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- Pump casing must be filled with liquid before the pump is started, or the pump will not be
able to function. If the pump casing becomes filled with vapors or gases, the pump impeller
becomes gas-bound and incapable of pumping.
2. Types of pumps?
- Positive Displacement
- rotary lobe pump, progressive cavity pump, rotary gear pump, piston pump,
diaphragm pump, screw pump, gear pump, Hydraulic pump, vane pump
- Centrifugal Pumps
- end suction pumps, in-line pumps, double suction pumps, vertical multistage pumps,
horizontal multistage pumps, submersible pumps, self-priming pumps, axial-flow pumps,
regenerative pumps.
3. What is octane number in fuel?
- The octane rating of Gasoline is measured in a test engine, and is defined by comparison
with the mixture of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (iso-octane) and heptane which would have the
same anti-knocking capacity as the fuel under test: the percentage, by volume, of 2,2,4trimethylpentane in that mixture is the octane number of the fuel. For example, petrol with
the same knocking characteristics as a mixture of 90% iso-octane and 10% heptane would
have an octane rating of 90.
4. What is added in LPG to detect leakage?
- Methyl Mercaptan
5. Pascal law ? Applications?
- Pascal's law or the Principle of transmission of fluid-pressure states that "pressure exerted
anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted equally in all directions
throughout the fluid such that the pressure ratio (initial difference) remains the same.
Application- Hydraulic jacks, Car lifts, Fork Lifts
6. Can you transfer the heat energy from cold body to hot body?
- Yes, with external work. Eg : Air conditioner
7. What is hogging and sagging?
- Hogging and sagging describe the shape of a beam or similar long object when loading is
applied. Hogging describes a beam which curves upwards in the middle, and sagging
describes a beam which curves downwards.
8. What Bernoullis Principle?
- In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for an inviscid flow, an increase in the
speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the
fluid's potential energy.
9. Difference between single acting and double acting pump?
- In single-acting machines the compression takes place on only one side of the piston;
double-acting machines use both sides of the cylinder for compression. The flow is
continuous in double acting and in single acting the flow is not continuous unless there is a
surge vessel.
10. What is VSD?
- Variable Speed Drive
11. What is conduction, convection and radiation? Give Examples?
- Conduction or diffusion
The transfer of energy between objects that are in physical contact
Convection
The transfer of energy between an object and its environment, due to circular fluid motion
Radiation
The transfer of energy to or from a body by means of the emission or absorption of
electromagnetic radiation
12. Mention flow measuring devices?
- Venturimeter, Rotameter etc.
13. Classify Carbon Steels on basis of carbon content?
Low-carbon steels contain up to 0.30% C. The largest category of this class of
steel is flat-rolled products (sheet or strip), usually in the cold-rolled and annealed
condition. The carbon content for these high-formability steels is very low, less than
0.10% C, with up to 0.4% Mn. Typical uses are in automobile body panels, tin plate,
and wire products.
For rolled steel structural plates and sections, the carbon content may be increased
to approximately 0.30%, with higher manganese content up to 1.5%. These
materials may be used for stampings, forgings, seamless tubes, and boiler plate.
Medium-carbon steels are similar to low-carbon steels except that the carbon
ranges from 0.30 to 0.60% and the manganese from 0.60 to 1.65%. Increasing the
carbon content to approximately 0.5% with an accompanying increase in
manganese allows medium carbon steels to be used in the quenched and tempered
condition. The uses of medium carbon-manganese steels include shafts, axles,
gears, crankshafts, couplings and forgings. Steels in the 0.40 to 0.60% C range are
also used for rails, railway wheels and rail axles.
High-carbon steels contain from 0.60 to 1.00% C with manganese contents
ranging from 0.30 to 0.90%. High-carbon steels are used for spring materials and
high-strength wires.
Ultrahigh-carbon steels are experimental alloys containing 1.25 to 2.0% C. These
steels are thermomechanically processed to produce microstructures that consist of
ultrafine, equiaxed grains of spherical, discontinuous proeutectoid carbide particles.
A centrifugal pump has two main components, one moving and one
stationary.
The stationary component consists of a casing, cover, and bearings. These are illustrated at the left, in Fig 2.
1.
2.
Type of suction
- Single-suction (Liquid inlet on one side)
- Double-suction (Liquid inlet on both
3.
sides)
problem.
Vortex impellers are effective for solids and fibrous materials but they are less efficient than other
designs.
Stages
The number of impellers determines the number of stages of the pump.
SingleStage pump has just one impeller and is better for low head service
Two-Stage pumphas two impellers mounted in series for medium head service.
Multi-Stage pump has three or more impellers mounted in series for high head service such as in
deep well pumps.
Top suction /Top discharge. Both nozzles are perpendicular to the shaft. This pump is
always a radially split case pump.
Side suction / Side discharge. Both nozzles are perpendicular to the shaft. This pump
can have either an axially or radially split case type.
The space between the shaft and casing is called the chamber.
If a mechanical seal is used in the pump, the chamber is commonly referred to as a Seal Chamber.
If packing is used to form the seal, the chamber is referred to as a Stuffing Box.
Both the seal chamber and the stuffing box protect the pump against leakage where the shaft passes
through the casing. They also maintain proper temperature control.
An adjustable gland helps the packing or the seal fit properly on the shaft sleeve. The throat or throttle
bushing forms a close clearance around the sleeve. An internal circulating device (pumping ring) circulates
fluid through a cooler or reservoir.
Bearings
The bearing housing encloses the bearings that keep the shaft in correct alignment with the stationary parts.
It also includes an oil reservoir for lubrication, oiler, and cooling jacket.
Auxiliary ComponentsAuxiliary components generally include seal drains, vents, and cooling systems,
bearing lubrication, seal chamber or stuffing box cooling, and pump pedestal cooling systems.
Auxiliary piping systems may include tubing, piping, various types of valves and gauges, thermocouples,
sight flow indicators, fluid reservoirs, and all related vents and drains.
Pump CapacityCapacity is the flow rate in gallons per minute (GPM) at which liquid is moved or pushed by
the pump.
Capacity depends on the pressure, temperature, and viscosity of the liquid being pumped, the size of the
pump and the shape of the cavities between the vanes, and on the size and speed of the impeller.
Note: Pressure output of pumps is measured as "feet of head" rather than "pounds per square inch"
Since liquids are essentially incompressible, capacity is directly related with the velocity of flow in the
suction pipe. This relationship is as follows:
Q = 449 x V x A
Q = Capacity in gallons per minute
V = Velocity in flow in feet per second
horsepower ratings available for this pump. Together they represent the best performance the pump is
capable of with a selected motor or impeller size.
If a pump is only available with one motor, it will not have separate horsepower lines. If the pump is
available with only one size of impeller, there will be just a single line on the entire pump curve!
Based on the above curve, an output of 125 ft hd at 100 GPM would require a 5 HP motor and a 6 inch
diameter impeller. Similarly, an output of 70 ft. hd. at 80 GPM would require a 3 HP motor with a 5 inch
diameter impeller.
NPSH FT (shown in the lower right of the graph) is the maximum height that a pump can be above the
water. This does not apply to submersible, jet, or turbine pump because the pump is underwater. It also
does not apply to booster pumps because water is already being forced into them from the water source.
Pumps can sometimes be ordered with custom impeller sizes. This often does not cost much more than a
stock pump, but it will delay the delivery since they are custom
built.
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