inflow to the basin. Determine the available average
annual withdrawal from the reservoir for water supply.
1700 ha = 17.000.000 m2
Reservoir area = 500 km2 = 500.000.000 m2
Non-reservoir area = (500 17) = 483.000.000 m2
Outflow
Evaporation = 0.13 * 17.000.000 =

Inflow
Runoff = 0.33 * 483.000.000 = 159.390.000

22.100.000 m3

m3
Rainfall = 0.9 * 17.000.000 = 15.300.000 m3

S j =I Q
S j =( 159.390.000+15.300 .000 ) (22.100 .000)
S j =152.590.000 m3

2.5.2. Calculate the velocity and flow rate of a uniform flow 1 m deep in a 30-m wide
stream with approximately rectangular cross section, bed slope 1 percent, and
Manning's n of 0.035. Check that the criterion for fully turbulent flow is satisfied.

R=

v=

v=

(130)
A
=
=0.9375
P (1+30+1)
2 /3

. S
n

0.9375 2/3 . 0.01

0.035

v =2.737

m
s
3

Q=v . A=82.11

m
s

Fully turbulent flow criterion

n6 . R . S 1.11013
0.0356 . 0.93750.01 1.11013
10

1.7810

13

1.110

The flow is fully turbulent!

2.5.12. A rectangular open channel 12 m wide and 1 m deep has a slope of 0.001 and is
lined with cemented rubble (n =0.025). Determine (a) its maximum discharge capacity,
and (b) the maximum discharge obtainable by changing the crosssectional dimensions
without changing the rectangular form of the section, the slope, and the volume of
excavation. Hint: the best hydraulic rectangular section has a minimum wetted
perimeter or a width-depth ratio of 2.
a) Maximum discharge capacity
R=

(112)
A
=
=0.857
P (1+12+1)

R2 /3 . S
v=
n
2/ 3

0.857 . 0.0 0 1
v=
0.02 5
v =1.141

m
s
3

Q= Av=121.141=13.692

m
s

b) Maximum discharge capacity with best hydraulic section

b=2 h
2

A=bh=2 h
2 h2=12

h=2.45 m; b=2 h=4.9 m

R=

v=

v=

(2.454.9)
A
=
=1.225
P (2.45+ 4.9+2.45)
R

2 /3

. S
n

1.2252 /3 . 0.001
0.025

v =1.45

m
s

m3
Q= Av=121.45=17.4
s

2.8.2 Solve Prob. 2.8.1 if the fluid is water. Assume Km =0.15 m 2/s and p =1000 kg/m 3.
Calculate and compare the laminar and turbulent momentum fluxes at 20 cm elevation
if v = 1.51 x 10 ~6 m2/s for water.
For shear velocity (k = 0.4)
u 1 Z
= ln
u ' k Z0
6

1.5110
1
0.2
=
ln
u'
0.4 0.01
u' =2.016107
Velocity gradient
du
u'
=
dz kz
7

du 2.01610
=
dz
0.40.2

du
=2.52106
dz
Laminar

Turbulent

vdu
=
dz

Kmdu
=
dz

=10001.511062.52106

=10000.152.52106

=3.81109

=3.78104

Ratio of laminar and turbulent

3.78104
R=
=99212.6
3.81109
shows that the flow is rather turbulent.

2.8.5. The incoming radiation intensity on a lake is 200 W/m2. Calculate the net
radiation into the lake if the albedo is a = 0.06, the surface temperature is 300C, and the
emissivity is 0.97.
=eT

=0.975.6710 300

=445.492

W
2
m

Rn=Ri ( 1 )
Rn=200( 10 0 .6 ) 445.492
Rn=257.492

W
m2