EECS 598

Exercise 1
Written by: Albert Liu
1-1:
(a) In the real-space representation, the momentum operator is given by:
= i~
p

(1)

Applying this operator to the plane wave given:


p (r) = i~
p

1
2~

3
2

e ~ pr

3
2
i
1
+ py y
+ pz z
) e ~ pr
=
(px x
2~
3

2
i
1
e ~ pr
=p
2~


(2)

(b) To calculate the normalization:

 0
pp =

 
hp | ri r  p0 dr

3

3
2
2
i 0
1
1
~i pr
=
e
e ~ p r dr
2~
2~
Z
i
1
0
=
e ~ [(p p)r] dr
(2~)3
Z
1
0
=
ei[(k k)r] dr
3
(2~)
1
= 3 (k0 k)
~
= (p0 p)
Z 

(3)

and the identity property:

Z
ZZZ

 

|pi hp| dp =
|ri hr | pi p  r0 r0  dpdrdr0
ZZZ

0
i
1
p(rr0 )
~
=
|ri
e
r  dpdrdr0
(2~)3
ZZ


=
(r r0 ) |ri r0  drdr0
Z
= |ri hr| dr
=I

(4)

EECS 598

(c) The transformation between the real-space and momentum-space representations is:
Z
hp | i = hp | ri hr | i dr


1
2~

3 Z
2

hr | i e ~ pr dr

(5)

(p) = hp | i
Z
Z
|pi (p)dp = |pi hp | i dp
Z
|i = (p) |pi dp

(6)

=
(d) We begin with:

If we demand h | i = 1, we find:
1 = h | i
ZZ

 
=
(p)(p0 ) p  p0 dpdp0
Z
= (p)(p)dp
Z
= |(p)|2 dp

(7)

1-2:
(a) We can use the completeness relation

|i h| = I to find:

 E
h
i XD 

=

T r AB
 AB

X
   D   E D   E

  0 0  A  00 00  B

,0 ,00

X D   E
   D   E
   0 0  A  00
00  B

,0 ,00

|
=

P
00

{z

h00 | B A | 00 i=T r[B A]

X D   E D   E
  
   0
=
0  A  0 00  B
,0 ,00

|
=

{z

h0 | AB | 0 i=T r[AB ]

P
0

EECS 598

(b) We first note that the entropy is defined by:

S = kB hln(
)i
= kB Tr [
ln(
)]
= kB Tr [
ln [1 + (
1)]]
 

(
1)2 (
1)3
= kB Tr (
1)
+
+ ...
2
3

X
pj (pj 1)2 pj (pj 1)3
+
+ ...
pj (pj 1)
= kB
2
3
j
X
= kB
pj ln [1 + (pj 1)]
j

= kB

pj ln(pj )

(8)

where we used the relations:

x =

pxj j Tr [
x ] =

pxj

(9)

pj (pj 1)x

(10)

j
x

Tr [
(
1) ] =

X
j

We note that for a pure state, pj = ij where |j i is the state composing the pure state. The
entropy is thus:
X
S = kB
pj ln(pj )
j

= kB

jk ln(jk )

= kB ln(1)
=0

(11)

We can imagine that the optimally mixed state would be one in which all N pure states have
equal occupation probability pj = N1 . This gives an entropy:
 
N
X
1
1
S = kB
ln
= kB [ln(1) ln(N )] = kB ln(N )
N
N

(12)

j=1

(c) For a probability distribution:



pj = 1 eE ejE

(13)

EECS 598

The average energy is given by:

hEi =

X
j=0

jEpj


jE 1 eE ejE

j=0

j
 X
eE
= 1e

j=0


 
1
= 1 eE
1 eE

 EeE
= 1 eE
2
(eE 1)
E
= E
e 1
which gives the distribution function:

f (E) =

hEi
1
= E
E
e 1

(14)

(15)

The entropy is thus:

S = kB ln(pf (E,t) )


1
= kB ln E
e 1
h

i
= kB ln(1) ln eE 1
h
i
= kB ln(eE 1)

1-3:
(a) We first note:
"

aj (r)
= aj

N
X

#
i (r)ai

i=1

N
X

h
i
i (r) ij ai aj

(16)

i=1

We use this to calculate:

"

(r)
|1 , . . . N i =

N
X

#
ai i (r) |1 , . . . N i

i=1

"N
#

 
X




1
= 1 (r) (1 , . . . N )
i (r) i1 ai a1 (1 , . . . N )1
i=1

(1 , . . . N )1
= 1 (r) (1 , . . . N )1 aj (r)
4

(17)

EECS 598

(b) Note that for the case L = 1, the equation given reduces to the result of part (a):





(1 , . . . N )1
(r)
|1 , . . . N i = 1 (r) (1 , . . . N )1 a1 (r)
Rearranging the L = 2 case:

(r)
|1 , . . . N i =

2
X



()j+1 j (r) (1 , . . . N )j + ()2 a1 a2 (r)

|3 , . . . N i
j=1

"N
#
2


X
X



j+1
j
=
() j (r) (1 , . . . N ) + a1
i (r) i2 ai a2 |3 , . . . N i
j=1

i=1

"N
#
X





1
= 1 (r) (1 , . . . N ) a1
i (r)ai (1 , . . . N )1
i=1

(1 , . . . N )1
= 1 (r) (1 , . . . N )1 a1 (r)

(18)

We find that the L = 2 case reduces to the L = 1 case, which we verified. Rearranging the L = 3
case:

(r)
=

3
X



|4 , . . . N i
()j+1 j (r) (1 , . . . N )j + ()3 a1 a2 a3 (r)
j=1

#
"N
3


X
X



j+1
j
i (r) i3 ai a3 |4 , . . . N i
=
() j (r) (1 , . . . N ) a1 a2
i=1

j=1

2
X

()

#
N
X



j
j (r) (1 , . . . N ) + a1 a2
i (r)ai |3 , . . . N i
"

j+1

j=1

i=1

2
X

|3 , . . . N i
()j+1 j (r) (1 , . . . N )j + a1 a2 (r)

(19)

j=1

We find that the L = 3 case reduces to the L = 2 case. We may do this indefinitely to verify the
equation given.

EECS 598

(c) We have:
N
X

(r)
=

j (r)aj |1 , . . . N i

j=1
N
X

j (r)aj a1 a2 . . . aN |0i

j=1
N
X

h
i
j (r) j1 a1 aj a2 . . . aN |0i

j=1

= 1 (r) |1i

N
X

h
i
j (r)a1 j2 a2 aj a3 . . . aN |0i

j=1

= 1 (r) 2 (r) |2i +

N
X

h
i
j (r)a1 a2 j3 a3 aj a4 . . . aN |0i

j=1

..
.
N
X
()j+1 j (r) |ji

(20)

j=1

We then note the explicit representation of hj| and |ki:

hj| = h0| aN . . . aj+1 aj1 . . . a1

and

|ki = a1 . . . ak1 ak+1 . . . aN |0i

(21)

We consider the cases j = k and j 6= k separately:

j = k:
hj | ki = hj | ji
= h0| aN . . . aj+1 aj1 . . . a1 a1 . . . aj1 aj+1 . . . aN |0i
i
h
= h0| aN . . . aj+1 aj1 . . . a2 1 a1 a1 a2 . . . aj1 aj+1 . . . aN |0i
= h0| aN . . . aj+1 aj1 . . . a2 a2 . . . aj1 aj+1 . . . aN |0i
h
i
= h0| aN . . . aj+1 aj1 . . . a3 1 a2 a2 a3 . . . aj1 aj+1 . . . aN |0i
..
.
D h
i E


= 0  1 aN aN  0
= h0 | 0i
=1

(22)

EECS 598

j 6= k:
hj | ki = h0| aN . . . aj+1 aj1 . . . a1 a1 . . . ak1 ak+1 . . . aN |0i
h
i
= h0| aN . . . aj+1 aj1 . . . a2 1 a1 a1 a2 . . . ak1 ak+1 . . . aN |0i
= h0| aN . . . aj+1 aj1 . . . a2 a2 . . . ak1 ak+1 . . . aN |0i
h
i
= h0| aN . . . aj+1 aj1 . . . a3 1 a2 a2 a3 . . . ak1 ak+1 . . . aN |0i
..
.
 E
D 




= 0  aN . . . ak+1 ak1 ak ak+1 . . . aN  0
=0

(23)

From these cases, we can write the general formula:

hj | ki = jk

(24)

(d) We first take the Hermitian conjugate of equation (3):

(r) =
h1 , . . . N |

N
X

()j+1 hj| j (r)

(25)

j=1

Which, combined with equation (3), gives:

D

N
E
X
 


(r)(r
0) =
()j+k+2 j  j (r)k (r0 )  k

j,k=1

N
X

()j+k+2 j (r)k (r0 ) hj | ki

j,k=1

N
X

()j+k+2 j (r)k (r0 )jk

j,k=1

N
X

j (r)j (r0 )

(26)

j=1

Assuming the states {j (r)} are properly normalized:

Z D
N Z
E
X
(r)(r)

dr =
j (r)j (r)dr

(27)

j=1

N
X
j=1

=N

1-4:
7

(28)

EECS 598

Are there any situations in which mixed states obey statistics other than simple Fermi-Dirac or
Bose-Einstein statistics? I recall that photons can obey different statistics, but specifically for
particle states. Also, how would one write down the mixed states for non-equilibrium systems?