SOLAR ENERGY

Renewable Energy Technologies

Introduction
In space, ninety-three million miles
from Earth, lies our sun. It has a
surface temperature of 5,700C and a
core temperature of 15,000,000C, in
which, directly or indirectly, provides all
the power we need to exist.

 Solar electricity is a wonderful concept,

generating electricity from sunlight
alone is a powerful resource, and
ideally, utilizing the sun would provide
a free and everlasting source of energy.
However, the process of harnessing it
is a little more complex than the
general idea

THE SOURCE OF SOLAR ENERGY

Deep in the centre of the sun, intense nuclear
activity generates huge amounts of radiation.
In turn, this radiation generates light energy
called photons.
These photons carry huge amounts of
energy and momentum. Over time, these
photons push out towards the surface. And
once they reach the suns surface, they rush
through space at a speed of 670 million miles
per hour and reach earth in around eight
minutes.

 On their journey from the sun to earth,

photons can collide with and be
deflected by other particles, and are
destroyed on contact with anything that
can absorb radiation, generating heat.
Our atmosphere absorbs many of these
photons but the ones that pass through
our absorbed by us and our
surroundings which is why we feel hot
when it is sunny.

PRINCIPLE OF SOLAR ELECTRICITY

A solar panel generates electricity
using the photovoltaic effect, a
phenomenon in which certain materials
produced an electric current when
exposed to light.

 Two layers of a semi-conducting

material are combined to create a
photovoltaic effect.
The n-type silicon and p-type silicon
Exposure to photons causes the
electrons to become free-electrons

 The free electrons on the n-type and

electron holes on the p-type creates a
electric current
This current flows through an inverter
which converts it to AC

 To create usable amounts of electricity,

solar cells are connected to form
panels, which are then connected to
form arrays

 Photovoltaic Paints
Photovoltaic Paints 2

CURRENT
TECHNOLOGIES
ON SOLAR ENERGY

Progress of solar
photovoltaic in ASEAN
countries: A review
Abdul Muhaimin Ismail, Roberto Ramirez-Iniguez ,
Muhammad Asif ,
Abu Bakar Munir and Firdaus Muhammad-Sukki

Abstract

The present global energy scenario, in which fossil fuels play a preponderant role, faces
significant energy and environmental challenges.
To help address these challenges, countries across the world are increasing the
contribution made by renewable energy (RE) resources to their energy supplies.
Feed-in Tariff (FiT) is one of the most effective incentive policies used to promote the RE
sector especially at the micro-generation level.
The key objective of the FiT schemes is to provide financial support to residential, industrial
and commercial consumers to encourage them to become RE producers.
Solar photovoltaic(PV) is one of the most promising RE technologies.
This paper provides an overview of the solar PV developments in the Association of South
East Asian Nation (ASEAN) countries.
It reflects upon the RE trends in the world as well as providing an introduction to the
ASEAN countries.
It reviews the progress of solar PV in each of the ASEAN countries especially in terms of
RE policies, growth in terms of PV installations and research and development activities.
Finally, the paper presents conclusions and a set of recommendations.
Out of the 10 ASEAN countries, 5 have implemented FiT as a key policy incentive to
stimulate the progress of RE.
It is found that the ASEAN countries have great potential for solar PV in term of their
annual solar insolation levels, which ranging from 1460 to 1892 kWh/m2 per year.

 According to The Energy Report

2011,WorldWide Fund for Nature (WWF),
the RE supply will be sufficient to fulfil the
global energy needs by 2050 and will save
almost 4 trillion per year through energy
efficiency and reduced fuel costs.
RE supplied an estimated 19% of the
global final energy consumption by the
end of 2012; with approximately 9%
coming from traditional biomass and 10%

Fig.1 Estimated RE Share of

Global Final Energy Consumption,
2012

 In 2013, at least 38.4 GW of PV systems

were installed globally and a global total
cumulative installed capacity of 138.9 GW
reached in that year.
According to the Global Future Report
2013 REN21, it is projected that global
solar PV capacity could reach 400800
GW as soon as 2020 and as much as
8000 GW by 2050, saving more than 53
million tons of CO2.

Fig. 2. The evolution of global PV

cumulative installed capacity 2000 2013

Association of Southeast Asian

Nations
ASEAN aims to accelerate economic
growth, social progress and cultural
development in the region through
collaborations. In addition to that, ASEAN
members intend to provide assistance to
each other in the economic, educational,
technical, scientific and administrative
fields

Fig. 3. The boundaries and energy

information in the ASEAN region

Philippines
Philippines has potential for solar energy applications
both on grid and off-grid.
The average solar insolation in the country varies from
1643 to 2008 kWh/m2 per year.
In the Philippines, conventional fossil fuels are the
dominant primary energy source.
In spite of this, the share of renewable sources is
comparably high (41%) due to large contribution from
geothermal and biomass energy resources.
The contribution from solar, wind and biofuel, however,
is of only 1%.
Philippines is currently the world's second largest
producer of geothermal energy after the USA.

Fig. 9. Share of energy sources

contributions to Philippines primary
energy consumption in 2011.

Philippines
The Philippines Department of Energy
(DOE) passed the Renewable Energy Act
(2008) and has formulated a National
Renewable Program (NREP) 20112030
to promote development, usage and
commercial exploitation of RE resources.
Some of the incentives include income tax
holiday for 7 years, duty free of machinery,
equipment and materials importation, 0%
value-added tax rate on the sale of power

Philippines
The country targets to triple the country's
RE generation capacity from around 5232
MW in 2010 to almost 15,300 MW in 2030,
with an estimated contribution to the grid
of 284 MW coming from solar energy by
2030.

Fig.10. The installation capacity

target RE in the Philippines from
the National Renewable Program
(NREP)

Philippines
In July 2012, the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC)
implemented a FiT scheme to attract private investors and to
increase the production of energy from renewable resources.
FiT will allow investors and power producer to have an
advance contract with the power utilities, reduce the risk of
business loss, facilitate the obtaining of bank loans for solar
panel installation, earn profits, reduce the cost of panel
module and installation from the market competition.
At present, the FiT scheme is only available on 4 types of RE
resources: solar PV, wind, biomass, and hydropower.
The FiT has been defined for a 20-year period and with no
depression rate or the time being.
However, there will be a review and readjustment by the
Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) after 3 years of its
implementation.

Philippines
In 2012, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) has proposed a
64.5 million credit facility that may be used to fund solar
power projects and developments in Philippines.
The local universities, industries, and investors are working
closely in solar R&D.
SunPower and Solaria are two global established designers
and manufacturers of solar panels which are involved in solar
projects and R&D in the Philippines.
They also work as a solar supply chain to the local solar
industries.
SunPower also claimed that with the help of local engineers
and researchers, they managed to bring down the cost of the
solar module, improve the manufacturing production and
reduce system installation costs by half in 2012.

Philippines
Some of the industrial collaboration in
solar R&D with academia include a project
with De La Salle University to built a solar
vehicle called SINAG that used SunPower
solar cells, and the Ateneo de Manila
University Innovation Center who works on
solar project using solar panels to drive
converted dehumidifiers that end up
generating high-purity water from humidity
in the air.

Conclusions and recommendations

The South-East Asian countries have quite
similar climatic conditions tropical hot
and humid - as they are situated in the
same geographical region.
Most of these countries are considered as
developing and middle-income countries.
In terms of solar energy, they have a
similar resource potential.
This investigation of the progress of solar
PV in this region can show researchers,

Conclusions and recommendations

From the review of solar PV progress in ASEAN
countries, there are some suggestions that can be
made for development and improvement.
The suggestions have been classified into 5 main
fields:
1. Regulatory and policy
2. Finance
3. The PV markets
4. Infrastructure, skilled personnel and Research and
Development (R&D)
5. Public acceptance and awareness

Regulatory and policy

The countries that currently do not have policies to support the
uptake of RE should implement an FiT system to help accelerate the
penetration of RE, especially of solar PV technology.
Countries that have already implemented an FiT scheme should
make sure they have a reliable and efficient regulatory mechanism
to effectively manage this policy and its relevant developments.
The FiT scheme should consider a variety of technologies.
The FiT rate for any RE technology should be high enough to
generate a reasonable annual return on investment (ROI) to
consumers.
It is a good practice to provide a capping limit on the size of installed
capacity.
Governments should make appropriate analysis and take
appropriate measures before deciding to reduce the FiT rate, taking
into account the impact of the FiT rate reduction on the market.

Finance
Sufficient funding for RE to finance FiT is a
very important aspect for a successful
policy.
Governments should introduce more fiscal
incentives to attract the solar PV industry.
It is desirable to introduce a soft loan for
residential and nonresidential
(companies).

The PV markets
The government and related bodies
should monitor and control the market of
solar PV appropriately.

Infrastructure, skilled personnel

and Research and Development
(R&D)
The governments and private sector should invest more in the RE

R&D.
It is essential to have skilled and experienced engineers and
technicians to design, build, integrate and install solar PV panels
and systems as more consumers are seeking efficiency and
reliability over low prices.
In spite of the abundance of RE resources in the ASEAN region, yet
hydro-electricity and solar energy are still seriously under developed
due to a lack of technology and funding.
It is highly recommended to establish national technology based
working groups, comprising of all the relevant stakeholder groups,
including the government, finance, industry and academia, as in the
case of Myanmar for instance. This will help to assure that rural
electrification (through the respective technology) will be addressed
on a long-term and continuous basis

Public acceptance and awareness

Governments should raise public awareness of the impact of climate
change and of the environmental challenges they are facing
A report from the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC) published
in 2012 concluded that there is a public confusion over the climate
change topic because they have vague understanding on the
issue.
In order to make sure that the climate change problems is tackled
successfully; it requires the contribution and action from all
stakeholders, including households, firms, individuals,
nongovernment organisations and civil society.
There are several ways to step up efforts at raising public
awareness of climate change and its impact such as run campaigns
for a certain group of people, spreading the messages by setting up
an online database, printed leaflets or flyers and by effective media
campaigns.

Solar Energy in
Winemaking

Why Solar energy?

Agricultural farming, processing and
storage have high and variable energy
needs. High electrical rates have become
one of the more expensive and
unpredictable costs of running a winery or
farming operation.

Winemaking
Winemaking is an energy intensive
business, involving refrigeration and
electric motors running pumps, crushers,
presses, filters, bottling and labeling
machines; so power costs are a
substantial overhead.
Winegrowing (viticulture and oenology) is
a global industry, representing a significant
demand on the worlds resources,
including fossil fuels.

Electricity Used in Winemaking

refrigeration and chilling 40-60 %

rotor dynamic equipment (1035%),
lighting (530%),
compressed air (310%)
other production and building related
equipment (530%)

Power Requirement
German wineries (based on 32 wineries)
used an average of 2.41 kWh/l of wine
produced
Californian wine producer used 2.58 kWh/l
of wine produced

Why Solar Winery?

Recent Solar Wineries

Winemaking Tasmania move

to solar technology
Winemaking Tasmania now producing 30 per
cent of its power through a recently installed solar
power system at its Cambridge wine and cider
production facility.
In the first month the system saved us $3,500 in
power costs and reduced our carbon emissions by
8.5 tonnes, which is remarkable and promises
even greater savings, Mr Alcorso said.
Annually, the new solar power system is estimated
to save power costs by $42,000, while the carbon
abatement is an estimated 48 tonnes per year.
Winemaking Tasmania CEO Julian Alcorso

 Winemaking Tasmanias solar system is

the largest single system installed by I
Want Energy to date, with 400 panels
covering 630 square meters, a step
forward for solar energy in Tasmania.
six weeks to design and develop the
system
June 29, 2015

Business in Solar Energy

Since 1984, SolarCraft has been providing
quality solar energy design and installation
services to residential and commercial
businesses across Marin, Sonoma, Napa
and beyond.
SolarCraft can design and install a solar
electric system to cut your operating costs,
increase self-reliance, and reduce
greenhouse gas production.

Benefits of Solar Energy for

Agriculture & Wineries
Many decades of free, clean power and
lower operating costs
Quiet, virtually maintenance-free with a
25-year warranty
30% Federal Investment Tax Credit and
Accelerated depreciation
Federal Rural Energy for America Program
(REAP) program
Up to 20% return on investment

Overall
Solar Winery?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_OitqP
Dakw

 https://tasmanianbusinessreporter.net.au/2
015/06/29/winemaking-tasmania-move-tosolar-technology/
http://www.energymatters.com.au/commer
cial-solar/our-customers/solar-case-studywinemaking/

Modern Solar
Greenhouse

Solar Technology Applications in

Greenhouse
PV Greenhouse a type of greenhouse
that operates through usage of solar
panels as the roof top.
Solar Thermal Greenhouse a type of
greenhouse that utilize heat-absorbing
solar collectors accessed with circulation
tubes to heat water for night space heating
purposes.

Advantages
Minimization of usage of non-renewable
sources
Reduction of carbon emissions
Free energy consumption
Provision of electricity

Problems and Challenges

Lack of industrial standard

Costly installations and high initial capital
Dilemma in subsidy
Technical obstacles

Advanced Solar Utilization

Technology for Modern Solar
Greenhouse

PT utilization technology
PV utilization technology
Light management

PT Utilization Technology
Long-term thermal energy storage
optimization of heating performance of
solar thermal greenhouse through
balancing energy demand and supply for
months or even at a seasonal basis. This
is done due to the disadvantages of the
short-term/diurnal thermal storage (via
water tank) in solar thermal greenhouse.

PV Utilization Technology
Concentrated photovoltaic is an
approach for generating reasonable
amount of electricity with limited solar cell
areas. This is to prevent a greenhouse
from poor exposure to light and the
formation of permanent shadow zones.
Semi-parent photovoltaic is an effective
balance between electricity production and
light transmissivity, as they shade merely a
fraction of the incident light and allow

Light Management
Functionalized canopy the covering or
structural material used for the control of
light transmission and direct radiation in a
modern greenhouse.
LED supplementary lighting the usage of
LEDs as an alternative source of light in a
modern greenhouse, rather than direct
light transmission.

ONE BIG
PROBLEM

SOLAR CELLS EFFICIENCY

What? REDUCED
When? CLOUDY AND RAINY SEASONS
Why? THEY NEED STEADY SUNLIGHT

WHAT TO DO?
What? NEW TECHNOLOGY OR RATHER
INNOVATION
When? 2016
Where? CHINA GOT THIS!
Be Specific? QINGDAO and KUNMING,
CHINA
Be More Specific!? OCEAN UNIVERSITY
OF CHINA AND YUNNAN NORMAL
UNIVERSITY

WHAT TECHNOLOGY JERK?

What? USE OF GRAPHENE
On What? SOLAR PANELS
How? ADDING AN ATOM THICK LAYER
OF GRAPHENE TO THE SURFACE

GRAPHENE?!
GRAPHENES ELECTRONS EASILY BINDS WITH ANY
POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS, IN A PROCESS KNOWN AS
LEWIS ACID-BASE INTERACTION. WITH THAT, THERE IS A
SEPARATED CHARGES, POTENTIAL. WITH POTENTIAL
COMES ELECTRICITY!
THE PROCESS OF EXTRACTING THIS ONE-ATOM THICK
LAYER OF CARBON FROM GRAPHITE WAS DISCOVERED A
LITTLE OVER A DECADE AGO BY RESEARCHERS AT THE
UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER WHO WON A NOBEL PRIZE
IN PHYSICS FOR THE DISCOVERY.
THE WORLDS MOST CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL

SO WHAT?
RAIN IS AN EXCELLENT RESERVOIR
OF DISSOLVED SALTS FULL OF
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CHARGED
IONS. UPON CONTACT TO THE
GRAPHENE LAYER, IT FORMS A
PSEUDO-CAPACITOR AND POSITIVE
IONS LIKE AMMONIUM, CALCIUM,
SODIUM, AND ETC. STIMULATE
ELECTRIC CURRENTS.

GET TO THE POINT ASS!

ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION FROM
SOLAR PANELS/CELLS CAN BE
OPTIMIZED ON BOTH SUNNY AND
RAINY SEASONS.
BASED FROM RESEARCH, TESTED
SAMPLES WERE ABLE TO PRODUCE
HUNDREDS OF MILLIVOLTS.

CHECK THE VID!

LETS BE INSPIRED

LETS BE INSPIRED

LETS BE INSPIRED

LETS BE INSPIRED

LETS BE INSPIRED

LETS BE INSPIRED

LETS BE INSPIRED

LETS BE INSPIRED

LETS BE INSPIRED

REFERENCES
http://inhabitat.com/how-graphene-onsolar-panels-turns-rain-into-clean-energy/
http://www.seia.org/about/solarenergy/solar-faq/what-happens-solarpanels-when-it%E2%80%99s-cloudy-orraining
http://www.iflscience.com/technology/solar
-panels-every-weather-condition/
https://understandsolar.com/graphenesolar-panel/