Burnside

(S, ) S

1. x, y

S, x y S
2. a, b, c S , (a b) c = a (b c)
3. e S , x S , e x = x e = x
4. x S, y S, x y = y x = e

s x

= e s x

x x x x

a s a t
a0 , a1 , a2

x ax = ak (k > x) x > 0 ax1 = ak1 x = 0

ak = e ak1 a = e ak1 a a

x a

=yax=y

1. -> a1
2. -> x

S x s = e
T = {x a a S} T = S x s = e

t a a s = a t s = t

(Z, +) , (Q, +), (R, +)

2. (Zn , + mod n) , Zn = {x N|x < n}
3. (Zn , mod n) , Zn = {x Zn |(x, n) = 1}(n > 1)
1.

4.

(S, ) (S , )|S |

|S|

S a Sa

= {x a x S } a S = {a x x S }

S Sa Sb x, y S
x a = y b a = x1 y b
a, b
z

S z a = z (x1 y b) = (z x1 y) b , z x1 y S

Sa x Sb Sa = Sb

S Sx

= S |S | |S|

QWQ

-
G 1 ~n

G x stab(x) = {f G f (x) = x}
x G x orbit(x) = {f (x) f G}
|orbit(x)| stab(x) |stab(x)||orbit(x)| = |G|

Burnside
M f

G f (x) = y x y

Burnside M
M

1
|orbit(x)|
xM
1

|orbit(x)| |orbit(x)|

xM |stab(x)|
|stab(x)|
=
|G|
|G|
xM

f x (x, f )

|{x M f (x) = x}|

|G| f
G

Burnside M G G