Ch02 Circular Functions

2
2A Reciprocal trigonometric functions

2b Graphs of reciprocal trigonometric
functions
2c Trigonometric identities
2d Compound- and double-angle formulas
2e Inverse circular functions and their
graphs
Circular
functions
areaS oF STudy
Definition and graphs of the reciprocal circular

functions cosecant, secant and cotangent, and
simple transformations of these
The identities sec2 (x) = 1 + tan2 (x) and
cosec2 (x) = 1 + cot2 (x)
Compound and double-angle formulas for sine,
cosine and tangent
The restricted circular functions of

sine, cosine and tangent over principal
domains and their respective inverse functions
sin-1, cos-1 and tan-1 (students should be
familiar with alternative notations); graphs
of these inverse functions, including simple
transformations.
eBoo
k plus
eBook
2a
Digital doc
reciprocal trigonometric
functions
10 Quick Questions
Three trigonometric functions sin (x), cos (x) and tan (x) and their graphs have been
studied in detail in Mathematical Methods (CAS) Units 1, 2, 3 and 4. The reciprocals of these
functions are often used to simplify trigonometric expressions or equations.
denitions
The reciprocal of the sine function is called the cosecant function. It is abbreviated to cosec
and is defined as:
1
cosec (x) =
, sin (x) 0.
sin ( x )
The reciprocal of the cosine function is called the secant function. It is abbreviated to sec
and is defined as:
1
sec (x) =
, cos (x) 0.
cos ( x )
The reciprocal of the tangent function is called the cotangent function. It is abbreviated to
cot and is defined as:
1
cot (x) =
, tan (x) 0
tan ( x )
or
cos ( x )
cot (x) =
, sin (x) 0.
sin ( x )
Chapter 2
Circular functions
63
For the right-angled triangle shown,

opp
adj

sin (x) =

cos (x) = hyp
tan (x) =
hyp
or, using the reciprocal trigonometric functions:
hyp
hyp
cosec (x) = opp
sec (x) =

cot (x) =
adj
Note: In the triangle shown at right:

opp = opposite
adj = adjacent
opp
hyp
hyp
opp
adj
opp .
x
adj
hyp = hypotenuse
Symmetry and complementary properties

You have learned previously about symmetry and complementary properties of trigonometric
functions. In summary, these were:
1. First quadrant:
p
p
sin - q = cos (q) cosec - q = sec (q)

2
p
p
cos - q = sin (q) sec - q = cosec (q)

2
2. Second quadrant:
sin (p - q) = sin (q) cosec (p - q) = cosec (q)
cos (p - q) = -cos (q) sec (p - q) = -sec (q)
tan (p - q) = -tan (q) cot (p - q) = -cot (q)
p
p
sin + q = cos (q) cosec + q = sec (q)

2
p
p
cos + q = -sin (q) sec + q = -cosec (q)

2
3. Third quadrant:
sin (p + q) = -sin (q) cosec (p + q) = -cosec (q)
cos (p + q) = -cos (q) sec (p + q) = -sec (q)
tan (p + q) = tan (q) cot (p + q) = cot (q)
3p
3p
- q = -cos (q) cosec

- q = -sec (q)
sin
2
3p
p
- q = -sin (q) sec - q = -cosec (q)

cos
2
4. Fourth quadrant:
sin (-q) = -sin (q) cosec (-q) = -cosec (q)
cos (-q) = cos (q) sec (-q) = sec (q)
tan (-q) = -tan (q) cot (-q) = -cot (q)
3p
3p
+ q = -cos (q) cosec

+ q = -sec (q)
sin
2
3p
3p
+ q = sin (q) sec

+ q = cosec (q)
cos
2
Worked Example 1
Use the triangle to find the exact value of:

a sin (x)
b sec (x)
c cot (x).
2
x
4
64
Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics for the Casio ClassPad
Think
a
WriTe
Use Pythagoras theorem to find the magnitude

of the hypotenuse of the triangle.
Express the magnitude of the hypotenuse

in its simplest surd form.
Evaluate sin (x) by rule.
hyp = 4 2 + 22
= 20
=2 5
sin ( x ) =
=
Simplify the ratio.
Evaluate sec (x) by rule.
Simplify the ratio.
Evaluate cot (x) by rule.
=
b sec ( x ) =
2
2 5
1
5
or
2 5
4
5
2
c cot ( x ) =
5
5
hyp
adj
=
2
opp
hyp
adj
opp
4
2
=2
Simplify the ratio.
Worked example 2
If cosec (x) =
4
3
and , 0 x 90, find x (to the nearest tenth of a degree).
Think
1
Express the equation cosec (x) =

in terms of sin (x).
On the Main screen, tap:

Action
Advanced
solve
Complete the entry line as:
1
4
= , x | 0 x 90
solve
sin( x ) 3
Then press E.
WriTe
4
3
cosec ( x ) =
1
4
=
sin ( x ) 3
Chapter 2
Circular functions
65
Solving cosec (x) = 43 for
Write the solution.
x [0, 90 ], x = 48.5904
4
Round off the answer to one decimal

place.
x = 48.6
Worked example 3
Find the exact value of sec (150).

Think
WriTe
Express sec (150) in terms of cos (150).
Use symmetry to simplify cos (150).
sec (150) =
=
=
Substitute the exact value for cos (30).
Simplify the ratio.
1
cos (150)
1
cos (180 - 30)
1
cos (30)
1
- 3

2
- 2
3
or
-2 3
3
Worked example 4
If cos ( x ) =
a sin (x)
1
3
3p
< x < 2p , find the exact value of:
2
b cot (x).
and
Think
a
WriTe
Draw a right-angled triangle in the fourth

quadrant, showing cos ( x ) =
1
.
3
y
0 x
66
Use Pythagoras theorem to calculate

the magnitude of the opposite side.
Express in simplest surd form.
State the signed value of the opposite

side in the fourth quadrant.
maths Quest 12 Specialist mathematics for the Casio Classpad
opp = 32 - 12
= 8
=2 2
opp = - 2 2 in the fourth quadrant.
Evaluate sin (x) by rule.
sin ( x ) =
=
Evaluate cot (x) by rule.
-2 2
3
b cot ( x ) =
Simplify the ratio by rationalising the

denominator.
opp
hyp
adj
opp
1
-2 2
1
-2 2
2
2
- 2
4
REMEMBER
1
1
1

sec (x) =
cot (x) =
sin ( x )
cos ( x )
tan ( x )
2. Symmetry and complementary properties of trigonometric functions and their reciprocals:
(a) First quadrant:
p
p

sin - q = cos () cosec - q = sec ()
2
1. cosec (x) =
p
p
cos - q = sin () sec - q = cosec ()

2
(b) Second quadrant:

sin ( ) = sin () cosec ( ) = cosec ()
cos ( ) = cos () sec ( ) = sec ()
tan ( ) = tan () cot ( ) = cot ()
p
p
sin + q = cos () cosec + q = sec ()

2
p
p
cos + q = sin () sec + q = cosec ()

2
(c) Third quadrant:

sin ( + ) = sin () cosec ( + ) = cosec ()
cos ( + ) = cos () sec ( + ) = sec ()
tan ( + ) = tan () cot ( + ) = cot ()
3p
3p
- q = cos () cosec
- q = sec ()
sin
2
3p
p
- q = sin () sec - q = cosec ()

cos
2
(d) Fourth quadrant:

sin () = sin () cosec () = cosec ()
cos () = cos () sec () = sec ()
tan () = tan () cot () = cot ()
3p
3p
+ q = cos () cosec
+ q = sec ()
sin
2
3p
3p
+ q = sin () sec
+ q = cosec ()
cos
2
Chapter 2 Circular functions
67
Exercise
2A
Reciprocal trigonometric functions

1 WE1 Copy and complete the table, using the right-angled triangles below it. Give exact
values for:
i sin (x)
ii cos (x)
iii tan (x)
iv cosec (x)
v sec (x)
vi cot (x).
sin (x) cos (x) tan (x) cosec (x) sec (x) cot (x)
a
b
c
d
e
f
a
3
x
x
10
x
3
12
x
5
2 WE2 For 0 < a < 90, find the value of a to the nearest tenth of a degree.
a sin (a) = 0.6
b cos (a) = 0.95
c tan (a) = 1.8
d cosec (a) = 2
e sec (a) = 3.5
f cot (a) = 0.7
3
Find the exact value of the pronumeral shown in each triangle below.
a
45o
10
x
30o
60o
68
15
5
45o
30o
8
60o
60o
4 WE3 Find the exact value of each of the following.

a tan (60)
b cot (30)
c cos (150)
d sec (45)
e cosec (30)
f cot (300)
g cosec (450)
h sec (210)
i cot (135)
j cosec (240)
k sec (120)
l cot (150)
5 MC Choose the correct answer for parts a to d below given that sin (x) = 0.8
and 90 < x < 180.
a cos (x) is equal to:
A 0.6
b 1.67
c 1.33
d 0.6
b cosec (x) is equal to:
D 1.33
A 1.33
B 0.6
C 1.25
c cot (x) is equal to:
A 1.33
B 0.75
C 0.75
D 1
d sec (x) is equal to:
A 1.67
B 1.25
C 0.75
D 1.25
p
3
6 WE4 If sin ( x ) = 2 and < x < p , find the exact value of:
2
a cos (x)
b tan (x)
c cot (x).
3p
2
7 If cos ( x ) = 2 and
< x < 2p , find the exact value of:
2
a sin (x)
b cot (x)
c sec (x).
8 If cosec (x) = 1.5 and 180 < x < 270, find the exact value of:
a sin (x)
b cos (x)
c cot (x).
9 If sec (x) = 3.2 and 90 < x < 180, find the exact value of:
a cos (x)
b sin (x)
c cot (x).
10 If cot (x) = 0.75 and 180 < x < 270, find the exact value of:
a tan (x)
b sec (x)
c cosec (x).
2b
e 0.8
E 1.25
E 1.33
E 1.67
Graphs of reciprocal trigonometric

functions
The graphs of the sine, cosine and tangent functions should be quite familiar from previous
work covered in Mathematical Methods (CAS). The graphs of the reciprocal trigonometric
functions are obtained by applying the reciprocal-of-ordinates method to the original functions.
Recall that the reciprocal-of-ordinates method involves estimating or calculating the reciprocal
of the y-values for any x-value from the original function.
It should be further noted that:
1
1. as y , 0
y
1
2. as y 0,
y
69
1
is undefined that is, reciprocal functions contain vertical asymptotes wherever
y
x-intercepts occur in the original function
4. the expression 1 has the same sign as y
y
3. if y = 0,
1
= 1 also
y
1
6. if f(a) is a local maximum then
is a local minimum.
f (a)
5. if y = 1,
Graph of y = cosec (x)
y
1
The graph of y = sin (x) over [, 2] is shown

in the figure at right.
Note that:
1. the graph of y = sin (x) has turning points at
p
x = + np , n Z
2
2. sin (x) = 0 at x = n, n Z
3. period = 2.
y sin (x)
0
2P x
1
y
y cosec (x)
y sin (x)
The graph of y = cosec (x) over [, 2]

is shown in the figure at right.
Note that:
1. the turning points are
3p -
-p - p
2 , 1 , 2 , 1 and 2 , 1
2. the vertical asymptotes are x = ,
x = 0, x = and x = 2
3. period = 2.
P2
P
2
2P x
3
P
2
y
1
Graph of y = sec (x)
y cos (x)
[,
The graph of y = cos (x) over

2] is
shown in the figure at right.
Note that:
1. the graph of y = cos (x) has turning points
at x = n, n Z
p
2. cos (x) = 0 at x = + np , n Z
2
3. period = 2.
The graph of y = sec (x) over [, 2] is
shown in the figure at right.
Note that:
1. the turning points are (, 1), (0, 1),
(, 1) and (2, 1)
P2
P
2
P
3
2
1
y
y sec (x)
1
y cos (x)
P2
1
P
2
3
P
2
2. the vertical asymptotes are

-p
p
3p
x = , x = , and x =
2
2
2
3. period = 2.
Note: The turning points of y = cosec (x) and y = sec (x) are located halfway between
consecutive asymptotes.
70
2P
2P
Graph of y = cot (x)

First recall that
cos ( x )
1
cot ( x ) =
and cot ( x ) =
.
sin ( x )
tan ( x )
So the graph of y = tan (x) has vertical asymptotes wherever cos (x) = 0 that is, at
p
y
x = + np , n Z.
2
y tan (x)
The graph of y = tan (x) over [, 2] is shown
in the figure at right. Note that:
1
1. tan (x) = 0 at x = n, n Z
p
3P
0 P P P
P P
2P x
2. tan (x) = 1 at x = + np , n Z
2
4
2
2
1
4
p
3. tan (x) = 1 at x = - + np , n Z
4
4. period = .
1
The graph of y = cot (x) that is,
over
tan ( x )
y cot (x)
y tan (x)
[,
2] is shown at right.
Note that:
1. the asymptotes are x = , x = 0, x = and
1
x = 2
0
P P
2. period = .
2
1
Note: The translation of the reciprocal
trigonometric functions is the same as the
original trigonometric functions; for example,
the graph of y = cosec (x a) + b is the same as
the graph of y = cosec (x) translated a units right and b units up.
P
4
P
2
2P x
P
3
2
Worked Example 5
Sketch the graph of y = 2 tan (3x) over the domain [0, ].

Think
Write
The vertical asymptotes occur at

p
3 x = + np , n Z.
2
y = 2 tan (3x)
Vertical asymptotes at:
p 3p 5p 7p 3p
3x = ,
,
,
,
,
2 2 2 2 2
Divide both sides by 3.
x=
Only values between 0 and are valid

(the given domain).
Sketch a standard tan curve, a little steeper because

of the 2 in 2 tan 3x, between the asymptotes.
p
,
6
p
x= ,
6
p
,
2
p
,
2
5p 7p 3p
,
,
,
6 6 2
5p
over [0, p]
6
y 2 tan (3x)
2
0
P
12
P
6
P
3
P
2
2P
5P
Px
Verify the graph using a calculator.
71
Worked example 6
eBoo
k plus
eBook
Sketch the graph of y = cosec x - over the domain [0, 2p].
Tutorial
int-0360
Worked example 6
Think
WriTe
The graph is the same as y = cosec (x)

p
translated
units right.
4
The asymptotes are at x = 0 +

x=p +
p.
4
p
,
4
-p
The y-intercept is y = cosec .
4
y = cosec x -
4
Asymptotes: x = 0 +
x =
5p
p
and x =
4
4
-p
y-intercept: y = cosec
4
=
=
=
=
4
Sketch the graph.
p
p
and x = p +
4
4
1
-p
sin
4
1
- 2
2
- 2
2
-
x 4P
x 50
4
y cosec (x 4P )
2
1
1 0
2
72
Verify the graph using a calculator.
P
4
30
P
50
P
70
P
2P
x
(2P , 2)
Worked example 7
Sketch the graphs of each of the following functions over the domain [-p, p].
a f (x) = 3 cot x +
p
+2
4
b f (x) = sec (2x + p)
Think
a
WriTe
Compare the graph to y = 3 cot (x).
Locate asymptotes on domain [-p, p].
Subtract p from both sides to locate

4
the asymptotes exactly.
Find the y-intercept.
p
+2
4
p
Asymptotes: x + = 0, p
4
p
p
x = 0 - and x = p 4
4
-p
3p
x=
and x =
4
4
a y = 3 cot x +
y-intercept: y = 3 cot 0 + + 2
4
=
3
+2
p
tan
4
3
1
+2
=5
5
( P , 5)
P 30P
4
y 3 cot (x 4P ) 2
5
2
( P , 5)
Sketch the graph.
Verify this graph using a graphics calculator.
Remove the factor 2 from the brackets so the

translation is obvious.
4P
30
P
4
P
4
x 4P
P x
x 304P
b y = sec (2x + p)
y = sec 2 x +
Compare the graph to y = sec (2x).
This graph is the same as y = sec (2x)

p
translated units left.
2
Locate asymptotes on domain [-p, p].
Asymptotes:
- 3p - p p 3p 5p
2x + p =
, , ,
,
2 2 2 2 2
Subtract p from both sides.
2 x = ,
Divide by 2 to exactly locate the

asymptotes between -p and p.
x=
- 3p
- 5p
2
,
- 3p
-p
3p
,
2
-p
p 3p
, ,
, over [-p, p]
4 4 4
Chapter 2
Circular functions
73
Find the y-intercept.
Sketch the graph.
y-intercept: y = sec (0 + p)
1
=
cos p
1
= 1
= 1
P
x 30
4
x 4P
x 4P
x 30
4
y sec (2x P )
1
8
Verify this graph using a graphics

calculator.
P
P 30
0
P P 4
2
4
1
( P, 1)
P
4
P
P 30
2 4
P x
(P, 1)
rememBer
1. Graphs of reciprocal functions are obtained by sketching the basic function

(sin, cos or tan), then graphing its reciprocal followed by any transformations.
1
2. As y , 0.
y
1
3. As y 0, .
y
1
4. is undefined if y = 0; that is, reciprocal functions contain vertical asymptotes
y
wherever x-intercepts occur in the original function.
1
5. has the same sign as y.
y
1
6. If y = 1, = 1 also.
y
1
7. If a local maximum for f (x) exists at x = a, then
is a local minimum.
f (a)
exerCiSe
2B
Graphs of reciprocal trigonometric functions

1
We 5 Sketch the graph of each of the following over the domain [0, 2p].
a y = 2 tan (x)
b y = tan (2x)
x
c y = tan
2
d y = 3 sec (x)
e y = 12 cot ( x )
f y = 4 cosec (x)
g y = cosec (2x)
h y = cot (3x)
We 6 Sketch the graph of each of the following over the domain [0, 2p].
a f ( x ) = tan x -
74
x
i y = sec
2
b f ( x ) = cosec x -
f ( x ) = sec x +
d f ( x ) = cot x -
e f ( x ) = sec x +
g f ( x ) = cot x -
2p
f f ( x ) = cosec x +
Exam tip Take care to show asymptotic

behaviour and label asymptotes with their equations.
3 Match each of the following graphs with

the correct rule below.
a
y
2
1
0
1
20
P
3
P
6
70
P
6
50
P
3
2P x
P
4
30
P
4
50
P
4
70
P
4
2P x
y
1
1
1
0
0
P
3
50
P
6
40
P
3
A y = cosec x -
2P x
P
3
40
P
2P x
B y = cos x -
C y = sec x +
D y = cot x -
4 MC Consider the function f ( x ) = 3 sec 2 x + - 2 over the domain [0, ].
2
a The function f(x) has x-intercepts:
p
p 2p
p 3p
2p 5p
c only
b
d ,
A ,
,
4
3 3
4 4
3 6
b The function f(x) has vertical asymptotes where x is equal to:
p 3p
p 3p
p
p 2p
A ,
b ,
c 0, , p
d ,
4 4
2 2
2
3 3
p 5p
,
6 6
-p
p
,p
2 2
,
c The function f(x) has turning points given by:

3p
p
A , 2 + 3 and , 2 - 3
4
-p
p
, 3 - 2 and , 3
b
4
c (0, - 3 - 2) and , 3 - 2
4
D , 2 - 3
2
p
3p
e , - 2 - 3 and , 3 - 2
4
75
d The graph of f(x) is:

a
y
0
P
2
P
4
2 3
30
P
4
2 3
2 3
2
2 3
P
4
P
2
30
P
4
P x
2 3
2 3
P
2
P
4
30P
2 3
2
2 3
P
4
P
2
P
30
2 3
2 3
0
P
4
P
2
3P
5 WE7 Sketch the graph of each of the following over the domain [, ].
2C
a y = tan x + + 1
b y = tan x - - 1
c y = 2 sec x -
d y = 3 cosec x +
e y = cot x - + 2
f y = sec x + - 1
g y = 3 cosec x - + 2
h y = 2 cot x - + 1
i y = sec 2 x -
j y = cosec 3 x + - 1
k y = 12 cot 2 x - + 1
l y = -sec (x)
m y = -cosec (x)
n y = -cot (x)
Trigonometric identities
An identity is an expression that is true for all values of the variable in its implied domain.
Recall the Pythagorean identity:

sin2 (A) + cos2 (A) = 1
[1]
76
Identities involving the reciprocal trigonometric functions can be derived from this identity
as follows.
If we divide both sides of equation [1] by cos2 (A), we obtain:
1
sin 2 ( A)
+1 =
, cos ( A) 0
2
2
cos ( A)
cos ( A)
tan2 (A) + 1 = sec2 (A)
or 1 + tan2 (A) = sec2 (A), cos (A) 0
If we divide both sides of equation [1] by sin2 (A), we obtain:
[2]
cos2 ( A)
1
= 2
,sin ( A) 0
2
sin ( A) sin ( A)
1 + cot2 (A) = cosec2 (A), sin (A) 0
These identities can be used to simplify or evaluate trigonometric expressions.
1+
[3]
Worked example 8
Simplify the expression: cos2 (x) [1 + tan2 (x)].

Think
WriTe
cos2 (x) [1 + tan2 (x)]
Write the expression.
Simplify the expression in the brackets

using identity [2].
= cos2 (x) [sec2 (x)]
Express sec (x) in terms of cos (x).
= cos2 ( x )
Simplify by cancelling down the fraction.
=1
1
cos2 ( x )
Worked example 9
p
If x , p and cos (x) = 53 , find:
2
a sin (x)
b cot (x)
c sec (x).
Think
a
WriTe
Write down identity [1].
Substitute cos (x) =
-3
5
into identity [1].
sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1

If cos (x) =
-3
5
sin2 (x) + - 3 = 1
5
sin2 (x) +
3
9
25
=1
sin2 (x) =
Solve for sin (x).
16
25
sin (x) = 4
Retain the positive solution only as sine is

positive in the second quadrant.
cos ( x )
.
Use the reciprocal function cot ( x ) =
sin ( x )
sin (x) =
b cot ( x ) =
4
,
5
since x is in quadrant 2.
cos ( x )
sin ( x )
Chapter 2
Circular functions
77
Substitute cos (x) and sin (x) into the

expression and evaluate.
Note: If we did not know the value of cos (x),
identity [3] could be used.
Evaluate the reciprocal of cos (x).
=
=
-3
5
4
5
-3
c sec ( x ) =
=
=
1
cos ( x )
1
- 3

5
-5
3
Worked example 10
3p
and x , 2p , use the identities to find the exact value of:

2
b sin (x)
c cosec (x).
If sec ( x ) =
a tan (x)
eBoo
k plus
eBook
3
2
Think
a
Tutorial
int-0361
Worked example 10
WriTe
Write identity [2].
Substitute sec ( x ) =
a
3
2
1 + tan2 (x) = sec2 (x)

If sec ( x ) =
in the identity.
3
2
1 + tan 2 ( x ) = 3
=
3
9
4
tan 2 ( x ) = 49 - 1
Solve for tan (x).
5
4
tan ( x ) =
4
3p
Since x , 2p , x is a fourth-quadrant
2
angle. Retain the negative solution only, as tan

is negative in the fourth quadrant.
Evaluate the reciprocal of sec (x) to obtain
cos (x).
tan ( x ) =
- 5
2
cos ( x ) =
1
sec ( x )
=
2
Write identity [1].
Substitute cos ( x ) =
5
2
in quadrant 4.
2
3
sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1

2
3
into the identity.
If cos ( x ) =
2
3
sin 2 ( x) + 49 = 1
4
Solve for sin (x).
sin 2 ( x) = 1 - 4
5
9
sin ( x ) =
78
5
3
Retain the negative solution only, as

sine is negative in the fourth quadrant.
Evaluate the reciprocal of sin (x).
sin ( x ) =
c
- 5
3
cosec ( x ) =
=
Rationalise the denominator.
in quadrant 4.
1
sin ( x )
- 3
5
-3 5
5
Worked example 11
If cot ( x ) =
1
3
, solve for x over the interval [0, 2p].
Think
1
Use the reciprocal function of cot (x) tan (x) to

express the equation in terms of tan (x).
WriTe
1
cot ( x )
1
= 1 = 3
tan ( x ) =
State the solution for x in the first quadrant.
Use symmetry to identify the solution in the third

quadrant where tan is also positive.
State the two solutions in the domain [0, 2p].
p
x = in the first quadrant
3
p
3
4p in the third quadrant
=
3
p
4p
x = or
over [0, 2p]
3
3
or x = p +
Worked example 12
Solve cosec (x) = 1.8 over the interval 0 x 4p. Give your answer(s) correct to
two decimal places.
Think
1
WriTe

Action
Advanced
solve
1
= 1.8, x | 0 x 4p
solve
sin( x )
Then press E.
Chapter 2
Circular functions
79
Write the solution.
Solving cosec (x) = 1.8 over the interval

0 x 4p gives
x = 0.589 031, 2.552 56, 6.872 22, 8.835 75
Round the answers to two decimal places.
x = 0.59, 2.55, 6.87, 8.84
rememBer
The trigonometric identities are:

sin2 (A) + cos2 (A) = 1
1 + tan2 (A) = sec2 (A)
cot2 (A) + 1 = cosec2 (A)
exerCiSe
2C
1 We8 Simplify each of the following expressions.
a tan2 (x) - sec2 (x)
b sin2 (x) cot2 (x)
tan 2 ( x )
1 + tan 2 ( x )
d sin4 (x) - cos4 (x)
e cosec2 (x) - cot2 (x)
cos2 ( x )
+ sin ( x )
sin ( x )
p
2 We 9 If x 0, and sin (x) = 0.8, find:
2
a cos (x)
b tan (x)
c sec (x)
d cosec (x)
e cot (x).
3 We 10 If x , p and sec (x) = -2, use the identities to find exact values for:
2
a cos (x)
b sin (x)
c tan (x)
d cosec (x)
e cot (x).
3p
4 If x , 2p and cot (x) = -0.4, find the expression:

2
a tan (x)
b sin (x)
c cos (x)
5 mC If tan ( x ) =
A
6
5
3
d cosec (x)
e sec (x).
and sin (x) > 0, then the value of cosec2 (x) is:
16
25
9
25
25
16
p
If cosec (x) = 4 and x , p , find exact values for:
2
a cos (x)
b tan (x)
c sec (x).
3p
If tan (x) = -0.5 and x , 2p , find exact values for:

2
a sec (x)
b sin (x)
c cos (x).
3p
If cos (x) = -0.9 and x p , , find exact values for:
2
a sin (x)
80
-4
b cot (x)
c cosec (x).
25
9
9 WE11 Solve for x in each of the following equations over the interval [0, 2].
a sin ( x ) =
- 3
2
2
2
c cos ( x ) =
b tan (x) = 1
d sec ( x ) = - 2
e cosec (x) = 2
f cot2 (x) = 3
10 WE12 Solve each of the following equations over the interval [, ]. Give your answers
correct to two decimal places.
c cot (x) = 0.75
a cosec (x) = 3.5
b sec (x) = 4
d sec (x) = 2.39

e cosec (x) = 1.1
f cot (x) = 5.4
2d
Compound- and double-angle

formulas
Compound-angle formulas
Consider the right-angled triangles shown in the figure at right.
Let AD = 1, BAC = x and DAC = y.
Then
AC = cos (y)

CD = sin (y)

DCE = x (since BCA = 90 x and ECB = 180)

DE = sin (x) sin (y)

CE = cos (x) sin (y)

BC = sin (x) cos (y)

AB = cos (x) cos (y).
E
C
Now
BE = sin (x + y) (as BE = FD)

= BC + CE

= sin (x) cos (y) + sin (y) cos (x)

sin (x + y) = sin (x) cos (y) + cos (x) sin (y)
and
AF = cos (x + y)

= AB BF

= AB DE (since DE = BF)

= cos (x) cos (y) sin (x) sin (y)

cos (x + y) = cos (x) cos (y) sin (x) sin (y).
Using a similar approach, or by replacing y with y,
the following identities can also be derived:
1.
sin (x y) = sin (x) cos (y) + cos (x) sin (y)

= sin (x) cos (y) cos (x) sin (y)
since cos (y) = cos (y) and
sin (y) = sin (y).
2.
cos (x y) = cos (x) cos (y) sin (x) sin (y)

= cos (x) cos (y) + sin (x) sin (y).
Furthermore:
sin ( x + y)
tan ( x + y ) =
cos
( x + y)

sin ( x) cos ( y ) + cos ( x ) sin ( y )
=
cos ( x ) cos ( y)) - sin ( x ) sin ( y )

y
x
A
F
D
E
C
sin (x y)
y
A
x
cos (x y)
Dividing the numerator and denominator by cos (x) cos (y), this simplifies to:
tan ( x) + tan ( y )
tan ( x + y) =
1 - tan ( x ) tan ( y )

81
Similarly:
tan ( x - y) =
tan ( x) - tan ( y )
1 + tan ( x ) tan ( y )

Note: These identities can also be derived using a unit circle approach.
In summary, the compound-angle formulas are:
sin (A + B) = sin (A) cos (B) + cos (A) sin (B)
cos (A + B) = cos (A) cos (B) sin (A) sin (B)
tan ( A) + tan ( B)
tan ( A + B) =

1 - tan ( A) tan ( B)
sin (A B) = sin (A) cos (B) cos (A) sin (B)

cos (A B) = cos (A) cos (B) + sin (A) sin (B)
tan ( A) + tan ( B)
tan ( A - B) =
.
1 + tan ( A) tan ( B)
Worked Example 13
a Expand, and simplify where possible, each of the following.
i sin (x 2y) ii cos (x + 30)
b Simplify the expression sin (2x) cos (y) + cos (2x) sin (y).
Think
a
ii
Write
Write the appropriate compoundangle formula.
Substitute A = x and B = 2y.
Substitute A = x and B = 30.
Replace sin (30) and cos (30)

by their exact values.
Substitute A = 2x and B = y to
reveal the answer.
Alternatively, on the Main screen, tap:

Action
Transformation
tCollect
tCollect(sin(2x)cos(y) + cos(2x)sin(y))
Then press E.
Write the solution.
82
a i sin (A B) = sin (A) cos (B) cos (A) sin (B)
sin (x 2y) = sin (x) cos (2y) cos (x) sin (2y)
ii cos (A + B) = cos (A) cos (B) sin (A) sin (B)
cos (x + 30) = cos (x) cos (30) sin (x) sin (30)
=
b
3
2
cos ( x ) - 1 sin ( x )
2
sin (A) cos (B) + cos (A) sin (B) = sin (A + B)

sin (2x) cos (y) + cos (2x) sin (y) = sin (2x + y)
sin (2x) cos (y) + cos (2x) sin (y) = sin (2x + y)
double-angle formulas
If A replaces B in the compound-angle formula:
sin (A + B) = sin (A) cos B + cos (A) sin (B)
then
sin (A + A) = sin (A) cos (A) + cos (A) sin (A)
or
sin (2A) = 2 sin (A) cos (A).
Similarly,
cos (A + A) = cos (A) cos (A) - sin (A) sin (A)
or
cos (2A) = cos2 (A) - sin2 (A).
Two other forms of cos (2A) are obtained using the Pythagorean identity
sin2 (A) + cos2 (A) = 1
that is,
cos (2A) = [1 sin2 (A)] sin2 (A)
= 1 2 sin2 (A)
and
cos (2A) = cos2 (A) [1 cos2 (A)]
= 2 cos2 (A) - 1.
tan ( A) + tan ( A)
Finally,
tan ( A + A) =
1 - tan ( A) tan ( A)
2 tan ( A)
or
tan (2 A) =
1 - tan 2 ( A)
In summary, the double-angle formulas are:
sin (2 A) = 2 sin (A) cos (A)
cos (2 A) = cos2 (A) - sin2 (A)
= 1 - 2 sin2 (A)
= 2 cos2 (A) - 1
2 tan ( A)
tan ( 2 A) =
1 - tan 2 ( A)
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
Worked example 14
Expand the following using the double-angle formulas.

a tan (4x)
b sin
2
Think
a
WriTe
Express in double-angle notation as tan [2(2x)].
Expand using the appropriate formula.
q
Express in double-angle notation as sin 2 .
4
Expand using the appropriate formula.
a tan (4x) = tan [2(2x)]
=
q
2 tan (2 x )
1 - tan2 (2 x )
q
b sin = sin 2
2
4
q
q
= 2 sin cos
4
4
Worked example 15
eBoo
k plus
eBook
Simplify:
a sin (270 - C )
Think
a
Tutorial
b sec - q .
2
int-0362
Worked example 15
WriTe
a sin (A - B) = sin (A) cos (B) - cos (A) sin (B)
Chapter 2
Circular functions
83
Substitute A = 270 and B = C.
Simplify.
Express in terms of cos using the

1
reciprocal identity sec ( x ) =
.
cos ( x )
Expand the denominator using the

appropriate angle formula.
Simplify the denominator.
1
(0) cos (q ) + (1) sin (q )
1
sin (q )
sin (270 - C)
= sin (270) cos (C) - cos (270) sin (C)
= (-1) cos (C) - (0) sin (C)
= -cos (C)
1
p
b sec - q =
2
cos - q
2
1
p
p
cos cos (q ) + sin sin (q )
2
2
= cosec (q)
Express as a reciprocal function.

Note: The tCollect feature of the
calculator can be used to check
answers in problems like this.
Action
Transformation
tCollect
Complete the entry lines as:
tCollect(sin(270 - c))
1
tCollect
p
cos ( - q )
2
Then press E after each entry.
Note: The calculator should be in degree
mode for the first expansion above, and
in radian mode for the second.
Worked example 16
5p
Find the exact value of cot .
12
Think
84
WriTe
5p
p
p
as the sum of and .
12
4
6
Express
Express cot in terms of its reciprocal, 1 .

tan
5p
p p
cot = cot +
12
4 6
=
1
p p
tan +
4 6
Use the appropriate compound-angle

formula to expand the denominator.
Express in simplest fraction form.
Simplify.
Rationalise the denominator.
Simplify.
1
p
p
tan + tan
6
4
p
p
1
tan
t
a
n
4
6
p
p
1 - tan tan
6
4
p
p
tan + tan
4
6
1
1 - (1)
1+
11+
1
3
1
3
1
3
3 -1
3
3 +1
3 -1
3 +1
( 3 - 1) ( 3 - 1)
( 3 + 1) ( 3 - 1)
3- 2 3 +1
3-1
4-2 3
2
= 2- 3
Note: It is possible to check the answer using
a calculator. On the Main screen, complete
the entry line as:
1
5p
tan
12
Then press E.
To rationalise the denominator, enter:
simplify 1
3 + 2
Then press E.
85
Worked example 17
If sin (q ) =
5
3
eBoo
k plus
eBook
p
and q 0, , find the exact values of:
2
Tutorial
int-0363
Worked example 17
a sin (2q)
b cos (2q)
c sin .
2
Think
a
WriTe
Write the identity

sin2 (q ) + cos2 (q ) = 1, to find cos (q ).
Substitute sin (q ) =
identity.
5
3
a sin2 (q ) + cos2 (q ) = 1
If sin (q ) =
into the
3
5
9
Solve for cos (q ).
5
3
+ cos2 (q ) = 1
+ cos2 (q ) = 1
cos2 (q ) = 1 - 95
=
4
9
2
cos (q ) = 3
Since q is in the first quadrant, cos q = 3 .
Retain the positive solution only, as

q is in the first quadrant.
Expand sin (2q ) using the appropriate

double-angle formula.
Substitute sin (q ) =
Simplify.
Expand cos (2q ) using the

appropriate double-angle formula.
Substitute for sin (q ) and cos (q ).
Simplify.
Use the alternative double-angle

formula cos (2A) = 1 2 sin2 (A).
5
3
sin (2q ) = 2 sin (q ) cos (q )

5 2

3 3
and cos (q ) = 3 .
= 2
cos (2q ) = cos2 (q ) sin2 (q )
4
9
5
9
-1
9
cos (2 A) = 1 2 sin2 (A)
Replace A by q .
2
or
q
cos (q ) = 1 - 2 sin 2
2
Substitute cos (q ) = 23 .
But
cos (q ) =
so
86
4 5
9
2
3
2
3
q
= 1 - 2 sin 2
2
q
2 sin 2 = 1 - 23
2
q
Solve for sin .
2
1
3
q 1
sin 2 =
2 6
1
q
sin =
2
6
5
Retain the positive solution only, as
q p
p
q 0, implies 0, .
2
2 4
1
6
q
q
or
sin =
since is in the first
2
6
2
6
quadrant.
REMEMBER
1. Compound-angle formulas:
(a) sin (A + B) = sin (A) cos (B) + cos (A) sin (B)
(b) sin (A B) = sin (A) cos (B) cos (A) sin (B)
(c) cos (A + B) = cos (A) cos (B) sin (A) sin (B)
(d) cos (A B) = cos (A) cos (B) + sin (A) sin (B)
tan ( A) + tan ( B)
(e) tan ( A + B) =
1 - tan ( A) tan ( B)
tan ( A) - tan ( B)
(f) tan ( A - B) =
.
1 + tan ( A) tan ( B)
2. Double-angle formulas:
(a) sin (2A) = 2 sin (A) cos (A)
(b) cos (2A) = cos2 (A) sin2 (A)

= 1 2 sin2 (A)

= 2 cos2 (A) 1
2 tan ( A)
(c) tan (2 A) =
.
1 - tan 2 ( A)
Exercise
2D
Compound- and double-angle formulas

1 WE13
Expand each of the following, simplifying if possible.
a sin (2x + y)
d sin (y 4x)
2 WE14
a sin (6x)
d sin (A)
3
b cos (3x 2y)

e cos (2x + 60)
c tan (x + 2y)
f tan (x 45)
Expand each of the following using the double-angle formula.

b cos (4x)
e cos B
2
c tan (8x)
f tan (10A)
Simplify each of the following expressions.

a cos (3x) cos (x) + sin (3x) sin (x)
b sin (A + B) cos (A B) cos (A + B) sin (A B)
87
c cos (z) cos (z) sin (z) sin (z)

d tan (x) tan (x + y)
e tan (A + B) + tan (A B)
4 WE15
Simplify each of the following expressions.
a cos (90 A)
d sin (90 + B)
b sin (270 + A)
e cos (270 A)
c tan (180 + B)
f tan (360 + A)
5 MC Consider the reciprocal function cosec ( + A).

a When expanded, cosec ( + A) is equal to:
1
1
A
b
sin (p ) cos ( A)
cos (p ) cos ( A) - sin (p ) sin ( A)
c
1
cos (p ) sin ( A) - sin (p ) cos ( A)
1
sin (p ) cos ( A) + cos (p ) sin ( A)
1
sin (p ) sin ( A) + cos (p ) cos ( A)
b The expression cosec ( + A) simplifies to:

A -sin (A)
b cos (A)
c cosec (A)
d sec (A)
6 Simplify each of the following.

p
a sin - x
2
b sec + y
2
c tan - A
2
3p
+ A
d cot
2
3p
- B
e cosec
2
3p
+ B
f sec
2
g cot + y
2
h cosec (p - A)
7 MC a The expression p is equal to:

12
A
p p
6 4
p p
2 3
p p
3 4
p p
+
5 7
p p
+
6 6
p
b The exact value of cos is:
12
A
2- 6
4
2+ 3
2
2- 3
4
E 2 2 + 3
4
6+ 2
4
8 WE16 Find the exact value of each of the following.
88
p
a tan
12
5p
b cos
12
7p
c sin
12
5p
d cosec
12
7p
e cot
12
p
f sec
12
e sec (A)
p
3p
4
5
9 If sin ( x ) = 5 , x 0, and tan ( y ) = 12 , y p , , find the exact value of each of the
2
2
following expressions.
a tan (x)
b cos (y)
c sec (x)
d cosec (y)
e sin (x + y)
f cos (x - y)
g tan (x - y)
h tan (x + 2y)
p
p
10 If cos (x) = -0.4, x , p and cosec (y) = 1.25, y 0, , find the value of each of the
2
2
following, correct to two decimal places.
a sin (x)
b tan (x + y)
c cos (y)
d cos (x - y)
11 Simplify each of the following expressions using double-angle formulas.
a sin2 (x) - cos2 (x)
sin 2 ( x ) - sin 4 ( x )
sin (2 x)
b sin (x) cos (x)
p
12 We 17 If cos (x) = 0.6 and x ,
2
a cos (2x)
cos (2 x )
- cos 4 ( x )
sin 4 ( x )
x
2 tan
2
x
1 - tan 2
2
f (sin x - cos x)2
p, find the values of:
b sin (2x)
c tan (2x).
p
13 If tan (x) = 2 and x 0, , find the exact values of:
2
a tan (2x)
14 If sin ( A) =
a sin (2A)
b sin (2x)
1
5
c cos (2x).
p
and x 0, , find the exact values of:
2
b cos (2A)
c sin (3A)
A
d sin 2 .
2
p
15 If cos (B) = 0.7 and x 0, , then find each of the following, correct to two decimal places:
2
B
a cos
2
eBook plus
Digital doc
WorkSHEET 2.1
B
b sin
2
B
c tan
2
B
d cot .
2
16 Use the double-angle formulas to find the exact values of:

p
a sin
8
p
b cos
8
p
c tan .
8
17 Prove the following identities.

a cot (x) sec (x) = cosec (x)
b [1 + cot2 (x)] [1 cos2 (x)] = 1
1
c [1 + sin ( x )] [1 - sin ( x )] =
sec 2 ( x )
d cosec2 (x) + sec2 (x) = cosec2 (x) sec2 (x)
Chapter 2
Circular functions
89
2e
eBook plus
Interactivities
int-0339
Inverse
sine graph
int-0340
Inverse
cosine graph
int-0341
Inverse
tangent graph
inverse circular functions

and their graphs
sin (x) and sin-1 (x)
y
1
-p
y sin (x)
p
By restricting the domain of the sine function to , ,
2
2
x
a one-to-one function is obtained from the many-to-one
P
0
P2
2
function with domain R.
1
-p p
Domain = ,
Range = [-1, 1]
2 2
p 3p 3p 5p
Note: The domain could have been restricted to ,
, ,
and so on but the domain
2 2 2 2
-p p
2 , 2 is used as a standard definition for the restricted sine function.
Since this restricted sine function is a one-to-one function,

its inverse is also a function.
Theinversefunctionofsin(x) is sin-1 (x) also written
as arsin (x), arcsin (x), asin (x) or Sin-1 (x) and its
graph is obtained by reflecting the graph of y = sin (x) for
-p p
x , through the line y = x.
2 2
y
P
y sin 1 (x)
yx
y sin (x)
0
P2 1
1
P2
The graph of the function y = sin-1 (x) is shown, on its own,

-p p
Range = ,
2 2
Using the property of inverse functions:
sin [sin-1 (x)] = x and
-p p
sin-1 [sin (x)] = x if x ,
2 2
y
P
y sin 1 (x)
Domain = [-1, 1]
1 x
1
P2
cos (x) and cos-1 (x)

By similarly restricting the domain of the cosine function to [0, p], a one-to-one function is also
obtained.
Domain = [0, p]
Range = [-1, 1]
y
1
0
90
x
P
y cos (x)
The inverse function of y = cos (x) is

y = cos1 (x) also written as arcos (x),
acos (x) or Cos1 (x) and its graph is
obtained by reflecting the graph of y = cos (x)
for x [0, ] through the line y = x.
y cos1 (x)
yx
1
0
x
P
y cos (x)
1
y
P
The graph of the function y = cos1 (x) is shown, on its own,

Domain = [1, 1]
Range = [0, ]
Also,

cos [cos1 (x)] = x and

cos1 [cos (x)] = x if x [0, ]
y cos 1 (x)
0
tan (x) and tan1 (x)
-p p
By restricting the domain of the tangent function to , ,
2 2
a one-to-one function is obtained.
-p p
Domain = ,
Range = R
2 2
The inverse function of y = tan (x) is y = tan1 (x)

(also written as arctan (x), atan (x) or Tan1 (x))
and its graph is obtained by reflecting the graph
-p p
of y = tan (x) for x
through the
,
2 2
line y = x.
y tan (x)
P2
y tan (x)
yx
P2
y tan 1 (x)
0
P2
91
The graph of the function y = tan1 (x) is shown,

on its own, in the figure at right.
y
P
-p p
Range = ,
2 2
Domain = R
Also,

tan [tan1 (x)] = x and
y tan 1 (x)
0
-p p
tan1 [tan (x)] = x if x , .
2 2
P2
Worked Example 18
Evaluate each of the following in radians.

a sin -1
b tan -1
-1
Think
Write
2 p
2
p
=
, sin -1
= .
4
2
2 4
2 p
=
2 4
a sin -1
a Since sin
Remember that
2 p
sin -1
.
2
2 2
-p
-p
=
6
b Since tan
Remember that
- 1 -p
=
, tan -1
.
6
3
3
- 1 -p
=
6
3
b tan -1
-p
- 1 p
< .
< tan -1
2
3 2
Worked Example 19
Simplify each of the following.
7p
a sin -1 sin b cos -1 cos

3
Think
a
92
Write
p -p p
, use the definition
,
3 2 2
sin1 [sin (x)] = x.
Since
7p
Rewrite cos as cos of an angle between
4
0 and .
p
[0, p ], use the definition
4
cos1 [cos (x)] = x.
Since
a sin -1 sin p = p

p
7p
= cos-1 cos 2p -
b cos -1 cos
p
= cos-1 cos
4
p
=
4
Worked example 20
Simplify:
a cos sin- 1
3
2
2p
.
3
b tan -1 cos
Think
a
WriTe
3
Evaluate sin -1
using the exact value.
2
3
p
= cos 3
2
a cos sin -1
3 p
Remember that
, sin -1
.
2
2 2
p
Evaluate cos using the exact value.
3
-p
2p
Evaluate cos using the exact value.
3
Express the answer in its simplest form.
1
2
b tan -1 cos
2p
= tan -1 1
2
3
= - tan -1
1
2
Worked example 21
k plus
eBook
eBoo
State i the implied domain and ii the range of:

a sin-1 (2x + 1)
b tan (2 cos-1 (x)).
Think
a
The domain of sin-1 is [-1, 1].
Solve the inequality:

-1 2x + 1 1.
State the domain.
-p p
The range of sin-1 is , .
2 2
-p p
The domain of tan is , .
2 2
The range of 2 cos-1 (x) must be a subset
-p p
of , .
2 2
The range of 2 cos-1 (x) is [0, 2p].
int-0364
Worked example 21
WriTe
ii
Tutorial
Combining the two restrictions, solve the

p
inequation 0 2 cos-1 ( x ) < .
2
i For sin-1 (2x + 1) to exist:

-1
2x + 1 1
2x 0
-1 x 0
-2
The implied domain is [-1, 0].

-p p
, .
2 2
ii The range is unchanged, that is

b
i For tan [2 cos-1 (x)] to exist:

-p
< 2 cos -1 ( x ) <
p
2
But the range of 2 cos-1 (x) is [0, 2p]

0 2 cos-1 ( x ) <
0 cos-1 ( x ) <
p
4
p
2
p
cos (0) x > cos
4
1 x >
2
2
or
2
2
< x 1
Chapter 2
Circular functions
93
ii
State the domain.
Evaluate tann 2 ccos-1
The implied domain is

2
2
for the
tan 2 cos -1
ii
upper limit of the range.
, 1 .
p
= tan 2
4
p
= tan
2
cos-1
Evaluate tan [2
limit of the range.
State the range.
cos-1
(1)] = tan [2(0)]

= tan (0)
=0
The range is [0, ) or R+ {0}.
(1)] for the lower
tan [2
Worked example 22
eBoo
k plus
eBook
Sketch the graph of each of the following functions. State i the domain
and ii the range of each.
p
a y = cos-1 (x + 1)
b f ( x ) = 2 sin -1 ( 2 x ) 4
Think
a
int-0365
Worked example 22
WriTe
The graph is the same as y = cos-1 (x)

translated 1 unit left.
Tutorial
y = cos1 (x + 1)
y
y cos 1 (x 1)P
Sketch the graph.
Verify that this graph is correct, using a

calculator.
0 x
i From the graph, the domain is [-2, 0].
i Domain = [-2, 0]
ii From the graph, the range is [0, p].
ii Range = [0, p]
The implied domain is -1 2x 1.
i f ( x ) = 2 sin -1 (2 x ) -1
ii
Solve the inequation for x.
State the domain.
Find f 1 , the maximum value of f (x).

2
-1
2
2x 1
x
1
2
Domain =
ii f
1

2
-1
2
1
, 2
= 2 sin -1 (1) p p
= 2 2 4
p
=p 4
3p
=
4
94
p
4
p
4
-1
2 ,
Find f
- 1
the minimum value of f (x).
p
4
= 2 sin -1 (-1) -
-p p
= 2 4 4
p
= p4
5p
=
4
- 5p 3p
Range =
,
4 4
State the range.
The graph is the same as y = 2 sin-1 (2x)

p
translated units down.
4
5
6
y
3P
f(x) 2 sin 1 (2x) P

4
Sketch the graph using the domain and

range found as a guide.
P
4
1

2
1
2
Verify that the graph is correct, using a

graphics calculator.
5P

4
Worked example 23
a Sketch the graph of y = 3 cos-1 (2x) - 2 and state the implied domain.
b Sketch the graph of y = -4 tan-1 (3x) + 2 by firstly describing the transformations that have been
applied to the original graph of y = tan-1 (x).
Think
a
WriTe
The graph of y = 3 cos-1 (2x) - 2 is the

same as y = cos-1 (x) with the following
transformations:
A dilation by a factor of 3 from the x-axis
gives y = 3 cos-1 (x).
1
A dilation by a factor of 2 from the y-axis

gives y = 3 cos-1 (2x).
A translation of 2 units down gives
y = 3 cos-1 (2x) - 2.
2
The implied domain for y = cos-1 (x) is

-1 x 1. The implied domain for
y = 3 cos-1 (2x) - 2 is -1 2x 1.
Solve the inequation for x.
The graph of y = -4 tan-1 (3x) + 2
is the same as y = tan-1 (x) with the following
transformations:
A refl ection in the x-axis gives y = -tan-1 (x).
A dilation factor of 1 from the y-axis gives
y = -tan-1 (3x).
y = 3 cos-1 (2x) - 2
y
6
-1
2x 1
-1
2
1
2
-1 1
Domain = 2 , 2
The graph of y = -4 tan-1 (3x) + 2 is the
same as y = tan-1 (x) with the following
transformations:
A refl ection in the x-axis
A dilation factor of 1 from the y-axis
3
Chapter 2
Circular functions
95
A dilation factor of 4 from the x-axis gives

y = -4 tan-1 (3x).
A translation of 2 units up gives
y = -4 tan-1 (3x) + 2.
A dilation factor of 4 from the x-axis

A translation of 2 units up.
Sketch the graph.
y = -4 tan-1 (3x) + 2
y
10
rememBer
1. By restricting the domains of the circular functions y = sin (x), y = cos (x) and
y = tan (x) so that they become one-to-one functions, the inverse functions y = sin-1 (x),
y = cos-1 (x) and y = tan-1 (x) exist.
-p p
2. (a) Given y = sin (x) with domain , and range [-1, 1], the inverse function is
2 2
-p p
y = sin-1 (x) with domain [-1, 1] and range , .
2 2
(b) Given y = cos (x) with domain [0, p] and range [-1, 1], the inverse function is
y = cos-1 (x) with domain [-1, 1] and range [0, p].
(c) Given y = tan (x) with domain p , p and range R, the inverse function is
2 2
-p p
y = tan-1 (x) with domain R and range , .
2 2
3. The graphs of inverse circular functions may be obtained by refl ecting the
corresponding basic restricted circular function through the line y = x, followed by any
transformations.
exerCiSe
2e
inverse circular functions and their graphs

For the questions in this exercise, the domains of y = sin (x), y = cos (x) and y = tan (x) are
-p p
-p p
restricted to , , [0, p] and , respectively so that inverse circular functions exist.
2 2
2 2
1 We 18
Evaluate each of the following in radians.

b cos -1
c sin -1
e tan -1 ( - 3 )
f cos-1 (-1)
g sin -1
2 We 19
d tan-1 (1)
h cos-1 (0.5)
p
a cos -1 cos
6
96
- 2
a sin-1 (0.5)
1
b sin sin -1
2
p
c tan -1 tan
3
d cos [cos-1 (0)]

3p
a sinn -1 ssin
4
7p
5p
b tan -1 tan c cos -1 cos
3
6
7p
e cos -1 cos
6
3p
f tan -1 tan
4
4p
g sin -1 sin
3
4 We 20 Simplify each of the following.
a sin [sin-1 (0.5)]
b cos [sin-1 (0.5)]
p
e sin -1 cos
6
5p
i cos-1 sin
4
-p
, g tan -1
f cos-1 tan
4
7p
j sin -1 tan
4
- 5p p
,
b
6 6
5p
h tan -1 tan
3
- 5p p
,
c
6 6
d cos [tan -1 ( 3 )]
5p
-1
2 cos h sin
6
k tan-1[cos (-p)]
p
5 mC Consider the function y = sin -1 ( x + 1) + .
3
a The implied domain of this function is:
b [-1, 1]
c (-1, 1)
A [-2, 0]
b The range of this function is:
-p p
A ,
2 2
c tan sin -1
11p
d sin -1 sin
2p
cos
3
11p
l cos-1 cos
6
d [0, 2]
e (0, 2)
- p 5p
d ,
6 6
e R
6 mC Consider the function with the rule f (x) = cos-1 (sin 2x).
a The implied domain of f (x) is:
-p p
b ,
4 4
b The range of f (x) is:
A [-p, p]
-p p
c ,
2 2
d R
e [0, p]
-1 1
d [0, p]
e [-1, 1]
c 2 , 2
7 We 21 State i the implied domain and i i the range of each of the following.
b y = cos-1 (x + 1)
c y = tan-1 (2x)
a y = sin-1 (1 - x)
-1
2
-1
d y = sin (x )
e y = cos (2x + 3)
f y = tan-1 (4 - x)
-1
2
-1
g y = cos (x - 1)
h y = sin [cos (x)]
i y = tan [2 sin-1 (x)]
j y = tan-1 [sin (x)]
k y = cos [2 sin-1 (x)]
l y = cos-1 [ 3 tan ( x )]
A [-2, 2]
eBook plus
Digital doc
WorkSHEET 2.2
b R
8 We 22 Sketch the graph of the following functions and state i the implied domain and i i the
range of each.
p
b y = 2 sin -1 ( x ) +
a y = tan-1 (x + 1)
2
c y = cos-1 (x - 1)
d y = sin-1 (2 - x)
p
1
e f ( x ) = 3 tan -1 ( x ) +
f f ( x ) = 2 cos-1 x + 2
4
g f ( x ) = 1 sin -1 (2 x ) + p
h f ( x ) = cos-1 ( x + 2) - p
3
3
2
9 We 23a Sketch the graph and state the implied domain of each of the following:
b y = 3 cos-1 (2x + 2) - 2
a y = 2 sin-1 (x + 4)
c y = sin-1 (x - 1)
d y = 2 tan-1 (2x) + 3
10 We 23b Sketch the graph of y = -2 cos-1 (3x - 4) - 1 by firstly describing the transformations
that have been applied to the original graph of y = cos-1 (x).
Chapter 2
Circular functions
97
11 Two points, C and D, are separated by a distance

A
of 7 metres. A rope is to be attached from point A to
B
point B with a 90 bend at a point, P. Point P is located
on the horizontal line CD as shown in the diagram.
The distance CP is 3 metres, and the angle
CPA is .
a Give an expression for the length AP and the length
Q
PB in terms of .
C
P
D
3m
4m
b Give an expression for the total length of the rope
from A to B in terms of .
p
c Let l() for q 0, be the total length of the rope, APB. Using a calculator, sketch the
2
p
function l() for q 0, .
2
d Find the coordinates of the turning point of l() using the Trace feature, and also using
f Min. Which is more accurate? What is the value of the angle at which the length of rope
is a minimum?
Suppose the distance, CP, is now x metres instead of 3 metres.
e What is the distance PD in terms of x?
f Give an expression for the total length of the rope from A to B in terms of x and .
p
g Use a calculator to investigate the function l() for q 0, for different values
2
of x. A suitable investigation might be to find the angle at which the rope has a minimum
length for a systematic set of values for x and to find that minimum length. All the curves
l() for different values of x, pass through a single point independent of the value of x.
Discuss why this is the case.
98
Summary
Reciprocal trigonometric functions
cosec (x) =
1

sin ( x )
sec (x) =
1
1
cot (x) =
cos ( x )
tan ( x )
Symmetry properties of trigonometric functions and their inverses
First quadrant
p
p
sin - q = cos () cosec - q = sec ()

2
p
p
cos - q = sin () sec - q = cosec ()

2
Second quadrant
sin ( ) = sin () cosec ( ) = cosec ()
cos ( ) = cos () sec ( ) = sec ()
tan ( ) = tan () cot ( ) = cot ()
p
p
sin + q = cos () cosec + q = sec ()

2
2
p
p
cos + q = sin () sec + q = cosec ()

2
2
Third quadrant
sin ( + ) = sin () cosec ( + ) = cosec ()
cos ( + ) = cos () sec ( + ) = sec ()
tan ( + ) = tan () cot ( + ) = cot ()
3p
3p
- q = cos () cosec
- q = sec ()
sin
2
3p
3p
- q = sin () sec
- q = cosec ()
cos
2
Fourth quadrant
sin () = sin () cosec () = cosec ()
cos () = cos () sec () = sec ()
tan () = tan () cot () = cot ()
3p
3p
+ q = cos () cosec
+ q = sec ()
sin
2
3p
3p
+ q = sin () sec
+ q = cosec ()
cos
2
Graphs of reciprocal functions are obtained by sketching the basic function (sin, cos or tan), then graphing
its reciprocal followed by any transformations.
Identities
sin2 (A) + cos2 (A) = 1

1 + tan2 (A) = sec2 (A)
cot2 (A) + 1 = cosec2 (A)
99
Compound-angle formulas
sin (A + B) = sin (A) cos (B) + cos (A) sin (B)

sin (A B) = sin (A) cos (B) cos (A) sin (B)
cos (A + B) = cos (A) cos (B) sin (A) sin (B)
cos (A B) = cos (A) cos (B) + sin (A) sin (B)
tan ( A) + tan ( B)
tan ( A + B) =
1 - tan ( A) tan ( B)
tan ( A) - tan ( B)
tan ( A - B) =
1 + tan ( A) tan ( B)

Double-angle formulas
sin (2A) = 2 sin (A) cos (A)

cos (2A) = cos2 (A) sin2 (A)
= 1 2 sin2 (A)
= 2 cos2 (A) 1
2 tan ( A)
tan (2 A) =
1 - tan 2 ( A)
Inverse circular functions
By restricting the domains of the circular functions y = sin (x), y = cos (x) and
y = tan (x) so they become one-to-one functions, the inverse functions
y = sin1 (x), y = cos1 (x) and y = tan1 (x) exist.
-p p
Given y = sin (x) with domain , and range [1, 1], the inverse function
2 2
y
P
y sin 1 (x)
1 x
-p p
is y = sin1 (x) with domain [1, 1] and range , .
2 2
1
P2
y
P
Given y = cos (x) with domain [0, ] and range [1, 1], the inverse
function is y = cos1 (x) with domain [1, 1] and range [0, ].
y cos 1 (x)
0
-p p
Given y = tan (x) with domain , and range R, the inverse
2 2
-p p
function is y = tan1 (x) with domain R and range , .
2 2
The graphs of inverse circular functions are obtained by reflecting
the corresponding basic restricted circular function through the line
y = x, followed by any transformations.
100
y tan 1 (x)
0
P2
chapter review
Short answer
1 If sin ( x ) =
- 3
2
and 180 < x < 270, then find:
a cos (x)
2 If cos (A) =
b cot (x)
c sec (x).
7
3p
and
< A < 2p , find exact
25
2
values for:
a sin (A)
b tan (A)
c cosec (A).
3 Sketch the graphs of each of the following over

[, ]:
a y = 2 sec x -
c f(x) = 3 tan x - + 1.
4
Exam tip Check that end points of the graph are
labelled with their coordinates for the given domain.
3p
4 If x p ,
and cot ( x ) = 2 , then find the
2
exact value of:

a sin (x)
b sec (x)
c cos2 (x) + tan2 (x).
5 Solve the following equations over [0, 2].
2 3
3
1
4
a sin (2x)
b cos (2x)
c tan (2x)
x
d sin .
2
3
9 If A and B are acute angles with sin (A) = and
5
5
cos (B) = , determine exact values for:
13
a cos (A)
b sin (B)
c sin (A B)
d cos (A + B).
10 Simplify the following:
a [cos (A) - sin (A)]2 + [cos (A) + sin (A)]2
b y = cosec x + - 1
a cosec ( x ) =
c sec (x) = 2
3p
and x , 2p , then find the

2
exact value of:
8 If sin ( x ) =
b cot (x) = 1
6 Find the exact value of:

7p
a tan
12
p
b cosec
12
c sec (135)
e cosec (135)
d cot (120)
f cot (45).
7 Simplify each of the following:

3p
+ x
a cos
2
b cot - y
2
c cosec (2p - x)
e tan (B - 180).
d sin (A - 30)
[1+ cos ( A)] sin ( A)

tan ( A) + sin ( A)
p
p
c sin x - + sin x + .
3
3
11 Given the domains of sin (x), cos (x) and tan (x) are
-p p
-p p
restricted to , , [0, ] and ,
2 2
2 2
respectively, simplify each of the following:
p
a cos-1 sin
6
-p
b cos-1 tan
2
-p
3p
c sin -1 cos
d tan -1 sin .
4
2
12 Sketch the graphs of the following functions and
state i the implied domain and ii the range of each.
a f(x) = 1 + sin1 (2x)
b f(x) = cos1 (x a)
( )
1
c f ( x ) = sin -1 x - 2 +
d f ( x ) = tan -1 ( 2 x ) -
p
2
p
4
13 Write cos (3t) as cos (2t + t) and use compoundangle and double-angle formulas to show that
cos (3t) = 4 cos3 (t) - 3 cos (t).
Hence, solve cos (3t) = cos (t), t [0, 2p].
101
14 Solve for x in 2 sin 2 ( x ) = cos ( x ), x [0, 2p ].

4 2
7
15 Given that tan (2 x ) =
p
where x 0, , find
4
the exact value of sin (x).
5 The graph which best represents
y = 2 cosec x - over [0, 2] is:
2
A
Exam tip There were many approaches

used for this question, some of which led to
extremely complicated algebra which almost
always resulted in errors. Some students arrived
at the correct answer by circuitous and convoluted
pathways but most of these got lost in the algebra.
The most successful method involved first
finding cos (2x), either by using the sec2 ()
formula or, more commonly, by drawing a
right-angled triangle and using Pythagoras
theorem, then using the appropriate double-angle
formula.
y
2
P
2P x
y
2
VCAA Assessment report 2007
[VCAA 2007]
P
2
3P
2
2P x
P
2
3P
2
2P x
Multiple choice
Use this figure to answer questions 1 and 2.
y
2
8
x
1 The value of sin (x) is:

a
3
4
7
4
7
16
4
3
y
2
2 The value of sec (x) is:

a
7
4
3
5
3
4
A 2
D 2
1
2
-
e
C
2 3
3
1
2
4 Given that cos (x) = 0.48 and 0 < x < 90, then
cot (x) is nearest to:
A 0.55
B 0.88
C 1.83
D 2
102
2P x
4
3
3 The exact value of cosec (330) is:
E 0.77
y
2
3P
2
2P x
12 If cosec (x) = 6, then x is nearest to:

A 9.6
B 80.4
C 80.5
D 9.2
E 33
13 If tan (q ) = 12 , then tan (2) is equal to:
6 The rule that best describes the function graphed is:
2P 4P
P
4
P
2
30
P
4
a y = tan x +
b y = cot x -
c y = cot (x)
D y = tan x -
E y = cot x +
f: [0, ] R, f ( x ) = sec 2 x - - 2 .
4
7 f(x) has vertical asymptotes where x is equal to:
b 3p , 7p
8 8
D 3p only
4
c p , 5p
8 8
p 17p
,
12 12
p 2p
,
3 3
E 0,
p
6
7p 23p
,
24 24
p
2
A quadrant 1
D quadrant 4
B sin2 (x)
E sec2 (x)
C tan2 (x)
and tan (x) < 0, the angle x is in:

B quadrant 2
C quadrant 3
E quadrants 1 and 4
2
5
11 If cos ( x ) = and tan (x) < 0, the exact value of

cot2 (x) is:
1
a 2 4
D
4
25
21
25
4
21
25
21
3
4
c 2
E 1
For questions 14 to 20, use the following.

The domains of y = sin (x), y = cos (x) and y = tan (x)
-p p
-p p
are restricted to , , [0, ] and ,
2 2
2 2
respectively so that inverse circular functions exist.
3
14 The value of cos-1

-p
6
2p
D
3
is:
p
3
5p
E
6
b
15 The exact value of tan sin - 1
- 1
-1
p
6
is:
b 1
3
- 3
2
D 3
1
3
-p
16 The value of cos-1 sin is:
3
p
6
-p
D
6
a
9 When simplified, cot2 (x) [1 + tan2 (x)] is

equal to:
2
5
4
3
8 f(x) has x-intercepts where x equals:
10 If cos (x) =
E 0, p
A cos2 (x)
D cosec2 (x)
2
3
For questions 7 and 8 consider the function
a p , 3p
4 4
2p
3
p
3
E 5p
6
17 The implied domain of y = cos1 (x 1) + is:

A [1, 1]
D [0, 1]
B [0, 2]
E [2, 2]
C [2, 0]
18 The range of y = cos1 (x 1) + is:

A [, 0]
D [, ]
B [0, ]
E [0, 2]
C [, 2]
19 The implied domain of y = sin1 [cos (2x)] is:

-p
a , 0
2
D [-2p, 0]
b [0, p]
p
c 0,
2
E [0, 2p]
103
20 The range of f(x) = cos (sin12x) is:

A [1, 0]
B [1, 1]
24 y
1
C 0, 2
D [0, 1]
E [0, 2]
21 An ellipse has a horizontal semi-axis length of 3
and a vertical semi-axis length of 2.
Given that the centre of the ellipse has
coordinates (1, 3), a possible parametric form for
the ellipse is:
A x = 1 + 9 cos (t) and y = 3 + 4 sin (t)
B x = 3 + 2 cos (t) and y = 1 + 3 sin (t)
C x = -1 + 3 cos (t) and y = -3 + 2 cos (t)
D x = -1 + 3 sin (t) and y = 3 + 2 cos (t)
E x = 1 + 3 cos (t) and y = 3 + 2 sin (t)

bp
bp
,c+
c c
2
2
bp
bp
,a+
D a
2
2
2p
a
b y = cosec x +
4
a
p
a
c y = cosec x -
a
2
a
p
D y = cosec x +
a
2
p
a
E y = cosec x +
2
a
[VCAA 2007]
[VCAA 2007]
a [-p, 2p] and 0, 12
3p 3p
-1
,
and ,
c
2 2
2
23 Which one of the following is not true?

A sec2 (4q) - 1 = tan2 (4q)
B cot2 (4q) - cosec2 (4q) = 1
C cos (4q) = cos2 (2q) sin2 (2q)
D sin (4q) = 2 sin (2q) cos (2q)
E cos (4q) + 4 sin2 (q) cos2 (q) = cos2 (2q)

25 The maximal domain and range of the function

p
with rule f ( x ) = 3 sin -1 (4 x - 1) + are
2
respectively:
(b - c)p
(b - c)p
,a+
E a
2
2

5a
2
3a
2
2p
a
a y = cosec x -
a
2
22 The range of the function f with rule

f(x) = a + b arctan (x - c)
where a, b and c are positive real constants is:
cp
cp
b a - , a +
2
2
a
2
A rule for the function whose graph is shown

above, where a is a positive constant, could be:
[VCAA 2007]
-p p
a ,
2 2
[VCAA 2007]
b 0, 12 and [-p, 2p]
0 D 0, 1 and [0, 3p]

2
E 12 , 0 and [-p, 2p]
[VCAA 2008]
extended response
Give answers to questions 1 and 2 correct to 2 decimal places where appropriate. All measurements are in
metres.
1 The designers of a skateboard park are considering the construction of a ramp. The ramp is to have the shape
p
given by the function f:[0, 2p] R, f(x) = a sin x - + b where f(x) gives the height of the ramp
2
above the flat section of the park, and a and b are real numbers. The ramp is to be 1.5m high; that is, when
x = , f(x) = 1.5 and f(0) = f(2) = 0.
a Find the values of a and b.
b Sketch the graph of f(x).
c Find x such that f(x) = 1.
The designers discuss the shape with a group of students who regularly use the park. They agree that the
ramp needs to be 2.0 m high.
104
d Find the new values of a and b.

e If the height of the ramp is h, find a and b in terms of h.
f If the height of the ramp is h, find x: f(x) = 1.
2 The vertical cross-section of the end of a water tank is shown in the diagram.
The cross-section is modelled by the curve with
equation y = a cosec (x) b and the curve passes through
p
the points ,
6
2 and ,
y
y a cosec (x) b
0 .
a Find the values of a and b.

AB is the maximum level that the water in the tank reaches
and this is at the same level as the point C, which is the
intersection of the pair of normals to the curve at the points
2
E
0
F P
20
50
P
P
Px
p
5p
P
P
6
3
2
3
6
and
respectively.
6
6
Find the coordinates of C and hence the maximum depth of the water in the tank.
Find the width of the tank at the maximum water level.
Use trapezium ABDE and triangle DEF to obtain an approximation for the area of the cross-section.
Estimate the maximum volume of water in the tank if it is 1.5 metres long. (Assume that the tank has the
properties of a prism.)
where x =
b
c
d
e
3 At the end of a conveyor belt that transports completed toys from

Santas factory is a chute that allows the toys to fall into a sack. The
chute has the shape of a cot function of the form:
f: [x0, 3.5] R, f(x) = a cot (bx)
where x0, a and b are real numbers. The end of the chute is 3.0m
horizontally away from the end of the conveyor belt, which is 2.0m
above the top of the sack. That is, when x = 3.5, f(x) = 0, and when
x = 0.50, f(x) = 2.0.
a
b
c
d
y
f(x)
x0
Show that x0 = 0.50.

Determine the value of b and hence a.
When the toys are 1.0m from the sack, what is the value of x and how high above the sack are they?
Find the gradients of the chute at x = x0 and x = 3.5.
4 A slide follows the shape of the curves from A to B to C as shown in the diagram.
y
3P A
f(x)
30
P
2
B(6, P )
g(x)
0
C
12
24
x - b
f:[0, 6] R, f(x) = a cos-1
and
c
g:[6, 12] R, g(x) = m cos (hx) + k.
a State the rule for f(x) by finding a, b and c.
b State the rule for g(x) by finding the values of h, k and m.
105
c Let f (x) = y and express x as a function of y.

dx
.
dy
e Hence, find the height(s) of the slide where the gradient is -1 between the points A and B.
d Find
Hint: =
1
dy
=
.
dx dx
dy
eBook plus
Digital doc
Test Yourself
Chapter 2
106
eBook plus
aCTiviTieS
chapter opener
Digital doc
10 Quick Questions: Warm up with ten quick

questions on circular functions. (page 63)
2b
Graphs of reciprocal trigonometric functions
Tutorial
We6 int-0360: Watch a tutorial on sketching the

cosecant function over a given domain. (page 72)
2c
Tutorial
We10 int-0361: Watch a tutorial on finding exact

values using trigonometric identities. (page 78)
2d
compound- and double-angle formulas
Tutorial
We15 int-0362: Watch a tutorial on simplifying

trigonometric functions. (page 83)
We17 int-0363: Watch a tutorial on finding exact
values using double-angle formulas. (page 86)
Digital doc
WorkSHEET 2.1: Solve inverse trigonometric

equations, simplify expressions using the compound
and double-angle formulas and sketch graphs of
inverse trigonometric functions. (page 89)
2e
Inverse circular functions and their graphs
Interactivity
Inverse sine graph int-0339: Consolidate your

understanding of the features of an inverse sine
graph. (page 90)
Inverse cosine graph int-0340: Consolidate your
understanding of the features of an inverse cosine
graph. (page 90)
Inverse tangent graph int-0341: Consolidate your
understanding of the features of an inverse tangent
graph. (page 90)
Tutorial
We21 int-0364: Watch a tutorial on stating the

implied domain and range of inverse trigonometric
functions. (page 93)
We22 int-0365: Watch a tutorial on sketching graphs
of inverse trigonometric functions. (page 94)
Digital doc
WorkSHEET 2.2: Solve inverse trigonometric

equations, simplify expressions using the compound
and double-angle formulas and sketch graphs of
inverse trigonometric functions. (page 97)
chapter review
Digital doc
Test Yourself: Take the end-of-chapter test to test

your progress. (page 106)
To access eBookPLUS activities, log on to
www.jacplus.com.au
Chapter 2
Circular functions
107

Ch02 Circular Functions

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Ch02 Circular Functions

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2

2A Reciprocal trigonometric functions

Definition and graphs of the reciprocal circular

The restricted circular functions of

For the right-angled triangle shown,

Symmetry and complementary properties

sin - q = cos (q) cosec - q = sec (q)

cos - q = sin (q) sec - q = cosec (q)

sin + q = cos (q) cosec + q = sec (q)

cos + q = -sin (q) sec + q = -cosec (q)

- q = -cos (q) cosec

- q = -sin (q) sec - q = -cosec (q)

+ q = -cos (q) cosec

+ q = sin (q) sec

Use the triangle to find the exact value of:

Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics for the Casio ClassPad

Use Pythagoras theorem to find the magnitude

Express the magnitude of the hypotenuse

Evaluate sin (x) by rule.

Simplify the ratio.

Evaluate sec (x) by rule.

Simplify the ratio.

Evaluate cot (x) by rule.

Simplify the ratio.

and , 0 x 90, find x (to the nearest tenth of a degree).

Express the equation cosec (x) =

On the Main screen, tap:

Solving cosec (x) = 43 for

Write the solution.

Round off the answer to one decimal

Find the exact value of sec (150).

Express sec (150) in terms of cos (150).

Use symmetry to simplify cos (150).

Substitute the exact value for cos (30).

Simplify the ratio.

Draw a right-angled triangle in the fourth

Use Pythagoras theorem to calculate

Express in simplest surd form.

State the signed value of the opposite

maths Quest 12 Specialist mathematics for the Casio Classpad

Evaluate sin (x) by rule.

Evaluate cot (x) by rule.

Simplify the ratio by rationalising the

cos - q = sin () sec - q = cosec ()

(b) Second quadrant:

sin + q = cos () cosec + q = sec ()

cos + q = sin () sec + q = cosec ()

(c) Third quadrant:

- q = sin () sec - q = cosec ()

(d) Fourth quadrant:

Chapter 2 Circular functions

Reciprocal trigonometric functions

Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics for the Casio ClassPad

4 WE3 Find the exact value of each of the following.

Graphs of reciprocal trigonometric

Chapter 2 Circular functions

Graph of y = cosec (x)

The graph of y = sin (x) over [, 2] is shown

The graph of y = cosec (x) over [, 2]

Graph of y = sec (x)

The graph of y = cos (x) over

2. the vertical asymptotes are

Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics for the Casio ClassPad

Graph of y = cot (x)