Professional Documents
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MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
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Introduction
The criteria for selecting equipment and piping metallurgy for this project are based on Axens
extensive experience with the field of refining units.
The primary objective in material selection is to prevent failure resulting from environment,
normal operation, and upset conditions. The material selection for this purpose is based on
mechanical design conditions.
The secondary objective is to provide adequate protection against the gradual material loss by
corrosion, to achieve the targeted design life. Equipment or piping normal operating conditions is
used for selecting the appropriate metallurgy for a targeted design life. Therefore, the selected
material for a given service should satisfy both the objectives of metallurgical stability, and
design life.
This document contains confidential proprietary material belonging to Axens which may only be made available
to personnel or organizations who have signed appropriate secrecy agreements.
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2. CORROSION ALLOWANCE
Refer to Process Book Chapter 1.1.7. Equipment design basis: service life.
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to personnel or organizations who have signed appropriate secrecy agreements.
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4. TEMPER EMBRITTLEMENT
Low alloyed steel such as 2.25Cr 1Mo, 2.25Cr - 1Mo - V and 3Cr-1Mo-V are susceptible to
temper embrittlement when operated in the temperature range of typically 350 550 deg. C (i.e.
hydrotreaters or hydrocrackers).
Under such operating conditions, embrittlement phenomena may appear in connection with the
behavior of Cr-Mo steels after long term service exposure.
Affected material can show a considerable reduction in toughness properties at ambient
temperature, and special precautions need therefore to be taken to avoid brittle fracture,
especially during transient phases (start-ups and shut-downs) and hydraulic pressure tests.
This mainly applies to the components made from steel grade specified here above for such
equipment as the reactors, associated vessels and certain HP heat exchangers. It is stressed that
temper embrittlement effects are normally much more moderate for lower alloyed steels (e.g.
1.25Cr-0.5Mo).
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This simulated isothermal embrittlement results in a certain increase (shift) of the materials
transition temperature. The increase in transition temperature (TT54) from its original value has
become an accepted tool for the determination of temper embrittlement susceptibility. In order to
characterise a material for temper embrittlement resistance, a relationship was developed using
the original or as fabricated TT54 and the increase in TT54 (delta TT54).
After step cooling heat treatment, for impact properties (Charpy-V at 1/4 T and 1/2T material
thickness) should meet the following requirements:
TT54 + 2.5 delta TT54 lower than or equal to 10 deg. C
Where :
TT54 :
delta TT54 :
The method generally used to avoid brittle fracture consists in maintaining pressure at a low
level until reactor vessel exceeds the Minimum Pressurizing Temperature (in that way, resulting
stresses are then reduced below a stress value which could lead to brittle fracture propagation).
This MPT takes into account the TT54 estimated for the embrittled conditions and a safety
margin which mainly takes into account the effect of hydrogen absorbed during operation (effect
depending on wall thickness, steel quality and process conditions, it is the vessel vendor
responsibility to guaranty the MPT values for the considered equipment).
Below the MPT, the pressure should be kept not exceeding 25% of the design pressure for
equipment built per ASME Code Section VIII, Div.2 (some owners may allow higher value for
equipment built per ASME Code Section VIII, Div.1 considering the higher safety factor on
allowable stress values in that case). Any way, the MPT criteria for HP Reactors should always
be given or approved by vessel vendor.
This document contains confidential proprietary material belonging to Axens which may only be made available
to personnel or organizations who have signed appropriate secrecy agreements.
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6.5.1
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6.5.2
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to personnel or organizations who have signed appropriate secrecy agreements.
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6.5.3
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Axens Standard Specification for Carbon steel in "H2S service" or Sour Service:
(Refer to Axens Standard Material Specification IN-43)
Axens uses to consider 2 (two) different kinds of dedicated specifications, depending on service
severity, in the aim of limiting the likelihood of SSCC and HIC as well.
These specifications, following Axens standard, are defined as follows:
Wet H2S Resistant Steels which mainly calls for hardness limitations into the steel
therefore acting on the SSC phenomenon itself. This specification is applicable for both
pressure vessels plates and piping parts also.
HIC Resistant Steels shall verify the Wet H2S resistant Steel specification
supplemented by some limitation on impurities content into the steel thus leading to ultraclean steels. This specification only applies on pressure vessel plates (rolled and welded
pipes shall be considered like pressure vessel parts.
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This document contains confidential proprietary material belonging to Axens which may only be made available
to personnel or organizations who have signed appropriate secrecy agreements.
Fo43-5.dot / Rv. 5 du 14.08.2003