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Entropy
Annexure
A reversible engine operates between temperatures T1 and T (T1 > T). The
energy rejected from this engine is received by a second reversible engine
T1
Q1
W1
Show that:
Q2
T
Q2
W2
Q3
T2
a.
Or
Q1 = Q2a,
" "
"
"#
"$
- 1 = 1 - "
"
"#%"$
= 2
"
" % "
T = # $ $
1 - " = 1 #
T = 12
"$
"
We know that
Or
+#
"#
+#
"
Q1 = # Q2
"#
"
+$
"
Entropy Generation
The entropy of an isolated system during a process always increases, or in the limiting case of a
reversible process remains constant (it never decreases),this is known as the increase of entropy
principle.
The entropy change of a system or its surroundings can be negative; but entropy generation
cannot
6-9
Approximation of
Heat Absorbed
T2
T1
L
Q
S1
S2
The curve LM is obtained by heating ! Kg of gas from initial state L to final state M
Let the temperature during heating increases from T1 to T2.
Heat absorbed by the gas will be given by the area under curve LM
(T +T )
Heat absorbed = Area under the curve LM = (s1 s2) . 1 $ 2
Heat absorbed approximately equals the product of change in entropy and mean absolute temperature
6-9absolute
- Let 1 kg of gas be heated at constant volume and let the change in entropy and
S2
T2
T1
S1
Q
S1
S2
T1 to T2 and entropy s1 to s2
S2
T2
T1
S1
Q
S1
S2
Isothermal Process
- Entropy changes from s1 to s2 when gas absorbs heat during expansion
- The heat taken by the gas is given by the area under the line 1-2 which also represents the work
done during expansion.
- In other words, Q = W
T2
T = Constant
T1
S1
S2
An isothermal expansion at
constant temperature T
Adiabatic Process
- Entropy s1 = s2 when gas absorbs adiabatic process
- There is no change in entropy and hence it is known as isentropic process
- It is a vertical line (1-2) and therefore area under this line is nil ; hence heat supplied or
rejected and entropy change is zero
T
T2
T1
2
S1 = S2
Adiabatic Process
Polytropic Process
6-9
2
Q
S1
S2
Formulae for Change of Entropy for Different Processes for Closed Systems
(1)
In an open system, as compared with closed system, there is additional change of entropy due to
the mass crossing the boundaries of the system
The net change of entropy of a system due to mass transport is equal to the difference between
the product of the mass and its specific entropy at the inlet and at the outlet of the system
Therefore, the total change of entropy of the system during a small interval is given by
+ 2 . 2 .
8+
To temperature of surroundings
Subscripts i and o refer to inlet and outlet conditions
+ 2 .
+ 2 .
# 8+
0 " 8<
9
8=
+ . 8<
1
+ 2 . 0
2 . 0
2 . = 0