Ch06 Integral Calculus

6
6A Substitution where the derivative is

present in the integrand
6B Linear substitution
6C Antiderivatives involving trigonometric
identities
6D Antidifferentiation using partial fractions
6E Definite integrals
6F Applications of integration
6G Volumes of solids of revolution
6H Graphs of the antiderivatives of
functions
Integral
calculus
areaS of STUdy
a
Antidifferentiation of
and 2
2
2
a
+
x2
a x
for a > 0 by recognition that they are derivatives
of corresponding inverse circular functions
1
Antidifferentiation of to obtain loge (| x |) + c
x
Use of the substitution u = g(x) to
antidifferentiate expressions of the form
[g(x)]g(x); for example, antidifferentiation of
1
in3 ( x ) using the equivalent

2 x 1 x 2, coss2 ( x ) ssin
2
form coss ( x )[1
)[1 cos
cos2 ( x )] sin ( x ) and using linear
substitution to antidifferentiate expressions
Antidifferentiation using partial fractions of

rational functions with quadratic denominators
The relationship between the graph of a
function and the graphs of its antiderivative
functions
Evaluation of definite integrals involving
antidifferentiation techniques listed above
Evaluation of definite integrals numerically
using technology
Application of integration to finding areas of
regions bounded by curves and to volumes of
solids of revolution of a region about either
coordinate axis.
such as x 2 1 x
Use of the trigonometric identities sin2 (ax) =
1
[1 cos (2ax ))]], coss2 (ax ) = 12 [1
[1 + cos
cos (2ax )] in
2
antidifferentiation techniques
eBook plus
Integration techniques
and applications
Digital doc
10 Quick Questions
You will have seen in your Mathematical Methods (CAS) course and elsewhere that some
functions can be antidifferentiated (integrated) using standard rules. These common results are
shown in the table below where the function f (x) has an antiderivative F(x).
f (x)
axn
(ax + b)n
F(x)
ax n + 1
+c
n +1
(ax + b) n +1
a( n + 1)
(continued )
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
243
(continued)
f(x)
F(x)
1
x
loge (x) + c, x > 0

or loge |x| + c, x 0
e kx
+c
k
cos (kx )
+c
k
sin (kx )
+c
k
tan (kx )
+c
k
e kx
sin (kx)
cos (kx)
sec2 (kx)
1
a2
x2
1
a x2
2
, x (-a, a)
x
sin 1 + c, | x | < a
a
, x (-a, a)
x
cos 1 + c, | x | < a
a
a
a + x2
x
tan 1 + c
a
In this chapter you will learn how to find antiderivatives of more complex functions using
various techniques.
6a
Technique 1: Substitution where the

derivative is present in the integrand
In many cases, a difficult integral can be made simpler by substitution. In an approach that is
analogous to the chain rule in differentiation (where a complex function can be differentiated by
substitution) a complex function can be integrated using substitution.
If we let y = f (u) du where u = g(x), then by differentiation with respect to u,

dy
= f (u).
du
However, using the chain rule,
dy dy du
=
, we get,
dx du dx
dy
du
= f (u) ,
dx
dx
and thus
y=
du
f (u) dx dx.
This allows f(u) to be integrated with respect to x.

For example, the function f ( x ) = 2 x ( x 2 + 7)4 can be rewritten as f ( x ) = u 4
du
by substituting
dx
du
= 2 x. Hence, the integral 2 x ( x 2 + 7)4 dx becomes the integral
dx
5
2
5
4 du dx = u 4 du = u + c = ( x + 7) + c.
u
dx
5
5
u = x 2 + 7 and
244
Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics for the Casio ClassPad
Worked Example 1
Find the antiderivative of the following expressions.

a (x + 3)7 b 4x(2x2 + 1)4 c
3 x2 + 1
x3 + x
d Find the answers to parts a , b and c using a CAS calculator.
Think
Write
a Recognise that the derivative of (x + 3)7
can be found using the general rule:

F ( x) =
(ax + b) n +1
a( n + 1)
a Let f(x) = (x + 3)7.
So ( x + 3)7 dx =
Recognise that 4x is the derivative of

2x2 + 1. Let u = 2x2 + 1.
Find
Substitute u for 2x2 + 1 and 4x =
du
.
dx
b Let u = 2x2 + 1.
du
= 4x
dx
du
.
dx
So 4 x (2 x 2 + 1)4 dx
= u4
( x + 3)8
+c
8
du
dx
dx
Simplify the integrand.
= u 4 du
Antidifferentiate with respect to u.
u5
+c
5
Replace u with 2x2 + 1.
(2 x 2 + 1)5
+c
5
Recognise that 3x2 + 1 is the

derivative of x3 + x. Let u = x3 + x.
Find
Substitute u for x3 + x and
du
.
dx
du
(3 x 2 + 1) = .
dx
c Let u = x3 + x.
du
= 3x 2 + 1
dx
So
=
=
3x 2 + 1
dx
x3 + x
1
u
1
u
1
2
du
dx
dx
du
Express the integrand in index form.
= u
= 2u 2 + c
Replace u with x3 + x.
= 2( x 3 + x ) 2 + c
Express in root notation.
= 2 x3 + x + c
du
Chapter 6 Integral calculus
245
On the Main screen, using the soft

keyboard, tap:
)
P
Complete the entry line as:
( x + 3)7 dx
(4 x(2 x 2 + 1)4 ) dx
3x 2 + 1
3
dx
x + x
Press E after each entry.

Note: The calculator cannot determine
the solution for part c. It simply returns
the input you entered. You will have to
do this problem manually. Also, it does
not include the constant for any of the
antiderivatives. Ensure you include the
constant with your answer.
2
Write your solutions, remembering

to include the constant of
integration.
( x + 3)8
+c
8
(2 x 2 + 1)5
b 4 x (2 x 2 + 1)4 dx =
+c
5
The answer to part c was outlined earlier.
a
( x + 3)7 dx =
Worked Example 2
Antidifferentiate the following functions with respect to x.

a f ( x) =
x+3
+ 6 x)3
( x2
b f ( x ) = ( x 2 1) cos ( 3 x x 3 )
Think
a
Write
Express in integral notation.
Recognise that x + 3 is half of the

derivative of x2 + 6x.
Let u = x2 + 6x.
Find
Substitute u for x2 + 6x and
du
.
dx
( x + 3) =
246
x+3
dx
( x 2 + 6 x )3
Let u = x2 + 6x.
du
= 2x + 6
dx
= 2(x + 3)
1 du
.
2 dx
So
x+3
dx =
+ 6 x )3
(x2
1 1 du

dx
u3 2 dx
Express u in index form on the

numerator.
=
=
1
= 2
1 3 du
u
dx
dx
2
1 3
u du
2
= u
Replace u with x2 + 6x.
Express the answer with a positive

index number. (Optional.)
10
Alternatively, you may attempt this

problem using a CAS calculator.
keyboard, tap:
)
P
x+3
dx
( x 2 + 6 x )3
Then press E.
du
+c
2
= ( x + 6 x)
4
4( x 2
+c
1
+c
+ 6 x )2
11
An alternative form of the answer can be

found by completing the entry line as:
1
factor
4( x 2 + 6 x )2
Then press E.
12
Write your solution, remembering to

include the constant of integration.
Recognise that x2 1 is a multiple of

the derivative of 3x x3.
x+3
1
dx = 2
+c
4 x ( x + 6)2
( x 2 + 6 x )3
( x 2 1) cos (3x x3 ) dx
247
Let u = 3x - x3.
Let u = 3x - x3.
Find
Substitute u for 3x - x3 and
du
.
dx
( x 2 1) =
du
= 3 3x 2
dx
= 3(1 - x2)
= -3(x2 - 1)
So ( x 2 1) cos (3 x x 2 ) dx
1 du .
3 dx
= cos u
=
=
=
Replace u with 3x - x3.
1 du
dx
3 dx
cos u du
dx
3 dx
cosu
du
3
1
cos u du
3
sin
+c
3
sin
(3 x x 3 )
+c
3
Worked exaMPle 3
eBook plus
Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.
tan 1 x
2
+ x2
Tutorial
int-0385
cos (x) sin4 (x) dx
sin 2 ( x) cos 3 ( x) dx
log e (4 x )
dx
x
ThInk
a
Worked example 3
dx
WrITe
Recognise that cos (x) is the derivative of

sin (x).
Let u = sin (x).
Find
Substitute u for sin (x) and cos ( x ) =
Let u = sin (x).
du
.
dx
du
= cos ( x )
dx
du
.
dx
So
du
cos (x) sin4 (x) dx = u4 dx dx

= u 4 du
248
= 5 u5 + c
Replace u with sin (x).
= 1 sin5 (x) + c
Recognise that
1
is half of the derivative
4 + x2
x
of tan 1 .
2
2
3
x
Let u = tan 1 .
2
x
Let u = tan 1 .
2
du
Find .
dx
2
1
du
= 2
=
2
4 + x 2
dx 4 + x
1
1 du
x
=
Substitute u for tan 1 and
.
2
4 + x 2 2 dx
So
tan
1 x

2
2
4+x
dx
u du
dx
2 dx
u
= du
2
=
u2
+c
4
( tan )
=
1 x

2
Replace u with

tan 1
Recognise that
1
is the derivative of loge (4x).
x
Let u = loge (4x).
Find
Substitute u for loge (4x) and
x
.
2
+c
Let u = loge (4x).
du
.
dx
du 1
=
dx x
1 du
= .
x dx
So
=
log e (4 x )
dx
x
u
du
dx
dx
= u du
= 2 u2 + c
Replace u with loge (4x).
= 2 [loge (4x)]2 + c
Express cos3 (x) as cos (x) cos2 (x).
Express cos (x) cos2 (x) as cos (x) [1 sin2 (x)]

(using the identity sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1).
Let u = sin (x) as its derivative is a factor of

the new form of the function.
Find
du
.
dx
1
1
sin (x) cos (x) dx

= sin2 (x) cos (x) cos2 (x) dx
= sin2 (x) cos (x) [1 sin2 (x)] dx
2
Let u = sin (x).

du
= cos ( x )
dx
249
du
.
dx
So sin2 (x) cos3 (x) dx

du
dx
dx
= u2(1 u2) du
= u 2 (1 u 2 )
Expand the integrand.
= (u2 u4) du
= 13 u3 5 u5 + c
= 3 sin3 (x) 15 sin5 (x) + c
Worked Example 4
2
If f (x) = 4xex and f(0) = 5, find f(x).

Think
Write
f(x) = 4 xe x dx
2
Express f(x) in integral notation.
Recognise that 4x is twice the derivative of x2.
Let u = x2.
Find
Substitute u for x2 and 4 x = 2
Let u = x2.
du
= 2x
dx
du
.
dx
du
.
dx
So f(x) = 4 xe x dx
2
=2
eu
du
dx
dx
= 2eu du
= 2eu + c
Replace u with x2.
f(x) = 2ex + c
Substitute x = 0 and f(0) = 5.
f(0) = 2e0 + c = 5
Solve for c.
10
2+c=5
c=3
2
Therefore f(x) = 2ex + 3.
State the function f(x).
There are two useful results that follow from the above work on substitution.
1. f ( x )[ f ( x )]n dx =
[ f ( x )]n + 1
+ c; n 1
n +1
For example: 3 x 2 ( x 3 4)3 dx =

2.
f ( x )
dx = loge |f(x)| + c
f ( x)
For example:
250
( x 3 4) 4
+ c.
4
3x 2
dx = loge |x3 - 4| + c.
( x 3 4)
REMEMBER
1. If y = f (u) du where u = g(x), then y = f (u)
d [ f ( x )]n + 1
= ( n + 1) f ( x )[ f ( x)]n , n 1
dx
2. Since
then f ( x )[ f ( x)]n dx =
then
6A
[ f ( x)]n + 1
+ c, n 1.
n +1
d log e [ f ( x )] f ( x )
=
dx
f ( x)
3. Since
Exercise
du
dx .
dx
f ( x )
dx = loge |f(x)| + c.
f ( x)
Substitution where the derivative

is present in the integrand
1 WE1, 2 Find the antiderivative for each of the following expressions manually. Check your
answers with a CAS calculator.
a 2x(x2 + 3)4
b 2x(6 x2) 3
c 3x2(x3 2)5
d 2(x + 2)(x2 + 4x) 3
2x 3
( x 2 3 x )4
e (2 x + 5) x 2 + 5 x
g 3x2(x3 5)2
i 4x 3 e x
j (2 x + 3) sin ( x 2 + 3 x 2)
k (3x2 + 5) cos (x3 + 5x)
l cos (x) sin3 (x)
m sin4 (x) cos (x)
o sec2 (x) tan3 (x)
3x 2 + 4 x
x3 + 2x 2
log e ( x )
x
[sin
( x )]2
1 x2
Given that the derivative of(x2 + 5x)4 is 4(2x + 5)(x2 + 5x)3, then the antiderivative
2 MC
of 8(2x + 5)(x2 + 5x)3 is:

A 2(x2 + 5x)4 + c
1
2
(x2 + 5x)4 + c
D 2(x2 + 5x)2 + c
1
2
(x2 + 5x)2 + c
a The integral
3 MC
x
x2
+3
C 4(x2 + 5x)4 + c
dx can be found by making the substitution u equal to:
B x
C x
D x2 + 3
A x2
b After the appropriate substitution the integral becomes:
1
u 2 du
(u + 3) 2 du
1
2
1
2
du
E 2x
1
2
1
2
(u + 3)
du
E 2 u 2 du
251
c Hence the antiderivative of

2
(x2
3
+ 3) 2 + c
1
D ( x 2 + 6) 2 + c
x
x2
+3
is:
1
B 4( x 2 + 3) 2 + c
2
(x2
3
+ 6) 2 + c
E ( x 2 + 3) 2 + c
4 WE2 Antidifferentiate manually each of the following expressions with respect to x. Check
your answers with a CAS calculator.
a 6x2(x3 2)5
b x(4 x2)3
2
3
7
c x (x 1)
d (x + 3)(x2 + 6x 2)4
4x + 6
e (x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 3) 4
f
x 2 + 3x
g
2x 5

( x 5 x + 2)6
2
h ( x 1)
i (6x 3)e x x + 3
k (x + 1) sin (x2 + 2x 3)
m sin (2x) cos4 (2x)
2
log e (3 x )

2x
4 3x + x 3
j x 2 e x + 2
l (x2 2) cos (6x x3)
n cos (3x) sin2 (3x)
3
(4 x 2) log e ( x 2 x )
x2 x
5 WE3 Evaluate the following indefinite integrals manually. Check your answers with a CAS
calculator.
5
x( x 2 + 1) 2 dx
b x 1 x 2 dx
e x (3 + 2e x )4 dx
cos (x) dx
x 2 sin ( x3 ) dx
sin ( x) ecos ( x ) dx
cos ( x ) log e [sin ( x )]

dx
sin ( x )
2
cos
1 x

3
( x + 2) cos ( x 2 + 4 x) dx
9x
dx
1 16 x 2
x
dx
1 4x2
dx
h e3 x (1 e3 x )2 dx
sin 1 (4 x )
sin ( x )
(2 x + 1)
x+1
x + x 2 x dx
tan 1 ( x )
dx
1 + x2
x +1
dx
6 Find the antiderivative for each of the following expressions manually. Check your answers
with a CAS calculaor.
a
cos ( x )
1 + 3 sin x
c sin (x) sec3 (x)
252
b sec 2 ( x ) 2 + tan ( x )
d
e2 x
(e 3)2
2x
sec 2 ( x )

(5 tan ( x ))3
4
x log e ( x )
(log e ( x ))3

x
e tan ( x )
cos2 ( x )
sin ( x ) cos ( x )
sin ( x ) + cos ( x )
ex e x
ex
+e
(x) cos2 (x)
sin3
log e (tan ( x ))
sin ( x ) cos ( x )
x
7 WE4 If f ( x ) =
8 If f ( x ) =
l cos3 (x) sin4 (x)
x2
+5
and f(2) = 1 find f(x).
and f(0) = 3 find f(x).
9 If g(1) = 2 and g ( x ) =
4 log e ( x 2 )
then find g(x).
x
10 If g = 0 and g ( x ) = 16 sin (x) cos3 (x)

4
Exam tip Be sure to include the constant of

integration in your working. Even if it turns out to be
zero, you cannot gain full marks if you omit it during
your working.
then find g(x).
VCAA Assessment report 2007
6b
Technique 2: Linear substitution
For antiderivatives of the form f ( x )[ g( x )]n dx, n 0 where g(x) is a linear function, that is, of
the type g(x) = mx + c, and f(x) is not the derivative of g(x), the substitution u = g(x) is often
successful in finding the integral. Examples of this type of integral are:
1. 4 x + 1 dx . In this example f(x) = 1 and g(x) = 4x + 1 with n = 2 . By letting u = 4x + 1, and
1
consequently dx =
2.
4 x ( x 3)4
1
4
du, the integral becomes
1
4
u du which can be readily antidifferentiated.
dx . In this example f(x) = 4x and g(x) = x 3 with n = 4. By letting u = x 3,
the function f(x) can be written in terms of u, that is, u = x 3, thus 4x = 4(u + 3) and further,
dx = du. The integral becomes 4(u + 3) u du which can be readily antidifferentiated.
The worked examples below illustrate how the use of the substitution u = g(x) simplifies
integrals of the type f ( x )[ g( x )]n dx.
Worked Example 5
i Using the appropriate substitution, express the following integrals in terms of u only.
ii Evaluate the integrals as functions of x.
5
x( x 2) 2 dx
x2
x+1
dx
Think
a
write
Let u = x 2.
i Let u = x 2 and x = u + 2.
253
ii
du
=1
dx
Find du .
dx
Substitute u for x 2, u + 2 for x
and du for 1.
dx
So
x( x 2) 2 dx
5
du
dx
dx
= (u + 2)u 2
7
(u 2 + 2u 2 ) du
Replace u with x 2.
Take out the factor of 2( x 2) 2 .
7x2
4
+ +c
= 2( x 2) 2
9
7
Simplify the other factor.
7 7 x 14 + 36
= 2( x 2) 2
+ c
63
9
2 2
u
9
ii =
9
2
( x 2) 2
9
=
7
+ 47 u 2 + c
7
+ 47 ( x 2) 2 + c
7 7 x + 22
+c
= 2( x 2) 2
63
Express x + 1 in index form.
ii
Let u = x + 1.
Find du .
dx
Express x in terms of u.
x +1
dx
1
2
x 2 ( x + 1)
dx
Let u = x + 1.
du
=1
dx
x2
x=u1
x2 = u2 2u + 1
Hence express
in terms of u.
Substitute u for x + 1, u2 2u + 1
for x2 and du = 1.
dx
So x 2 ( x + 1)
= (u 2 2u 2 + u 2 ) du
Replace u with x + 1.
Take 2( x + 1) 2 out as a factor.
1
2
ii =
=
=
dx
1
2
(u 2 2u + 1)u
3
254
x2
5
2 u2
5
du
dx
dx
3 u 2 + 2u 2 + c
5
2
2
(
x
+
1
)
5
1
2( x + 1) 2
43 ( x + 1) 2 + 2( x + 1) 2 + c
( x + 1)2 2( x + 1)
+ 1 + c
3
5
Simplify the other factor.
1 ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) ( 2 x 2)
= 2( x + 1) 2
+
+ 1 + c
5
3
1 3 x 2 + 6 x + 3 10 x 10 + 15
= 2( x + 1) 2
+c
15
1 3x 2 4 x + 8
= 2( x + 1) 2
+c
15
Worked exaMPle 6
eBook plus
a Find the antiderivative of
e2 x
Tutorial
.
ex + 1
b State the domain of the antiderivative.
ThInk
a
int-0386
Worked example 6
WrITe
Since e2x = (ex)2, it can be antidifferentiated

the same as a linear function by letting
u = ex + 1.
a Let u = ex + 1.
du
= ex
dx
Find du .
dx
Express ex in terms of u.
and ex = u - 1
Substitute u for ex + 1 and e 2 x = e x du .

dx
So
e2 x
dx
ex + 1
e x du
u dx dx
ex
Integrate with respect to u.
u du
Substitute u - 1 for the remaining ex.
Simplify the rational expression.
1 u du
= u - loge | u | + c
Replace u with + 1. The modulus sign is no

longer necessary, as ex + 1 > 1.
ex + 1 > 0 for all values of x as ex > 0 for all x.

The function loge f (x) exists wherever f (x) > 0.
ex
State the domain.
u 1
du
u
= ex + 1 - loge (ex + 1) + c
or ex - loge (ex + 1) + d
b For loge (ex + 1) to exist ex + 1 > 0, which
it is for all x.
Therefore the domain of the integral is R.
Note: Recall that the logarithm of a negative number cannot be found.
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
255
REMEMBER
For antiderivatives of the form f ( x )[ g( x )]n dx, n 0, make the substitution u = g(x) and
so [g(x)]n dx, n 0 becomes g(x) un du, n 0. This technique can be used for the specific
case where g = mx + c since g(x) = m. The function f(x) needs to be transformed in terms
of the variable u as well.
Exercise
6b
Linear substitution
1 WE5
By making the appropriate substitution for u:
i express the following integrals in terms of u

ii evaluate the integrals as functions of x.
4
x 3 dx
3x + 5 dx
4 x + 1 dx
x( x + 1)3 dx
4 x( x 3)4 dx
g 2 x(2 x + 1)4 dx
3 2 x dx
h 3 x (1 3 x )5 dx
6 x(3x 2) 4 dx
x(2 x + 7) 3 dx
x + 3 dx
3
( x + 2)( x 4) 2
2x
x6
3 x 4 dx
5
n ( x 3)(2 x + 1) 2 dx
dx
dx
3x
8 x
dx
a The integral 4 x x + 2 dx can be found by letting u equal:
2 MC
A x + 2
B x
b The integral then becomes:
5
u 2 du
(4u 2 2u 2 ) du
3 MC
C x + 2
1
(2u 2 4u 2 ) du
(4u 2 8u 2 ) du
a Using the appropriate substitution,
u du
(u 2 + 2u 2 + u 2 ) du
D 4x
x2
x 1
256
3
2
2
(
x
1
)
3
+c
(u 2 + 2u 2 + u 2 ) du
u 2 du
3
2
2
(
x
1
)
3
2u 2 du
dx becomes:
b The result of the integration is:

A
E 2x
+ 4( x 1) 2 + c
(u 2 + 2u 2 ) du
5
2
( x 1) 2
5
+c
7
2
2
(
x
1
)
7
+ 45 ( x 1) 2 + 43 ( x 1) 2 + c
4 WE6a
5
2
( x 1) 2
5
+ 43 ( x 1) 2 + 2( x 1) 2 + c
Find the antiderivative of each of the following expressions.
a x2(x 4)4
b x2(5 x)3
d x 2 3 x
e x 2 ( x + 2) 3
f x 2 (1 x ) 4
g ( x + 1)2 x 2
h ( x 3)2 x + 1
j
m
p
s
v
x2
2x 1

( x + 1)3
x3
x+4
( x + 3)2
x+2
x +1
c x 2 x 1
2x2
l x 3 x 1
x+3
( x 2)2
x2
( x 1)2
e2 x
ex + 2
3 x
2x3
1 x
ex
ex + 1
4x

( x + 2)2
( x 2)2
2 x
e3 x
ex 1
1
1
2
5 WE6b a If f ( x ) = (5 x ) 2 + 10(5 x )
b State the domain of f(x).
3
and f(1) = 2, find f(x).
1
2
1
5( x + 1) 2
( x + 1)
6 a If f ( x ) =
3( x + 1) 2 +
2
2
and f(0) = 1, find f(x).
b State the domain of f(x).

7 a Given that g ( x ) =
2x + 1
and g(2) = 0, find g(x).
( x 1)2
b State the domain of g(x).

8 a Given that g(0) = 2 loge (2) and g ( x ) =
e2 x
, find g(x).
ex + 1
b State the domain of g(x).
6c
Technique 3: Antiderivatives
involving trigonometric identities
Different trigonometric identities can be used to antidifferentiate sinn (x) and cosn (x); n J+
depending on whether n is even or odd. Functions involving tan2 (ax) are also discussed.
Even powers of sin (x) or cos (x)

The double-angle trigonometric identities can be used to antidifferentiate even powers of sin (x)
or cos (x). The first identity is:

cos (2x) = 1 2 sin2 (x)

= 2 cos2 (x) 1
257
Therefore
sin2 (x) = 12 [1 cos (2x)]
or
cos2 (x) = 12 [1 + cos (2x)]
The second identity is:
sin (2x) = 2 sin (x) cos (x)

sin (x) cos (x) = 12 sin (2x)
or
These may be expressed in the following general forms:

sin2 (ax) = 12 [1 cos (2ax)]
cos2 (ax) = 12 [1 + cos (2ax)] Identity 2

sin (ax) cos (ax) = 12 sin (2ax)

Worked Example 7

x
2
x
4
a sin2 b 2 cos2

Think
a
Write
x
Use identity 1 to change sin2 .
2
sin2 2 dx
= 12 [1 cos ( x )] dx
Take the factor of 12 to the front of

the integral.
Antidifferentiate by rule.
= 12 [ x sin ( x )] + c
Simplify the answer.

keyboard, tap:
)
P
1
2
x 1
sin ( x ) + c
2 2
x
sin 2 dx
Then press E.
258
[1 cos ( x)] dx
Identity 1
Identity 3
x sin ( x)
+c
2
sin2 2 dx =
Write your solution, remembering to

include the constant of integration.
x
Use identity 2 to change cos2 .
4
Simplify the integral.
x
= x + 2 sin + c
2
x
2 cos2 dx
4
( 12 ) 1 + cos 2x dx
x
1 + cos dx
2
Worked Example 8
Evaluate the following indefinite integrals as functions of x.
a sin ( x ) cos ( x ) dx
b
x
x
4 sin2 cos 2 dx
2
2
Think
a
Write
Use identity 3 to change sin (x) cos (x).

Note: The integral could be antidifferentiated
using technique 1 since the derivative of
sin (x) is cos (x).
x
x
Express sin2 cos2 as a perfect
2
2
square.
sin ( x) cos ( x) dx
= 12 sin (2 x ) dx
=
1
4
cos (2 x ) + c
x
x
4 sin 2 cos 2 dx
2
2
=
x
x
4 sin cos dx
2
2
x
x
Use identity 3 to change sin cos .
2
2
= 4[ 12 sin ( x )]2 dx
Square the identity.
= 4[ 14 sin 2 ( x )] dx
= sin 2 ( x ) dx
Use identity 1 to change sin2 (x).
= 12 [1 cos (2 x )] dx
= 12 [ x 12 sin (2 x )] + c
Simplify the answer.
x 1
sin (2 x ) + c
2 4
259
odd powers of sin (x) or cos (x)

For integrals involving odd powers of sin (x) or cos (x) the identity:
sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1
can be used so that the derivative method of substitution then becomes applicable. The
following worked example illustrates the use of this identity whenever there is an odd-powered
trigonometric function in the integrand.
Worked exaMPle 9
eBook plus

a cos3 (x)
b cos (x) sin (2x)
c cos4 (2x) sin3 (2x)
ThInk
a
Tutorial
int-0387
Worked example 9
WrITe
cos3 ( x) dx
Factorise cos3 (x) as cos (x) cos2 (x).
= cos ( x ) cos 2 ( x ) dx
Use the identity: [1 - sin2 (x)] for cos2 (x).
= cos ( x )[1 sin 2 ( x )] dx
Let u = sin (x) so the derivative method can be

applied.
Find du .
dx
Let u = sin (x).

du
= cos ( x )
dx
du
.
dx
So cos ( x )[1 sin 2 ( x )] dx

= (1 u)2
du
dx
dx
= (1 u 2 ) du
= u - 13 u3 + c
= sin (x) - 13 sin3 (x) + c
Use identity 3 in reverse to express sin (2x)

as 2 sin (x) cos (x).
= cos ( x ) [2 sin ( x ) cos ( x )] dx
= 2 sin ( x ) cos2 ( x ) dx
Let u = cos (x) so that the derivative method

can be applied.
Find du .
dx
Substitute u for cos (x) and 2 sin ( x ) = 2 du .

dx
cos ( x) sin (2 x) dx
Let u = cos (x).

du
= sin ( x )
dx
So 2 sin ( x ) cos 2 ( x ) dx
= 2u 2
260
du
dx
dx
= 2u 2 du
=
c
2
3
2
3
u3 + c
cos3 (x) + c
Replace u with cos (x).
Factorise sin3 (2x) as sin (2x) sin2 (2x).
= cos4 (2 x ) sin (2 x ) sin 2 (2 x ) dx
Use the identity 1 cos2 (2x) for sin2 (2x).
= cos4 (2 x ) sin (2 x )[1 cos2 (2 x )] dx
Let u = cos (2x) so that the derivative method

can be applied.
cos4 (2 x) sin3 (2 x) dx
Let u = cos (2x).

du
= 2 sin (2 x )
dx
Find du .
dx
Substitute u for cos (2x) and sin (2 x ) = 1 du .

2 dx
So cos4 (2 x ) sin (2 x )[1 cos2 (2 x )] dx

= u 4 (1 u 2 )
1 4
u (1 u 2 )
2
= 12 (u6 u 4 ) du
1 du
dx
2 dx
du
= 12 ( 17 u7 15 u5) + c
9
Simplify the result.
= 141 u7 101 u5 + c
10
Replace u with cos (2x).
= 141 cos7 (2x) 101 cos5 (2x) + c
Summary of the integration of sina (x) or cosb (x)

The following table is a useful summary of the integration of sin a ( x ) or cosb ( x ).
Case
Method
a even
b even
Reduce the powers of sin (x)

and cos (x) by using the
double angle identities.
a odd
b odd
Identities used
sin (ax ) cos (ax ) = 12 [sin (2ax )]
u = cos (x)
u = sin (x)
sin 2 (ax ) = 12 [1 cos (2ax )]

cos2 (ax ) = 12 [1 + cos (2ax )]
sin 2 ( x ) = 1 cos 2 ( x )
cos2 ( x ) = 1 sin 2 ( x )
Using the identity sec2 (x) = 1 + tan2 (x)

The identity sec2 (ax) = 1 + tan2 (ax) is used to antidifferentiate expressions involving
tan2 (ax) + c where c is a constant since the antiderivative of sec2 (x) is tan (x).
Otherwise, expressions of the form tann (x) sec2 (x) can be antidifferentiated using the
derivative method of exercise 6A.
261
Worked Example 10
Find the antiderivative for each of the following expressions.

a
(2 + tan 2 ( x)) dx
3 tan 2 ( 3 x) sec 2 ( 3 x) dx
Think
a
Write
Express 2 + tan2 (x) as 1 + sec2 (x) using the

identity.
Let u = tan (3x) so that the derivative method

can be applied.
du
Find
.
dx
du
Substitute u for tan (3x) and 3 sec 2 (3 x ) = .
dx
[2 + tan2 ( x)] dx
= [1 + sec 2 ( x )] dx
= x + tan (x) + c
b Let u = tan (3x).
du = 3 sec 2 (3 x )
dx
So 3 tan2 (3x) sec2 (3x) dx
= u2
du
dx
dx
= u 2 du
= 13 u3 + c
5
= 13 tan3 (3x) + c
Replace u with tan (3x).
REMEMBER
1. Trigonometric identities can be used to antidifferentiate odd and even powers of sin (x)
and cos (x). These identities are:

sin2 (ax) = 12 [1 cos (2ax)]
cos2 (ax) = 12 [1 + cos (2ax)]
2. The identity sec2 (ax) = 1 + tan2 (ax) is used to antidifferentiate expressions involving
tan2 (ax) + c where c is a constant.
Exercise
6c
Antiderivatives involving trigonometric identities

1 WE7 Antidifferentiate manually each of the following expressions with respect to x.
Check your answers with a CAS calculator.
a cos2 (x)
b sin2 (2x)
c 2 cos2 (4x)
d 4 sin2 (3x)
262
e cos2 (5x)
f sin2 (6x)
x
g cos2
2
x
h sin2
3
x
i 3 cos2
6
x
j 2 sin2
4
2x
k cos2
3
3x
l sin2
2
2 WE8 Evaluate manually the following indefinite integrals as functions of x.

Check your answers with a CAS calculator.
a 2 sin ( x ) cos ( x ) dx
2 sin (4 x) cos (4 x) dx
4 sin (2 x) cos (2 x) dx
sin2 ( x) cos2 ( x) dx
g 2 sin 2 (4 x ) cos 2 (4 x ) dx
2 sin2 (3x) cos2 (3x) dx
j
l
x
2 x
cos dx
3
3
sin 2
5x
2 5x
cos dx
2
2
sin 2
c sin (3 x ) cos (3 x ) dx
f sin 2 (2 x ) cos 2 (2 x) dx
x
x
6 sin 2 cos 2 dx
2
2
4x
4x
sin 2 cos2 dx
3
3
3 MC If a is a constant, then,
a sin 2 (ax ) dx is equal to:
A 2x sin (2ax) + c
B x 2a sin (2ax) + c
ax
D x 12 sin + c
2
x 1
ax
sin + c
2
2 a
x sin (4 ax)
+c
8
32a
x sin (ax )
+c
2
4a
sin (4 ax )
+c
16a
x cos (4 ax )
+
+c
8
16a
x sin (2ax)
+c
2
4a
x cos (ax )
+c
4
8a
cos4 (ax )
+c
4a
b sin 2 (ax ) cos 2 (ax ) dx is equal to:

A
D x
c
cos3 (ax) dx is equal to:

A a cos (ax) 3a cos3 (ax) + c B a sin (ax) 3 cos3 (ax) + c
D
sin 4 (ax )
+c
4a
4 WE9a
1
[3 sin (ax ) sin3 (ax )] + c
3a
Find an antiderivative of each of the following expressions.

b cos3 (2x)
c 6 sin3 (4x)
d 4 cos3 (3x)
e sin3 (7x)
f cos3 (6x)
x
g 3 sin3
2
x
h 2 cos3
3
3x
i sin3
2
5x
j cos3
2
3x
k sin3
4
4x
l cos3
3
sin3
(x)
5 WE9b Use the appropriate identities to antidifferentiate the following expressions.
a sin (x) cos (2x)
b cos (2x) cos (4x)
c sin (3x) cos (6x)
d cos (4x) cos (8x)
x
e sin cos x
2
2x
x
f cos cos
3
3
Antidifferentiate each of the following expressions with respect to x.

a sin (x) cos4 (x)
b sin (2x) cos3 (2x)
x
x
c sin cos 5
2
2
d cos (3x) sin4 (3x)
x
x
e cos sin6
5
5
2x
2x
f cos sin 7
3
3
263
7 WE9c
Find the following integrals.
a cos2 ( x ) sin3 ( x ) dx
c
e
g
b sin 2 ( x ) cos3 ( x ) dx
d sin 2 (3 x ) cos3 (3 x ) dx
x
x
cos2 sin3 dx
2
2
x
x
4 cos2 sin3 dx
3
3
3x
3x
sin 2 cos3 dx
2
2
5x
3 5x
cos dx
4
4
6 sin 2
sin3 ( x) cos4 ( x) dx
2 sin3 (2 x) cos5 (2 x) dx
2 cos3 (3x) sin6 (3x) dx
x
x
4 sin3 cos6 dx
2
2
8 WE10
3x
3x
cos3 sin 7 dx
2
2
Find an antiderivative for each of the following expressions.
a 1 + tan2 (2x)
x
b 1 + tan 2
3
c tan2 (x) sec2 (x)
d tan3 (x) sec2 (x)
e 4 tan5 (2x) sec2 (2x)
x
x
f 8 tan 4 sec 2
2
2
g tan2 (x) sec4 (x)
h 6 tan2 (2x) sec4 (2x)
x
x
i 2 tan 2 sec 4
2
2
j 3 tan3 (3x) sec4 (3x)
x
x
k tan 4 sec 4
5
5
l 12 tan5 (6x) sec6 (6x)
9 Find the following integrals where n z +.

a sin ( x ) cos n ( x ) dx
b cos ( x ) sin n ( x ) dx
d sin3 ( x ) cos n ( x ) dx
sec2 ( x) cosn ( x) dx
cos3 ( x) sin n ( x) dx
10 If f(x) = 6 sin (x) cos2 (x) and f = 0 , find f(x).

3
11 If f(x) = 4 sin2 (2x) cos2 (2x) and f = , find f(x).

4
x
x
12 Find g(x) if g(x) = sin3 cos4 and g(0) = 4 .
2
2
35
6d
Technique 4: Antidifferentiation
using partial fractions
Recall that rational expressions, in particular those with denominators that can be expressed
with linear factors, can be transformed into partial fractions. A summary of two common
264
transformations is shown in the table below. These transformations are useful when the degree
of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator; otherwise long division is generally
required before antidifferentiation can be performed.
Rational expression
Equivalent partial fraction
f ( x)
(ax + b)(cx + d )
A
B
+
(ax + b) (cx + d )
where f(x) is a linear function

f ( x)
(ax + b)2
A
B
+
2
(ax + b)
(ax + b)

We have seen how this procedure simplifies the sketching of graphs of rational functions.
Similarly, expressing rational functions as partial fractions enables them to be antidifferentiated
quite easily. However, it is preferable to use a substitution method, if it is applicable, as the
partial-fraction technique can be tedious.
Worked Example 11
Find a, b and c if ax(x 2) + bx(x + 1) + c(x + 1)(x 2) = 2x 4.

Think
Write
Let x = 0 so that c can be evaluated.
Solve the equation for c.
Let x = 2 so that b can be evaluated.
Solve the equation for b.
Let x = 1 so that a can be evaluated.
Solve the equation for a.
State the solution.
Let x = 0,
2c
= 4
c=2
Let x = 2, 6b = 0
b=0
Let x = 1, 3a = 6
a = 2
Therefore a = 2, b = 0 and c = 2.
Worked Example 12
For each of the following rational expressions:

i express as partial fractions ii antidifferentiate the result.
x+7
2x 3
a
b 2
( x + 2 )( x 3)
x 3x 4
Think
a
write
Express the rational

expression as two separate
fractions with denominators
(x + 2) and (x 3)
respectively.
x+7
a
b
=
+
( x + 2)( x 3) ( x + 2) ( x 3)
265
a( x 3) + b( x + 2)
( x + 2)( x 3)
Express the partial fractions

with the original common
denominator.
Equate the numerator on the

left-hand side with the righthand side.
so
Let x = 2 so that a can be

evaluated.
Let x = 2, and thus 5 = 5a
Solve for a.
Let x = 3 so that b can be

evaluated.
Solve for b.
Rewrite the rational

expression as partial
fractions.
On the Main screen, tap:

Action
Transformation
expand
x+7
expand
, x
( x + 2)( x 3)
x + 7 = a(x 3) + b(x + 2)
a = 1
Let x = 3, and thus 10 = 5b
b=2
Therefore
1
x+7
2
=
+
( x + 2)( x 3) x + 2 x 3
Then press E.
10
ii
x+7
2
1
=
( x + 2)( x 3) x 3 x + 2
Write the answer.

ii
Express the integral in

partial fraction form.
x+7
dx
( x + 2)( x 3)
=
266
Simplify using log laws.
Factorise the denominator.
Express the partial fractions

with denominators (x 4)
and (x + 1) respectively.
1
2
x + 2 + x 3 dx
= loge (|x + 2|) + 2 loge (|x 3|) + c;

x R\{2, 3}
( x 3)2
= loge
+ c; x R\{ 2, 3}
|
x
+
2
|
2x 3
2x 3
=
x 2 3 x 4 ( x 4)( x + 1)
a
b
+
x 4 x +1
ii
a( x + 1) + b( x 4)
( x 4)( x + 1)
Express the right-hand side

with the original common
denominator.
Equate the numerators.
So 2x - 3 = a(x + 1) + b(x - 4)
Let x = 4 to evaluate a.
Let x = 4,
Solve for a.
-1
Let x =
Solve for b.
Rewrite the rational

expression as partial
fractions.
Express the integral in its

5 = 5a
a=1
Let x =
to evaluate b.
-1, -5
= -5b
b=1
Therefore
ii
2x 3
1
1
=
+
x 4 x +1
x 3x 4
2
2x 3
dx
x 2 3x 4
=
1
1
x 4 + x + 1 dx
= loge (| x - 4 |) + loge (| x + 1|) + c
= loge (| x - 4 |)(| x + 1|) + c; x R\{-1, 4}

or loge (| x2 - 3x - 4 |) + c; x R\{-1, 4}
Worked exaMPle 13
eBook plus
Find the following integrals.
int-0388
2 dx
1 x2
Worked example 13
x 2 + 6 x 1 dx
( x + 4 )( x + 1)
ThInk
a
Tutorial
WrITe
2
2
=
1 x 2 (1 x )(1 + x )
Factorise the denominator of the

integrand.
Express into partial fractions with

denominators (1 - x) and (1 + x).
a
b
+
1 x 1+ x
Express the partial fractions with the

original common denominator.
a(1 + x) + b(1 x )
1 x2
so
Let x = 1 to find a.
Let x = 1,
Solve for a.
Let x = -1 to find b.
Solve for b.
2 = a(1 + x) + b(1 - x)
2 = 2a
a=1
Let x = -1,
2 = 2b
b=1
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
267
Express the integrand in its partial

fraction form.
Therefore
=
2
dx
1 x2
1
1
1 x + 1 + x dx
10
= loge (|1 x|) + loge (|1 + x|) + c; x R\{1, 1}
11
1+ x
= loge
+ c; x R\{1, 1}
1 x
The degree of the numerator is the same

as the degree of the denominator and
hence the denominator should divide
the numerator using long division.
Expand the denominator.
Divide the denominator into the

numerator.
x2 + 6x 1
x2 + 6x 1
= 2
( x + 4)( x + 1) x + 5 x + 4
Using long division:
x2
+ 5x + 4
1
x2
+ 6x 1
x 2 + 5x + 4
x5
The division yields 1 with remainder (x 5).
Rewrite the rational expression using
the result of the division.
Therefore
Express
x5
as partial fractions
( x + 4)( x + 1)
with denominators (x + 4) and (x + 1).
Now
Rewrite the partial fractions with the

original common denominator.
and thus x 5 = a(x + 4) + b(x + 1)
Let x =
Solve for a.
10
Let x = 4 to find b.
11
Solve for b.
12
Express the original integrand in its

to find a.
x2 + 6x 1
x5
= 1+
( x + 4)( x + 1)
( x + 4)( x + 1)
a( x + 4) + b( x + 1)
( x + 4)( x + 1)
Let x = 1,
268
= 3a
a = 2
Let x = 4,
= 3b
b=3
Therefore,
=
13
x5
a
b
=
+
( x + 4)( x + 1) x + 4 x + 1
x2 + 6x 1
dx
( x + 4)( x + 1)
3
1 + x + 4 + x + 1 dx
= x 2 loge (|x + 4|) + 3 loge (|x + 1|) + c;

x R\{4, 1}
REMEMBER
Rational polynomials can be antidifferentiated by rewriting the expressions as partial

fractions or by long division. If the numerator is of degree less than the denominator then
use partial fractions; otherwise rewrite the expression by long division. Two common
partial fraction transformations are shown below.
Rational expression
f ( x)
(ax + b)(cx + d )
A
B
+
(ax + b) (cx + d )

f ( x)
(ax + b)2
A
B
+
2
(ax + b)
(ax + b)
Exercise
6d
Antidifferentiation using partial fractions

1 WE11 Find the values of a, b and c in the following identities.
a ax + b(x 1) = 3x 2
b a(x + 2) + b(x 3) = x 8
c a(x 4) + b = 3x 2
d a(3x + 1) + b(x 2) = 5x + 4
e a(2 3x) + b(x + 5) = 9x + 11
f a(x + 2) + bx = 2x 10
g a + b(x + 2) + c(x + 2)(x + 3) = x2 + 4x 2
h a(x + 2)(x 3) + bx(x 3) + cx(x + 2) = 3x2 x + 6
2 WE12i Express each of the following rational expressions as partial fractions.
a
1

( x + 1)( x + 2)
12

( x 2)( x + 2)
6x
( x + 3)( x 1)
3x

( x 2)( x + 1)
x+3

( x + 2)( x + 3)
x + 20
( x 4)( x + 4)
4x + 5

( x + 2)2
5 x 26

( x 5)2
x+4
x ( x 2)
7x 4

( x 2)( x + 3)
8 x 10

(2 x + 1)( x 3)
9 x 11
(3 x 2)( x + 1)
11 3 x

(2 x )( x + 3)
12 2 x
(1 x )(3 x )
3 WE12ii Find the antiderivative of each rational expression in question 2.

4 MC a If
a
b
5 x + 10
=
, then:
+
2
x
+
6
4
x
24 2 x x
A a = 2, b = 3
D a = 2, b = 3
B a = 2, b = 3
E a = 1, b = 1
C a = 3, b = 2
269
5 x + 10
dx is equal to:
24 2 x x 2
A 2 loge (|x + 6|) 3 loge (|4 x|) + c
C 3 loge (|x + 6|) + 2 loge (|4 x|) + c
log e (| x + 6| )
E
4x
b Hence
5 MC The antiderivative of
10
x2
+ x6
B 2 loge (|x + 6|) 3 loge (|4 x|) + c

D 3 loge (|x + 6|) 2 loge (|4 x|) + c
is equal to:
A 2 loge (|x + 3|) loge (|x 2|) + c
x +1
B 2 loge
+c
x 6
x+3
C 2 loge
+c
x 2
D loge (|x + 3|) 2 loge (|x 2|) + c
E loge (|x + 1|) 2 loge (|x 6|) + c

6 WE13a Antidifferentiate each of the following rational polynomials by first expressing them
as partial fractions.
a
3 x + 10

x2 + 2x
5x 4

x2 x 2
x+3
x 2 + 3x + 2
6x 1

x 2 5x 6
5x 7

x2 4x + 3
x + 16
x2 + 7x + 6
7x + 9

x2 9
7x + 1

x2 1
5x
2 x 2 3x 2
16 2 x

3x 2 + 7 x 6
x+4

2 x 2 5x + 2
4
4 x2
3x 4

16 x 2
x + 13
5 + 4x x2
7 WE13b By first simplifying the rational expression using long division, find the antiderivative
of each of the following expressions.
a
x 1

x+5
x+3

x2
x2 1
x 2 + 3x
x2 + 2x + 4

x2 4x
x2 x

( x + 3)( x + 1)
x2 + x + 4
x2 2x 3
x 2 + 3x 2

x2 4
x3 + 4 x 2 x

( x + 2)( x + 1)
x 3 + 4 x 13
x2 4x 5
2x3 + x 2 5

x2 1
x2 x + 2

x2 + 2x + 1
2x2 9x + 7
x2 6x + 9
Evaluate the following integrals in terms of x.

a
270
4x
dx
x ( x + 2)
x2 + 3
dx
x2 9
9x + 8
dx
( x 3)( x + 4)
x 2 + 3x 4
dx
( x 4)( x + 2)
5(x + 1)
dx
x 2 25
x2 + 4x + 1
dx
x2 + 6x 7
x3 + x 2 4 x
dx
x2 4x + 4
5x 2 + 2 x + 17
dx
( x 1)( x + 2)( x 3)
+ 8x + 9
dx
( x 1)( x + 2)2
4x 2
dx
x2 + 9
Challenge
j
k
m
x2
4x 2 + 6 x 4
dx
2x2 x 6
x +1
dx
x2 + 4
x 2 + 18 x + 5
dx
( x + 1)( x 2)( x + 3)
x 2 + 5x + 1
dx
( x 2 + 1) (2 x )
and f (2) = 3 loge (2), find f (x).

x 1
b State the domain of f (x).
9 a If f ( x ) =
10 a Find g (x) if g ( x ) =
x2 + 1
and g (4) = 4 - loge (5).
x 2x 3
2
b State the domain of g (x).
definite integrals
6e
The quantity f ( x ) dx is called the indefinite integral of the function f (x). However, f ( x ) dx
a
is called the definite integral of the function f (x) and is evaluated using the result that:
b
a f ( x) dx = F ( x) a
= F(b) - F(a)
where F(x) is an antiderivative of f (x).

b
The definite integral f ( x ) dx can be found only if the integrand, f (x), exists for all values of
a
x in the interval [a, b]; that is, a x b.
Worked exaMPle 14
For each of the following integrals, state:

i the domain of the integrand
i i whether the integral exists.
1
9 x2
dx
2
dx
( x 1)( x + 3)
ThInk
a
WrITe
For the integrand to exist, 9 must be greater than 0.
Solve the inequation for x.
x2 < 9
-3 < x < 3
State the domain.
The domain is (-3, 3).
x2
ii The integral exists for all values of x
between the terminals

b
-2
i The integrand exists if 9 - x2 > 0.
ii The integral exists.
and 2.
The integrand does not exist for

x = -3 and 1, as these values make
the denominator equal to zero.
i x -3, 1
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
271
Domain is R\{-3, 1}.
State the domain.
ii The integral does not exist for all values
ii The integral does not exist.
of x between the terminals 0 and 4

(as 1 lies in the interval).
When using substitution to evaluate definite integrals there is no need to return to an expression
in terms of x providing the terminals are expressed in terms of u. In fact it is mathematically
incorrect to show the integral in terms of u but with terminals in terms of x. Therefore when
using a substitution, u = f(x), the terminals should also be adjusted in terms of u.
Worked Example 15
Use an appropriate substitution to express each of the following definite integrals in terms of u, with
the terminals of the integral correctly adjusted.
a
3
2
x
dx b
x2 1
6
3
x
x2
dx
Think
a
Write
a Let u = x2 1.
Antidifferentiate the integrand by letting

u = x2 1 so the derivative method can be
applied.
Find
Adjust the terminals by finding u when x = 2

and x = 3.
When x = 2, u = 22 1
=3
When x = 3, u = 32 1
=8
Rewrite the integral, substituting x2 1 for

1 du
u and using x =
.
2 dx
Therefore the integral is
du
.
dx
du
= 2x
dx
8
3
b Let u = x 2.
Antidifferentiate the integrand by using the

linear substitution u = x 2.
Find
Express x in terms of u.
x=u+2
Adjust the terminals by finding u when x = 3

and x = 6.
When x = 3, u = 3 2
=1
When x = 6, u = 6 2
=4
Rewrite the integral.
Therefore the integral is
du
=1
dx
272
1 du
dx
u dx
1
du
2u
du
.
dx
1
2
(u 2 + 2u 2 ) du
u + 2 du
dx
1 dx
2
u
Worked exaMPle 16
eBook plus
Evaluate the following definite integrals.
2
0
x2
dx
2
x + 5x + 4
int-0389
cos ( x ) 1 + sin ( x ) dx
ThInk
a
Tutorial
Worked example 16
WrITe
Write the integral.
2
0
x2
dx
x 2 + 5x + 4
x2
x2
=
x + 5 x + 4 ( x + 1)( x + 4)
Factorise the denominator of the

integrand.
Express in partial fraction form

with denominators x + 1 and x + 4.
a
b
+
x +1 x + 4
Express the partial fractions with

the original common denominator.
a( x + 4) + b( x + 1)
x 2 + 5x + 4
Let x = -1 to find a.
Let x = -1, -3 = 3a
a = -1
Let x = -4 to find b.
Let x = -4, -6 = -3b

b=2
Rewrite the integral in partial

fraction form.
Consider:
x - 2 = a(x + 4) + b(x + 1)
So
x2
x2
dx
+ 5x + 4
1
x +1
2
dx
x+4
Antidifferentiate the integrand.
= [ log e (| x + 1 |) + 2 log e (| x + 4 |)]20
10
Evaluate the integral.
= [-loge (3) + 2 loge (6)] - [-loge (1) + 2 loge (4)]

= -loge (3) + 2 loge (6) - 2 loge (4)
11
= 2 loge (1.5) - loge (3)

= loge (2.25) - loge (3)
= loge (0.75)
(or approx. -2.88)
12
You may attempt this problem using a

CAS calculator. On the Main screen,
using the soft keyboard, tap:
)
P
2
x2
( x 2 + 5 x + 4) dx
0
Then press E.
The answer can also be simplified further.
Repeat the process in decimal mode to
get an approximate answer.
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
273
13
Write the solution.
(x2
Write the integral.
x2
3
dx = log e
4
+ 5x + 4
2.88
cos ( x ) 1 + sin ( x ) dx
Let u = 1 + sin (x) to

antidifferentiate.
Find
cos ( x ) dx =
Change terminals by finding u
when x = 0 and x = .
2
When x = 0, u = 1 + sin (0)

=1
So
Let u = 1 + sin (x)
du
.
dx
du
= cos ( x )
dx
du
dx
dx
du
dx
dx
cos ( x ) dx =
When x = , u = 1 + sin
2
2
=1+1
=2
=
=
cos ( x ) 1 + sin ( x ) dx
2 1
u2
1
du
dx
dx
2 1
u2
1
du
3
= 2 u 2
3
= 2 2 2 2 12
3
3
=
or
4 2 2
3
3
4 22
3
REMEMBER
b
1. f ( x ) dx = F ( x )

= F(b) F(a), where F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x).

b
2. The definite integral f ( x ) dx can be found only if the integrand, f(x), exists for all
a
values of x in the interval [a, b]; that is, a x b.
274
Exercise
6e
Definite integrals
b
1 WE14
For each of the following definite integrals f ( x ) dx , state i the maximal
a
domain of the integrand f(x) and ii whether the integral exists.
5
2
1
1
dx
1
a

b

c
dx
dx
2
2
3
1 9 x
0 4x
16 x 2
d
g
j
m
dx

2
11 + x
4 x + 10
dx
+ 5x + 6
dx

4x2 + 9
x2
3
2
x + x 2 dx
2
dx
x
1
dx
( x 1)2
1 (2 x 1) 2 dx
dx
1 9x2
0 (e x + e
dx
x ( x + 1)
x2
3x + 2
dx
8 x + 12
3
x 2
)
dx
2 Evaluate the integrals in question 1 provided that the integrand, f(x), exists for all values within
the domain of the integral.
3 MC
The definite integral
0 2 x 2
x 3 + 1 dx can be evaluated after substituting u = x3 + 1.
a The integral will then be equal to:

A
D
2 u
du
3
2 x 2 u du
3 u +1
du
2
2 u
du
3
4u 2
du
9
b The value of the integral is:

A 11 95
4 MC a
8 2

9
cos ( x )
1 + sin ( x )
B u = cos (x)
E u = 1 + sin (x)
b The integral will then be equal to:

1
0 u
1
2 du
E 10 10 1
dx can be evaluated by first making the substitution:
A u = sin (x)
D u = cot (x)
A
D 12 49
C 9
u 2 du
C u = 1 + sin ( x )
0 u 2
du
1 u 2
du
2
3
1 + u du
c When evaluated, the integral is equal to:

C 2
B 2 2 2
A 2
D 2 2
5 WE15 By choosing an appropriate substitution for u, express the following integrals in terms
of u. (Do not forget to change the terminals.)
2
0 x 2 (2 + x3 ) dx
2 ( x 1)
x 2 2 x dx
1 x
4x
dx
( x 2 32 )
x 1 dx
0 x
x 2 + 1 dx
x2
x +1
dx
275
log e ( x )
dx
x
2
0
cos ( x ) sin ( x ) dx
cos3 ( x ) dx
sin ( x ) e cos ( x ) dx
4
0
tan3 ( x ) sec 2 ( x ) dx
ex
2
0
x sin ( x 2 ) dx
dx
ex + 1
0 x(1 x)10 dx
6 Evaluate each of the integrals in question 5.

7
We16 Evaluate the following definite
exaM TIP
Students often hope for an easy

1 dx , writing
f ( x)
log e (| f ( x )|) + c or log e ( f ( x )) + c. This is
incorrect. The only time you can write down a quick
answer, log e (| f ( x )|) + c is when the integral is of
f ( x )
the form
dx .
f ( x)
integrals manually. Check your answers

with a CAS calculator.
0
2 4 xe x
0 (4 x + 7)
dx
03 sin ( x) cos4 ( x) dx
g
i
k
m
o
2 x + 3 dx
4 x2
1
4
1
dx
x2
5 x 2 7 x + 12 dx
2x2
dx
x2 + 1
x 1
10 If
+x
dx
dx
dx
sin3 ( x ) cos 2 ( x ) dx
3 x 10
2
0
2 sin (2 x ) cos ( x ) dx
(2 + tan 2 ( x )) dx
2x3 + x 2 2x 4
dx
x2 4
4
dx = , find the value of a.
1 + x2
11 If 3 x + 1 dx = 6 3 , find a.
276
dx
2 2 .
0 (1 + x )
4
dx = log e (3) , find a.
4 x2
12 If
x+5
dx
+ 4x + 3
1
dx
( x 3)2 + 1
8 By making the substitution x = tan ( ), evaluate

9 If
dx
cot ( x ) dx
x2
1 x
x +1
(2 x + 1)e x
4 ( x 1)2
2 x 2 + 7 x dx
solution to integrals of the form
1
4 x2
dx =
, find a.
2
eBook plus
Digital doc
WorkSHEET 6.1
6f
Applications of integration
In this section, we shall examine how integration may be used to determine the area under a
curve and the area between curves.
Areas under curves
y = f (x)
You will already be aware that the area between a curve which is
above the x-axis and the x-axis itself is as shown in the diagram at
right.
b
Area = f ( x ) dx
Further, the area between a curve which is below the x-axis,

and the x-axis itself, is as shown in the second diagram.
y
a
0
Area = - g( x ) dx
b
x
y = g(x)
a g( x) dx
The modulus is required here since, for a curve segment that lies below the x-axis, the integral
associated with that curve segment is a negative number. Area is a positive number and in this
case the integral is negative.
y
Similarly, the area between a curve and the y-axis can be
b
x = f(y)
found if the rule for the curve is expressed as a function of y,
that is, x = f(y).
a
Area = f ( y ) dy (integral measures to the right of the y-axis
are positive)
y
or
Area =
a g( y) dy
(integral measures to the left of the y-axis

a
are negative)
=
Area = f ( x ) dx +
c
a f ( x) dx
y
y = f(x)
0 c
= f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx
Similarly the shaded region in the figure at right has an area

given by:

a g( y) dy
If the graph crosses the x-axis, then the areas of the regions
above and below the x-axis have to be calculated separately.
In this case the x-intercepts must be determined. In the figure at
right a single intercept, c, is shown.

x = g(y)
Area = f ( y ) dy +
c
f ( y ) dy
= f ( y ) dy f ( y ) dy
y
b
c
x = f(y)
0
a
277
Worked Example 17
2 log e ( x )
, find:
x
a the x-intercepts b the area bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the line x = 3.
If y =
Think
a
Write
For x-intercepts, y = 0, when 2 loge (x) = 0.
Solve for x.
Sketch a graph showing the region required.

(A graphics or CAS calculator may be used.)
a x-intercepts occur when 2 loge (x) = 0.
That is, x = 1.
y
2 loge (x)
y =
x
0 1
32
log e ( x )
dx
x
Express the area as a definite integral.
Area =
Antidifferentiate by letting u = loge (x) to

apply the derivative method.
Let u = loge (x).
Find
5
6
du
.
dx
2
du
dx = 2 dx
x
dx
du 1
=
dx x
When x = 1, u = loge (1)

=0
When x = 3, u = loge (3)
Express the terminals in terms of u.
Area =
log e (3)
0
log e (3)
2u
du
dx
dx
= 0
= u 2
0
= [log e (3)]2 [0 2 ]
2u du
log e (3)
= [loge (3)]2
10
The area is [loge (3)]2 or approximately

1.207 square units.
State the area.
Worked Example 18
Examine the figure at right.

a Express the rule as a function of y.
b Find the area of the shaded section.
y= x1
2
0 1
278
Think
a
Write down the rule.
Square both sides of the equation.

Add 1 to both sides to make x the subject.
y2 = x 1
or x = y2 + 1
Express the area between the curve and the

y-axis in integral notation.
y = x 1
Write
b Area =
0 ( y 2 + 1) dy
1
= 3 y 3 + y
83 + 2
2
43
2
0
0 + 0
State the area.
The area is 4 3 square units.

y
The shaded area shown in the figure in Worked example 18 could

also have been calculated relative to the x-axis by subtracting the
area between the curve and the x-axis from the area of the rectangle
as shown in the figure at right. That is:
Area = (5 2)
Areas between curves

When finding the areas between two curves that intersect, it is
necessary to determine where the point of intersection occurs.
In the figure at right, two functions, f and g, intersect at the point P
with x-ordinate c.
The area contained within the envelope of the two functions
bounded by x = a and x = b is given by:
c
0 1
f(x)
0 c
g(x)
x
x 1 dx
y = x1
Area = a [ g( x ) f ( x )] dx + c [ f ( x) g( x )] dx
Similarly, areas between curves can also be found relative

to the y-axis.
y
x = g(y) b
x = f(y)
Area = a [ g( y ) f ( y )] dy
Note that on the interval [a, b], g(y) f(y) and hence the
integrand is g(y) f(y) and not f(y) g(y).
a
0
When an area between a curve and the x-axis (or between curves) gives an integrand
which cannot be antidifferentiated, it may be possible to express the area relative to the
y-axis, creating an integrand which can be antidifferentiated.
Worked Example 19
Find the area bounded by the curves y = x2 - 2 and y = 2x + 1.

Think
1
Check on a graphics or CAS calculator to

see if the curves intersect. If they do, solve
x2 2 = 2x + 1 to find the x-ordinate of the
point or points of intersection for the two
curves.
Write
x2 2 = 2x + 1
2x 3 = 0
(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
x = 3 and x = 1
The curves intersect at x = 3 and x = 1.
x2
279
1[ x 2 2 (2 x + 1)] dx
Express the area as an integral. (Use | |, as

without a graph we cannot always be sure
which function is above the other. Here
is a valuable use for the graphics or CAS
calculator.)
Area =
= 13 x 3 x 2 3 x
= (9 9 9) (
= 10 23
= 10 3
1
3
1 + 3)
9 12
3
2
2
State the solution.
Alternatively, on the Main screen, using the

soft keyboard type abs and tap:
)
P
1 ( x 2 2 x 3) dx
The area bounded by the two curves is 10 3 square

units.
abs(
( x 2 2 (2 x + 1))dx
Then press E.
REMEMBER
1. The area between a curve f(x), the x-axis and lines x = a and x = b is given by:
b
Area = f ( x ) dx = F (b) F (a) where F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x).

a
2. Area measures can also be evaluated by integration along the y-axis. The area between
a curve f(y), the y-axis and lines y = a and y = b is given by:
b
Area = f ( y ) dy = F (b) F (a) where F(y) is the antiderivative of f(y).

a
3. If an area measure is to be evaluated over the interval [a, b] and the curve crosses
the x-axis at x = c between a and b, then the integral has to be decomposed into two
portions.
Area =
280
a f ( x) dx + c
f ( x ) dx = F (c) F (a) + F (b) F (c)
4. The area bounded by two curves f(x) and g(x) where f(x) g(x) and the lines x = a
and x = b is given by:
b
Area = [ f ( x ) g( x )] dx = F (b) G (b) F (a) + G (a)

a
Exercise
6f
Applications of integration
For the following problems, give exact answers wherever possible; otherwise give answers to an
appropriate number of decimal places.
1 WE17 For each of the following curves find:

i the x-intercepts
ii the area between the curve, the x-axis and the given lines.
a y = x, x = 0 and x = 9
b y = x
c y = x x 1, x = 2 and x = 5
d y =
e y =
x2
, x = 1 and x = 3
g y = 2x cos (x)2, x =
and x = 0
3
1
, x = 1 and x = 2
x2
3x 2
, x = 3 and x = 4
x2 4
f y = cos2 (x), x = 0 and x =

h y =
ex
, x = 0 and x = 1
2 + ex
2 WE18 For each of the graphs below:

i express the relationship as a function of y (that is, make x the subject of the rule)
ii find the magnitude of the shaded area between the curve and the y-axis.
y y = (x 1)2
a y

b
2
y= x
1
x
y = sin1 (x)
0 1
y = loge (x)
y
2
0 1
y = x3
y = cos1 (x)
x
0 1
y
y = tan1 (x)
281
3 Find the magnitude of the shaded areas on each graph below.

y
y
a
b
y = x2
y2 = x
0
y
1
4
y=
0
0 1
=1
3 x
e2
y = loge (x)
2
4+x
x2
2
9 +y
y = sin3 (x)
4 MC a The definite integral that correctly gives the area bounded by the curve y = 4x x2 and
the x-axis is:
0
1
2
A (4 x x 2 ) dx
B (4 x x 2 ) dx
C (4 x x 2 ) dx
4
D (4 x
0
x2 )
dx
(2 x 2
1
3
x3 )
dx
b The area, in square units, is equal to:

2
A 10 3
B 23
C 5 3
E 5 3
D 8
5 MC a Which of the graphs below correctly shows the area bounded by the curve y2 = x + 1
and the y-axis?
y
A

B y2 = x + 1 y
y2 = x + 1
2
1
0

y2
0
1
0
1
1
282
y2 = x + 1
x
0
y
y2 = x + 1
x
=x+1
b The definite integral which gives the area bounded by y2 = x + 1 and the y-axis is:
1
1 ( y 2 1) dy
D ( y 2 + 1) dy
0 ( y 2 1) dy
1
C 2 ( y 2 1) dy
x 1 dx
c The value of the area, in square units, is equal to:

A
2
3
B 2 3
C 13
D 53
E 2
6 WE19 Find the area bounded by the graph with equation y = (x

+ 1) and the x-axis.
2
7 Find the area bounded by the graph with equation y = x + 4 and the y-axis.
8 a Show that the graphs of f(x) = x2 4 and g(x) = 4 x2 intersect at x = 2 and x = 2.
b Find the area bounded by the graphs of f(x) and g(x).
2)2(x
9 a On the same axis sketch the graphs of f(x) = sin (x) and g(x) = cos (x) over [0, ].
b Show algebraically that the graphs intersect at x = .

4
c Find the area bounded by the curves and the y-axis.
10 a On the same axis sketch the graphs of y = 9 x and y = x + 3.
b Find the value of x where the graphs intersect.
c Hence find the area between the curves from x = 1 to x = 2.
11 Find the area bounded by the curves y = x2 and y = 3x + 4.
12 Find the area enclosed by the curves y = x2 and y = x .
13 Find the area bounded by y = ex and y = ex and the line y = e.
14 Examine the figure at right.
a Find the area enclosed by f(x), g(x) and the y-axis.
1
e
b Find the shaded area.
x
+
2
15 a Sketch the curve y = e
.
b Find the equation of the tangent at x = 2.
c Find the area between the curve, the tangent and the y-axis.
1 x
16 a Sketch the graph of y =
.
x +1
b Find the area bounded by this curve and the x- and y-axes.
17 a Show algebraically that the line y = x does not meet the curve y =
y
2
g(x) = ex 1
2
f (x) =
1 + x2
.
1 x2
1
b Find the area enclosed by the curve, the lines y = x and x =
, and the y-axis.
2
8 The squares below both have an area of 1 square unit.
1
a Determine the area of the dark pink shape in the square.
b Determine the area of the yellow shape in the square.
283
6g
Volumes of solids of revolution

If part of a curve is rotated about the x-axis, or y-axis, a figure
called a solid of revolution is formed. For example, a solid of
revolution is obtained if the shaded region in figure 1 is rotated
about the x-axis.
eBook plus
Interactivity
int-0347
y
y = f(x)
y = f(x)
y = f(x)
y
0 a
0 a
0 a
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
The solid generated (figure 2) is symmetrical about the x-axis and any vertical cross-section is
circular, with a radius equal to the value of y at that point. For example, the radius at x = a is f (a).
Any thin vertical slice may be considered to be cylindrical, with radius y and height x (figure 3).
The volume of the solid of revolution generated between x = a and x = b is found by allowing the
height of each cylinder, x, to be as small as possible and adding the volumes of all of the cylinders
formed between x = a and x = b. That is, the volume of a typical strip is equal to y2 x.
Therefore the volume of the solid contained from x = a to x = b is the sum of all the
infinitesimal volumes:
x=b
V = lim
x0
y2 x
x=a
= y 2 dx
a
The value of y must be expressed in terms of x so that the integral can be evaluated.
From the figure above y - f (x) and thus the volume of revolution of a curve f (x) from
x = a to x = b is
b
V = [ f ( x )]2 dx.
a
Similarly if a curve is rotated about the y-axis, the solid of

revolution shown in the figure at right is produced.
The volume of the solid of revolution is likewise
x = f(y)
V = [ f ( y )]2 dy
For regions between two curves that are rotated about the x-axis:
(
a
V =
[ f ( x )]2
[ g( x )]2
) dx
y = f(x)
y = g(x)
0
284
Worked exaMPle 20
a Sketch the graph of y = 2x and show the region bounded by the graph, the x-axis and the line x = 2.
b Find the volume of the solid of revolution when the region is rotated about the x-axis.
ThInk
a
WrITe
Sketch the graph.
Shade the region required.
x = 2 y = 2x
b V=
0 (2 x)2 dx
State the integral that gives the volume.

(The volume generated is bounded by x = 0
and x = 2.)
= 4 x 2 dx
= 43 x 3
0
= 32
3
=
5
2
0
32
3
32
The exact volume generated is
cubic
3
units.
State the volume.
Worked exaMPle 21
eBook plus
a Sketch the region bounded by the curve y = loge (x), the x-axis, the y-axis and
the line y = 2.
b Calculate the volume of the solid generated if the region is rotated about
the y-axis.
ThInk
a
1
2
int-0390
Worked example 21
WrITe
Sketch the graph. (Use a graphics or

CAS calculator if necessary.)
Shade the region required.
Write the rule y = loge (x).
Take the exponent of both sides to

get y as a function of x.
State the function.
Express the volume in integral

notation between y = 0 and y = 2.
y = loge(x)
2
0
Tutorial
y = loge (x)
ey = eloge (x)
ey = x
or x = ey
2
So V = (e y )2 dy
0
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
285
= e 2 y dy
= 12 e 2 y
12 e 4
State the volume.
Alternatively, on the Main screen,

using the soft keyboard, complete
the entry line as:
2
0
12 e 0
4
(e 1)
2
4
(e 1) cubic units
2
(or approximately 84.19 cubic units).
The volume is exactly
((e y )2 )dy
Then press E.
Repeat the entry line in decimal
mode to get an approximate answer.
REMEMBER
1. To find the volume of revolution about the x-axis for the function f(x) from x = a to
x = b, evaluate the integral:
b
V = [ f ( x )]2 dx
a
2. To find the volume of revolution about the y-axis for the function f(y) from y = a to
y = b, evaluate the integral:
b
V = [ f ( y )]2 dy
a
3. To find the volume of revolution about the x-axis for the region between f(x) and g(x)
where f(x) g(x) from x = a to x = b, evaluate the integral:
b
V = [ f ( x)]2 [ g( x )]2 dx
a
Exercise
6g

Give exact answers where possible; otherwise use an appropriate number of decimal places
when giving approximate answers. (Use a graphics or CAS calculator to check any graphing.)
1 WE20 a Sketch the graph of the region bounded by the x-axis, the curve y = 3x and the line x = 2.
b Calculate the volume generated by rotating this region about the x-axis.
c Verify this result by using the standard volume formula for the solid generated.
286
2 The region bounded by the graph of y = 16 x 2 and the x-axis is rotated about the x-axis.
a Calculate the volume of the solid of revolution generated.
b Verify this answer using the standard volume formula.
3 WE21 a Sketch the region bounded by the curve y = x 1, the y-axis and the lines y = 0
and y = 2.
b Calculate the volume generated when this region is rotated about the y-axis.
4 Find the volume generated when the area bounded by y = x2 1 and the x-axis is rotated about:
a the x-axis
b the y-axis.
5 For the regions bounded by the x-axis, the following curves, and the given lines:
i sketch a graph shading the region
ii find the volume generated when the region is rotated about the x-axis.
a y = x + 1; x = 0 and x = 2
b y = x; x = 1 and x = 4
c y = x2; x = 0 and x = 2
d y2 = 2x + 1; x = 0 and x = 3
e x2 + y2 = 4; x = 1 and x = 1
2
f y = ; x = 1 and x = 3
x
and x =
h y = ex + 1; x = 2 and x = 1
2
2
6 For each region defined in question 5 (a to f only) find the volume generated by rotating it
about the y-axis.
g y = cos(x); x =
7 MC a The region bounded by the curves y = x2 + 2 and y = 4 x2 is represented by the graph:

y
y = x2 + 2
(1, 3)
y y = x2 + 2
y y = x2 + 2
(2, 2)
y = 4 x2
(1, 3)
y = 4 x2
(2, 2)
y = x2 + 2
y = 4 x2
y = 4 x2
E y = 4 x2 y
y = x2 + 2
(1, 3)
0
x
(1, 3)
b The volume generated when the region is rotated about the x-axis is equal to:
2
A (2 2 x 2 )2 dx
0
D 24 (1 x 2 ) dx
0
B (2 2 y )2 dy
C (2 2 x 2 )2 dx
0
E (6 2 x 2 )2 dx
287
c The volume generated when the region is rotated about the y-axis is equal to:
4
A (4 y ) dy + ( y 2) dy
4
C (2 2 y ) dy
2
B ( y 2) dy + (4 y ) dy
4
D (2 y 2) dy
E (2 2 x 2 ) dx
2
8 Find the volume generated when the region

bounded by the curves y = x2 and y = x is
rotated about:
a the x-axis
b the y-axis.
9 Find the volume generated when the area
bounded by the curve y = sec (x), the line
x = and the x-and y-axes is rotated

4
about the x-axis.
Exam tip Students often use the incorrect
integral ab ( f ( x ) g ( x ))2 dx instead of
ab ( f ( x ))2 ( g ( x ))2 dx for the volume of

revolution when the area between the graphs of f(x)
and g(x) from x = a to x = b is rotated about the
x-axis.
10 Find the volume generated by rotating the area bounded by y = e2x, the y-axis and the line y = 2
about the x-axis.
11 The area bounded by the curve y = tan 1(x), the x-axis and the line x = 1 is rotated about the
y-axis. Find the volume of the solid generated.
2
12 A model for a container is formed by rotating the area under the curve of y = 2 x between
6
x = 1 and x = 1 about the x-axis. Find the volume of the container.

13 For the graph shown at right:
a find the coordinate of A
b find the volume generated when the shaded region is rotated
about the x-axis
c find the volume generated when the shaded region is rotated
about the y-axis.
y=
4 x2
x2 y2
+
= 1 about:
14 What is the volume generated by rotating the ellipse with equation
4
9
a the x-axis
b the y-axis?
15 Find the volume generated when the region bounded by y = x2 and y = 8 x is rotated about:
a the x-axis
b the y-axis.
16 Find the volume generated by the rotation of the area bounded by the curves y = x3 and y = x2
about:
a the x-axis
b the y-axis.
17 A hemispherical bowl of radius 10cm contains water to a depth of 5cm. What is the volume
of water in the bowl?
18 A solid sphere of radius 6cm has a cylindrical hole of radius 1cm bored through its centre.
What is the volume of the remainder of the sphere?
19 Find the volume of a truncated cone of height 10cm, a base radius of 5cm and a top radius
of 2cm.
288
20 a Find the equation of the circle sketched below.

b Find the volume of a torus (doughnut-shaped figure)
generated by rotating this circle about the x-axis (give
your answer in cm3).
y
21 a Find the volume generated

by rotating the ellipse
x2 y2
+
= 1 about:
25 16
i the x-axis
ii the y-axis.
6
0
x2 y2
+
= 1 , having semi-major and
a2 b2
semi-minor axes a and b respectively, is rotated about:
i the x-axis
ii the y-axis.
iii If a = b, verify that these give the volume of a sphere.
c i A football has a volume approximately that of an ellipsoid. If the total length of a
certain football is 25 cm and its internal radius at the centre is 10 cm, find its volume.
ii The Earth may be regarded as an ellipse, slightly flattened at the poles. If the
equatorial and polar radii of the Earth are 6399.6 km and 6378.2 km respectively, find
the volume of the Earth. (Use your results from b.)
b Determine the volume formed if the ellipse
22 a If the region bounded by the curve y = 3 sin (2x), the origin, the x-axis and the first intercept
it makes with the x-axis rotated about the x-axis, find the volume formed.
b If the curve is replaced by y = a sin ( px) find the volume formed.
23 a A certain water pipe has its boundary in the form of the curve
1
y=
4 + 9x2
When this curve is rotated 360 about the x-axis between the y-axis and the line x = 5,
find the volume so formed.
1
b Find the volume formed when the area bounded by the curve y =
,
4 + 3x
the coordinates axes and the line x = 4 is rotated about the x-axis.
eBook plus
6h
graphs of the antiderivatives

of functions
Digital doc
WorkSHEET 6.2
Given the graph of a function f (x), we can draw the graph of an antiderivative, F(x). Although
the graph of F(x) is not completely determined by that of f (x), there are several features that can
be sketched. The following table shows how they are related:
Features of f (x)
Features of F(x)
f (x) > 0, x (a, b)
F(x) increasing for x (a, b)
f (x) < 0, x (a, b)
F(x) decreasing for x (a, b)
x-intercept at x = a
Stationary point at x = a
Local minimum or maximum at x = a
Point of inflection at x = a
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
289
Worked Example 22
Given the following graph of f(x), sketch a possible graph of F(x).

Think
Write
-2,
f(x) has an x-intercept at x =

so the
antiderivative has a stationary point here.
f(x) changes from negative to positive values at

x = -2, so the stationary point must be a local
minimum.
There is no more information, so the stationary

point of the graph of F(x) can occur anywhere on
the line x = -2.
f(x)
If additional information is given for the antiderivative, then its graph may be determined more
precisely.
Worked Example 23
Given the following graph of f(x), sketch a possible graph of F(x) given that F(-2) = -4 and F(3) = 5.
f(x)
01
Think
290
Write
-2
f(x) has x-intercepts at x = and x = 3, so the

antiderivative has stationary points there.
f(x) changes from negative to positive values at

x = -2, so this stationary point must be a local
minimum.
f(x) changes from positive to negative values

at x = 3, so this stationary point must be a local
maximum.
F(-2) = 4 and F(3) = 5 so the local minimum

occurs at (2, 4) and the local maximum at (3, 5).
f(x) has a turning point at x = 1 so the

antiderivative has a point of inflection there.
Show the graph changing from concave down
to concave up at x = 1. (The y-coordinate of this
point cannot be determined.)
f(x)
5
01
(2, 4)
(3, 5)
Worked Example 24
Given the following graph of f(x), sketch a possible graph of F(x) given that F(2) = -3.
f(x)
Think
Write
f(x) has no x-intercepts so F(x) has no stationary points.
f(x) has a horizontal asymptote y = 0, so the gradient of

F(x) approaches zero as x approaches infinity; that is, F(x)
also has a horizontal asymptote (whose value cannot be
determined although its approximate value can be drawn).
f(x)
F(2) = -3 so the point (2, -3) can be plotted.
(2, 3)
REMEMBER
1. When f(x) > 0, the graph of F(x) will be increasing.

2. When f(x) < 0, the graph of F(x) will be decreasing.
3. When the graph of f(x) crosses the x-axis, F(x) will have a stationary point.
4. When the graph of f(x) has a turning point, F(x) will have a point of inflection.
Exercise
6h
Graphs of the antiderivatives of functions

1 WE22, 23, 24 Sketch possible graphs of F(x) for each of the following where F(x) = f(x) and
the graphs of y = f(x) are shown.
f(x)
a

b
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
x
01 2 3 4 5
291
2 WE22, 23, 24 Sketch possible graphs of F(x) for each of the following where F(x) = f(x)
and the graphs of y = f(x) are shown. Show as much detail of each graph of F(x) as can be
determined from the information given.
a

b
f(x)
f(x)
1
0
F(3) = 1
F(2) = 4
f(x)
f(x)
0
3
x
F(0) = 2
F(3) = 5
F(3) = 5
f(x)
F(0) = 2
f(x)
x
F(0) = 0
F(0) = 2
292
Summary
Common antiderivatives
The table below lists common antiderivatives.

f(x)
F(x)
axn
ax n + 1
+c
n +1
(ax + b)n
(ax + b) n +1
a( n + 1)
1
x
loge (x) + c, x > 0

or loge (|x|) + c, x 0
ekx
e kx
+c
k
cos (kx )
sin (kx)
sin (kx )
+c
k
sec2 (kx)
tan (kx )
+c
k
a2 x 2
1
a x
2
+c
cos (kx)
, x (-a, a)
sin
, x (-a, a)
cos
a
a2 + x 2
x
a + c, | x | < a
x
a + c, | x | < a
tan
x
a + c
Substitution where the derivative is present in the integrand
du
f (u)du = f (u) dx dx
f (x) [ f (x)]
f (x) dx = log (| f (x)|) + c
f ( x )
dx =
[ f ( x)]n + 1
+c
( n + 1)
Linear substitution
The integral f ( x ) [ g( x )]n dx, n 0 may be successfully antidifferentiated using the substitution u = g(x),
provided that g(x) is linear. The function f(x) must be written in terms of y also.
293
Useful trigonometric identities
Trigonometric identities are used to integrate even and odd powered trigonometric functions:
1

sin2 (ax) = 2 [1 cos (2ax)]
1
cos2 (ax) = 2 [1 + cos (2ax)]
Many rational expressions can be antidifferentiated by transforming the expressions into partial fractions. Two
common types are shown below.
Rational expression
f ( x)
(ax + b)(cx + d )
A
B
+
ax + b cx + d

f ( x)
(ax + b)2
A
B
+
2
ax + b
(ax + b)

Definite integrals
a f ( x) dx = [F ( x)]ba
= F(b) F(a), where F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x).
b
The definite integral f ( x ) dx can be found only if the integrand f(x) exists for all values of x in the interval
a
[a, b]; that is, a x b.

Areas under curves
y
y = f(x)
Area = f ( x ) dx
Area =
a g( x) dx
Area =
a f ( x) dx + c
b
x
y = g(x)
y
y = f(x)
294
0 c
f ( x ) dx
Area =
y
b
c
a f ( y) dy + c
f ( y ) dy
x = f(y)
0
a
Areas between curves
y
f(x)
0 c
g(x)
x
x = g(y) b
Area = [ g( x ) f ( x )] dx + [ f ( x) g( x )] dx
x = f(y)
Area = [ g( y ) f ( y )] dy
a
a
x

b
About x-axis: V = [ f ( x )]2 dx

a
About y-axis: V = [ f ( y )]2 dy

a
Between two functions f(x) and g(x) where f(x) g(x):

b
V = [ f ( x )]2 [ g( x )]2 dx
a
295
chapter review
Short answer
1 Find the antiderivative of:

a [cos (x)] esin (x)
[log e ( x )]2
x
Exam tip Students often have difficulty in

recognising which method of antidifferentiation is
applicable in a problem and hurriedly choose a
simple but incorrect form. Make sure that you
develop the necessary skills by working on exercises
such as this one, which contains a mixture of
methods.
VCAA Assessment reports 2006, 2007, 2008
2 Find the indefinite integral

3 Find:
a
b
x +1
dx.
x2
dx
x+2
1
cos2 (2x ) dx
2 x 2 x 3 + 1 dx
x
x
sin 2 cos2 dx
4
4
6 If f(x) = 2 1 x 2 and f(0) = 3, find f(x).

(Hint: Use the substitution x = sin () to
antidifferentiate.)
2 sin ( x ) + cos ( x )
dx
2 cos ( x ) sin ( x )
15 Determine f(x) if f'(x) = sin (4x) cos (2x) and
f = 0.
3
16 Find the derivative of x2 loge (x) and hence evaluate
e
7 Evaluate:
1
dx
4 + x2
5 Find f(x) if f(x) = sin (2x) cos (x) and f() = 1.
14 Antidifferentiate each of the following.

a sin (3x) cos (3x) b tan2 (x + 1)
sin 2 ( x )
c x 2 e x + 5
d
cos 4 ( x )
x 2 2 x 12
.
x2 7x 8
f(x) =
x
2 x
1 2 x loge ( x) dx.
dx
8 a Sketch a graph which shows the region enclosed

by the curve y = loge (x), the line y = 2 and the
x- and y-axes.
b Find the area of this region.
[ x cos 1 ( x )] and hence find cos 1 (x).

dx
17 Find
18 Evaluate the following.
2
0
9 What is the area bounded by the curve y = x2 + 2

and the line y = 5x 4?
1.5 (5 2 x) 3 dx
10 Find the volume generated when the area under the

graph of y = ex, between x = -1 and x = 0, is rotated
about the x-axis.
11 Find the volume of water in a hemispherical bowl

of radius 8 cm if the depth is 3 cm.
296
b
c
4 Find an antiderivative of f(x) where
cos2 (2x) dx
12 Find an antiderivative of each of the following.

3x + 2
b 2
a sin3 (2x)
x +4
3
c 2

d x x 1
x 3x + 2
e4 x 6
e sin 2 (2 x ) cos2 (2 x )
f 4 x + 1
e
13 Evaluate the following definite integrals.
cos5 ( x ) dx
2
x+2
dx
x2 + 4x
19 Calculate the area of the region enclosed by the

graph of y = x and the line y = x .
2
x +1
20 a Sketch a graph showing the region enclosed by

y = x3 and y = x2 + 2x.
b Find the area of this region.
21 a Find the coordinates of the points of intersection
of the graphs of y2 = x and y = x .
2
b Determine the volume of the solid formed
when the area enclosed by these graphs is
rotated about the x-axis.
22 a Sketch the graph of the curve y = x2 - 2x.
b Find the area of the region enclosed by the
curve and the x-axis.
c Find the volume of the solid formed when this
region is rotated about the x-axis.
23 a Sketch the graph of the curve y = ex - 1.
b Shade the region enclosed by the curve, the
y-axis and the line y = e - 1. Find the area of
this shaded region.
c Find the volume of the solid formed when this
region is rotated about the x-axis.
24 The curves y = x and + = 2 intersect at two
points.
a Find the coordinates of these two points.
b Find the volume of the solid formed when the
shaded region is rotated about:

i the x-axis
y
y=x
ii the y-axis.
x2 + y2 = 2
x2
y2
25 a Sketch the graph of y =
1
.
1 + x2
1 The expression ( x 1)( x 2 2 x )5 dx is equal to:
u5 du
A u 5 du
D 5u 4 du
E u 4 du
1
2
C 2 u 5 du
1
4 cos2 ( x )
A 2 u 4 du
B u 4 du
D u 2 du
E 2 u 2 du
1
2
u4 du
4 The antiderivative of x(x + 2)10 is:

A x11 + c
B (x + 2)11 + c
C
( x + 2)11 (11x 2)
+c
132
( x + 2)11 (12 x 11)

+c
132
E x(x + 2)11 + c
5 x 2 x dx is equal to:
5
2
(2
5
x ) 2 2(2 x ) 2 + c
5
(2
2
x ) 2 3(2 x ) 2 + c
3
C x 2 (2 x ) 2 + c
D
1
(2
5
2
(2
15
x ) 2 + 2(2 x ) 2 + c
3
x ) 2 (3 x + 4) + c
6 Using an appropriate substitution,

is equal to:
B
C
D
E
e2 x
e x 1 dx
(u 2 + u 2 ) du
3
1
(2u 2 + u 2 ) du
5
3
1
(u 2 + 2u 2 + u 2 ) du
5
3
(u 2 + 2u 2 ) du
5
1
(u 2 + u 2 ) du
cos2 ( x )
cos3 ( x) sin2 ( x) dx is equal to:

A (u 4 u 2 ) du
B u 2 cos x dx
C (u 5 u3 ) du
sin ( x )
2 An antiderivative of
is:
cos3 ( x )
B
7 Using an appropriate substitution,
Multiple choice
1

cos4 ( x )
1

2 cos2 ( x )
3 The expression 6 sec 2 (3 x ) tan 4 (3 x ) dx is equal to:
dy
b Find
and determine the equation of the
dx
tangent at x = 1.
c Find the area of the region bounded by the
curve and this tangent.
sin 2 ( x )
D (u3 u 5 ) du
E
(u2 u4 ) dx
297
()
8 If f(x) = 4 sin2 (x) and f = , then f(x) is

4
2
equal to:
2
2
B 2x 1 + sin (2x)
C 2x + cos (2x)
D 2x - cos (2x)
E 2x sin (2x)
B (u 4 2u 2 ) du
C (2u 2 1 u 4 ) du
1) du
(u4 u2 + 1) du
10 The expression [2 + tan 2 ( x )] dx is equal to:

A x + sec2 (x) + c
B 2x + sec2 (x) + c
C tan (x) + c
D x + tan (x) + c
E x tan (x) + c
11 Given that 2 1
= 1 1 , x > 5, an
x 9 x + 20 x 5 x 4
antiderivative of
1
is:
x 2 9 x + 20
x 5
A log e
x 4
A
B
298
x +1
C 3 loge (2)
D loge (4)
E unable to be calculated.
15 The expression 2 x cos ( x 2 ) dx is equal to:

0
A cos ()
B sin (2)
C 0
D 1
E 2
1 6 The integral representing the shaded area of this
curve is equal to:
y
y = x2 1
1 ( x 2 1) dx
C 2 ( x 2 1) dx
1
( x 4) 2
1
1

( x 5)2 ( x 4)2
12 The expression
loge (2)
C loge (x2 9x + 20)
1
3
A 2 ( x 2 1) dx
x 4
B log e
x 5
D log e ( x 5)
1
dx can be evaluated over
a
9 x2
the largest domain of:
A (-9, 9)
B [-3, 3]
C (-3, 0)
D R
E (-3, 3)
1
x2
14 The value of
dx is:
3
1 x +1
A loge (2)
13 The integral
A (u 2 u 4 ) du
1
+c
x +1
E loge (x + 1)2 + c
9 Using the appropriate substitution, sin 5 ( x ) dx is

equal to:
1
+c
x +1
D 2 log e ( x + 1)
A 4 cos2 ( x ) +
( u 4
C log e ( x + 1) +
(2xx++1)3 dx is equal to:

2
+c
2
+ 3 log e ( x + 1) + c
( x + 1)2
0 (1 x 2 ) dx
0 ( x 2 1) dx
1 7 The area between the curve y = sin (x) and the

line y = x from x = 0 to x = 1 (see diagram)
is approximately
y
y=x
equal to:
A 0.04 square units
1
B 1.04 square units
y = sin (x)
C 0.54 square units
x
0
D 0.84 square units
1 2
E 0.34 square units
18 The shaded area (in square units) on the graph

below is equal to:
y
y = (x 2)2
A 163
B 16
32
C 3
D 83
0
4 x
E 8
D y 2 dy + (2 y ) dy
2
E (2 y y 2 ) dy
0
21 The graph of a function f together with the graph of

one of its antiderivative functions is shown below.
y
8
Questions 19 and 20 refer to the shaded area in the

figure below.
y
6
4
y= x
(1, 1)
x
0
y=2
0 1
5 4 3 2 1
2
A (4 2 x 2 + x 4 x ) dx
0
B (4 + x 4 x ) dx
The value of f ( x ) dx is closest to:
C (4 3 x 2 + x 4 ) dx
D (4 4 x 2 + x 4 x ) dx
0
E (2 x 2 x ) dx
20 The volume generated when the region is rotated

about the y-axis is equal to:
2
A (2 y ) dy
log e [arc tan (x )]

dx
1 + x2
can be expressed completely in terms of u as:
A -9 B -7 C -5 D 5 E 9

[VCAA 2008]
22 Using a suitable substitution
3x
x2
19 The volume generated when the region is rotated

about the x-axis is equal to:
B (2 y ) dy + y 2 dy
2
D
e
C y 2 dy
0
log e (u) du
log e (u)
du
1 + tan 2 (u)
log e (u) du
log e (u) du
log e (u)
du
1 + tan 2 (u)
[VCAA 2008]
Extended Response
1 a Find the area of the shaded region on the graph below.

b What is the volume generated when this region is rotated about the x-axis?
c If the region is rotated about the y-axis, find the volume of the solid generated using your graphics calculator.
y
y = tan (x)
Exam tip Students often omit the dx in an
integral, writing f(x) instead of f(x) dx. You will
be penalised in an exam if you do this.
1
0
299
2 The side view of the right side of a wine glass vessel can
be modelled by two curves which join at x = e:
y
0 1 e
5 x
y = 2 loge (x), 0 < x e (red curve)

y = x2 2ex + e2 + c, e x 5 (blue curve)
(All measurements are in centimetres.)
a Show that the value of c is 2 and find the height of the
vessel correct to 2 decimal places. The vessel is formed
when the region between the curves and the y-axis is
rotated about the y-axis.
b Find the volume of wine in the glass when the depth
is 2 cm.
c What is the maximum volume of wine that the glass can
hold (using maximum height to the nearest mm)?
3 A below-ground skating ramp is to be modelled by the curve y =
300
2
36 x 2
, 5.98 x 5.98.
y
Ground 4.086 Level
6 x
This is shown above, where the line y = 4.086 represents ground level. (All measurements are in metres.)
(Give all answers correct to 2 decimal places.)
a Find the maximum depth of the ramp.
b Find the area under the curve.
c Find the volume generated if this area is rotated about the x-axis.
d If the ramp is 20 metres long, what is the volume of dirt that must be removed?
4 A recent school graduate designs a four-leaf petal as part of a new clothing company logo. As a student of
mathematics she uses her integration skills to assist in the design of the logo.
f(x) = ax3
3
g(x) = bx
P
y
1/
One of four
identical shapes
combined to give
Logo:
The borders of one of the petals are f(x) = ax3 and g( x ) = 3 bx , where a and b are real numbers. She designs
the petal such that f(x) intersects with g(x) at the point P (3, 3).
a Determine the values of a and b.
b Sketch the graphs of f(x) and g(x) over the domain [0, 3].
c Shade in the area bounded by f(x) and g(x), and hence determine the area of the logo.
A fellow artist is intrigued with the shape of one of the leaves and decides he would like to use it to create a
3-dimensional sculpture.
d Determine the volume of revolution when the area shaded in part c is rotated about the x-axis.
5 The shape of a new discus is being studied at the Institute of Aeronautics. A young scientist is convinced that
a
if the discus has a cross-sectional shape of the form f(x) = 2
for x [b, b], where a and b are real
a + x2
numbers, then the resulting shape formed as a volume of revolution will have a reduced air drag and hence
travel further when thrown by an athlete.
a
a Sketch a graph of f(x):[b, b] R where f(x) = 2
+
a
x2
and shade in the area bounded
by f(x), the x-axis, x = b and x = b.
b One of the designs being investigated has
a = 3 cm and b = 5 cm. Calculate the shaded area.
c Write, but do not attempt to solve, the integral that
determines the volume of the discus.
Hint: Use the symmetry of f(x) about the y-axis to
write the integral whose limits of integration are
x = 0 and 5.
d The integral in part c gives the volume of the discus.
Use a graphics or CAS calculator to calculate the
volume of the discus.
301
6 Let f (x) = x arc tan (x).

a Find f '(x), and calculate the slope of the graph of f at
exaM TIP
Students often fail to carefully read the
x = 0.
question and lose marks through carelessness rather
b Sketch the curves y = x arc tan (x) and
than lack of understanding of Mathematics. For
y = arc tan (x) over the domain [0, 1], clearly
example, many students gave the answer to part f of
this problem in part c by carelessly assuming the
labelling each graph.
area between the curves was required in part c.
c i Write down a definite integral which gives the
area enclosed by the graphs of
y = x arc tan (x), y = 0 and x = 1.
ii Find the area defined in part i, correct to 3 decimal places.
d Use the result for y = f '(x) in part a to show that an antiderivative of arc tan (x) is
x arc tan ( x ) 12 log e (1 + x 2 ).
e Use the antiderivative found in part d to find the exact area enclosed by the graphs of
y = x arc tan (x), y = 0 and x = 1.
f Find the area enclosed by the curves y = x arc tan (x) and y = arc tan (x). Give the answer correct to 2
[VCAA 2007]
decimal places.
eBook plus
Digital doc
Test Yourself
Chapter 6
302
eBook plus
aCTIVITIeS
Chapter opener
Digital doc
10 Quick Questions: Warm up with ten quick

questions on integral calculus. (page 243)
6A
Substitution where the derivative is present

in the integrand
Tutorial
We3 int-0385: Watch a tutorial on how to evaluate

definite integrals. (page 248)
6B
Linear substitution
Tutorial
We6 int-0386: Watch a tutorial on how to find an

antiderivative and identify its implied domain.
(page 255)
6C
Antiderivatives involving trigonometric

identities
Tutorial
We9 int-0387: Watch how to find the antiderivatives

of products of trigonometric functions using
substitution. (page 260)
6D
Tutorial
We13 int-0388: Watch how to antidifferentiate

rational functions by first expressing them as partial
fractions. (page 267)
6E
Definite integrals
Tutorial

definite integrals. (page 273)
Digital doc
WorkSHEET 6.1: Antidifferentiate expressions and

evaluate definite integrals. (page 276)
6G
Interactivity
Volumes of solids of revolution int-0347: Consolidate

your understanding of calculating volumes of solids
of revolution. (page 284)
Tutorial

the volume of revolution of a region rotated about an
axis. (page 285)
Digital doc
WorkSHEET 6.2: Use integration by recognition,

calculate areas between curves and evaluate definite
integrals. (page 289)
Chapter review
Digital doc
Test Yourself: Take the end-of-chapter test to test

your progress. (page 302)
To access eBookPLUS activities, log on to
www.jacplus.com.au
Chapter 6
Integral calculus
303

Ch06 Integral Calculus

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6

6A Substitution where the derivative is

in3 ( x ) using the equivalent

Antidifferentiation using partial fractions of

loge (x) + c, x > 0

Technique 1: Substitution where the

However, using the chain rule,

This allows f(u) to be integrated with respect to x.

Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics for the Casio ClassPad

Find the antiderivative of the following expressions.

a Recognise that the derivative of (x + 3)7

can be found using the general rule:

a Let f(x) = (x + 3)7.

Recognise that 4x is the derivative of

Substitute u for 2x2 + 1 and 4x =

Simplify the integrand.

Antidifferentiate with respect to u.

Replace u with 2x2 + 1.

Recognise that 3x2 + 1 is the

Substitute u for x3 + x and

Express the integrand in index form.

Antidifferentiate with respect to u.

Express in root notation.

Chapter 6 Integral calculus

On the Main screen, using the soft

Press E after each entry.

Write your solutions, remembering

Antidifferentiate the following functions with respect to x.

Express in integral notation.

Recognise that x + 3 is half of the

Substitute u for x2 + 6x and

Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics for the Casio ClassPad

Express u in index form on the

Antidifferentiate with respect to u.

Replace u with x2 + 6x.

Express the answer with a positive

Alternatively, you may attempt this

An alternative form of the answer can be

Write your solution, remembering to

Express in integral notation.

Recognise that x2 1 is a multiple of

Chapter 6 Integral calculus

Substitute u for 3x - x3 and

Antidifferentiate with respect to u.

Replace u with 3x - x3.

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

cos (x) sin4 (x) dx

Recognise that cos (x) is the derivative of

Let u = sin (x).

Substitute u for sin (x) and cos ( x ) =

Let u = sin (x).

cos (x) sin4 (x) dx = u4 dx dx

Antidifferentiate with respect to u.

Replace u with sin (x).

Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics for the Casio ClassPad

Antidifferentiate with respect to u.

Let u = loge (4x).

Substitute u for loge (4x) and

Let u = loge (4x).

Antidifferentiate with respect to u.

Replace u with loge (4x).

Express cos3 (x) as cos (x) cos2 (x).

Express cos (x) cos2 (x) as cos (x) [1 sin2 (x)]

Let u = sin (x) as its derivative is a factor of