Author, title and

year
1

Theory /
concept

Research Design

Strand of
literature

Subject and
study area

Main Results

Sintomer,
Yves;
Herzberg, Carsten;
Rcke, Anja; and
Allegretti,
Giovanni:
Transnational
Models of Citizen
Participation: The
Case
of
Participatory
Budgeting, Journal
of
Public
Deliberation: 2012
Goldfrank,
Benjamin: The
World Bank and the
Globalization of
Participatory
Budgeting, Journal
of Public
Deliberation: 2012

Deliberative
Democracy,
Participatory
Democracy,
Participatory
Budgeting

Review of citizen
participation
experiences
in
2010
and
proposal of an
analytical
framework
to
categorize PB.

Innovations in
democracy,
participatory
democracy,
economic
decentralization

Participatory
Budgeting
/
numerous
locations

Since there is no a single model of citizen participation or PB

experiences, they propose six models which can be studied and
compared, with main characteristics, strengths, weaknesses and
challenges: participatory democracy, proximity democracy,
participative modernization, multi-stakeholder participation,
neo-corporatism, and community development. Participatory
democracy has clear advantages that are not always reached by
participative models.

Development,
Participatory
Democracy,
Comparative
Politics, Social
Change,
Public Policy

Participatory
Budgeting,
Economic
decentralization

PB and PB
related projects
/
numerous
locations

Some World Bank researchers promote PB as part of a fairly

standard pro-market agenda, while others share many of the
same goals as PBs originators. The author says it is important
to keep supporting PB because they are good for democracies
although he gives a hint why does the World Bank promote this,
probably to reduce corruption, or instead of promoting citizen
empowerment and economic decentralization, it helps the
neoliberal agenda to advance.

Ganuza,
Ernesto
and
Baiocchi,
Gianpaolo.
The
Power
of
Ambiguity:
How
Participatory
Budgeting Travels
the Globe, Journal
of
Public
Deliberation: 2012

Participatory
Budgeting,
Citizen
Participation,
Empowerment

Review of what,
why and how
World Bank is
financially
supporting
PB
and PB related
projects
in
developing
countries.
Review of Porto
Alegres PB and
its characteristic
along
with
political context
and
social
environment, and
how it had been
adopted
in
several
other

Citizen
participation,
Government
spending,
Democracy,
Budgeting

Participatory
Budgeting/
Brazil

PB shows that it can be a malleable policy instrument (as in

Porto Alegre) and as a government device like in most
countries. The PB has no ideology and that is why it is easy to
be adopted under any economy. Some of the flaws of this model
is that instead of reform and restructure the public
administration, is adapted to the existing government dynamics,
therefore, fails to be a citizen tool for discussion and exchange
rules, it ceased to be a way to economic justice in a democratic
way, to be only a decision process dominated by government
institutions.

Vlahos, Nick: The

Politics
of
Subnational
Decentralization in
France, Brazil, and
Italy, Journal of
Public Deliberation:
2013

Decentralizati
on,
Civil
Society,
Democratic
Participation

Cabannes,
Yves:
The
impact
of
participatory
budgeting on basic
services: municipal
practices
and
evidence from the
field, International
Institute
for
Environment
and
Development
(IIED): 2015
Hupe, Peter and
Edwards,
Arthur:
The accountability
of
power:
Democracy
and
governance
in
modern
times,

Democratic
Governance,
Democratic
Participation,
Basic
Services.

Decentralizati
on,
Democratic
governance,
Deliberative
Democracy

cities
with
significant
changes.
Dissertation of
Robert Putnam et
al.s
Making
Democracy
Work:
Civic
Traditions
in
Modern Italy to
contrast it and to
understand how
civil
society
organizations
contribute
to
decentralization.
Comparative
analysis between
20 urban areas
where PB has
been
taking
place, review on
how they had
improved citizen
participation, and
good
governance.
Review
of
literature
and
qualitative,
promotion
of
decentralization
and
improving
governance

Economic and
political
decentralization

Decentralizatio
n processes /
France, Brazil
and Italy

In democracies poor institutionalization and political integration

channels undermine citizens and democratic efficiency. The
popularity of PB lies in the reconfiguration of the relationship
between representation and direct democracy. Unlike voluntary
associations, it enables them to identify community priorities.

Citizen
participation,
Government
spending,
Democracy,
Budgeting,
Governance

Participatory
Budgeting
/
numerous
locations

PB always prioritized and voted for basic service projects, and

is a powerful mechanism for basic service delivery at the local
level; the seven main categories he proposes of basic services
represent over a third of all projects and more than half of total
spending; and that the proportion of basic services projects
varies considerably between cities studied.

Democracy,
Governance,
Deliberative
Democracy,
Participatory
Democracy

Democratic
Institutions
numerous
locations

The authors provide a framework that propose rethinking the

link between democracy and governance, arguing that the more
and better accountability, the better the governance. Democratic
participation of citizens beyond voting can improve
democracies.

European
Science
2012
7

Political
Review:

Santos, Boaventura
de
Sousa:
Participatory
Budgeting in Porto
Alegre: Toward a
Redistributive
Democracy, Politics
Society: 1998
Sintomer,
Yves;
Herzberg, Carsten
and Rcke, Anja:
Participatory
Budgeting
in
Europe: Potentials
and
Challenges,
International
Journal of Urban
and
Regional
Research: 2008
Wampler,
Brian:
Participation,
Representation, and
Social
Justice:
Using Participatory
Governance
to
Transform
Representative
Democracy,
Northeastern
Political
Science
Association: 2012

Descentralizati
on

through
more
accountability
and
citizen
participation.
Qualitative and
historical
analysis on Porto
Alegres
Participatory
Budgeting.

Participatory
Budgeting,
Participatory
Democracy,
Deliberative
democracy

Participatory
Budgeting
/
Brazil

The author describes the first PB and the following experiences

in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
PB has been promoting the
participation of the citizens in decisions concerning distributive
justice, effectiveness of decisions, and accountability of the
municipal executive and of the delegates elected by the
communities

Participatory
Budgeting,
Decentralizati
on,
Public
Administratio
n

Quantitative
comparison
between
PB
experiences and
related projects.

Participatory
Budgeting,
Participative
Democracy,
Public
Administration

Participatory
Budgeting
/
Numerous
locations

PB can enhance democracy, social justice, transparent

administration and governance, PB or PB-related projects can
consist in different kinds of procedures based on the own citys
social and political context. Based on a set of criteria, the
authors propose six models influenced by a path-dependency,

Participation,
InstitutionBuilding,
Democracy

Empirical review
of
political
innovations
in
governance and
participatory
democracy
in
Belo Horizonte,
Brazil.

Participatory
Governance,
Participatory
Democracy,
Social Justice,

Democratic
Institutions
Numerous
locations

Participatory Governance is interdependent of representative

democracy, innovation in participatory governance in
democracy as PB allows to overcome the deficits caused by
democratic representation and bring social justice.

10

Coleman, Stephen;
Morrison, David E.;
Svennevig, Michael:
New Media and
Political Efficacy,
International
Journal
of
Communication:
2008

Political
Decentralizati
on, Politicical
Efficacy.

11

Landry,
Julien;
Angeles, Leonora:
Institutionalizing
Participation
in
Municipal
Policy
Development:
Preliminary
Lessons from a
Start-Up Process in
Plateau-MontRoyal.
Canadian
Journal of Urban
Research: 2011
Evaluacin
del
Presupuesto
Participativo y su
relacin con el
presupuesto
por
resultados.
(evaluation
of
participative
budgeting and its
relation
with
budgeting
for

Citizen
Participation,
Democracy,
Democratic
Participation,
Deliberative
Democracy,
Accountability

12

Government,
Participation,
Democratic
Participation,
Economic
Decentralizati
on

Qualitative
review of seven
focus groups in
Leeds, England
studying
how
alienated
and
excluded
they
felt from politics,
governance and
Internet related
technology.
Review
of
literature
of
participative
democracy,
description of a
participatory
project held in
Montreal.

Political
Decentralization

Seven
focus
groups
of
citizens
/
England

In order to create political efficacy, experiential engagement

must be promoted between citizens and authorities. If the very
day life is lived in the local area, theres where the participatory
democracy should take place. Politics should be bring to people
as most of political experiences of people are related only with
media as television or Internet.

Governance,
Local
Government,
Decentralization
,
Institutionalizati
on

Participatory
project
/
Montreal,
Canada

Different types of participative models and methods, pros and

limitations about enlarging participation in democracies.
Description of the participatory project launched by the political
party Projet Montral. Authors argue that participation doesnt
make a better democracy automatically, it is the way citizen
participation is, a part of a process where citizens are promoted
to take part of governance in order to achieve social progress.

Qualitative
review
and
quantitative
analysis of Perus
PB in order to
study how the
experience in this
country with a
PB
was
implemented in
all municipalities

Quality
of
representation,
representation,
budget,
economic

Participative
Budgeting
/
Peru

Implemented by a federal law, Perus PB is a permanent

mechanism of participative democracy present in all regions but
at the same time because of this, it is a top-down built project
and the resources/budget are assigned by a governmental
agency that prioritizes some projects over others even it has
already been decided in the PB exercise. Quality of
participation is also affected by low quality of information and
comprehension of the dynamics.

13

14

15

results).
World
Bank: 2011
Pires,
Valdemir;
Gaeta,
Antonio
Carlos, El gobierno
de las megalpolis,
el caso de Brasil
So Paulo: gestin
metropolitana,
descentralizacin y
participacin como
desafos
simultneos,
Poltica y Sociedad:
2010
Lee C and Huang T,
E-government Use
and
Citizen
Empowerment:
Examining
the
Effects Of Online
Information
On
Political Efficacy,
Electronic Journal
of e-Government:
2014
Kim, Soojin &
Schachter, Hindy,
Citizen
Participation in the
Budget Process and
Local Government
Accountability Case
Studies
of
Organizational

by a federal law.
Decentralizati
on,
Citizen
Participation,
Governance,

Case study of
So Paulos new
administration
regime with new
institutions
as
participative
democracy or PB
in
infralocal
spaces
as
prefectures and
municipalities.

Economic,
Political
and
Administrative
decentralization,
Participative
Budgeting,
Citizen
Participation

Local
governmental
administration
and its Organic
Law / Brazil

Subprefectures were created in So Paulo to address very local

needs of a megalopolis related to better governance and
democracy. Popular participation reveals itself as a new form of
relation between State and society. The city counts with social
and political conditions for institutional innovation aimed at
administrative decentralization and co- management public
policy. Participative behavior in Brazil is contradictory, erratic
and politically ambiguous: personal interests and low citizen
participation keep hampering significant social and political
changes.

Empowerment
,
EGovernment,
Democracy
Innovations

Review on EGovernment
literature,
telephone-made
survey in Taiwan
to people who
had
visited
government
agency websites.

Accountability,
Democratic
Participation,
Government,
ICTs.

E-Government
services
/
Taiwan

Factors that affect internal and external Internet political

efficacy are related to citizens trust in e-government, political
trust and political efficacy. Government should elevate and
cultivate civil society by participation by diverse mechanisms.
E-government could increase interaction between citizens and
government but the second one is not responsive it would create
a negative experience of participation and technology, when
citizens can more easily express their opinions on the Internet,
government should strengthen is ability to respond to a broad
range of needs.

Participative
Democracy,
Economic
Decentralizati
on

Review
on
participatory
budgeting
literature
and
quantitative
comparative
analysis between
two cases of PB.

Budget process,
Citizen
Involvement,
Citizen
Participation,
Participatory
Budgeting.

Participatory
Budgeting
/
USA and South
Korea

Los Angeles PB emerged by a local government needs and

Bagkus (South Korea) was a federal project, top-down. Both
projects have few participation and lack of real
representativeness. Citizen participation can lead to a better
governance because a closer distance citizen-government
making this last one, more accountable. Governments should
look for a wider citizen participation with multiple participation
mechanisms, because rather than listening the real voice of the
whole community, it might be interests a only a few ones.

16

17

18

Learning from the

United States and
South Korea, Public
Performance
&
Management
Review: 2013.
Ghazala Mansuri &
Vijayendra
Rao,
Can participation
be induced? Some
evidence
from
developing
countries, Critical
Review
of
International Social
and
Political
Philosophy: 2013
McNulty,
Stephanie , An
Unlikely Success:
Perus Top-Down
Participatory
Budgeting
Experience, Journal
of
Public
Deliberation: 2012
Alves,
Mariana
Lopes
and
Allegretti,
Giovanni,
(In)
stability, a key
element
to
understand
participatory
budgeting:

Development,
Democratic
Participation,
Decentralizati
on,
Deliberative
Democracy,
Empowerment
,
Empowerment

Review
on
participatory
literature
and
qualitative results
on participatory
projects
intervened and
subsidized
by
donor agencies.

Poverty
Reduction,
Participatory
Budgeting,
Community
Development

Participatory
projects
/
Numerous
locations and
Indonesia

Instead of focusing entirely on inducing participation, policy

would also be well served by thinking through effective ways to
ride waves of organic participation; by inviting civic activists to
help design and monitor participatory projects; by creating an
enabling environment for civic activists to be agents of change.
Local participation does not work when it is merely the ad hoc,
myopically directed, creation of a project. Participatory
processes are conditioned by culture, politics and social
structure, varying from place to place.

Democracy,
Decentralizati
on

Qualitative
analysis of Perus
experience with
PB.

Participatory
Budgeting, TopDown Policies,
Local
Government

Participatory
Budgeting
/
Peru

Although Perus PB is top-down federal policy, this experience

was positive mainly because it engaged a significant number of
civil society organizations in debating public resources; and
increased focus on pro-poor projects. The current challenge in
Peru is to improve the process and engage an even more diverse
array of participants.

Participative
Democracy,
Citizen
Participation,
Empowerment

Qualitative
analysis
of
Portugals
PB
and
then
compared with
other experiences
in
order
to
propose
an
analytical

Participatory
Budgeting,
Democratic
Innovations,
Policy Stability

Participatory
Budgeting
/
Portugal and
Numerous
locations

PBs where divided in Ongoing or Abandoned projects with

a range of categories within each one. Sometimes PB are
implemented as a result of a top-down reform which inmost of
the cases lacks of legal institutional protections and real
participation opportunities of empowerment and social justice;
disappearance for unstable projects is not a rigid status for those
PB but it could be co-influenced by multiple factors.

Discussing
Portuguese cases,
Journal of Public
Deliberation: 2012

19

Bherer, Laurence,
The Diversity of
Public
Participation Tools:
Complementing or
Competing
With
One
Another?,
Canadian Journal of
Political
Science:
2012

Participative
Democracy,

20

Fung, Archon &

Wright,
Erik,
Deepening
Democracy:
Innovations
in
Empowered
Participatory
Governance.
Politics & Society:
2001

Empowerment
, Participatory
Democracy,
Governance

framework
to
categorize PBs
capacity
to
maintain
continuity over
time.
Empirical Study
of relations of
complementary
between
the
participation
tools.

Empirical study
of five different
kinds
of
democracy
innovations
or
redesigns
in
participatory
governance and
democracy
institutions.

Democratic
innovations,
Policy Reforms

Participation
mechanisms /
Canada
(Quebec)

Democratic
innovations,
Policy Reforms,
Governance

Empowered
Participatory
Projects
/
Numerous
locations

Participative democratic mechanisms reformed by Quebecs

government in the province can bring different results
depending on each citys experience with participative tools. If
there are already any participation mechanism, it depends on
several characteristics whether both programs have a
complementary relationship or a counterproductive relationship.
There might be or occur a participation fatigue due the
overwhelming participative activity. () the relationship
between the tools is counterproductive. In both cases, there are
significant methodological disparities between the public
assembly-referendum model and the mechanism already in
place. The threat of a referendum fosters a more antagonistic
approach to participation, whereas the other two measures aim
for a reasoned expression of the conflict. (P. 399)
Empowered Deliberative Democracy (EDD) is sought in several
mechanisms that differ in design or objectives. They can
primarily be grouped in two general categories: those to address
failures of specific polities and those restructuring democratic
decision making. EDD must have 3 general principles: practical
orientation, bottom-up participation and deliberative solution
generation. And related to design properties, there must be a
principle of devolution, centralized supervision and
coordination and state centered- not voluntaristic, EDD
institutions must be effective, equitable and designed to involve
more and a better participation. Main critics of these models are
that instead of deliberation it evolves into domination,
balkanizes politics and the problem of apathy. EDD are not a
panaceas and there are occasions where political representation
is not the main problem of democracies, thus, another strategies

21

Goldfrank,
Benjamin
&
Schneider, Aaron.
Competitive
Institution Building:
The
PT
and
Participatory
Budgeting in Rio
Grande do Sul.
Latin
American
Politics and Society:
2006

Empowerment
,
Political
Parties,
Democracies,
Politics,
Governance,
Administratio
n,
Accountability

22

Schneider, Cecilia
& Welp, Yanina.
Institutional
Designs and Power
(Im)Balances:
Institutions
of
Citizens
Participation
in
Dispute.
Revista
Mexicana
de
Ciencias Polticas:
2015.

Participatory
Democracy,
Direct
Democracy.

Empirical study
of participatory
budgeting since
its
implementation
in Porto Alegre
along with a
quantitative
analysis of how
effective it was
to
enrich
accountability
and democratic
participation.
Qualitative and
comparative
analysis
of
several
citizen
participation
mechanisms and
institutions in 6
different
Latin
America capital
cities.

Participatory
Democracy

Participatory
Budgeting and
political
system / Brazil

Participative
mechanisms,
Participative
Budgeting

Institutions of
Citizen
Participation /
Numerous
locations

must be sought.
Participatory budgeting is part of the PT's strategy of institution
building in a competitive partisan arena. In Porto Alegre, the
creation of PB was partly a response to social movement
demands, but is design showed clear traces of the partisan goals
of weakening the legislature and winning new constituencies.
PB not always included all economic classes and also, even that
it was probably designed with a strategy of electoral support, it
did not favored PT for winning the elections in Rio Grande do
Sul.

Bogot, Buenos Aires, Caracas, Lima, Montevideo, and Quito;

share some particularities related to participative mechanisms
and Institutions of Citizen Participation (ICP), but differ in how
they work and how did these mechanisms were implemented.
ICPs cannot be carried out by de existence of political
progressive parties, organizations or elites, they must be the
result of a bid between social society, organizations, parties,
national powers, and regional and local powers.