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M. Morisuc
+*
Abstract
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Introduction
Recently, intensive studies have hccn made o n simulation 0 1
networks containing transmission lines and lumped elements
including Josephson junctionsill. The SPICE simulator has lor some
years been supplied with a Josephson modcl (so-called JSPICE) and
some newer work has resulted in a faster program. JSIMIII. For
essentially lossless lines, these prugrams employ ii simple delay to
represent the transmission line. For lossy lines they would have to use
a cascade of lumped elements. The number nccdcd lo accurately
represent the line may be large for long lines, thus requiring long
computation times and large storage. The technique prcscntcd her
faster way to handle lossy lines.
The simulation technique is based o n the principle that a
propagating wavc of arbitrary term can be treated as ii collcction oC
short pulses, each of which can be represented by the s u m of two step
functions of opposite sign and displaced in time from each other by
the width of the pulsel~l.As a result, the propagated pulse a t the
receiving cnd o i the line can be obtained by a theoretical analysis.
which leads to saving of compulcr timc.
An effort has been made in making the simulalion program iis
general as possible. Although this simulaticin technique is used !'or
designing high speed digital systems with Josephson ,junctions, i t is
also applicable lor a general transmission line network composed 0 1
Si elements.
In this paper the principle of simulation is discussed and sonic
examples of simulations are illustrated. Emphasis is p1;iccd on the
evaluation o l the perliirmance of the simulator iii conip:irison U ith
JSPICE. It is clcarly shown that our prcscntcd simulator improwh the
computation time over JSPICE by a significant amount for circuits
with long lossy transmission lines.
'
Hli
f-- H2i
@@
a,
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2907
bll(x,i) =
(1)
where, the
Whcrc. Fli(x,t) and Glj(x.t) denote the waves propagating along the
liiic i n the positive directions for voltage and current. respectively.
:ind F?i(x,t) ancl G2i(x,t) arc the waves in the negative directions for
voll:igc and current. In simulation we treat an outgoing wave with
iirbitrary w:ivcform o n the transmission line as a collection of pulses
with small width which consists of a positive step I'unction and a
ncg;itivc step function offset by the pulse width. Fig2 shows the
di;igr;im of the waveform for simulation. On this assumption, we can
solve Eq.(l) by ii [heoretical method to obtain the solution ol' the
propagating volt;igc on the line when a step function voltage is
;ipplicd to the infinite transmission line.
Subslituting Eq.(2) into Eq.(l) we can get F I , F2, G1, and
(2i n Ihc discrete time domain as l~~llows,
(5)
where
*=
' b. c,
C-
p(t) =
(t
JO(cr1 t2-
(* )zI 1
(6)
Jo and Ji arc the B e s d tunctions of Zero order and Fir\[ order,
respectively. At the node J, the lbllowing equations hold by t'iking
into the conwkralion 01 the outgoing dnd reflected pulses.
For voltdgc
FlI(1,,L ) + F2,(Il,
) = Flk,
I=
1, 2,
I(0,
+ F2k,
I(o,
, Jk[l)
(7)
For current
I?i(x,I) = 0
>
m,-n..
1-1
+n -n ,)
~
2 :12i(x,i)
m,-n,
: >
i=O
G Il(X,t) =
ro
!
,
.-
n;
-11;
1 h l~(x,i)
HI,(
$.
-nL+ I - i)
: C
n,
i=(l
H2;(
[ Gll(l;, L ) -
k=2
b2,(Ij,ki). H2,( Y
+ I - k)
(i= 1)
a?,(x,i) = a l l ( l ~- x,i)
(4)
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2908
On the other hand, the following equations hold a t the sending end
-
Ro. io = Flj(O, Y
) + F2j(0, v )
j = 1 , 2, . . . , J ~ ( v )
LI.
( 13)
RI,
Then, the outgoing pulse Hlj at the sending end can he calculated
from Eq.(3), Eq.(13) and Eq.(14).
The reflected wave of H2j at the rcceiving end o l a linc can bc
obtained from the following conditions
101
* 102
: AIL
) - G2j(ll, U
i,;
(15)
Thus, the computer simulation for transmission linc networks
can be performed.
200
g o
r)
3
Example of simulation
For an example of the simulator, we have made simulations to
investigate how a pulse propagates in tree structured networks
composed of SQUIDs as shown in Fig.4. Fig.5 shows the equivalent
circuit of SQUID gate of which the threshold characteristics is shown
in Fig.6. Here, ICI =Ic2=200~A,Ci=C2=0.8pF, Li =Lz=2.8pH,
Rd=2Q, and M=2.24pH. All Josephson junctions in SQUIDs have
the same nonlinear current-voltage charactcristics as shown in Fig.7.
The circuit parameters of the networks arc chosen as follows;
for clectrical source,
Ei1=12V, Rr)=20kQ, RQ=I252, Ic=250~A,R=30Q
for transmission line
-200
-400
0
400
Control currcnt [yA]
Fig.6 Threshold characteristics of Asymmetrical SQUID.
Io = 5 0 (PA]
R\g = 540 [RI
Rnn = 32 [RI
Vgnp = 2.8 [ m V ]
VCI= 0.05 [mV]
CI = 0.2 [pF]
0
Vgap
Voltage
Fig.7 Nonlinear I-V Characteristics of Josephson junction.
/
I
Time
I ti0[ ps]
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__
2909
Iroposed
Simulator
CPU time
(sec)
12
I4
IS
21
27
JSPICE
R fl
Eo
~ Ci2m
(sec)
25
20
28
57
37
54
132
10
13
89
111
184
430
704
1187
1.67
2.00
3.17
4.24
4.89
9.25
13.14
23.59
33.52
43.96
200
R
EO n(
200
Control Current [ pA]
Conclusion
We have shown that lhc technique introduced here for general
transmission lincs permits a significant saving in computation time for
circuits containing long, lossy transmission lines in comparison with
JSPICE. in which such lines must be represented hy a cascade of
discrclc elements. In lulure work we plan to make a comparison with
the ncwcr program JSIM, which is faster than JSPICE.
100
Times[ps]
+ our simulator
+ JSPICE (m= 10)
;1000
G
Reference
II I
500
0
0
I0
Number of Lines
Fig. 13 CPU time required for simulation by
our simulator in comparison with that by JSPICE.
( 1))
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