Ch05 Differential Calculus

5
5A The derivative of tan (kx)

5B Second derivatives
5C Analysing the behaviour of functions
using the second derivative
5D Derivatives of inverse circular functions
5E Antidifferentiation involving inverse
circular functions
5F Implicit differentiation
Differential
calculus
areaS of STuDy
Differential and integral calculus, including:

Derivatives of inverse circular functions
Second derivatives, use of notations (x)
d2y
and 2 , and their application to the analysis
dx
of graphs of functions, including points of

inflection (treatment of concavity is not required)
Applications of chain rule to related rates
of change and implicit differentiation; for
example, implicit differentiation of the relations
x2 + y2 = 9 and 3xy2 = x + y.
eBook plus
Digital doc
5a
The derivative of tan (kx)
10 Quick Questions
introduction
In this chapter we extend the functions that can be differentiated to include f (x) = tan (kx) and
the inverse circular functions sin1 (x), cos1 (x) and tan1(x). It is assumed that the standard
results for the differential calculus are familiar to the student as are the product rule, quotient
rule and chain rule. These results are listed in the table below.
f (x)
f (x)
axn
loge (kx), x > 0
ekx
1
x
kekx
sin (kx)
k cos (kx)
cos (kx)
tan (kx)
k sec2 (kx)
sin (kx)
u (x) v (x)
u(x) v (x) + u (x) v(x) (product rule)
u( x )
v( x)
u '( x ) v ( x ) u( x ) v '( x )
(quotient rule)
v2
g[h(x)]
196
anxn 1
h(x) g[h(x)] (chain rule)
maths Quest 12 Specialist mathematics for the Casio Classpad
Since tan (kx ) =
sin (kx )
, its derivative can be found using the quotient rule:
cos (kx )
d u
=
dx v
du
dv
u
dx
dx
v2
If f(x) = tan (kx),

=
sin (kx )
cos (kx )
where k is a constant, then using the quotient rule with u = sin(kx) and v = cos(kx):
k cos (kx )[cos (kx )] sin (kx )[ k sin (kx )]
cos2 kx
f ( x ) =
k cos2 (kx ) + k sin 2 (kx )

cos2 kx
k[cos2 (kx ) + sin 2 (kx )]

(by factorising the numerator)
cos2 (kx )
k (1)
cos2 (kx )
= k sec2 (kx)
(since cos2 (kx ) + sin 2 (kx ) = 1)
If f(x) = tan (kx),

then f(x) = k sec2 (kx).
Worked Example 1
Differentiate the following expressions with respect to x.

a y = tan (6x)
4x
b y = 2 tan
3
c Find the answers to parts a and b using a CAS calculator.
Think
Write
a Differentiate by rule: y = tan (kx),
then
dy
= k sec 2 (kx ) where k = 6.
dx
4x
Differentiate tan by rule
3
4
where k = 3 .
Multiply the derivative by 2.
y = tan (6x)
dy
= 6 sec 2 (6 x )
dx
4x
y = 2 tan
3
4
dy
4x
= 2 sec 2
3
dx
3
dy 8
4x
= sec 2
3
dx 3
Chapter 5 Differential calculus
197
On the Main screen, using the soft

keyboard, tap:
)
Complete the entry line as:
d
(tan (6x))
dx
d
4x
2 tan
3
dx
Press E after each entry.
Note: The ClassPad operating system
does not have reciprocal functions;
therefore it uses the identity for secant
squared (1 + tan2(x)).
Write the solutions.
For a,
d
6
[tan (6 x )] =
dx
[cos (6 x )]2
For b,
d
dx
8
4x
2 tan 3 =
2
4x
3 cos
3
Worked Example 2
If f(x) = tan (x2 + 5x), find f(x).

Think
Write
Let u = x2 + 5x to apply the chain rule.
f(x) = tan (x2 + 5x)

Let u = x2 + 5x.
Find
Express f(x) in terms of u.
Find
dy
.
du
dy
= sec 2 (u)
du
Find
dy
using the chain rule.
dx
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
du
= 2x + 5
dx
du
.
dx
So f(x) = y = tan (u).
= (2x + 5) sec2 (u)

6
Replace u with the expression x2 + 5x.
f(x) = (2x + 5) sec2 (x2 + 5x)
ify = tan [f(x)]

then dy = f(x) sec2 [f(x)].
dx
198
Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics for the Casio ClassPad
WorkeD example 3
eBook plus
Differentiate the following with respect to x.

a y = log e [tan (3x)]
b y=
(x2
int-0379
Worked example 3
+ 2x) tan (2x)
Think
a
Tutorial
WriTe
Let u = tan (3x) and consequently

apply the chain rule.
a y = loge [tan (3x)]
Let u = tan (3x).
du
.
dx
Find
Express y in terms of u.
Find
dy
.
du
Find
dy
using the chain rule.
dx
du
= 3 sec 2 ( 3 x )
dx
y =loge (u)
dy 1
=
du u
So
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
=
dy
in terms of sin (3x) and
dx
cos (3x) only in order to simplify the
rational expression.
Express
Express the division of rational

expressions as a multiplication.
Cancel out the factor of cos (3x).
10
Use the double angle formula to

simplify sin (3x) cos (3x).
11
State the answer in simplest form.
y = (x2 + 2x) tan (2x). Let u = x2 + 2x

and v = tan (2x), and apply the product
rule.
Replace u with the expression

tan (3x).
If y = uv, then
dy
= u(x) v (x) + u (x)v(x)
dx
1
3 sec2 (3x)
u
3 sec 2 ( 3 x )
tan ( 3 x )
3
sin ( 3 x)
cos ( 3 x)
cos ( 3 x )
sin ( 3 x )
cos2 ( 3 x )
cos2 ( 3 x )
sin
( 3x)
cos ( 3 x)
3
1
2
and hence
sin ( 6 x )
6
dy
=
or 6 cosec (6x).
dx sin ( 6 x )
b y = (x2 + 2x) tan (2x),
with u = x2 + 2x and v = tan (2x).

The product rule states
dy
= u(x) v (x) + u (x)v(x)
dx
Chapter 5
Differential calculus
199
Substitute for u(x), v(x), u(x) and v(x).
Simplify if possible.
u(x) = 2x + 2 and v(x) = 2sec2 (2x)

dy
= (2x + 2) tan (2x) + 2(x2 + 2x) sec2 (2x)
dx
dy
= 2[(x + 1) tan (2x) + x(x + 2) sec2 (2x)]
dx
Worked Example 4
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = 3x + cos (2x) + tan (x) where x = ,
4
a manually b using a calculator.
Think
a
Write
To find the equation of a tangent line

to a curve at a point, the coordinate
of the point is needed as is the
gradient of the curve at that point.
Find y when x = to establish the

4
coordinate.
a y = 3x + cos (2x) + tan (x)
If x =
+ cos + tan
, y=
2
4
4
4
=
3
+ 0 +1
4
= 1+
3
4
The coordinate is ,1 +
4
4
2
dy
= 3 2 sin (2 x ) + sec 2 ( x )
dx
dy
to establish the gradient
dx
function.
Find
Evaluate
dy
when x = to find
dx
4
the gradient of the tangent at x =
If x =
.
4
dy
,
= 3 2 sin + sec 2
2
4
4 dx
= 3 2+
= 1+
cos2
4
1
1
2
=3
so the equation of the tangent is:
4
Substitute y1 = 1 +
, x1 =
4
4
y 1 + = 3 x
4
4
and m = 3 into the equation for a straight

line: y y1 = m (x x1) where m is the
gradient and (x1, y1) is a point on the line.
5
200
Simplify the equation and make y the

subject.
3
3
+1+
4
4
y = 3x + 1
y = 3x
On the Main screen, tap:

Action
Calculation
tanLine
tanLine(3x + cos(2x) + tan(x), x, )

4
Then press E.
Write the solution.
Equation of the tangent is y = 3x + 1
REMEMBER
1. If y = tan (kx) then dy = k sec 2 (kx ).

dx
2. If y = tan [f(x)] then
Exercise
5A
dy
= f(x) sec2 [f(x)].
dx

1 WE1
Manually differentiate each of the following with respect to x.
a y = tan (4x)
d y = 4 tan (2x)
g y = 3 tan (4x)
b y = tan (5x)
e y = tan (3x)
h y = 2 tan (3x)
c y = 3 tan (7x)
f y = tan (12x)
i y = 5 tan (2x)
x
j y = tan
5
x
k y = tan
2
3x
l y = tan
5
2x
m y = tan
7
3x
n y = 8 tan
4
4x
o y = 6 tan
9
5x
p y = 3 tan
6
8x
q y = 5 tan
5
7x
r y = 4 tan
2
2 WE2 For each of the following find f(x) if f(x) equals:

a tan (x2 + 3x)
b tan (x + 2)
c tan (5x 4)
d tan (2x2 3x)
e tan (3x + 2)
f tan ( 8x )
g tan (7 4x)
h tan (1 5x2).
201
3 MC If y = etan (2x), then:

dy
a
can be found by using:
dx
A a direct rule
D the quotient rule
dy
b
is equal to:
dx
A 2 sec2 (2xetan (2x))
D 2 tan (2xesec (2x))
B the product rule

E graphical methods
C the chain rule
B 2 sec (2xetan (2x))

E ex sec2 (2x)
C 4 sec2 (xetan (2x))
4 WE3 Differentiate the following with respect to x if y equals:

a loge [tan (6x)]
c tan (e3x)
b etan (3x)
d sin [tan (5x)]
e cos [tan (2x)]
[tan (5x)]
6x
h loge (2x)2 + 4 tan
7
j tan4 (2x).
g sin (4x) tan (3x)

i tan2 (x)
5
1
2
For each of the following find f(x) if f(x) equals:

a x2 tan (3x)
4x
b cos (2x) tan
5
c (5x3 6x) tan (4x)
d e4x tan (3x)
e e 4 x tan (8 x )
f tan ( x )
2x2
4 x3
tan (2 x )
sin (4 x )
.
tan (4 x )
6 If f: [0, p] R, f(x) = tan (x), find the coordinates of the points on the graph where the
gradient is equal to:
a 1
4
3
c 4
d 10.
x
7 If f: [-p, p] R, f(x) = 4 tan , find the coordinates of the points on the graph where the
2
gradient is equal to:
a 4
b 2
c 0.
8 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve with equation y = 3 tan (2x) at x = .
6
9 WE4 If f(x) = x tan (x) find the equation of i the tangent and ii the normal at the point on the
curve where x = .
4
10 Show that there are no stationary points for the graph of y = tan (x) for all values of x.
11 Explain why the gradient of tan (x) is always positive.
5B
Second derivatives
Suppose that y = f(x).
dy
.
Then the derivative, also known as the first derivative, is written as f(x) or
dx
d2y
By differentiating f(x), the second derivative, f(x) or 2 is obtained.
dx
202
The process of obtaining f (x) or
d2y
from y = f (x) is also called double differentiation.
dx 2
The second derivative is commonly referred to as f double dash or d squared y, dx

squared.
WorkeD example 5
Find
d2 y
if y =
dx 2
x + 2x4 x 1.
Think
WriTe
1
Express
y = x + 2x4 x
x as x 2 .
y = x 2 + 2x4 x
2
Find the first derivative dy .

dx
Differentiate
dy 1 2
= 2 x + 8x3 + x 2
dx
d2y
dy
.
to obtain
dx 2
dx
d2y
=
dx 2
or
1
3
4x 2
1
4
3
2
+ 24 x 2 2 x
+ 24 x 2
2
x3
WorkeD example 6
eBook plus
Find, using calculus, f ( x) if f ( x) is equal to:

ecos (2x)
+ loge (x)
sin ( x )
Tutorial
int-0380
Worked example 6
x
c Repeat parts a and b using a calculator.
Think
a
WriTe
Differentiate ecos (2x) by the chain

rule short cut and loge (x) by rule
to obtain f (x).
f (x) = ecos (2x) + loge (x)

f (x) = 2 sin (2x) ecos (2x) +
1
in index notation so it
x
can be differentiated.
1
x
Express
f (x) = 2 sin (2x) ecos (2x) + x1
Differentiate f (x) to obtain f (x).

Use the product rule to differentiate
2 sin (2x)ecos (2x).
f (x) = 4 cos (2x) ecos (2x) + 4 sin2 (2x) ecos (2x) x
Express
x in index notation.
or
b
= 4ecos (2x) [sin2 (2x) cos (2x)]
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
1
x2
sin ( x )
x
sin( x )
1
x2
Chapter 5
203
Express f(x) as a product.
=x
sin ( x )
Differentiate f(x) using the

product rule to obtain f(x).
f ( x ) =
Differentiate f(x) using the

product rule to obtain f(x).
f ( x ) = 4 x
x
2
1
2
3
=4x
Simplify f(x) by taking out the
=4x
1
4
x 2.
or
5
2
sin ( x ) + x
1
sin ( x ) 2 x
Simplify by collecting like terms.
factor
cos ( x ) x
sin ( x ) x
5
2 [3
cos ( x )
3
2
cos ( x )
1
2
3
2
sin ( x )
cos ( x ) x
1
2
sin ( x )
sin ( x ) 4 x cos ( x ) 4 x 2 sin ( x)]
3 sin ( x ) 4 x cos ( x ) 4 x 2 sin ( x )

5
4x 2
c

Action
Command
Define
Define f(x) = ecos(2x) + ln(x)
Then press E.

d2
( f ( x ))
dx 2
Then press E.
Write the solution.
The second derivative,

f ''( x ) = [4 sin 2 (2 x ) 4 cos (2 x )]e cos ( 2 x )
204
1
x2
On the Main screen, complete the entry

line as:
sin( x )
Define f ( x ) =
x
d2
(
(
))
f
x
dx 2
Write the solution.
The second derivative,
cos ( x )
3
1
sin ( x )
f ( x ) = 5
3
x
4x 2
x2
You may rearrange the answer to

a form similar to that given in the
solution that was obtained manually.
Tap:
Action
Transformation
factor
Then highlight and copy the previous
answer and paste it, as shown on the
right.
Then press E.
Write the solution.
The second derivative:

f ( x ) =
(3 4 x 2 ) sin ( x ) 4 x cos ( x )
5
4x 2
Worked Example 7
kx
If y = e 2 and
d2 y
dy
3 + 2 y = 0, find the value of k.
2
dx
dx
Think
1
Find
Write
kx
dy
from y = e 2 .
dx
kx
y=e2
kx
dy ke 2
=
dx
2
205
kx
d2y
Find
.
dx 2
d 2 y k 2e 2
=
4
dx 2
kx
kx
kx
k 2 e 2 3ke 2
so
+ 2e 2 = 0
4
2
d2y
dy
Substitute
and
into the equation
dx 2
dx
d2y
dy
3 + 2y = 0 .
2
dx
dx
Take 1 e 2 out as a factor.

4
1 kx2 2
e (k 6k + 8) = 0
4
Factorise the quadratic function of k.
1 kx2
e (k 4)(k 2) = 0
4
kx
kx
(Note: 14 e 2 cannot equal zero.)

6
Therefore k = 2 or k = 4.
State the solutions.
REMEMBER
d2y
dy
is the second derivative of y with respect to x. It is found by differentiating
.
dx 2
dx
d2y
2. If y = f(x) then
= f(x).
dx 2
1.
Exercise
5B
Second derivatives
1 WE5
Find
d2y
if:
dx 2
a y = 4x2 + 7x 3
b y = 5x3 x2 + 3x
c y = 6x
d y = x4 + 2x3 3x + 1
e y = x6 + 2x4 3x
f y = x 2 + x 2
g y = 4 x 3 + 2 x 1
h y = 2 x 2 6 x 3 + 5
j y =
2
x
+ 3 x 1
i y = x2 + 5x3
k y = 2x2 + x1.
2 MC If y = sin ( x ), then:
a dy is equal to:
dx
A
x cos ( x )
1
D sin
2 x
206
cos ( x )
2 x
1
E cos
2 x
cos
( x)
x
d2y
is equal to:
dx 2
A x cos ( x )
1
D sin
4x x
x sin ( x ) cos ( x )
x x
cos
x sin ( x ) cos ( x )
2x x
( x ) x sin ( x )
4x x
3 WE6 Find f(x) if f(x) is equal to:

b
x2 loge (x)
c sin (2x) + 4 cos (x)
x
2 sin + x 3
2
2e5x 3ex + 1
f 4e3x + 3x3
tan (2x)
i cos (2x )
x
x2
sin (2 x)
e2 sin (x)
[cos (4 x )] 2
loge (2x)
tan (4x) + 1
l cos (e5x)
5
sin (2x )
o loge [cos (x)].
4 For each of the following functions f(x), match the graph which could represent f(x).
a f(x) = x3 + 2x
b f(x) = 4x2
c f(x) = x4 x2
d f(x) = sin (x)
e f(x) = loge (x)
f f(x) = e2x
g f(x) = 4 x
A
y
f"(x)
f"(x)
x
f"(x)
f"(x)
0
f"(x)
f"(x)
f"(x)
y
f"(x)
f"(x)
207
5 If y = cos (x), show that
d2y
= y.
dx 2
d2y
+ 9 y = 0.
dx 2
dy
d2y
7 If y = x loge (x), show that:
= ( x + y) 2 .
dx
dx
6 If y = sin (3x), show that:
8 If y = xex, show that:
d 2 y dy y
=
+ .
dx 2 dx x
9 We7 Find the value of k if y = e kx and
d2y
= 25 y.
dx 2
d2y
dy
3 4 y = 0, find the value of k.
dx
dx 2
11 The position of a particle travelling in a straight line is given by the equation:
x(t) = t3 t2 t + 7, where x has units in cm and t is in seconds. Find:
dx
a
, that is, the velocity at any time t
dt
d2x
, that is, the acceleration at any time t
b
dt 2
dx
c when and where the particle momentarily stops; that is, when
=0
dt
d the minimum velocity.
10 If y = ekx and
5C
analysing the behaviour of functions

eBook plus
The second derivative of a function can be used for testing the nature of
stationary points. The rate at which the gradient of a function changes
indicates the type of stationary point we are dealing with.
Interactivity
int-0346
Second derivative
first derivative function
dx
can tell us where a function has
dx
a positive gradient, a negative gradient or a zero gradient (stationary point). For example, let us
look at the functions f (x) = x2 and f (x) = x3.
We have seen how the first derivative of a function, f (x) or
Function f (x) = x2
y
Examine the graph at right. Since f (x) = x2,
f(x) = x2
f (x) = 2x
x<0
x>0
and
f (x) = 0 at x = 0
f(x) is
f(x) is
decreasing
increasing
1. If f (x) = 0
x
0
At x = 0, f (x) is a stationary point.
x
=
0
2. If f (x) < 0
f(x) is neither
This occurs when 2x < 0. So if x < 0, then f (x) is a
increasing nor
decreasing function, one with a negative gradient for
decreasing
all x < 0.
3. If f(x) > 0
This occurs when 2x > 0. So if x > 0, then f (x) is an increasing function, one with a positive
gradient for all x > 0.
Consequently, at x = 0, a minimum stationary point occurs.
208
Function f(x) = x3
Examine the graph at right. Since f(x) = x3,

f(x) = 3x2
and
f(x) = 0 at x = 0
1. If f(x) = 0
At x = 0, f(x) is a stationary point.
2. Here, f(x) > 0 for all values of x except zero.
Consequently, at x = 0, a stationary point of
(horizontal) inflection occurs.
f(x) = x3
x<0
f(x) is
increasing
0
x>0
f(x) is
increasing
x
x=0
f(x) is neither
increasing nor
decreasing
Second derivative function
d2y
Similarly the second derivative f ( x ) or 2 can tell us where the gradient function
dx
dy
f ( x ) or dx is increasing or decreasing or neither (that is, changing from increasing to

decreasing or vice-versa). Let us look at the situation when f(x) is greater than, less than and
equal to zero.
Function f(x) > 0
Examine the graph of f(x) = x2 at right.

f(x) = x2

f(x) = 2x

f(x) = 2
When f(x) > 0, the gradient function f(x) is increasing. That
is, as x increases f(x) increases.
Function f(x) < 0
Examine the graph of f(x) = -x2 at right.

f(x) = x2

f(x) = 2x

f(x) = 2
When f(x) < 0, the gradient of f(x) is decreasing. That is, as
x increases f(x) decreases.
Function f(x) = 0
Examine the graph of f(x) = x3 at right.

f(x) = x3

f(x) = 3x2

f(x) = 6x
when x = 0, f(x) = 0
x < 0, f(x) < 0
x > 0, f(x) > 0
f(x) = x2
f '(3) = 6
f '(3) = 6
f '(2) = 4
f '(2) = 4
f '(1)
f '(1) = 2
321 0 1 2 3
Gradient is always increasing

from left to right
y
f '(0) = 0
f ' (1) = 2
x
0
3 2 1 1 2 3
f '(2) = 4
f '(2) = 4
f '(1) = 2
f '(3) = 6
f '(3) = 6
f(x) = x2
Gradient is always decreasing
from left to right
y
f(x) = x3
f '(2) = 12
f '(1) = 3
f '(1) = 3
x
21 0 1 2
x>0
f '(2) = 12
f '(x) is increasing
x<0
f '(x) is decreasing
Therefore the gradient is decreasing left of x = 0 and

increasing right of x = 0.
The point (0, 0) is called a point of inflection.
As f(0) = 0, the point (0, 0) is also a stationary point, so it is called a stationary point of
inflection.
209
Points of inflection
Points of inflection occur when the second derivative changes sign.
A tangent drawn at a point of inflection crosses the graph at that point (see Figure 1).
Sometimes points of inflection are also stationary points (see Figure 2).
f "(x) <0
nt
ge
Ta
n
Tangent
Stationary
points of
inflection
[ f "(x) = 0 and f '(x) = 0]
f"(x) < 0
Figure 2
Tangent
ge
Point of
inflection
[ f"(x) = 0]
n
Ta
nt
f"(x) < 0
f"(x) < 0
Figure 1
The second derivative can tell us the nature of any stationary points or where points of
inflection occur on a graph. When f(a) = 0 there will be a stationary point at x = a. In addition:
1. the point will be a local minimum stationary point at x = a if f(a) > 0 as well
2. the point will be a local maximum stationary point at x = a if f(a) < 0 as well
3. the point will be a local stationary point of inflection at x = a if f(a) = 0 and f(x) changes
sign at x = a as well.
It is also possible to have a point of inflection at a point other than a stationary point. That is,
when f(a) = 0 and f(x) changes sign at x = a, there will be a point of inflection at x = a, but
the point is not necessarily a stationary point since there is no requirement that f(a) = 0. An
example is f(x) = tan x at x = 0.
Notes
1. Types of stationary points (1, 2, 3 above) can also be determined using the first derivative test
either side of x = a.
2. The second derivative test is usually more efficient than the first derivative test in determining
maximum or minimum stationary points, but not for stationary points of inflection.
3. Displaying a curve on a graphics calculator will assist in determining the nature of any
stationary points.
Worked Example 8
a Find any stationary points, and their nature, if f(x) = x2(x 1)(x + 1).
b Sketch the graph of f(x), clearly indicating all stationary points and axes intercepts.
Think
a
Write
Expand f(x) so it can be differentiated easily.
a f(x) = x2(x 1)(x + 1)
f(x) = x2(x2 1)

= x4 x2
Find f(x).
f(x) = 4x3 2x
Find f(x).
f(x) = 12x2 2
Solve for x where f(x) = 0.
For stationary points, f(x) = 0

2x(2x2 1) = 0

x = 0 or x 2 =
x = 0,

210
1
2
or
1
2
1
2
Find f(0) and f(0) to determine one stationary

point.
1
Find f
and f
2
stationary point.
1
2
for the second
At x = 0, f(0) = 0, f(0) = 0 and f(0) = 2.

Therefore (0, 0) is a local maximum
stationary point.
At x =
1
2
=11=
4
1
4
= 62
and f
=4

Therefore
1 1
,
4
2
is a local
minimum stationary point.

7
Find f and f
2

stationary point.
1
2
for the third
,f
At x =
and f
1 1
= 4 2 =
1
2
1
4
= 6 2
=4
1
Therefore
is a local
,
2 4
minimum stationary point.
1
Evaluate f(0) for the y-intercept.
Solve the factorised form of f(x) = 0 for the

x-intercepts.
Sketch the graph of f(x).
Check the graph using a calculator.
b f(0) = 0 so the y-intercept is 0.
f(x) = x2(x 1)(x + 1) = 0

has solutions x = 0, 1, 1
so the x-intercepts are 1, 0 and 1.
f(x) = x2(x 1)(x + 1)
y
1
0
1
1
( 1 , 1 )
( 1 , 1)
2 4
2
4
1
Worked Example 9
1 4
x x 3 + 2 find:
4
a any stationary points of inflection
b any other points of inflection.
If y =
Think
a
Write
Find
dy
.
dx
a y=
1
4
x4 x3 + 2
dy
= x3 3x2
dx
211
Solve for x where dy = 0 (that is, find the

dx
stationary points).
d2y
.
dx 2
Find
Evaluate
d2y
where x = 0.
dx 2
For stationary points, dy = 0 .

dx
x3 3x2 = 0
2
x (x 3) = 0

x = 0 or x = 3
d2y
= 3x 2 6 x
dx 2
At x = 0,

Find y where x = 0.
and y = 4 (0)4 (0)3 + 2

d2y
where x = 3.
dx 2
Evaluate
State any stationary points of inflection.
Solve
d2y
=0
dx 2
d2y
= 3(0)2 6(0)
dx 2
=0
=2
d2y
= 3(3)2 6(3)
dx 2

= 27 18

= 9 ( therefore, a minimum
stationary point).
The point (0, 2) is a stationary point of
inflection.
d2y
b For points of inflection,
=0
dx 2
3x2 6x = 0
At x = 3,
3x(x 2) = 0
x = 0 or x = 2
Find y at x = 2 only, since a stationary point

has already been determined at the point (0, 2).
d2y
Check the sign of
either side of
dx 2
x = 2.
State the other point of inflection.
At x = 2, y =

1
4
=48+2
= 2
d2y
= 3(1)2 6(1)
dx 2

= 3
2y
d
If x = 3,
= 9 (from part a )
dx 2
If x = 1,
Therefore the point (2, 2) is a point of

inflection (not stationary).
For Worked example 9, the second derivative sign diagram

verifies that at x = 0 and x = 2 there are indeed points of
inflection as f(x) changes sign at these points.
This verification is not usually required but in rare cases it will
show that what seems to be a point of inflection is in fact not.
For example, if f(x) = x4

f(x) = 4x3

= 0 when x = 0.
Hence a stationary point occurs at x = 0.
For f(x) = 12x2 = 0, a solution occurs when x = 0.
Thus, it appears, there is a stationary point of inflection at x = 0.
But the sign diagram of the second derivative (see figure at right)
shows that f(x) does not change sign at x = 0.
212
(2)4 23 + 2
1 0
d2y
sign of 2
dx
f"(x)
1
Therefore, there is not a stationary point of inflection at x = 0.

The first derivative test will verify that at x = 0 there is a local minimum stationary point as
shown in the figure below (left).
The sketch graph of f (x) = x4 is shown in the figure below (right).
+
f '(x)
0
f(x) = x4
WorkeD example 10
eBook plus
For the function f (x) = 3 loge (x) x3 5, find:

a all stationary points
b any points of inflection
c and sketch the graph of f (x).
Think
a
Tutorial
int-0381
Worked example 10
WriTe
Find f (x) and set it equal to zero.
a f ( x ) =
3
3x 2
x
For stationary points, f (x) =0

3
3x 2 = 0
x
or 3 3x3 = 0, x 0
Multiply the equation by x.
Solve f (x) = 0.
Evaluate f (1).
Find f (x).
f (x) = 3x2 6x
Evaluate f (1).
f (1) =
3x3 = 3
x3 = 1
Thus x = 1.
f (1) = 3(0) 13 5
= 6
= 9
State any stationary point and its type.
Set f (x) = 0 and multiply the equation by x2.
Therefore (1, 6) is a local maximum.

b f (x) = 3x2 6x
For points of inflection, f (x) =0

3x2 6x = 0
3 6x3 = 0, x 0
or
6x3 =3
Solve f (x) = 0.
x3 =
Thus x =
1
1 3

2
1
2
or approximately 0.79.
Chapter 5
213
Since x = 0.79 is the only solution there are no

points of inflection because the implied domain
is x > 0.
There is a vertical asymptote at x = 0.
Sketch the graph of f(x).
Check the graph using a CAS calculator.
Therefore there are no points of inflection

as 0.79 is outside the implied domain,
x > 0.
c x = 0 asymptote
y
0
6
1(1, 6)
f(x) = 3 loge (x) x3 5
Worked Example 11
Find the minimum value of the gradient to the curve:

f(x) = x3 + 4x2 7x.
Think
Write
Find the equation of the gradient function f(x).
f(x) = 3x2 + 8x 7
Find the rate of change of the gradient function, f(x).
f(x) = 6x + 8
Set f(x) = 0.
Let f(x) = 6x + 8 = 0
Solve f(x) = 0.
6x = 8
x=
Evaluate f
( ) which is the minimum value of the

4
gradient as f(x) is a positive quadratic.
4
3
( ) = 3( ) + 8( ) 7
4
16
9
=
=
16
3
32
3
12 1
3
which is a minimum as f(x) is a positive

quadratic equation.
6
State the minimum value of the gradient.
Verify using a CAS calculator.
Therefore the minimum gradient of f(x)

is 12 13 .
REMEMBER
1. If f(a) = 0 and f(a) > 0, then a local minimum stationary point occurs at x = a.
2. If f(a) = 0 and f(a) < 0, then a local maximum stationary point occurs at x = a.
3. If f(a) = 0 and f(a) = 0, and f(x) changes sign at x = a, then a stationary point of
inflection occurs at x = a.
4. If f(a) = 0 and f(x) changes sign at x = a, then a point of inflection occurs at x = a
without the point being a stationary point.
214
exerCiSe
5C
analysing the behaviour of functions using

the second derivative
You may use a graphics or CAS calculator to assist with drawing graphs.
1 We8a
For each of the following functions find the stationary points and the nature of the
stationary points using the second derivative test.
a f (x) = x2 4x
b g(x) = 12 x2
c y = x2 (x + 2)
d y = x(x 1)(x + 2)
e h(x) = (x 3)(x + 3)(x + 1)
f f (x) = x3 + 4x2 4x 16
g g(x) = x3
h f (x) = x3 + 3
i h(x) = x3 3x
j y = x4 + x3
2 We8b Sketch the graph of each function in question 1, clearly indicating all stationary points
and axes intercepts.
3 mC
The function f (x) = x4 + 4x3 + 3:
a has a point or points of inflection when x is equal to:

A 0 and 4
B 0 only
C 2 only
D 0 and 2
E 0 and 2
b has a stationary point of inflection:

A (4, 3)
B (0, 3)
D (2, 32)
E (4, 0)
4 mC
A 20
5 mC
C (2, 13)
The minimum gradient of the curve with equation y = x3 6x2 8x is:

B
32
C 2
D 0
12
If f (x) = 0 when x = 3 and x = 2, and f (3) = 4 and f (2) = 5, then f (x) has:
stationary points of inflection when x = 2 and x = 3

a stationary point of inflection when x = 3 and a local maximum when x = 2
a local maximum when x = 2 and a local minimum when x = 3
a local minimum when x = 2 and a local maximum when x = 3
a stationary point of inflection when x = 2 and a local minimum when x = 3
6 We9 Give i any stationary points of inflection and ii any other points of inflection for each of
the following functions.
1 1
1
b f ( x) = x 2
c y= 2
a y = x3 6x
d g(x) = x3 + 2x2 + 1
x
x x
e y = xex
f y = 2x4 x3
g f (x) = x2ex
h g(x) = 8x2 loge (x)
7 Show that y = x loge (x) does not have any points of inflection.
A
B
C
D
E
8 Show that the graph of the function g(x) = ex has no points of inflection. Find its stationary point.
9 We10 Find i stationary points, and ii points of inflection, and iii sketch the graphs with the
following rules:
2
1
d g( x ) = x 2 .
b y = x3 + 8x
c f ( x) = x 2
a f (x) = x3 x
x
x
eBook plus
Digital doc
WorkSHEET 5.1
10 We11 Show that the maximum value of the gradient to the curve f (x) = x3 + 3x2 + 2 is 3.
11 Find the maximum value of the gradient to the curve y = 10 + 3x2 2x3.
12 Sketch the graph of the function y = x4 x2 12, showing all intercepts with the axes, the
stationary points and any points of inflection. (Verify with a calculator.)
13 The downward displacement of a meteor t seconds after hitting the surface of the ocean is
given by:
t2 t3
, where 0 t 20 and d is in metres.

4 24
a Find the depth of the meteor after 10 seconds.
b Find the velocity, v, at any time t.
d = 40t +
Chapter 5
215
c Find the maximum velocity of the meteor.

d If the depth of the ocean where the meteor strikes is 600 metres and the meteor
disintegrates 20 seconds after hitting the ocean, does the meteor reach the ocean floor?
5d
Derivatives of inverse circular

functions
The derivative of sin1 xa , a > 0

x
<y<
y = sin 1 , a < x < a and
a
2
2

= sin ( y ),
<y<
then
a
2
2

x = a sin (y)
dy
So
= a cos ( y )
dx
dy
1
or
=
, cos ( y ) 0 and
<y<
dx a cos ( y )
2
2
x
Since sin ( y ) =
a
If

or
so
cos ( y ) =
a
y
0
x
Therefore, if f ( x ) = sin 1
a
216
a cos ( y ) = a 2 x 2
dy
1
, a < x < a.
=
2
2
dx
a x
a2
a2 x 2
(from diagram at right)
a
then f ( x ) =
y = sin1( ax )
x2
, a < x < a.
a2 x2
x
x
WorkeD example 12
eBook plus
a sin 1
Find the derivative of:
x
4
b sin1 (6 x).
Tutorial
int-0382
Think
a
Worked example 12
WriTe
Differentiate by rule where a = 4.
Express 6x as
Differentiate by rule where a = 16 .
Take
1
36
1
6
= 6 out as a factor of the
x
If y = sin 1
4
dy
1
=
then
dx
16 x 2
If y = sin1 (6x)
x
then y = sin 1 1
6
dy
=
dx
1
1
36
1
(1 36 x 2 )
36
denominator to remove the fraction from the

square root.
4
Simplify the derivative.
=
=
x2
1
1
6
1 36 x 2
6
1 36 x 2
Note: Example 12(b) could also be done by the chain rule, using the substitution u = 6x.
The derivative of cos1 xa , a > 0

y = cos1 , a x a and 0 y p
a
If
then
Thus,
or
x
= cos ( y ), 0 y p
a
x = a cos ( y)
dx
= a sin ( y )
dy
y = cos1( xa )
dx
1
, sin y 0 and 0 < y < p.
=
dy a sin ( y )
x
Since cos y =
a
sin ( y ) =
or
a2 x 2
(from diagram at right)
a
a
y
a sin ( y ) = a 2 x 2
Chapter 5
a2 x2
217
dy
=
dx
So
a2
x2
, a < x < a .
x
Therefore, if f ( x ) = cos 1 then f(x) =
a
a2
, a < x < a .
x2
Worked Example 13
Find f(x) if f(x) is equal to:

x
a cos 1
3
2 x
b cos 1
.
5
Think
Write
a Differentiate by rule where a =
3.
x
f ( x) = cos 1
3
f ( x ) =
b
Express 2 x as x .
5
5
2
Differentiate by rule where a = 2 .

Take
1
4
1
2
out as a factor of the
3 x2
2x
f ( x ) = cos1
5
x
= cos1 5
2
f ( x ) =
25
4
=
=
Simplify f(x).
x2
1
(25 4 x 2 )
4
denominator.
1
2
25 4 x 2
2
25 4 x 2
The derivative of tan1 xa

If
then

218
y = tan 1 , x R and
<y<
a
2
2
= tan ( y ),
<y<
a
2
2
x = a tan (y)
dx
= a sec 2 ( y )
dy
= a(1 + tan2 (y))
y = tan1( xa )
0

x2
= a 1 + 2 (from the diagram at right)
a

or
a(a 2
x 2)
+x
y
0
a2
2
a + x2
=
a
dy
a
=
dx a 2 + x 2
x
Therefore, if f ( x ) = tan 1
a
a
then f(x) =
, x R.
a2 + x 2
Worked Example 14
Find f(x) if f(x) is equal to:

8x
x
a tan 1 b tan 1
.
3
5
Think
Write
x
f ( x ) = tan 1
5
5
Thus, f ( x ) =
25 + x 2
8x
f ( x ) = tan 1
b
3
x
= tan 1 3
8
a Differentiate by rule where a = 5.
Express
x
8x
as
.
3
3
8
Differentiate by rule where a =
1
64
3
.
8
f ( x ) =
Take
Simplify the derivative by dividing 3 by
out as a factor of the denominator.
1
.
64
3
8
9
64
+ x2
3
8
1
64
(9 + 64 x 2 )
24
9 + 64 x 2
Worked Example 15
Find dy if y is equal to: a sin1 (4x + 7) b cos1 (5 3x) c sin

dx
Think
a
1 x .
tan 5
Write
Let u = 4x + 7 so the chain rule can be applied.
a y = sin1 (4x + 7)
Let u = 4x + 7.
219
220
Find
Find
Apply the chain rule.
Replace u with 4x + 7.
Let u = 5 3x so the chain rule can be applied.
y = sin1 (u)
dy
.
du
dy
1
=
du
1 u2
So
Find
Find
Replace u with 5 3x.
du
.
dx
Find
Find
x
Replace u with tan 1 .
5
dy
.
du
4
1 (4 x + 7)2
b y = cos1 (5 3x)
Let u = 5 3x.
du
= 3
dx
y = cos1 (u)
1
dy
=
du
1 u2
dy
.
du
x
Let u = tan 1 so the chain rule can be
5
applied.
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
4
=
1 u2
=
du
.
dx
du
=4
dx
du
.
dx
So
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
3
=
1 u2
=
3
1 (5 3 x ) 2
x
c y = sin tan 1
5
x
Let u = tan 1 .
5
du
5
=
dx 25 + x 2
y = sin (u)
dy
= cos (u)
du
dy dy du
So
=
dx du dx
5 cos (u)
=
25 + x 2
=
x
5 cos tan 1
5
25 + x 2
Worked Example 16
Find the equation of the normal to the curve with equation:

x
y = 2 cos 1 at the point where x = 3 ,
2
a manually
b using a calculator.
Think
a
Write
x
y = 2 cos1
2
Find y when x = 3.
When x = 3
3
y = 2 cos1
= 2
6
=
Find dy .
dx
dy
=
dx
Substitute x = 3 into dy to find the

dx
When x = 3 , the gradient of the tangent is
gradient of the tangent at x = 3 .
dy
=
dx
=
4 x2
43
2
1
= 2
The gradient of the normal =
Find the gradient of the normal
gradient of normal = gradient of tangent .
1
and m = 2 into
3
the equation of a straight line rule:
y y1 = m(x x1)
where m is the gradient and (x1, y1) is a
point on the line.
Substitute x1 = 3 , y1 =
Simplify the equation.
1
=
2
Therefore, the equation of the normal is:

y
1
= (x 3)
3 2
=
y=
x
3
2 2
x
3
+
2 3 2
(or 6y = 3x + 2 3 3)
221

Action
Calculation
normal
x
Normal 2 cos1 , x, 3
Then press E.
Write your solution in an appropriate

form.
The equation of the normal is y =
x
3
+ .
2 2
3
REMEMBER
x
1. If f ( x ) = sin 1 a then f ( x ) =

x
2. If f ( x ) = cos1 then f ( x ) =
a
3. If f ( x ) = tan 1
Exercise
5d
a x
1
2
, a < x < a
, a < x < a
a2 x 2
a
x
, x R
a then f ( x ) = 2
a + x2

1 WE12a,13a,14a
222
Find the derivative of each of the following expressions with respect to x.
x
a sin 1
2
x
b sin 1
5
x
c sin 1
8
x
d cos1
3
x
e cos1
4
x
f cos1
6
x
g tan 1
2
x
h tan 1
4
x
i tan 1
7
x
j tan 1
3
x
k sin 1
5
x
l sin 1
0.2
x
m cos1
2.5
x
n cos1
7
x
o tan 1
3
x
p tan 1
0.8
x
q sin 1
6
x
r tan 1
10
dy
if y is equal to:
dx
a sin1 (2x)
b sin1 (5x)
e cos1 (4x)
f cos1 (6x)
j tan1 (9x)
i tan1 (3x)
2 WE12b Find
c sin1 (3x)
g cos1 (7x)
k tan1 (4x)
d sin1 (8x)
h cos1 (10x)
l tan1 (5x).
3 Using the results of question 2 , or otherwise, state the derivative of:

a sin1 (bx)
b cos1 (bx)
c tan1 (bx)
where b is a real, positive constant.
x
4 MC Consider the function with the rule f ( x ) = sin 1 .
3
a The maximal domain of f(x) is:
C [1, 1]
B 3 , 3
A ,
2 2
2 2
E 1 , 1
3 3
b The maximal domain of f(x) is:
D [3, 3]
3 3
A
,
2 2
D [1, 1]
B [3, 3]
C (3, 3)
E (1, 1)
3x
Let f ( x ) = cos1 .
7
5 MC
x
a When expressed in the form f ( x ) = cos1 , the value of a is:
a
A
7
3
b f(x) is equal to:

7
A
49 9 x 2
1
D
49 x 2
B 7
B
E
3
7
1
7
E 3
9 49 x 2
3
9 49 x 2
49 9 x 2
8x
The derivative of tan 1 is equal to:
5
40
64
A
B
25 + 64 x 2
64 + 25 x 2
5
8
D
E
25 + x 2
64 + x 2
6 MC
40
64 + 25 x 2
7 WE13b, 14b Find f(x) if f(x) is equal to:

3x
a cos1
4
7x
b cos1
4
9x
c cos1
5
5x
d cos1
8
4x
e tan 1
5
3x
f tan 1
8
7x
g tan 1
2
9x
h tan 1
5
2x
i sin 1
3
5x
j sin 1
2
6x
k sin 1
7
8x
l sin 1 .
5
223
8 Using the results of question 7, or otherwise, state the derivative of y with respect to x:
bx
bx
bx
a y = sin 1
b y = cos1
c y = tan 1
a
a
a
where a and b are real, positive constants.
9 WE15 Find dy manually, then check with a calculator. If y is equal to:
dx
a sin1 (2x + 3)
b sin1 (3x 5)
c cos1 (4x 3)
d cos1 (5x + 8)
e tan1 (3x + 2)
f tan1 (6x 7)
x + 3
g sin 1
2
2 x + 1
h cos1
3
4 x 3
i tan 1
5
j sin1 (4 3x)
k cos1 (7 2x)
l tan1 (8 5x)
3 4x
m sin 1
5
6 3x
n cos1
7
2 3x
o tan 1
.
4
10 Find the derivative of each of the following expressions with respect to x.

x
a x3 + cos1 (2x)
b 4 x 2 sin 1
3
x
c sin (4 x ) + tan 1
4
2x
d log e (6 x ) + x 2 cos 1
3
e e7x+3 + tan1 (5x) + 3
sin 1 ( x )
x
g tan 1
2
1
i sin (x) + cos1 (x)
x
k tan sin 1
3
h 3x cos1 (2x)
j sin [cos1 (x)]
x
l cos tan 1
4
x
11 a Find the gradient of the graph of y = sin 1 at the origin.
4
b Hence, find the equation of the tangent to this curve at the origin.
12 WE16 Find the equation of the normal to the curve y = cos1 (2x) at the point where it crosses
the y-axis.
x
13 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = sin 1 when x = 1.
2
x
14 a Find the coordinates of the point where the maximum gradient of f ( x ) = tan 1 a occurs

(a is a constant).
b Find the maximum gradient of f(x).
5e
Antidifferentiation involving inverse

circular functions
We now know that:
224
d
dx
1 x
sin a =
d
dx
1 x
cos a =
1
a x2
2
a x2
2
, a < x < a
, a < x < a
d
dx
1
tan
a
x
a = a 2 + x 2 , x R
It therefore follows that:
x
dx = sin 1 a + c, a > 0

1
a2 x 2
1
x
dx = cos 1 a + c, a > 0

a2 x 2
x
dx = tan 1 a + c

When finding antiderivatives of inverse circular functions, the integrand should be expressed in
one of the standard forms above and then integrated.
a2
x2
WorkeD example 17
x
Differentiate tan 1 and hence find
2
2
dx.
4 + x2
Think
WriTe
Write the equation.
x
y = tan 1
2
x
Differentiate tan 1 by rule where a = 2.
2
dy
2
=
dx 4 + x 2
Express the result using integral notation.
Therefore
2
x
dx = tan 1 + c.
2
4 + x2
WorkeD example 18
eBook plus
Find the antiderivative for each of the following expressions:

3
1
20
a
b
c
.
2
2
16 + x 2
25 x
49 x
Think
a
Tutorial
int-0383
Worked example 18
WriTe
The antiderivative is an inverse sine

x
function of the form sin 1 where
a
a = 5.
1
Take 3 out as a factor.
The antiderivative of
is
49
an inverse cos function of the form
cos1
x
a where a = 7.
x2
x
dx = sin 1 + c
5
25 x 2
1
49 x 2
dx = 3
49 x 2
dx
x
= 3 cos1 + c
7
x
(or 3 sin 1 + c)
7
Chapter 5
225
Take 5 out as a factor.
20
dx = 5
16 + x 2
4
dx
16 + x 2
x
= 5 tan 1 + c
4
4
is an
16 + x 2
inverse tan function of the form
x
tan 1 where a = 4.
a
Alternatively, parts a, b and c can be
answered using a CAS calculator. On the
Main screen, using the soft keyboard, tap:
)
P
1
25 x 2 dx
dx
49 x 2
20
dx
16 + x 2

Note: The calculator finds the second form
of the antiderivative in part b. Also, it does
not include the constant. You will have to
do that yourself.
Write your solutions, remembering to
include the constant of integration.
1
25 x 2
3
49 x 2
x
dx = sin 1 + c
5
x
dx = 3 sin 1 + c
7
20
x
dx = 5 tan 1 + c
2
4
16 + x
Worked Example 19
Find each of the following indefinite integrals:

a
1
1 25 x
dx b
9 16 x 2
dx c
8
dx .
9 + 5x 2
Think
a
Write
Use the substitution u = 5x.
1
1 25 x 2
Let u = 5x.
226
dx
du
=5
dx
du
.
dx
Find
Make dx the subject.
Rewrite the integral in terms of u.
dx =
du
5
1
1 25 x 2
dx =
=
1
5
1 u2
du
5
1
1 u2
du
Antidifferentiate by rule.
1
5
sin 1 (u) + c
Replace u with 5x.
1
5
sin 1 (5 x ) + c
Use the substitution u = 4x.
Find
or dx =
9 16 x 2
Let u = 4x.
dx
du
=4
dx
du
.
dx
du
4
1
9 16 x 2
dx =
1
4
du
9 u2 4
1
du
9 u2
u
cos1 + c
3
4x
cos1 + c
3
1
4
Replace u with 4x.
1
4
Use the substitution u = 5 x.
8
du
9 + u2
5
8
dx
9 + 5x 2
Let u = 5 x .
2
Find du .
dx
du
= 5
dx
dx =
du
5
8
dx =
9 + 5x 2
=
Express the integral in standard form.
8
5
8
3 5
1
du
9 + u2
3
du
9 + u2
227
u
tan 1 + c
3
3 5
Replace u with 5x and simplify the surd

factor.
5x
8 5
tan 1
+c
15
3
Worked Example 20
Find the antiderivative of
x 3 + 4 x 16
by first simplifying the rational expression.
x2 + 4
Think
1
Write
x 3 + 4 x 16
by long division:
x2 + 4
x
2
3
x + 4 x + 4 x 16
Divide x2 + 4 into x3 + 4x 16 to make the rational

expression antidifferentiable.
Simplify
x3 + 4 x
so
x 3 + 4 x 16
dx as two separate integrals.
x2 + 4
Rewrite
Express
Antidifferentiate both integrals.
x3
16
+ 4 x 16
16
= x 2
x2 + 4
x +4
x 3 + 4 x 16
dx =
x2 + 4
16
dx in standard form.
+4
x2
x dx
x dx 8
2.
3.
Exercise
5e
1
a2
x2
a x
2
a
a2 + x 2
x
dx = sin 1 + c, a > 0
a
x
dx = cos1 + c, a > 0
a
x
dx = tan 1 + c
a
Antidifferentiation involving inverse circular

functions
x
6
aDifferentiate tan 1 and hence find
dx .
6
36 + x 2
1
x
b Differentiate cos1 and hence find
dx.
3
9 x2
1 WE17
228
x2
2
dx
+4
x
1
= 2 x 2 8 tan 1 + c
2
REMEMBER
1.
16
dx
+4
x2
x
c Differentiate sin 1 and hence find
5
dx.
25 x 2
2 WE18 Find manually the antiderivative for each of the following expressions. Check your
answers using a CAS calculator.
1
1
1
a
c
b
2
2
4x
9 x2
1 x
1
2
5
e
f
d
2
2
4+x
25 + x 2
16 x
25
20
j
16 + x 2
x2
3 Differentiate
sin 1
. Hence find
2x
x2
6
9 + x2
1
x 2x 1
dx .
Exam tip Take care that you distinguish between
2x and 2x . The nature of the problem changes

considerably if the wrong term is used.
VCAA Assessment report 2004
4 WE19a Find each of the following indefinite integrals.

1
1
a
b
dx
dx
1 9x2
1 16 x 2
1
3
d
e
dx
dx
2
1 25 x
1 + 9x2
g
j
dx
1 49 x 2
5 MC
A
dx
dx
10
1 16 x 2
()
1
2
x2
4 x2
A 2 cos1 (2x) + c
D
1
2
x
cos1 + c
2
1
2
1 4x2
1
1
2
dx
1 4x2
5
dx
1 + 25 x 2
8
dx
1 + 64 x 2
24
dx
1 4x2
is:
2 1
()
1
2
x2
x2
2 1
4 x2
1 4x2
is:
x
B 2 cos1 + c
2
E
dx
()
1 36 x 2
a The equivalent expression to
1
2
1 25 x 2
6
[VCAA 2004]
1
2
1
2
cos1 (2 x ) + c
x
sin 1 + c
2
229
mC
14
5
5x
tan 1 + c
7
2
35
5x
tan 1 + c
7
2
7
2
5
x
tan 1 + c
5
x
tan 1 + c
7
We19b Find f (x) if f(x) is equal to:
a
d
g
j
m
p
s
16 9 x 2
1
9 25 x 2
1
e
4 + 9x2
1
h
6 x2
1
k
7 4x2
1
n
1 ( x 2)2
1
q
1 + ( x 3)2
1
t
1
8 2 x2
4 25 x 2
1
5 x2
4
5 + 3x 2
1
1 ( x + 3)2
1
9 ( x + 4) 2
1
1
4
4 x2
6
v
.
1
5 + 5 x2
8
2
is:
49 + 25 x 2
7x
2
B 5 tan 1 + c
5
9 4x2
1
f
25 + 16 x 2
1
i
1 + 7x2
1
l
10 9 x 2
1
o
4 ( x 1)2
1
r
16 + ( x + 5)2
u
3
2
1
9+ 4
x2
We20 Find the antiderivative of each of the following expressions by first simplifying the
rational expression.
2 + x2
1 + x2
x3 + 9x + 3
e
x2 + 9
b
f
x2 + 7
4 + x2
3 x 3 + 12 x 8
x2 + 4
9 Differentiate sin1 (x2) and hence find

10 Differentiate cos1
11 Differentiate tan 1
x3 + x + 1
x2 + 1
2 x 3 + 32 x 1
g
x 2 + 16
c
2x
1 x4
( x ) and hence find
12 A curve has a gradient given by

Find the equation of the curve.
13 A curve has a gradient given by
x3 + x + 5
x2 + 1
dx .
x (1 x )
( x ) and hence find (1 + x)
dx .
dx .
dy
1
and its graph passes through the origin.
= 2+
dx
1 x2
1
dy
1
and its graph passes through , .
= 3x 2 +
2 8
dx
1 + 4x2
Find the equation of the curve.
eBook plus
History of mathematics
Sofia Kovalevskaya
230
5f
implicit differentiation
dy
.
dx
You carefully transpose the equation to give y = 3 2 x and differentiate using the chain
1
dy
=
rule to correctly obtain
. There is a different way the technique of implicit
dx
3 2x
differentiation where each term in the equation y2 + 2x = 3 is differentiated with respect
to x. Thus
y2 + 2x = 3
Your teacher writes the equation y2 + 2x = 3 on the board and asks you to find
d ( y 2 ) d (2 x ) d (3)
+
=
dx
dx
dx
d ( y 2 ) dy
+2=0
dy
dx
2y
dy
+2=0
dx
dy 1
= .
dx y
y = 3 2 x thus
dy
=
dx
3 2x
Remember always to be aware of x as an independent variable and y as a dependent

variable, and to use the chain rule to allow differentiation of functions of y such as y2 with
respect to y.
WorkeD example 21
eBook plus
dy
Differentiate the equation +
= 4 to find
in terms of x,
dx
a using calculus
b using a calculator.
y2
3x2
Think
a
Tutorial
int-0384
Worked example 21
WriTe
Differentiate each term in the

equation with respect to x.
Apply the chain rule to explicitly

differentiate y2 with respect to y.
Make
Substitute for y and write
y2 + 3x2 = 4
d ( y 2 ) d (3 x 2 ) d (4)
+
=
dx
dx
dx
d ( y 2 ) . dy
+ 6x = 0
dy
dx
dy
2y .
+ 6x = 0
dx
dy 3 x
.
=
dx
y
dy
the subject.
dx
terms of x.
dy
in
dx
y = 4 3x 2
3x
2 3
dy
;| x | <
=
2
3
dx
4 3x
Chapter 5
231

Action
Calculation
impDiff
impDiff(y2 + 3x2 = 4, x, y)
Then press E.
Substitute for y as in part a (which

is preferable in this straightforward
equation) or continue to use the
calculator to make y the subject in
the equation. Tap:
Action
Advanced
solve
Solve(y2 + 3x2 = 4, y)
Then press E.
Express the domain, 3x2 - 4 0

shown in the screen in a more
appropriate form. Take care
to change to < as y is in the
denominator in the solution.
Write your solution, remembering to

include the domain.
3
3
<x<
2 3
3
dy
3x
2 3
2 3
;
=
<x<
2
dx
3
3
4 3x
Worked Example 22
Differentiate the following equations to find

a 2xy2 = x y
b x2y3 5 = 4x
dy
in terms of x and y.
dx
Think
a
232
Write
Differentiate each term in the equation with

respect to x.
Apply the product rule to the left-hand side.
2xy2 = x y
d (2 xy 2 ) d ( x ) d ( y )
=
dx
dx
dx
d (2 x ) 2
d (y2 )
d ( y)
y + 2x
= 1
dx
dx
dx
2
d (y )
d ( y)
= 1
2y2 + 2x
dx
dx
Apply the chain rule to
d (y2 )
dx
2y2 + 2x
to explicitly differentiate y2 with respect to y.
Collect the like terms and transpose

dy
to make
the subject.
dx

respect to x.
d ( y 2 ) dy
d ( y)
= 1
dy
dx
dx
2 y 2 + 4 xy
dy
d ( y)
= 1
dx
dx
dy
(4 xy + 1) = 1 2 y 2
dx
dy 1 2 y 2
=
dx 4 xy + 1
x2y3 5 = 4x
d (5) d (4 x )
=
dx
dx
dx
d (x 2 y3 )
d (x2 ) 3
d (y3 )
y + x2
0=4
dx
dx
d ( y 3 ) dy
2 xy 3 + x 2
=4
dx
dx
Apply the product rule to the left-hand side.
3
Apply the chain rule to d ( y )
dx
to explicitly differentiate y2 with respect to y.
2 xy 3 + 3 x 2 y 2
dy
=4
dx
dy 4 2 xy 3
=
dx
3x 2 y 2
Collect the like terms and transpose

to make dy the subject.
dx
Worked Example 23
dy
For x2y2 + y = 2, find the gradient of the tangent,
, at the point (1, -2). Hence, determine the
dx
equation of the tangent at this point.
Think
1
Write

respect to x.
Apply the product rule to the first term.
Simplify and make
dy
Calculate the value of
at (1, -2) by
dx
substitution.
dy
the subject.
dx
x2y2 + y = 2
d ( x 2 y 2 ) d ( y ) d (2)
+
=
dx
dx
dx
d ( y) . 2 d ( y)
2 xy 2 + 2 y .
x +
=0
dx
dx
2 xy 2 + (2 yx 2 + 1)
dy
=0
dx
2 xy 3
dy
=
dx 2 yx 2 + 1
At (1,-2),
dy 2 1 ( 2)2
=
dx 2 2 1 + 1
8
=
3
233

Action
Calculation
impDiff
impDiff(x2y2 + y = 2, x, y)
Then press E.
Copy and paste the answer without the y and
complete the entry line as shown at right.
Then press E.
8
The gradient of the tangent at (1, -2) is . Use
3
this information and the general equation of a
straight line to determine the equation of the
tangent.
y y1 = m( x x1 )
8
y 2 = ( x 1)
3
8x 8
y+2=
3 3
8x 8
y=
2
3 3
8 x 14
y=
3
3

REMEMBER
1.
Exercise
5f
d (ay") d (ay") . dy
d (ay n )
dy
=
= any n 1 .
dx
dy
dx
dx
dx
Implicit differentiation
4
1 MC The expression d ( y ) is equal to:
dx
4
dy
B y 4
C y
A 4y3
dx
x
3 dy
4 dy
D 4 y
E 4 y
dx
dx
dy
2 WE21 Differentiate the following equations manually to find
in terms of x. Check your
dx
answers with a calculator.
a 2y - x = 7
b 3y - 7 + x = 2x
c y2 + x2 = 25
2
2
2
2
d 5y + x = 25
e y - x = 25
f y2 - 4x2 = 25
2
2
g y = 12x
h y = 12x + 4
i y2 - 12x2 = 5x
Exam tip The chain rule will usually be required
in implicit differentiation problems. Make sure that
you understand how it is applied. For example, part
of the problem may require
dy
dy
d 2
d
= 2y .
(y ) = (y2 )
dx
dy
dx
dx
VCAA Assessment report 2007
[VCAA 2007]
234
dy
for each equation.
dx
b y3 + x2 = 25
d 3y2 2x3 = 10
f (x + 3)2 2y2 = 16
3 Using the technique of implicit differentiation, find

a y2 + x3 = 25
c y3 + x3 = 25
e 4x + 5x3 = y2
4 mC d ( xy ) is equal to:
dx
dy
dx
dy
dy
+x .
B y.
+x .
C y.
dx
dy
dx
dx
dx
dy
dy
D y.
+x .
E y+x .
dy
dx
dx
dy
We22 Differentiate the following equations manually to find
in terms of x and y. Check
dx
your answers with a calculator.
a 2xy = x + 1
b 2xy = x + y
c 3xy = 4x 7y
d 2xy2 = x + y
e xy3 = x + y
f 3xy2 = x2 + y
2
3
g x y =x+1
h 3x3y2 = x y
3
i 2xy = 2x 5y
dy
Use implicit differentiation to find
manually in the following. Check your answers with a
dx
calculator.
a 3x2 + 2xy + 5y2 = 0
b 3x2 2xy + 5y2 = 0
2
2
c 3x y + 2xy + 5y = 0
d (2x 3y)2 2x = 0
The equation for a circle of radius 4 units centred on the origin is x2 + y2 = 16. Find the
gradient of the tangent to the circle at a point (a, b) on the circle in terms of a only.
dy
Consider the equation 4x2y =2x y2. Use implicit differentiation techniques to find .
dx
dy
We23 For x2y2 + y =6, find the gradient of the tangent,
, at the point (1, 2). Hence
dx
determine the equation of the tangent at this point.
dy
For 3x2 + 2xy + 5y2 =0, find the gradient of the tangent, , at the point (0, 1). Hence
dx
determine the equation at the tangent at this point.
A dy
dx
6
eBook plus
Digital doc
WorkSHEET 5.2
eBook plus
Digital doc
Investigation
Rate of change
of angle
7
8
9
10
Chapter 5
235
Summary
Derivatives of the tangent and inverse circular functions
d
[tan (ax )] = a sec 2 (ax )
dx
d
[tan ( f ( x )] = f ( x ) sec 2 [ f ( x)]
dx
d
dx
1 x
sin a =
d
dx
1 x
cos a =
d
dx
1 x
a
tan a = a 2 + x 2
1
a x2
2
a x2
2
,a > 0
,a > 0
Using the second derivative to analyse the behaviour of functions
If y = f(x), then the first derivative is denoted by
dy
or f(x).
dx
d2y
or f(x).
dx 2
Stationary points and points of inflection can be established from the second derivative:
1. If f(a) = 0 and f(a) > 0, then a local minimum stationary point occurs at x = a.
2. If f(a) = 0 and f(a) < 0, then a local maximum stationary point occurs at x = a.
3. If f(a) = 0 and f(a) = 0, and f(x) changes sign at x = a, then a stationary point of inflection occurs at
x = a.
4. If f(a) = 0 and f(x) changes sign at x = a, then a point of inflection occurs at x = a without the point
being a stationary point.
The second derivative is denoted by
Antiderivatives involving inverse circular functions
x2
x
dx = sin 1 + c, a > 0
a
x2
x
dx = cos1 + c, a > 0
a
1
a2
a2
a
x
dx = tan 1 + c
a
a2 + x 2
236
d (ay n ) d (ay n ) . dy
d (ay n )
dy
=
= any n 1 .
dx
dy
dx
dx
dx
chapter review
Short answer
1 Find the derivative of:
a tan (e2x)
2 Given that f(x) =
3x2
x2 + 1
.
tan (2 x )
loge (x), find f(x).
16 Sketch the graph of:

2
f:(0, ) R, f(x) = + loge (x),
x
clearly indicating any axes intercepts, asymptotes
and stationary points.
17 On the same axes as the graph of y = f(x) shown
below, sketch the graph of:
y
3 If g(x) = (x 2)(x 3)(x + 1), find:

a g(x)
b g(x).
4 For the function h(x) = 2x3 15x2 + 24x 7 find:
a all of its stationary points and their nature
b any points of inflection.
5 Sketch the graph of the function
y = x4 3x3 + 2x2, clearly labelling all stationary
points and x-intercepts.
x
dy
d2y
.
6 If y = sin1 , find a
and b
12
dx
dx 2
2
d y
7 If y =
find a dy and b
.
dx 2
dx
8 Differentiate each of the following:
a sin1 (3x + 4)
b cos1 (4 x)
1
c tan (2x + 5).
tan1(4x),
9 Find the antiderivative of

10 If f(x) =
1
16 + x 2
11 Find f(x) if f(x) =
81 4 x 2
and f(4) = 5, find f(x).

2
9 25 x 2
and f(0.1) = 1.
12 For the equation (3x 4y)2 = 25, use the technique

dy
of implicit differentiation to find
.
dx
13 The equation for a particular ellipse is
x2 + 4y2 = 25. Use implicit differentiation
dy
techniques to determine an expression for
dx
and hence find the coordinates of the point on the
ellipse where the tangent to the curve is equal to 1.
14 Determine f(x) if f(x) is equal to:
a xcos (x)
b sin1 (2 3x)
1
c sin [cos (x)].
15 Determine f(x) if f(x) is equal to:
a cot (x)
b sin [loge (x)]
c loge [cos (x)].
3
2
1
(1, 1)
a y = f1(x)
18 If f(x) =
(3, 2)
y = f(x)
x
b y =
2
9 4x2
1
.
f ( x)
3
and f = , determine f(x).
4 3
19 Find dy for the following, using implicit

dx
differentiation.
a x2 + 4xy + y2 = 1
4 1
=3
y x
c (x - 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 9
20 For x2y2 = 2y + 8, find the gradient of the tangent,
dy
, at the point (1, 4). Hence, determine the
dx
equation of the tangent at this point.
21 Find the equation of the tangent to the
curve x3 - 2x2y + 2y2 = 2 at the point P (2, 3).
[VCAA 2007]
22 Consider the relation 2xy -
+ 9 = 0.
dy
a Find an expression for
in terms of x and y.
dx
b Hence find the exact value of dy when y = 1.
dx
9y2
[VCAA 2006]
23 Given the relation

+ 2xy + = 11, find the
gradient of the normal to the graph of the relation
at the point in the first quadrant where x = 1.
3x2
y2
[VCAA 2008]
24 aA vertical post three metres high casts its

shadow on the horizontal ground. Find the
length of the shadow as a function of the acute
237
angle between the suns rays and the ground.

If the angle is increasing at a rate of 0.25 per
minute, find the rate at which the length of the
shadow is increasing when the angle is 45.
b A searchlight is 8 km from a straight coastline
and makes one revolution every 30 seconds.
How fast is the spot of light moving along a
wall on the coast, if the wall is 10 km from the
searchlight?
Multiple choice
1 The derivative of tan (4x) with respect to x is:

B 4 sec2 (x)
A 4 sec2 (4x)
C
1
4
sec (4 x )
1
4
sec ( x )
E 4
x
2 The derivative of 3 tan
is equal to:
3
x
A 9 sec 2
3
x
C sec 2
3
E 3 sec2 (x)
x
B 3 sec 2
3
x
D 9 sec 2
3 If f(x) = loge (tan (3x)), then f(x) equals:

A
1
x
sec 2 (3 x )
tan (3 x )
3
E
sin (3 x ) cos (3 x )
C
1
tan (3 x )
D 3 sec2 (3x) tan (3x)
B 15x
3
x2
3
x
3
5x 4
2x
8 The second derivative of 9 cos is:
3
2x
A 6 sin
3
2x
B 4 cos
3
2x
C 4 sin
3
2x
D 6 cos
3
2x
E 4 cos
3
For questions 9 to 11 consider the function
f(x) = x3 x2 6x + 2.
9 f(x) has a local maximum stationary point at:
A 1 , 2
B (2.22, 16.78) C 4 , 0
3 27
3
D ( 1.12, 6.06) E (2, 6)

10 f(x) has a local minimum stationary point at:
4
A (2.34, 7.85)
B 3 , 0
4
D 3 , 6
C (1.79, 6.21)
(, )
1 2
3 27
11 f(x) has a point of inflection at:

A (2, 6)
B (2, 6)
1 2
4
C 3 , 6
D 3 , 27
( )
2
27
Use the graph below to answer questions 12

and 13.
12 The graph of g(x) has:
y
5 The second derivative of 2x6 5x4 + 3 is:

a 60x4 - 60x2
B 12x5 20x3
C 12x4 20x2
D 240x3 120x
E 12x4 60x2 + 3
6 If g(x) = e2x5, then g(x) is equal to:
238
1
E 3 ,
dy
4 If y =
tan (5x), then
is equal to:
dx
A e2x [sec2 (5x) 2 tan (5x)]
B e2x [5 sec2 (5x) 2 tan (5x)]
C e2x [5 sec2 (5x) tan (5x)]
D 10e2x sec2 (5x)
E 5e2x sec2 (5x)
A 30
e2x
A 20x3e2x (5x5 + 2)
3
C e40x
5
E 10x4e2x
7 If h(x) = loge (5x3), then h(x) is equal to:
B 100x8e2x
5
D 40x3e2x
5 4 2 0 1
A 2 stationary points
B 1 point of inflection
C 3 stationary points and 2 points of inflection
D 2 stationary points of inflection
E no stationary points of inflection
13 g(x) = 0 when x is equal to:

B 4 and 2
A 2 and 3
C 4 and 3
D 4, 2 and 3
E 4 and 1
d2y
dy
14 If y = ekx and 2 + 5 + 4 y = 0 , then k is
dx
dx
equal to:
B 1 or 4
A 0 or 1
D 0 or 4
C 1 or 4
E 0 or 4
15 The gradient of y = tan (2x) when x = is:

6
A 3
C
2
9 x2
is equal to:
D 8
E 6 sin1 (2x) + c
1 4x2
2x
19 The derivative of tan 1 is equal to:
3
6
6
A
B
2
4 + 9x
9 + 4x2
9 4x2
3
E
4 + 9x2
21 The antiderivative of
x
D 2 cos1 + c
3
18 If g(x) = 2 cos1 (2x) then g(x) is equal to:
2
1
A
B
1 4x2
4 x2
4
4
C
D
2
1 4x
4 + x2
x
tan 1 + c
2
tan 1 (2 x ) + c
C 2 cos1 (3x) + c
x
17 If f ( x ) = sin 1 then f(x) is equal to:
10
1
1
A
B
1 100 x 2
1 100 x 2
1
1
C
D
2
100 x
100 x 2
10
E
100 + x 2
5
2
5
2
1
2
16 The gradient of f(x) = 4x 3 tan (x) is equal to zero

when x is equal to:
B
A
6
3
C
D
4
2
E p
x
B 2 sin 1 + c
3
E 4
A 5 tan1 (2x) + c
x
5
C 2 tan 1 + c
2
5
is:
4 + x2
B 10 tan1 (2x) + c
A 2 sin1 (3x) + c
8
3
3
D
2(9 + 4 x 2 )
A 4 sin1 (6x) + c
C
2
3
is equal to:
6 x2
B 4 cos1 (6x) + c
6x
1
D 4 cos 6 + c
cos1 ( 6 ) + c
E 4 cos1 (6x) + c
23 If x3 + y4 = 8x then
A
3x 2 + 8
y4
8 3x 2
4 y3
3x 2 + 8
4 y3
dy
is equal to:
dx
8 3x 2
B
y4
D
4 3x 2
2y3
2 3
24 The expression d (3 x y ) is equal to:

dx
dy
a 3 xy 2 3 y + 2 x
dx
dy
b 3 x 2 y 2 2 y + 3 x
dx
dy
c 3 xy 2 y 2 + 3 x 2
dx
dy
d 2 xy 2 2 y + 3 x
dx
dy
e 3 xy 2 2 y + 3 x
dx
25 The rate at which a type of bird flu spreads

throughout a population of 1000 birds in a certain
area is proportional to the product of the number
239
N of infected birds and the number of birds still

not infected after t days. Initially, two birds in the
population are found to be infected.
A differential equation, the solution of
which models the number of infected birds
after t days, is:
dN
(1000 N )
a
=k
dt
1000
b
dN
= k ( N 2)(1000 N )
dt
dN
= kN (1000 N )
dt
dN
= kN (1000 ( N + 2))
dt
dN
= k ( N + 2)(1000 N )
e
dt

d
[VCAA 2007]
26 The slope of the curve 2x3 - y2 = 7 at the point

where y = -3 is:
a -4
b -2
c 2
d 4
e

27
2
[VCAA 2006]
Extended response
1 The cost, $C, of producing x litres of a particular aromatic oil on any day is C = 144 + 2 x +
a
b

c
d
e
f
x2
.
10
Find the set up cost, i.e. the cost incurred before any oil is produced.
Find the cost of producing 50 litres of oil.
C
The average cost per litre of oil produced, A, is A = .
x
Express A as a function of x, A(x).
Find the average cost of producing 100 litres.
Find the minimum average cost and the number of litres produced for the minimum cost.
Show that the rate of change of cost is the same as the average cost for the number of litres producing
the minimum cost.
2 The proportion of the original population of kangaroos remaining, P(t), t years after culling was introduced
2
t
onto an island can be modelled by the function: P(t ) = 1 tan 1 , t 0 .
2
a Sketch the graph of P(t).

b What percentage remains 1 year after culling began?
c By what percentage has the population dropped after 4 years?
d When is the population half of its original number?
e Find the rate of change of the population proportion after 4 years.
f When is the rate of decline of the population proportion greatest?
1
per year?
g When is the rate of decline of the population proportion
10
3 By a strange coincidence, the shape of a hillside for part of a farm follows the equation
f:[0, 6] R, f(x) = 2x3 - 15x2 + 24x + 4.
a Using the first and second derivative of f(x), show that x = 1 is a local maximum and x = 4 is a local
minimum.
b Find the coordinates of each of the stationary points.
Let A be the local maximum, B be the local minimum and C be a point to the right of B such that at that
point, x = c, f(c) = f(1).
c Find the value of c to 2 decimal places.
The owner of the farm suggests that because there is a gully between the points A and C, he could use that
to create a dam to store water.
d Sketch a graph of the function f:[0, 6] R, f(x) = 2x3 - 15x2 + 24x + 4, labelling the points A, B and C.
Shade in the region bounded by the horizontal line AC and the curve f(x) and hence use integration to
determine the size of the shaded area.
240
4 In Chemistry, functions of the type f (x) = ax2ebx (where a and b are positive real numbers) are used to analyse
the behaviour of electrons inside atoms.
a Show, by using f(x) and f(x), that f (x) has only one stationary point and that this point is a local
maximum.
b Give the coordinates of the stationary point in terms of a and b.
x
5 Consider the function f ( x ) = tan 1 where a is a positive real number.
a
a Show that the maximum gradient of f (x) is 1 and that this occurs at x = 0.
a
b Show that there is a point of inflection at x = 0, using the property that a point of inflection occurs at
x = a when f(a) = 0 and f(x) changes sign at x = a.
6 The equation xy = k represents an hyperbola when plotted on a Cartesian graph.
dy
a Find an expression for
in terms of x and y when xy = k; k > 0.
dx
dy
b Find an expression for
in terms of x and y when (xy)2 = k; k > 0.
dx
dy
c Find an expression for
in terms of x and y when (xy)n = k; k > 0 and n J+.
dx
d Comment on the results.
6x x
7 The function f :[0, ) R where f ( x ) = 2
has first and second derivatives with rules given by:
3x + 1
9(9 x 4 26 x 2 + 1)
9 x (1 x 2 )
f
(
x
)
=
and
.
(3 x 2 + 1)2
2 x (3 x 2 + 1)3
a Find the coordinates of the maximum turning point of the graph of f and use an appropriate test to verify
its nature.
b i Write down a polynomial equation which, when solved, will give the x-coordinates of the points of
inflection of the graph of f.
ii Find the coordinates of the two points of inflection of the graph of f. Give your answers correct to
one decimal place.
c Sketch the graph of f, clearly indicating the location of any intercepts with the axes, the maximum point
and the two points of inflection.
f ( x ) =
[VCAA 2008]
eBook plus
Digital doc
Test Yourself
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
241
eBook plus
aCTiviTieS
Chapter opener
Digital doc
10 Quick Questions: Warm up with ten quick

questions on differential calculus. (page 196)
5A
Tutorial
We3 int-0379: Watch how to differentiate composite

and product functions. (page 199)
We6 int-0380: Watch a tutorial on how to use
calculus to find second derivatives of f(x).
(page 203)
5C
Analysing the behaviour of functions

Interactivity
Second derivative int-0346: Consolidate your

understanding of the use of second derivatives.
(page 208)
Tutorial
We10 int-0381: Learn how to use calculus to find

stationary points of a function including points of
inflection, and use this information to sketch the
graph of the function. (page 213)
Digital doc
WorkSHEET 5.1: Find first and second derivatives,

stationary points and their nature, and sketch graphs
of polynomials. (page 215)
5D
We12 int-0382: Watch how to differentiate inverse

trigonometric sine functions. (page 217)
We21 int-0384: Watch how to differentiate a relation

using implicit differentiation. (page 231)
Digital doc
WorkSHEET 5.2: Find first and second derivatives,

stationary points and their nature, and find tangent
and normal equations. (page 235)
Rate of change of angle: Investigate the rate of
change of an angle. (page 235)
Chapter review
Digital doc
Test Yourself: Take the end-of-chapter test to test

your progress. (page 241)
www.jacplus.com.au
Antidifferentiation involving inverse

circular functions
Tutorial
We18 int-0383: Watch how to antidifferentiate a

function where the antiderivatives are inverse
trigonometric functions. (page 225)
Digital doc
History of mathematics: Learn about Sofia

Kovalevskaya, a nineteenth century mathematician.
(page 230)
242
To access eBookPLUS activities, log on to
Tutorial
5E
5F
Tutorial

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5

5A The derivative of tan (kx)

Differential and integral calculus, including:

of graphs of functions, including points of

The derivative of tan (kx)

u(x) v (x) + u (x) v(x) (product rule)

h(x) g[h(x)] (chain rule)

maths Quest 12 Specialist mathematics for the Casio Classpad

Since tan (kx ) =

If f(x) = tan (kx),

k cos2 (kx ) + k sin 2 (kx )

k[cos2 (kx ) + sin 2 (kx )]

(since cos2 (kx ) + sin 2 (kx ) = 1)

If f(x) = tan (kx),

Differentiate the following expressions with respect to x.

a Differentiate by rule: y = tan (kx),

Multiply the derivative by 2.

Chapter 5 Differential calculus

On the Main screen, using the soft

Write the solutions.

If f(x) = tan (x2 + 5x), find f(x).

Let u = x2 + 5x to apply the chain rule.

f(x) = tan (x2 + 5x)

Express f(x) in terms of u.

So f(x) = y = tan (u).

= (2x + 5) sec2 (u)

Replace u with the expression x2 + 5x.

f(x) = (2x + 5) sec2 (x2 + 5x)

ify = tan [f(x)]

Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics for the Casio ClassPad

Differentiate the following with respect to x.

+ 2x) tan (2x)

Let u = tan (3x) and consequently

a y = loge [tan (3x)]

Let u = tan (3x).

Express the division of rational

Cancel out the factor of cos (3x).

Use the double angle formula to

State the answer in simplest form.

y = (x2 + 2x) tan (2x). Let u = x2 + 2x

Replace u with the expression

b y = (x2 + 2x) tan (2x),

with u = x2 + 2x and v = tan (2x).

Substitute for u(x), v(x), u(x) and v(x).

u(x) = 2x + 2 and v(x) = 2sec2 (2x)

To find the equation of a tangent line

Find y when x = to establish the

a y = 3x + cos (2x) + tan (x)

the gradient of the tangent at x =

and m = 3 into the equation for a straight

Simplify the equation and make y the

Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics for the Casio ClassPad

On the Main screen, tap:

tanLine(3x + cos(2x) + tan(x), x, )

Write the solution.

Equation of the tangent is y = 3x + 1

1. If y = tan (kx) then dy = k sec 2 (kx ).

The derivative of tan (kx)

Manually differentiate each of the following with respect to x.

2 WE2 For each of the following find f(x) if f(x) equals:

d tan (2x2 3x)

Chapter 5 Differential calculus

3 MC If y = etan (2x), then:

B the product rule