Sanghera 1

Experiment 2 (diodes)
Introduction
The of purpose of this lab is to investigate in what position a diode will work on a breadboard
Materials
1. 1 SK-50 Bread boarding socket
2. 1 battery
3.
4. 1 100 ohm resistor
5. 1 diode
6. 2 wires
7. 1 LED
Procedure
Assemble the circuit
Observe the LED
Reverse the direction of the diode
Observe the LED
Observations
POSISTIONS

LED

Diode

FIRST POSTION

Doesnt light up

White parts is away

from the LED

SECOND
POSSISTION

Lights up

White part is towards

LED

Discussion
1. When the diode is reversed the LED does not light up this because the diode is in the
wrong position
2. If the LED is reversed it wont light up because it has a positive and negative leg, unlike
the resistor, the resistor will light up either way because it doesnt have a positive or
negative leg.
Conclusion
In conclusion the diode will only work in a certain position due to the positive and negative

Sanghera 2
Experiment 3 (series and parallel resistors)

Observations
Circuit

LED

Series

Not so bright closer to dim

parallel

2nd brightest

Series parallel

Bright

1. The series circuit was the 1st brightest because electricity only went through one path. The
2 resistors side by side where 2nd brightest and the 2 resistors on each other was the
brightest because the electricity skips the resistor.
2. 1/rt=470
3. They affect it because the two resistors side by side add more resistance and the resistors
on top of each other the electricity skips the resistor and powers the LED thats why its
the brightest.

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Experiment 4 digital monitor

Observations
INPUT

LED

HIGH

BRIGHT

low

NOT BRIGHT

1. The state of the LED is affected because of the positive and negative charges. The
current goes through properly only when the positive and negative are properly
plugged in.
2. This circuit could be used to monitor any point in a digital circuit because the input
connected to the 5 volt works using a binary system binary systems work with 1 and 0
which means on and off.
Conclusion
In conclusion the input wire connected to the ground bus didnt light up because it
wasnt connected to the right path. But the one connected tot the positive bus was
lighting up

Sanghera 4

Experiment 4b A
DIGITAL
MONIOR

OBSERVATIONS
Input

LED

HIGH

Bright

LOW

Not bright

Discussion
1. The state of input affects the LED because if the wires are in the positive or negative
spots the LED will not light up because it is not in the right spot for the legs to go in.
2. This circuit could be used to monitor the digital state of any point on a circuit because
just like any other circuit this circuit has its own path when the circuit is connected in a
on and off pattern the circuit works well.
Conclusion
in conclusion the input wire connected to the low ground bus doesnt light up and the
high one does

Sanghera 5

Pin number

LED SGMENT ON

Do not connect

10

11

13

14

DO NOT CONNECT

EXPIREMENT 5

Sanghera 6

Conclusion
In conclusion, the pin numbers on 7 segment display light up in a certain pattern because of the
binary system.

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Experiment 6
Input A

INPUT B

Output LED on or off

High

High

on

High

Low

on

Low

High

off

Low

Low

off

Discussion
1. For the input state to have a output of 5 volts input A has to be connected to high for the
LED to light up if
Input A is
connected to low
the LED
will not light up.
This
happens because
the legs on
the IC go from
positive to
negative and the
inputs have
to be set up from
positive to
negative if they
are not
2. To have the input
state get 0
volts INPUT A
has to be
connected to low
and so does
input B or Input A has to be connected to low and Input B connected to high. But if this is
connected to 0 volts the led will not receive current and it will not light up.
ONCLUSION
In conclusion, the output has to be connected to high or low in a certain way for the LEDS to
light up. If they are not connected in a certain way the LEDS will not receive current and
therefore they will not light up.

Sanghera 8

Experiment 7 or gates
Observations
Input A

INPUT B

Output LED on or off

High

High

on

High

Low

on

Low

High

off

Low

Low

off

Discussion
3. For the input state to have a output of 5 volts input A has to be connected to high for the
LED to light up if Input A is connected to low the LED will not light up. This happens
because the legs on the IC go from positive to negative and the inputs have to be set up
from positive to negative if they are not
4. To have the input state get 0 volts INPUT A has to be connected to low and so does input
B or Input A has to be connected to low and Input B connected to high. But if this is
connected to 0 volts the led will not receive current and it will not light up.

Sanghera 9
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the output has to be connected to high or low in a certain way for the LEDS to
light up. If they are not connected in a certain way the LEDS will not receive current and
therefore they will not light up.

Experiment 8 inverters

Observations
Input A

Output (LED on-off)

High 1

off

Low 0

on

Discussion
1. A 7404 integrated chip(IC) was designed so it could invert signals when it is put in a
circuits path.
2. The output would be the exact same if there is 1 or 2 integrated chips added to the circuit
because when it is inverted the IC goes from on to off then on to off again
Conclusion
In conclusion, an inverter changes the way the LED in the circuit works because it effects the
way current flows through the Im LED and I love dick circuit.

Sanghera 10

Experiment 9

Observations
Input A

Input b

Output

High

High

off

high

low

on

Low

High

on

Low

Low

on

Discussion

Sanghera 11

1. For the circuit to obtain 5 volts input A needs to be on high Input B has to be low
2. For the circuit to have 0 volts input A has to be on high
3. N in NAND stands for negative
4. NAND you need both high and AND you need both low
Conclusion
In conclusion, since in NAND you need both high the LED will only light and small pussy size
up if input A is on high.
Experiment 10

Observations
Input A

Input b

Output

High

High

off

high

low

on

Low

High

on

Low

Low

on

Discussion

Sanghera 12
5. For the circuit to obtain 5 volts input A
needs to be on high Input B has to be
low
6. For the circuit to have 0 volts input A
has to be on high
7. N in NAND stands for negative
8. NAND you need both high and AND
you need both low
Conclusion
In conclusion, since in NAND you need both
high the LED will only light up if input A is on
high.
Experiment 11

Input A

Input b

Output

High

High

off

high

low

on

Low

High

on

Sanghera 13
Low

Low

on

Discussion
1. To obtain 5 volts
the input A must be
connected to high
low or low because
then the LED will
light up. If the LED is connected to high and high the LED will not light up
2. For the LED to obtain 0 volts which means it will not light up the input has to be
connected to high and high because then the LED will not receive any current
and that will result it in not lighting up.
Conclusion
In conclusion, for the LED to obtain different voltages it must be connected to different
inputs
Experiment 16

Observations
R2

Time sec/ LED. Cycle

47k

100k

470k

Sanghera 14
680k

1m

other

12

Discussion
1.