2 Polution Detection

A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
Pollution detection system with intelligent alerting system
Submitted
In partial fulfillment
For the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Submitted By:
Ritika Arora (0838131030)
Shubhashish Dixit (0838131031)
Humaira Anam (0838131409)
Rishabh Singh (0838131029)
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Krishna Institute of Management & Technology Moradabad
Rampur Road, NH-24, Moradabad-244001(U.P)
PROJECT REPORT
ON
Pollution detection system with intelligent alerting system
By
Ritika Arora (0838131030)
Shubhashish Dixit (0838131031)
Humaira Anam (0838131409)
Rishabh Singh (0838131029)
Prof. R.K.Yadav
Mr. Akhilesh Sharma
Mr. Ajay Kumar
Ms. Sonali Gupta
Mr. P.K.Raghav
PROJECT GUIDE
PROJECT INCHARGE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

Krishna Institute of Management & Technology Moradabad
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled Pollution detection system with
intelligent alerting system
has been carried out by RITIKA ARORA, SHUBHASHISH DIXIT, RISHABH
SINGH and HUMAIRA ANAM under my guidance in partial
fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics &
Communication Engineering of Gautam Buddh technical University
Lucknow during the academic year 2011-2012. To the best of my
knowledge and belief this work has not been submitted elsewhere for the
award of any other degree.
Project Incharge
Examiner
Project Guide
Head of the Department
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. R.K.Yadav,

HoD. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Krishna Institute of
Management & Technology(KIMT), Moradabad, India.
Mr. Akhilesh Sharma,
Associate Professor Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering ,

KIMT, Moradabad for their generous guidance, help and useful suggestions.
We express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Ajay Kumar, Senior Lecturer;
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, KIMT, Moradabad Prof.
Mr. P.K. Raghav, Senior Lecturer; Ms. Sonali Gupta, Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering, KIMT, Moradabad, India, for his stimulating guidance,
continuous encouragement and supervision throughout the course of present work.
We also wish to extend my thanks to Mr. Amit Sharma, Ms. Neha Goyal, Mr.
Amit Chaudhary & all faculty members & college staff for their insightful comments
and constructive suggestions to improve the quality of this research work.
Edit your Faculty names
PAGE INDEX
S. No.
i
ii
Iii
iv
v
vi
1
CONTENTS
Certificate
Acknowledgement
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Symbols
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Introduction
1.2 Organization Of Project
1. 3 Project Statement
CIRCUIT STRUCTURE
2.1 GENERAL THEORY
2.2 PRIMARY COMPONENTS
2.2.1 AT89C51 MICRO CONTROLLER
2.2.2 SENSOR BOARD
2.3 LED ARRAY
2.4 DRIVER CIRCUIT
2.5 MQ-6 GAS SENSOR
2.5.1 CHARACTERISTICS
2.5.2 APPLICATIONS
2.5.3 STRUCTURE AND CONFIGURATION
2.5.4 BASIC TEST LOOP
2.5.5 CONDITIONS THAT MUST BE AVOIDED
2.6 RESET CIRCUIT
2.7 ALARM
2.8 RELAY
2.9 EXHAUST FAN
2.10 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
2.11 AUTO DIALER
2.12 POWER SUPPLY
2.13 IC 7805
2.13.1 PIN DIAGRAM
2.13.2 PIN DESCRIPTION:
Page no.
I
II
VIII
IX
XI
XII
1
1
3
7
9
9
9
10
10
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
15
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
17
18
2.14 DIGITAL VOICE PROCESSOR USING APR 9600

2.14.1 MESSAGE MANAGEMENT
2.15 IC 555 AS MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
2.15.1 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR CIRCUIT
DETAILS
2.15.2 555
IC
MONOSTABLE
18
19
19
20
MULTIVIBRATOR 20
OPERATIONS
2.15.3 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR DESIGN USING 21
555 TIMER IC
2.16 GENERAL FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
2.17 FULL CIRCUIT STRUCTURE & EXPLANATION
MICROCONTROLLER AT89C51
3.1 AT89C51 MICROCONTROLLER
3.1.1 FEATURES
3.1.2 DESCRIPTION
3.2 ARCHITECTURE OF 8951 FAMILY
3.2.1 PIN DESCRIPTION
3.2.1 VCC
3.2.2 GND
3.2.3 PORT 0
3.2.4 PORT 1
3.2.5 PORT 2
3.2.6 PORT 3
3.2.7 RST
3.2.8 PORT PIN ALTERNATE FUNCTIONS
3.2.9 ALE/PROG
3.2.10 PSEN
3.2.11 EA/VPP
3.2.12 XTAL 1
3.2.13 XTAL 2
3.2.14 OSCILLATOR CHARACTERISTICS
3.2.15 IDLE MODE
3.2.16 STATUS OF EXTERNAL PINS DURING IDLE AND
21
22
25
25
25
25
26
26
27
28
28
28
28
30
30
31
31
32
32
32
32
32
33
34
POWER-DOWN MODES
3.2.17 POWER DOWN MODE
3.2.18 PROGRAMMING THE FLASH
3.2.19 PROGRAM MEMORY LOCK BITS
3.2.20 LOCK BIT PROTECTION MODES
3.3 PROGRAMMING ALGORITHM
3.3.1 DATA POLLING
34
35
36
36
37
37
3.3.2 READY/BUSY
3.3.3 PROGRAM VERIFY
3.3.4 CHIP ERASE
3.3.5 READING THE SIGNATURE BYTES
3.4 PROGRAMMING INTERFACE
3.5 SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTER (SFR) ADDRESSES
3.6 MCS-51 FAMILY INSTRUCTION SET
COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 CONCEPT OF COMPILER
4.3 CONCEPT OF CROSS COMPILER
4.3.1 WHY DO WE NEED CROSS COMPILER?
4.4 INSTALLING SDCC
4.5 INSTALLING SiLABS IDE
4.5.1 CONFIGURING SiLABS IDE WITH SDCC
4.6 CREATING A PROJECT
4.6.1 COMPILING A PROJECT
4.6.2 EXECUTING THE PROGRAM ON THE
C8051F120
4.6.3 ASCII TERMINAL PROGRAMS
4.6.4 IDE FILE LOCATION REQUIREMENT
4.7 PROGRAMMING HINT
4.8 8051 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT CYCLE
4.9 INSTRUCTION DEFINITION
4.10 SOFTWARE LOGIC OF THE PROJECT
APR9600 RE-RECORDING VOICE IC
5.1 APR 9600
5.1.1
FEATURES
5.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
5.3 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
5.4 MESSAGE MANAGEMENT
5.4.1
MESSAGE
MANAGEMENT
37
37
38
38
38
39
46
72
73
74
74
75
75
76
76
76
77
77
78
78
78
78
79
86
91
91
91
92
92
93
GENERAL 93
DESCRIPTION
5.4.2 RANDOM ACCESS MODE
95
5.4.2.1 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF RECORDING IN 95
RANDOM ACCESS MODE
5.4.2.2 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF PLAYBACK 96
RANDOM ACCESS MODE
5.4.3 TAPE MODE
96
5.4.3.1 FUNCTION DESCRIPTION OF RECORDING IN 96
TAPE MODE USING THE AUTO REWIND OPTION

5.4.3.2 FUNCTION DESCRIPTION OF PLAYBACK IN 97
TAPE MODE USING AUTO REWIND OPTION
5.4.3.3 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF RECORDING IN 98
TAPE MODE USING THE NORMAL OPTION
5.4.3.4 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF PLAYBACK IN 99
TAPE MODE USING THE NORMAL OPTION
5.5 MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLED
MESSAGE 100
MANAGEMENT
5.6 SIGNAL STORAGE
5.7 SAMPLING RATE & VOICE QUALITY
5.8 AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL (AGC)
5.9 SAMPLING APPLICATION
5.10 FIGURES OF MODES
5.11 PIN DESCRIPTION
5.12 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
5.13 APPLICATION TIPS
101
101
102
102
103
106
108
110
TIPS FOR BETTER SOUND REPLAY QUALITY

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
6.1 CONCLUSION
6.2 RESULT
6.3 LIMITATIONS
6.4 FUTURE SCOPE
111
111
112
112
113
BIBLIOGRAPHY
115
LIST OF TABLES
Tables
Table 2.1 Pin Description of IC 7805
Table 3.1 Pin Diagram of AT89C51
Table 3.2 Port 3 Functions
Table 3.3 Status of External Pins during Idle and Power-Down Modes
Table 3.4 Flash Programming Mode Signature Codes
Table 3.5 Lock Bit Protection Modes
Table 3.6 Signature Bytes
Table 3.7 SFR Addresses
Table 3.8 Modes of Operation
Table 3.9 PSW Register Details
Table 3.10 PCON Register
Table 3.11 Baud Rate Comparison for XTAL = 11.0592 MHZ
Table 3.12 TCON Register
Table 3.13 SCON Register
Table 3.14 Modes of SCON Register
Table 3.15 TMOD Register
Table 3.16 Modes of TMOD
Table 3.17 IE Register
Table 3.18 IP Register
Table 3.19 T2CON Register
Table 5.1 Mode selection
Table 5.2 Input Bandwidth & Duration
Table 5.3 Pin Description of APR 9600
Table 5.4 Absolute Maximum Ratings
Table 5.5 DC Characteristics
Table 5.6 Analog Characteristics
Page No.
18
30
31
34
35
36
38
39
40
41
42
42
43
43
44
44
44
45
45
46
95
101
108
109
109
109
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures
Page No.
Fig 2.1 Gas & Fire Sensor using 555 IC

Fig 2.2 Structure & Configuration of Gas Sensor MQ-6
Fig 2.3 Basic Test Loop
Fig 2.4 Basic Relay Block with Handsfree
Fig 2.5 Pin Diagram of IC 7805
Fig 2.6 555-Timer-Monostable-Multivibrator
Fig 2.7 555 Monostable-Multivibrator-Operation
Fig 2.8 Complete Circuit structure of Gas & Heat Sensor with auto dial up
11
13
14
16
17
20
20
24
logic
Fig 3.1 Basic Architecture of AT89C51 Microcontroller
Fig 3.2 Pin Diagram of Micro controller 8951
Fig 3.3 Oscillator connection
Figure 3.4 External Clock Drive Configuration
Fig 3.5 TMOD Register
Fig 3.6 PSW Register
Fig 3.8 Arithmetic Operation
Fig 3.9 Logic Operation
3.10 Data Transfer Operation
Fig 3.11 Boolean Manipulation & Program & Machine Control
26
27
33
34
39
41
47
49
49
50
Operation
Fig 4.1 Load New File in 8051 IDE
Fig 4.2 Auto Dial Up Coding
Fig 4.3 8951 Selection
Fig 4.4 Loading Flash Buffer
Fig 4.5 Gas Sensor with MCU
Fig 5.1 Pin Diagram of APR 9600 IC
Figure 5.2 APR9600 Block Diagram
Fig 5.3 APR9600 Experimental board
Figure 5.4 Tape Mode, Normal Option
Figure 5.5 Tape Mode, Auto Rewind Option
Figure 5.6 Random Access Mode
82
83
84
85
88
89
93
94
100
103
104
105
ABSTRACT
Security is primary concern for everyone. This Project describes a design

of effective security alarm system that can monitor an industry with different
sensors. Gas detection and fire detection can be monitored by the status of each
individual sensor and is indicated with an LED, Buzzer Voice Recording &
Playback Device and dial up logic. These all shows whether the sensor has been
activated and whether the wiring to the sensor is in order. In this project we show that
how we use the telephone as a electronics eye. With the help of any phone we can
know the position of the house. In this logic we attach some sensor with the telephone
and if there is any mishappening at home then telephone is automatic on and then
circuit press the redial button of the telephone and then telephone dial the pre-dialed
number and sense the voice message to the received end.
The detection alarm is built around the AT89C51 microcontroller from Atmel.
This microcontroller provides all the functionality of the detection alarm. It also takes
care of filtering of the signals at the inputs. A fire sensor can be connected to the gas
sensor alarm. These sensors need to have their contacts closed when in the inactive
state (i.e. normally closed). In addition, each sensor needs to have its tamper
connection wired as well. A power supply voltage of +5 VDC is available for each
sensor at the corresponding wiring terminals. LEDs indicate the status of the
corresponding sensors. When the alarm has been activated, the LED of the sensor
that caused the alarm will light up and pre recorded message starts to play.
The uniqueness of this project is not only alerting the neighbors by siren, it
also dials a mobile number which is already programmed into the system. A mobile
number or a land line number can be programmed into the system. As this
system works on existing telephone line, it can dial the number even the subscriber is
out of station.
This project uses regulated 5V, 500mA power supply. 7805 three terminal
voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used
to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer.
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Engineering is not only a theoretical study but it is a implementation of all we
study for creating something new and making things more easy and useful through
practical study. It is an art which can be gained with systematic study, observation and
practice. In the college curriculum we usually get the theoretical knowledge of
industries, and a little bit of implementation knowledge that how it is works? But how
can we prove our practical knowledge to increase the productivity or efficiency of the
industry????
Dont take the chance of becoming victim of carelessness, which is often
accompanied by serious accident. Protect our family and valuables with this
microcontroller based security system that will let us rest our head knowing that there
is anything like gas leakage or fire existing into our home.
The motivation is to facilitate the users to know the state of their homes having
ubiquitous access. The system provides availability due to development of a low cost
system. This system is low cost but very useful for users to know their home state
wherever are located. Home security has been a major issue where temperature starts
raising day by day and everybody wants to take proper measures to prevent intrusion.
There was need to prevent fires and gas leaks no matter when they are in the house or
outside. By using GSM technology via Dial-Up logic we can help users to supervise
their home against intruders, gas leak and fire only at one product with a low cost.
The security is what a person expects from a home, this project was designed
keeping this particular aspect in mind. The security system is made fool proof to the
maximum extent possible. In this project we make use of a microcontroller as the
main controller to control the input and the output that reach the controller. There is a
large scope in the future enhancements that can be provided along with this project
like actuating a fire detection alarm or sensing a leakage of gas etc.
Generally in any industry, there are several blocks and there is an
administrative block which controls all blocks. If any problem is created in any one of
the blocks, at first the persons in that particular block has to inform to the
administrative block and then the action will be taken. So if we consider a fire
accident in any one of the blocks the person on that incident generally they makes a
call to the administrative block or security block as took over and they has to call the
ambulance, fire station etc. It will be a long time process, so in the mean the damage
may increase in gigantic extent. The most basic fire protection methods include fire
prevention, detection and control. Buildings should be constructed using fire rated
walls, doors, ceilings and floors. The use of combustible materials in interior
furnishing should be kept to a minimum. There are several types of detection devices.
Automatic fire detection systems, when combined with other elements of an
emergency response and evacuation plan, can significantly reduce property damage,
personal injuries, and loss of life from fire in the work place. Their main function is to
quickly identify a developing fire and alert building occupants and emergency
response personnel before extensive damage transpire. Automatic fire detection
systems do this by using electronic sensors to detect the smoke, heat or flames and
providing an early warning. Heat detectors which respond to heat generated in the
flame stage of a fire and smoke detectors which respond to the particles of cumbers
ion produced in a fire.
A fire alarm control panel, normally referred to as a panel within the active
fire protection industry is central control device for detecting, reporting and acting on
occurrences of fire with in a building. There are two types of panel's fallen
conventional panels and analogue addressable panels. In a conventional panel, fire
detection devices including, but not limited to smoke detectors, heat detectors and
manual call points are joined up with a number connected to the circuit. When a
device on the circuit is activated the panel recognizes an alarm on that circuit and
could be setup to take a number of actions including directly calling the fire
department via an alarm transportation system. An addressable panel is a more
modern type of panel and has a greater flexibility than a conventional panel. An
addressable panel has a number of loops where a number of devices are to be
connected, each with its own address. Bad experiences with early systems have left
the police reluctant to allow domestic security system to call for assistance directly,
except on high risk situations. Security systems can now be configured to call
telephones in the event of an alarm so that the occupants are nominated care takers
can be alerted before calling the police.
Business and industry today requires security systems that are the fact of life.
Your company simply must have them to protect your employees, your equipment and
sky scrapers themselves. There is only one thing more important than the selection of
the security systems to protect your facilities. That is why you should consider
reliable fire equipment for your security system requirements. Security and fire
protection are closely related to energy management in so far as they present tractable
goals for automated systems. It has been considered relatively easy for machine based
systems to recognize anomalous activity around the home which could be interpreted
as possible security breaches, accidents or fires. Fire damage, however can be
permanent and involves the entire life of human. Much can be done to minimize the
chance of a fire stating or spreading. Progress in fire technologies has been substantial
over last decade due to advances in sensor, microelectronics and information
technologies, as well as a greater understanding of fire physics. This paper provides a
review of progress in fire detection technologies over the last decades some problems
& a future research efforts related to current fire detection technologies are discussed.
1. 2 PROJECT STATEMENT
Nowadays, most couples leave for work early in the morning and get back
only in the evening. Most people also have to travel to other cities for their work.
When they are away, their house is empty. Therefore case like leakage of LPG and
short circuitry fire or else is easy to occur because the home owners are not in the
house. Our Country India has many such cases and still going ascending day by day.
The based solution is to develop home security system using a wireless to keeps your
house safe from such accidents and enables you to work in peace.
Based on the events above, the project can be developing to make our home
secure and safe. We never anxious and worried anymore even we leave the house. So
this project is to design and develop a home security system that can provide security
against gas leak, fire and other emergency situation by alarm via calling to the home
owner as there is something suspicious at home. Today there are a many wireless
home security alarm system available in the market. Some are designed for very high
security level protection and some are basic type. Most of the alarm systems are very
expensive and therefore not affordable by poor or middle class families. Some
systems which cheaper in cost do not provide reliable features like status checking. To
provide the public with a cost effective wireless security system, it is important to
design a low cost system with advanced features which ease the residents' life and
benefits the public and also will decrease the accident rate of India. Besides that, to
develop the system that can monitor gas leakage and fire detector including control
appliances in our home is a good matter. It is important because the system can be
help people through the realization of fully automated home protections. So this
project wills develops and design the home security system that can control the lamp
in the house.
CHAPTER 2
CIRCUIT STRUCTURE
2.1 GENERAL THEORY

An embedded system can be defined as a computing device that does a
specific focused job. Appliances such as the air-conditioner, VCD player, DVD
player, printer, fax machine, mobile phone etc. are examples of embedded systems.
Each of these appliances will have a processor and special hardware to meet the
specific requirement of the application along with the embedded software that is
executed by the processor for meeting that specific requirement. The embedded
software is also called firm ware. The desktop/laptop computer is a general
purpose computer. You can use it for a variety of applications such as playing games,
word processing, accounting, software development and so on. In contrast, the
software in the embedded systems is always fixed listed below:
Embedded system does a very specific task; they cannot be programmed to
do different things. Embedded systems have very limited resources, particularly
the memory. Generally, they do not have secondary storage devices such as the
CDROM or the floppy disk. Embedded systems have to work against some
deadlines. A specific job has to be completed within a specific time. In some
embedded systems, called real-time systems, the deadlines are stringent. Missing a
deadline may cause a catastrophe-loss of life or damage to property. Embedded
systems are constrained for power. As many embedded systems operate through a
battery, the power consumption has to be very low.
2.2 PRIMARY COMPONENTS

Primary components of the electro circuit are as follows which will describe
serially.
AT89C51 Micro controller
Gas & Fire Sensor board
LED array
555 IC
Reset circuit
ALARM
Relays
Crystal oscillator
Auto dialer
Power supply
2.2.1 AT89C51 MICRO CONTROLLER

8051 is one of the most popular micro controllers in use today. Many
derivative micro controller have since been developed that are based on and
compatible with the 8051.Thus, the ability to program an 8051 is an important skill
for anyone who plans to develop products that will take advantage of micro
controller. P89C51 is same as the INTEL 8051 except that 89C51 has internal flash
ROM, which can be programmed more than 1000 times.
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer
with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PROM).
The device is manufactured using Atmels high density nonvolatile memory
technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51 instruction set
and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed insystem or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the ATMEL AT89C51 is a
powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution
to many embedded control applications. The AT89C51 provides the following
standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit
timer/counters, five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port,
and on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.[2][9]
2.2.2 SENSOR BOARD

The different sensors used in this project are as follows:
Gas Sensor
Fire & Heat Sensor
In this sensor unit we connect 2 sensors, now it is our choice how many sensors
we use.
In the fire sensor we use bimetallic plates to sense fire, when fire touch the
bimetallic plates then plates join together and immediate provide a signal to the
controller. Fire sensor is attached to the IC 555. Here IC 555 work as a mono stable
timer and output signal is available on the pin 3 this signal is connected to the
microcontroller .When fire is on then sensor detect the logic and immediate provide a
signal to the controller.
Gas sensor is a special sensor when gas sensor sense the gas then gas sensor again
provides a small signal to the microcontroller via IC 555.
In the gas sensor interface we use gas sensor as a input logic. We attach one IC 555 as
with this sensor. Here IC 555 works as a monostable multivibrator timer. Sensor
output is connected to the IC 555 pin no 2 via NPN transistor. Pin no 2 is a negative
triggered IC. When sensor activate then positive output is available and this positive
output is converted into negative with the help of the NPN transistor. Output of the
NPN transistor is now connected to the pin no 2 of the IC 555. Pin no 4 and 8 of the
IC 555 is connected to the positive supply. Pin no 1 is connected to the ground pin.
Pin no 7 is the output pin. Pin no 6 and 7 is the time constant pin. Pin no 6 and 7
provide a time constant option. When IC 555 works then output is available on the pin
no 3. Now this output is switching by the further NPN transistor. One LED is also
connected to the transistor circuit. Output of the NPN transistor is available on the
collector point. This output from the collector of NPN is now connected to the
microcontroller pin no 1 which is port p1.0. Pin no 40 of the controller is connected to
the positive supply. We supply a 5 volt for supply.
These sensors firstly connected with the monostable circuit and then
connected to the microcontroller interface. In the monostable circuit we use IC 555 as
a monostable circuit.
Fig 2.1 Gas & Fire Sensor using 555 IC
Output of the IC 555 is connected to the microcontroller circuit. Here we use

ATMEL microcontroller. In the ATMEL series many controllers are available and the
entire controllers are compatible with each other. Here we use IC 89s51 or 89c2051
controller. IC 89c2051 is a 20 pin controller and 89c51 is a 40 pin controller. So we
use AT89c51 microcontroller for multi function.
2.3 LED ARRAY

Light-emitting diodes are elements for light signalization in electronics.
They are manufactured in different shapes, colors and sizes. For their low price,
low consumption and simple use, they have almost completely pushed aside other
light sources- bulbs at first place. They perform similar to common diodes with the
difference that they emit light when current flows through them.
2.4 DRIVER CIRCUIT

A driver circuit is used for driving the LEDs. An open-drain output can drive
an LED. If either of the input to the driver circuit is LOW, the corresponding nchannel transistors are off and the LED is off. When both the inputs are High, both
transistors are ON. Then the output is LOW.
2.5 MQ-6 GAS SENSOR

Sensitive material of MQ-6 gas sensor is SnO 2, which with lower conductivity
in clean air. When the target combustible gas exist, the sensors conductivity is higher
along with the gas concentration rising. Please use simple electro circuit, Convert
change of conductivity to correspond output signal of gas concentration. MQ-6 gas
sensor has high sensitivity to Propane, Butane and LPG, also response to Natural gas.
The sensor could be used to detect different combustible gas, especially Methane; it is
with low cost and suitable for different application.[7]
2.5.1 CHARACTERISTICS
Good sensitivity to Combustible gas in wide range
High sensitivity to Propane, Butane and LPG
Long life and low cost
Simple drive circuit
2.5.2 APPLICATIONS
Domestic gas leakage detector
Industrial Combustible gas detector
Portable gas detector
2.5.3 STRUCTURE AND CONFIGURATION

Structure and configuration of MQ-6 gas sensor is shown as Fig. 3, sensor
composed by micro AL2O3 ceramic tube, Tin Dioxide (SnO2) sensitive layer,
measuring electrode and heater are fixed into a crust made by plastic and stainless
steel net. The heater provides necessary work conditions for work of sensitive
components. The enveloped MQ-4 has 6 pin, 4 of them are used to fetch signals, and
other 2 are used for providing heating current.
2.5.4 BASIC TEST LOOP

Below fig 2.3 is basic test circuit of the sensor. The sensor needs to be put 2
voltage, heater voltage (VH) and test voltage (VC). VH used to supply certified working
temperature to the sensor, while VC used to detect voltage (VRL) on load resistance
(RL) whom is in series with sensor. The sensor has light polarity, VC need DC power.
VC and VH could use same power circuit with precondition to assure performance of
sensor. In order to make the sensor with better performance, suitable R L value is
needed.
Power of Sensitivity body (Ps): PS=Vc2Rs/ (RS+RL) 2
Resistance of Sensor (RS):
RS = (VCC/VRL-1) RL.
2.5.5 CONDITIONS THAT MUST BE AVOIDED
Water Condensation
Indoor conditions, slight water condensation will affect sensors performance

lightly. However, if water condensation on sensors surface and keep a certain period,
sensor sensitivity will be decreased.
Fig 2.3 Basic Test Loop
Used in high gas concentration
No matter the sensor is electrified or not, if long time placed in high gas
concentration, if will affect sensors characteristic.
Long time storage
The sensors resistance produce reversible drift if its stored for long time without
electrify, this drift is related with storage conditions. Sensors should be stored in
airproof without silicon jell bag with clean air. For the sensors with long time storage
but no electrify, they need long aging time for stability before using.
Long time exposed to adverse environment
No matter the sensors electrified or not, if exposed to adverse environment for

long time, such as high humidity, high temperature, or high pollution etc, it will
affect the sensors performance badly.
Vibration
Continual vibration will result in sensors down-lead response then rupture. In

transportation or assembling line, pneumatic screwdriver/ultrasonic welding machine
can lead this vibration.
Concussion
If sensors meet strong concussion, it may lead its lead wire disconnected.
Usage
For sensor, handmade welding is optimal way. If use wave crest welding should
meet the following conditions:
Soldering flux: Rosin soldering flux contains least chlorine
Speed: 1-2 Meter/ Minute
Warm-up temperature10020
Welding temperature25010
1 time pass wave crest welding machine.
If disobey the above using terms, sensors sensitivity will be reduced.
2.6 RESET CIRCUIT

For proper system operation, the hardware design of a state machine should
ensure that it enters a known initial state on power-up. Most systems have a
RESET signal that is asserted during power-up. If a state machine is built using
discrete flip-flops with asynchronous preset and clear inputs, the RESET signal can
be applied to these inputs to force the machine in to the desired initial state.
2.7 ALARM
An ALARM is used to indicate detection in home as well as in industry. When
Gas is detected by the heat detector and the buzzer is activated. Same as in case of
heat or fire, when heat is detected by the heat detector and the buzzer is activated.
2.8 RELAY
A relay is an electrically controllable switch widely used in
industrial controls, automobiles and appliances. A relays are widely
used electronics circuits as remote control LED mechanical switches
turn a sequence of events ON and OFF. Relays are provided some
mechanical contacts and with their help they control operation of
other circuits. The terminology of both relays and switches is
identical that is similar to switches. Output of the controller is
connected to the relay driver circuit. Relay driver circuit basically
provide a ON OFF signal in single pulse. We connect these pulses to
the hands free of the cell phone. When hands free of the telephone is
activate through the microcontroller then phone is automatic on and
last redial number is dialed. When last number is redialed then after
call voice processor is on automatically and voice signal is transfer to
the mobile phone through mike.
To drive a relay we use two transistor circuits. One is NPN and
second is PNP transistor. Output from the controller is connected to
the base point of the PNP transistor through 1k ohm resistor. Emitter
of the PNP transistor is connected to the positive supply. Collector is
connected to the base of the NPN transistor. Collector of the NPN
transistor is connected to the relay coil. This relay coil presses the
hands free coil and redials the last number directly. User can treat it
as a warning message to go to home or industry if owner is out of
station. Once the call is activate then sound is transfer from the voice
processor to the mobile phone. Here we use IC APR 9600. With the
help of this IC we produce up to 6 sounds and it is possible to send a
different sound on different application with the help of the mobile
phone. When the relay is on and activates the last number redial the
after few second voice processor pin is on and play a voice message
this message is transfer to the phone automatically.
Fig 2.4 Basic Relay Block with Handsfree

2.9 EXHAUST FAN
There is also an exhaust fan installed in the circuitry, which is
activated by the IC 555 monostable IC. If there is too much
concentration of gas in premises, and gas sensor detects it,
microcontroller also give command to activate exhaust fan so that the
room get reduce concentration of the Gas before the concerned
authorities arrive there. However in case of Fire/Heat Sensor, it will
remain in its idle state of OFF.
2.10 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

To stabilize the frequency of the internal oscillator we have to add an
external oscillator of frequency 11.0592 MHZ. Certain crystalline materials, namely
Rochelle salt, quartz and tourmaline exhibit the piezoelectric effects are called
piezoelectric crystals. Of the various piezoelectric crystals, quartz is more

commonly used because it is inexpensive and readily available in nature.
2.11 AUTO DIALER

A telephone is used in the system in order to convey the alert message to the
concerned authorities. In the system, telephone plays a vital role, because even if
the alarm is not heard by anyone present in the vicinity of the system, the message
can be intimated to the required destination by the number which is already stored in
it. This helps to improve out security level by use of electro circuit.
2.12 POWER SUPPLY

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The AC
input i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and
is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating DC voltage.
So in order to get a pure DC voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a
filter to remove any AC components present even after rectification. Now, this
voltage is given to a voltage regulator 7805 to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.
2.13 IC 7805
7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of
fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have
fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator
IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed
output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805 provides +5V regulated power supply.
Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output pins depending
upon the respective voltage levels.[8]
2.13.1 PIN DIAGRAM
Fig 2.5 Pin Diagram of IC 78052.13.2 PIN
DESCRIPTION:
Table 2.1 shows the pin description of IC 7805.
Pin Function
No
1
2
3
Name
Input voltage (5V-18V)

Ground (0V)
Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V)
Input
Ground
Output
Table 2.1 Pin Description of IC 7805
2.14 DIGITAL VOICE PROCESSOR USING APR 9600

Digital voice recording chips with different features and coding technology for
speech compression and processing are available on the market from a number of
semiconductor manufacture. Advanced chips such as Texas instrument TMS320C31
can implement various voice processing algorithms including code-excited linear
prediction, adaptive differential pulse code modulation. A law (specified by California
Council for international trade), micro law (specified by Bell telephone) and vector
sum excited linear prediction. On the other hand APR 9600 single chip voice
recorder and playback device from APLUS integrated circuits makes use of a
proprietary analogue storage technique implemented using flash non-volatile memory
process in which each cell is capable of storing up to 256 voltage levels. This
technology enables the APR9600 to reproduce voice signals in the natural form. The
APR 9600 is a good stand lone voice recorder or playback IC with non volatile
storage and playback capability from 5 to 60 seconds. It can record and play multiple
messages at random or in sequential mode. The user can select sample rates with
consequent quality and recording time trade off. Microphone amplifier, automatic
gain control (AGC) circuits, internal anti aliasing filter, integrated output amplifier
and message management are some of the features of the APR 9600. Complete chip
management is accomplished through the device control and message control blocks.
Voice signal from the microphone is fed into the chip through a differential amplifier.
It is further amplified by connecting Analogue-Out (pin 21) to Analogue in (pin 20)
via an external DC blocking capacitor C1. A bias signal is applied to the microphone
and to save power during playback, the ground return of this bias network can be
connected to the normally open side of the record switch. Both Mike in and Mike Ref
(pins 18 and 19) must be coupled to the microphone network through capacitors.
Recording signal from the external source can also be fed directly into the chip using
Ana-In (pin 20), but the connection between Ana-in ( pin 20) and Ana-out (pin 21) is
still required for playback. An internal anti-aliasing filter automatically adjusts its
response according to the sampling frequency selected. Then the signal is processed
into the memory array through a combination of the sample and hold circuits and
analogue read/write circuit. The incoming voice signals are sampled and the
instantaneous voltage samples are stored in the non-volatile flash memory cells in the
8 bit binary encoded format. During playback, the stored signals are retrieved from
the memory, smoothed to form a continuous signal level at the speaker terminals SP+
and SP- ( pins 14 and 15 respectively) is at
about 12mw power into 16 ohm
impedance. The output from pin 14 (SP+) is further amplified by the low power
amplifier using LM386 (IC2) as shown in the figure. The recorded message is
reproduced into speaker LS1. An internal oscillator provides sampling clock to the
APR 9600. The frequency of the oscillator and sampling rate depend on the value of
resistor R12 connected across the OSCR (pin 7) of the chip and the ground.[6][12]
2.14.1 MESSAGE MANAGEMENT
The APR9600 chip supports the following message modes. Random access
mode with 2, 4, 8 message within the total recording time. Tape mode with two
options: Auto rewind and Normal operation. The modes are defined by pins 24, 25
and 9 cannot be mixed. An important feature of the APR9600 chip is indication of
changes in the device status through beeps superimposed on the device output: for
example, the start of recording is indicated by a beep, so the person can now start
speaking into the microphone. This feature is enabled by making pin 11 high.
2.15 IC 555 AS MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

A monostable multivibrator (MMV) often called a one-shot multivibrator, is a
pulse generator circuit in which the duration of the pulse is determined by the R-C
network, connected externally to the 555 timer. In such a vibrator, one state of output
is stable while the other is quasi-stable (unstable). For auto-triggering of output from
quasi-stable state to stable state energy is stored by an externally connected capacitor
C to a reference level. The time taken in storage determines the pulse width. The
transition of output from stable state to quasi-stable state is accomplished by external
triggering. The schematic of a 555 timer in monostable mode of operation is shown in
figure 2.6.[1][3]
Fig2.6 555-Timer-Monostable-Multivibrator
2.15.1 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR CIRCUIT DETAILS

Pin 1 is grounded. Trigger input is applied to pin 2. In quiescent condition of
output this input is kept at + VCC. To obtain transition of output from stable state to
quasi-stable state, a negative-going pulse of narrow width (a width smaller than
expected pulse width of output waveform) and amplitude of greater than + 2/3 VCC is
applied to pin 2. Output is taken from pin 3. Pin 4 is usually connected to + V CC to
avoid accidental reset. Pin 5 is grounded through a 0.01 u F capacitor to avoid noise
problem. Pin 6 (threshold) is shorted to pin 7. A resistor R A is connected between pins
6 and 8. At pins 7 a discharge capacitor is connected while pin 8 is connected to
supply VCC.
2.15.2 555 IC MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR OPERATIONS
Fig2.7 555 Monostable-Multivibrator-Operation
For explaining the operation of timer 555 as a monostable multivibrator,

necessary internal circuitry with external connections are shown in figure
The operation of the circuit is explained below:
Initially, when the output at pin 3 is low i.e. the circuit is in a stable state, the
transistor is on and capacitor- C is shorted to ground. When a negative pulse is
applied to pin 2, the trigger input falls below +1/3 VCC, the output of comparator goes
high which resets the flip-flop and consequently the transistor turns off and the output
at pin 3 goes high. This is the transition of the output from stable to quasi-stable state,
as shown in figure. As the discharge transistor is cutoff, the capacitor C begins
charging toward +VCC through resistance RA with a time constant equal to R AC. When
the increasing capacitor voltage becomes slightly greater than +2/3 VCC, the output of
comparator 1 goes high, which sets the flip-flop. The transistor goes to saturation,
thereby discharging the capacitor C and the output of the timer goes low, as illustrated
in figure 2.7.
Thus the output returns back to stable state from quasi-stable state.
The output of the Monostable Multivibrator remains low until a trigger pulse is again
applied. Then the cycle repeats. Trigger input, output voltage and capacitor voltage
waveforms are shown in figure.
2.15.3 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR DESIGN USING 555 TIMER IC

The capacitor C has to charge through resistance R A. The larger the time
constant RAC, the longer it takes for the capacitor voltage to reach +2/3VCC.
In other words, the RC time constant controls the width of the output pulse. The time
during which the timer output remains high is given as:
tp =1.0986RAC,
where RA is in ohms and C is in farads.
The pulse width of the circuit may range from micro-seconds to many
seconds. This circuit is widely used in industry for many different timing applications.
2.16 GENERAL FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

On power up, pin 23 is pulled low through resistor R7 to enable the device for
operation. Toggling this pin by switch S9 also resets several message management
features. Pin no 27 is pulled low to enable recording and it is pulled high for playback.
To start recording playback switch the appropriate trigger pin as described in the
circuit. Glowing of the LED indicates that the device is busy and no commands can be
currently accepted. The LED is driven by PNP transistor T1 which is connected to pin
10 of the chip. LED2 indicates recording in each individual memory segment. It is

driven by pin 22 through transistor.
2.17 FULL CIRCUIT STRUCTURE & EXPLANATION

Below the Fig 2.8 shows the final implemented electro circuit of Gas & Heat
Sensor along with auto dial up logic and voice recording and playback device APR.
The complete explained description of circuit is as follows:
Firstly we ON the Power supply of 230V AC to provide to the circuit. The AC
is then step down by transformer to 12V, which is then used for circuit. The 12V AC
is rectified using bridge rectifier to 9V DC supply. Now as per the requirement we
certainly use 9V and 5V DC supply. For 9V supply we use direct after filter circuit &
for the 5V we add the IC 7805 as voltage regulator. After IC 7805 we again filter
ripples present if any. Now the power circuitry is completed.
Before starting from any one test we will reset the whole circuit last
configuration for better results. Let us take Gas Sensor firstly, if we place sensor in
the place of leakage the inner circuit of MQ-6 sensor will short circuit by the
concentration level above than 8 ppm, which as the result give trigger input to IC 555.
Trigger input is applied to pin 2. In quiescent condition of output this input is kept
at + VCC. To obtain transition of output from stable state to quasi-stable state, a
negative-going pulse of narrow width (a width smaller than expected pulse width of
output waveform) and amplitude of greater than + 2/3 VCC is applied to pin 2. Output
is taken from pin 3, which is applied to Microcontroller 8951 IC. At the same time a
exhaust fan is given ON signal by IC 555 for Gas Sensor & fan starts exhausting gas
from ambient place. Microcontroller port 3.3 is for Gas Sensor output. As 8951 is
coded for it, it then sends signal to the relay circuitry & APR for play recording
message. Relay that already connected to hands free will redial the last call or
concerned authorities of home, industry, hotel etc. APR will play pre recorded
message so the information is sent to owner & if within time limit someone
approaches there, chances of accident can be easily eliminated. Along with dial up
logic & message management, theres implementation of Buzzer & LED in the circuit
which will ON as there is any type of detection so the person nearby can watch &
hear & safe lives by an unexpected mishaps.
Talking about Heat Sensor now, in case of short circuits at homes, industries
etc there arise high flames of fire and also there is some places where excess of heat is
too dangerous. Heat sensor element senses it n give signal to triggered input IC 555.
The IC 555 output is now connected to port 3.2 of IC 8951. The main difference here
is that the exhaust fan will not work during heat sensing case. Relay that already
connected to hands free will redial the last call or concerned authorities of home,
industry, hotel etc. APR will play pre recorded message so the information is sent to
owner & if within time limit someone approaches there, chances of accident can be
easily eliminated.
This is all about how stuff works. !!
CHAPTER3
MICROCONTROLLER AT89C51
3.1 AT89C51 MICROCONTROLLER

3.1.1 FEATURES
Compatible with MCS-51 Products

4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
RAM is 128 bytes.
2.7V to 6V Operating Range.
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
128*8-bit Internal RAM.
32 Programmable I/O Lines.
Two 16-bit Timer/Counters.
Six Interrupt Sources.
Programmable Serial UART Channel.
Low power Idle and Power-down Modes
Three Level Program Memory Lock
3.1.2 DESCRIPTION
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer
with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PROM).
The device is manufactured using Atmels high density nonvolatile memory
technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51 instruction set
and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed insystem or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the ATMEL AT89C51 is a
powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution
to many embedded control applications. The AT89C51 provides the following
standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit
timer/counters, five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port,
and on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.
In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to
zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The idle
mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt
system to continue functioning. The Power down Mode saves the RAM contents but
freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
3.2 ARCHITECTURE OF 8951 FAMILY

Figure 3.1 shows the architecture of AT89C51 Microcontroller
Fig 3.1 Basic Architecture of AT89C51 Microcontroller
3.2.1 PIN DESCRIPTION

AT89C51
is
an
8-bit microcontroller and
belongs
to
Atmel's 8051
family. ATMEL 89C51 has 4KB of Flash programmable and erasable read only
memory (PEROM) and 128 bytes of RAM. It can be erased and program to a
maximum of 1000 times.
In 40 pin AT89C51, there are four ports designated as P 1, P2, P3 and P0. All
these ports are 8-bit bi-directional ports, i.e., they can be used as both input and output
ports. Except P0 which needs external pull-ups, rest of the ports have internal pull-ups.
When 1s are written to these port pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups
and can be used as inputs. These ports are also bit addressable and so their bits can
also be accessed individually.
Port P0 and P2 are also used to provide low byte and high byte addresses,
respectively, when connected to an external memory. Port 3 has multiplexed pins for
special functions like serial communication, hardware interrupts, timer inputs and
read/write operation from external memory. AT89C51 has an inbuilt UART for serial
communication. It can be programmed to operate at different baud rates. Including
two timers & hardware interrupts, it has a total of six interrupts.
Fig 3.2 Pin Diagram of Micro controller 8951
3.2.1 VCC
Pin 40 provides supply voltage to the chip. The voltage source is +5V.
3.2.2 GND
Pin 20 of 8951 is connected to ground.
3.2.3 PORT 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port each pin
can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as
high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order
address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode
P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash
programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification.
External pull-ups are required during program verification.
3.2.4 PORT 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins
they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port
1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the
internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during flash
programming and verification.
3.2.5 PORT 2
2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the
internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from
external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application it uses strong internal pull-ups
when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses
(MOVX @ RI); Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2
also receives the high order address bits and some control signals during Flash
programming and verification.
Pin
Function
Name
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
P1.0
P1.1
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7
Reset
8 bit input/output port (P1) pins
Reset pin; Active high

Input (receiver) for serial
Rx D
communication
Output (transmitter) for serial
Tx D
communication
External interrupt 1
Int0
External interrupt 2
Int1
Timer1 external input
T0
Timer2 external input
T1
Write to external data memory. Write
Read from external data memory. Read
P3.0
P3.1
8
bit
P3.2
P3.3
port (P3) pins
P3.4
P3.5
P3.6
P3.7
Crystal 2
Quartz crystal oscillator (up to 24 MHz).
Crystal 1
Ground (0V).
Ground
P2.0/ A8
8 bit input/output port (P2) pins
P2.1/ A9
High-order address bits when interfacing with external P2.2/ A10
P2.3/ A11
memory.
P2.4/ A12
P2.5/ A13
input/output
27
P2.6/ A14
28
P2.7/ A15
29
30
31
Program store enable; Read from external program memory. PSEN

Address Latch Enable
ALE
Program pulse input during Flash programming
Prog
External Access Enable; VCC for internal program executions EA
Programming enable voltage; 12V (during Flash
VPP
programming)
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
P0.7/ AD7
P0.6/ AD6
8 bit input/output port (P0) pins.
P0.5/ AD5
P0.4/ AD4
Low-order address bits when interfacing with external
P0.3/ AD3
memory.
P0.2/ AD2
P0.1/ AD1
P0.0/ AD0
Supply Voltage; 5V (up to 6.6V)
Vcc
Table 3.1 Pin Diagram of AT89C51
3.2.6 PORT 3
3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (I IL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as
listed below:
Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and
verification.
3.2.7 RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is
running resets the device.
3.2.8 PORT PIN ALTERNATE FUNCTIONS

The alternate functions of port 3 of 8951 are as follows in table 3.2
Port Pin
Alternate Functions
P3.0
RXD (serial input port)
P3.1
TXD (serial output port)
P3.2
INT 0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3
INT 1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4
T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5
T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6
WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7
RD (external data memory read strobe)
Table 3.2 Port 3 Functions
3.2.9 ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address
during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG)
during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of
1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking
purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to
external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of
SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC
instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has
no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
3.2.10 PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.

This is an output pin. PSEN stands for program store enable. In an 8031-based
system in which an external ROM holds the program code, this pin is connected to the
OE pin of the ROM
When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN
is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped
during each access to external data memory.
3.2.11 EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the
device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to
FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched
on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also
receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for
parts that require 12-volt VPP.
3.2.12 XTAL 1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
3.2.13 XTAL 2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
3.2.14 OSCILLATOR CHARACTERISTICS

XTAL 1 and XTAL 2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting
amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure
1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from
an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while X TAL1 is driven as
shown in Figure 3.4.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock
signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two
flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must
be observed.
3.2.15 IDLE MODE

In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals
remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and
all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode
can be terminated by any enabled Interrupt or by hardware reset. It should be noted
that when idle is terminated by a hard
Hardware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left
off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. Onchip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins
is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when
Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should
not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.
3.3 PROGRAMMING ALGORITHM

Before programming the AT89C51, the address, data and control signals should be
set up according to the Flash programming mode table and Figures. To program the
AT89C51, take the following steps.
Input the desired memory location on the address lines.
Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines.
Activate the correct combination of control signals.
Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode.
Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits
The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5 ms. Repeat
steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of
the object file is reached.
3.3.1 DATA POLLING

The AT89C51 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle.
During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the
complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed,
true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may
begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.
3.3.2 READY/BUSY
The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY
output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate
BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY.
3.3.3 PROGRAM VERIFY

If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code
data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits
cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that
their features are enabled.
3.3.4 CHIP ERASE

The entire Flash array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of
control signals and by holding ALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array is written
with all 1s. The chip erase operation must be executed before the code memory can
be re-programmed.
3.3.5 READING THE SIGNATURE BYTES

The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of
locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except that P3.6 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic
low. The values returned are as following table 3.6.
(030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel
(031H) = 51H indicates 89C51
(032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming
(032H) = 05H indicates 5V programming
Table 3.6 Signature Bytes
3.4 PROGRAMMING INTERFACE

Every code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be
erased by using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation
cycle is self timed and once initiated, will automatically time itself to completion. All
major programming vendors offer worldwide support for the Atmel microcontroller
series.
3.5 SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTER (SFR) ADDRESSES

Figure 3.7 shows the addresses of Special Function Register.
ACC
B
PSW
ACCUMULATOR
B REGISTER
PROGRAM STATUS WORD
0E0H
0F0H
0D0H
SP
DPTR
DPL
DPH
P0
P1
P2
P3
TMOD
STACK POINTER
DATA POINTER 2 BYTES
LOW BYTE OF DPTR
HIGH BYTE OF DPTR
PORT0
PORT1
PORT2
PORT3
TIMER/COUNTER
81H
TCON
TH0
TLO
TH1
TL1
SCON
SBUF
PCON
CONTROL
TIMER COUNTER CONTROL
TIMER 0 HIGH BYTE
TIMER 0 LOW BYTE
TIMER 1 HIGH BYTE
TIMER 1 LOW BYTE
SERIAL CONTROL
SERIAL DATA BUFFER
POWER CONTROL
82H
83H
80H
90H
0A0H
0B0H
MODE 89H
88H
8CH
8AH
8DH
8BH
98H
99H
Table 3.7 SFR Addresses
3.5.1 TMOD (TIMER MODE) REGISTER
Fig 3.5 TMOD Register

Both timers are the 89c51 share the one register TMOD. 4 LSB bit for the
timer 0 and 4 MSB for the timer 1. In each case lower 2 bits set the mode of the timer,
Upper two bits set the operations.
3.5.1.1 GATE
Gating control when set. Timer/counter is enabled only while the INTX pin is
high and the TRx control pin is set. When cleared, the timer is enabled whenever the
TRx control bit is set
3.5.1.2 C/T
Timer or counter selected cleared for timer operation (input from internal
system clock)
M1
M0
M1
0
0
1
1
Mode bit 1
Mode bit 0
M0
0
1
0
1
MODE
OPERATING
MODE
13
TIMER/MODE
16 BIT TIMER
MODE
8 BIT
RELOAD
SPLIT
TIMER
MODE
Table 3.8 Modes of Operation
3.5.2 PSW (PROGRAM STATUS WORD)

Below are the contents of PSW in figure 3.6 & details in table 3.9
BIT
AUTO
Address: 0B8H (bit addressable)

x Not defined
PT2 Priority for timer 2 interrupt
PS Priority for serial port interrupt
PX1 Priority for external interrupt 1
PX0 Priority for external interrupt
CHAPTER 4
COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
In MPS we you will be developing code for the C8051F120 EVB (evaluation
board). This board is from Silicon Laboratories (SiLabs). For that purpose, you will
be using a x86 based PC (your laptop, a desktop, or co processor card in a Sun Ultra
10 workstation) to write and compile the controller programs. This type of
development is called Cross Platform Development. After generating the machine
code for the target environment and before you can run it you must download it to the
C8051F120.
When doing cross platform development, extra knowledge of the target
environment is needed. It is important to be able to answer the following questions:
What memory resources does the execution environment have?

128 Kbytes of FLASH ROM that extends from 00000 to 1FFFFH and 8
Kbytes of RAM. The compiler - and more specifically the linker - has been
configured to make use of this memory address space.
Are we dealing with only hardware or is there an interface program we have to

go through?
All communication to the C8051F120 evaluation board is currently through
the IDE (integrated development environment) from Silicon Laboratories running on
the PC.
The SiLabs IDE is a convenient way to edit, compile, and download source
code written for the microcontroller. While SiLabs provides a nice interface for
making source code changes and easily downloading them to the development boards,
it lacks the actual compiler portion which converts C code to hex files, the common
format used by the 8051. To do this, a free and widely used open source tool called
Small Device C Compiler (SDCC) is used. SDCC compiles the C code written, and
automatically optimizes and converts it to hex. Due to its popularity, support for
SDCC in the SiLabs IDE comes standard, making it easy and convenient to use.
4.2 CONCEPT OF COMPILER

Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to object
code. Desktop compilers produce an output object code for the underlying
microprocessor, but not for other microprocessors. I.E the programs written in one of
the HLL like C will compile the code to run on the system for a particular processor
like x86 (underlying microprocessor in the computer). For example compilers for Dos
platform is different from the Compilers for UNIX platform.
So if one wants to define a compiler then compiler is a program that
translates source code into object code. The compiler derives its name from the way it
works, looking at the entire piece of source code and collecting and reorganizing
the instruction. See there is a bit little difference between compiler and
an interpreter. Interpreter just interprets whole program at a time while compiler
analyzes and execute each line of source code in succession, without looking at the
entire program.
The advantage of interpreters is that they can execute a program immediately.
Secondly programs produced by compilers run much faster than the same programs
executed by an interpreter. However compilers require some time before an
executable program emerges. Now as compilers translate source code into object
code, which is unique for each type of computer, many compilers are available for the
same language.
4.3 CONCEPT OF CROSS COMPILER

A cross compiler is similar to the compilers but we write a program for the target
processor (like 8051 and its derivatives) on the host processors (like computer of x86)
It means being in one environment you are writing a code for another environment
is called cross development. And the compiler used for cross development is called
cross compiler
So the definition of cross compiler is a compiler that runs on one computer but
produces object code for a different type of computer. Cross compilers are used to
generate software that can run on computers with a new architecture or on specialpurpose devices that cannot host their own compilers. Cross compilers are very
popular for embedded development, where the target probably couldn't run a
compiler. Typically an embedded platform has restricted RAM, no hard disk, and
limited I/O capability. Code can be edited and compiled on a fast host machine (such
as a PC or UNIX workstation) and the resulting executable code can then be
downloaded to the target to be tested. Cross compilers are beneficial whenever the
host machine has more resources (memory, disk, I/O etc) than the target. 8051
SDCC Compiler is one such compiler that supports a huge number of host and target
combinations. It supports as a target to 8 bit microcontrollers like Atmel and Motorola
etc.
4.3.1 WHY DO WE NEED CROSS COMPILER?

There are several advantages of using cross compiler. Some of them are described
as follows
By using this compilers not only can development of complex embedded

systems be completed in a fraction of the time, but reliability is improved, and
maintenance is easy.
Knowledge of the processor instruction set is not required.
A rudimentary knowledge of the 8051s memory architecture is desirable but

not necessary.
Register allocation and addressing mode details are managed by the compiler.
The ability to combine variable selection with specific operations improves

program readability.
Keywords and operational functions that more nearly resemble the human
thought process can be used.
Program development and debugging times are dramatically reduced when

compared to assembly language programming.
The library files that are supplied provide many standard routines (such as
formatted output, data conversions, and floating-point arithmetic) that may be
incorporated into your application.
Existing routine can be reused in new programs by utilizing the modular

programming techniques available with C.
The C language is very portable and very popular. C compilers are available
for almost all target systems. Existing software investments can be quickly and
easily converted from or adapted to other processors or environments.
4.4 INSTALLING SDCC

To install SDCC, follow the simple instructions below:
1. Download the latest snapshot under the Windows package with installer
section. A copy can also be obtained from the course website.
2. Open the executable that was just downloaded and allow the
installation wizard to step you through the process of installing SDCC
on your computer. It is recommended that you leave all of the
configuration options and installation paths the same as suggested by the
installation wizard, so that it will be easier to assist you should problems

arise.
3. To ensure SDCC was properly installed, click on: Start MenuAll
Programs and ensure that SDCC shows up on your programs list. If it
does, you have successfully installed SDCC.
4.5 INSTALLING SiLABS IDE

To ensure SDCC was properly installed, click on: Start MenuAll
Programs and ensure that Silicon Laboratories shows up on your programs
list. If it does, you have successfully installed the SiLabs IDE.
4.5.1 CONFIGURING SiLABS IDE WITH SDCC

To configure SDCC as the compiler in the SiLabs IDE, follow the instructions
below:
1. Click
on:
StartAll
ProgramsSilicon
LaboratoriesSilicon
Laboratories IDE
2. Once open, click on: ProjectsTool Chain Integration
3. You will see a Select Tool Vendor dropdown box. Select SDCC from this
menu.
4. Next, you will notice that the Assembler tab is selected by default. Click
on Browse to tell SiLabs where SDCC is installed. If you kept all the paths
to the default as recommended, the path should be: C:\Program
Files\SDCC\bin\asx8051.exe
5. After the assembler path is configured, you will need to configure the
compiler path. To do this, click on the Compiler tab. Once again, click
Browse and select the path to where SDCC is installed. If you kept all the
paths
to
the
default,
the
full
path
should
be:
C:\Program
Files\SDCC\bin\sdcc.exe
6. Finally, to configure the linker, select the Linker tab. Click Browse and
select the path where SDCC is installed. The full path for a default
installation should be: C:\Program Files\SDCC\bin\sdcc.exe
7. Once you have made these changes, click OK. It is very important that
you not change anything outside of what has been mentioned above,
especially the command line flags passed to SDCC.
8. You have successfully set up SiLabs IDE to use SDCC!
4.6 CREATING A PROJECT

1. To create a new project, click on: ProjectNew. This will create an
empty project.
2. Add a new C file to the project by clicking on: ProjectAdd Files to
Project. Give your new file a name, such as myprog.c.
3. The file will now be part of the project, and can be compiled. Save the
project by clicking on: ProjectSave Project.
4.6.1 COMPILING A PROJECT

You will be using the SDCC 2.7 cross compiler. The compiler generates
executable files with the extension .exe from the C source files.
To create an executable program that runs on the C8051F120 processor

from C code, there are three steps that must be taken. First the compiler takes the
C source file (.c) and creates an object file (.hex). A linker takes the object file
from the compiler and adds in the language library routines to create a link
file. Finally a hex converter (or loader) takes the link file and generates a
downloadable executable file that can be passed to the C8051F120 by the IDE.
The IDE program downloads the .out file into the C8051F120 for execution.
Fortunately there are menu items that will perform all these operations. For
a C source file in an opened IDE Project, the menu commands to generate the
.exe download file are:
1. To compile your project, first verify that all of your code is correct. If its
not, dont worry, the compiler will catch your mistakes.
2. Click on: ProjectAssemble/Compile File
(<Ctrl><F7> or icon)
this will compile your project source code. The window at the bottom of
the IDE will alert you of any errors or warnings it finds in your code. If
there are errors, correct them first before moving on to the next step. If
there are warnings, you may or may not want to correct them, depending
on the nature of the warning.
3. Next click on: ProjectBuild/Make Project(<F7> or icon) This will
link your compiled file. Any errors detected by the linker will be
displayed.
Transferring the Executable Machine Code to the C8051F120
4. After successfully building your project, you will want to download it

to the development board. Before doing this, you will need to
configure the adapter used to download the source code and establish
the connection. To do this, click on: OptionsConnection Options
Once the window opens, select the USB Debug Adapter and click OK.
5. To establish the connection to the 8051 you must click on:
DebugConnect This will connect the IDE to the development board
through the USB Debug Adapter.
6. Click on: DebugDownload Object File (<Alt><D> or icon) Select
the file you just compiled, and click Download. This will download
the code to the development board.
4.6.2 EXECUTING THE PROGRAM ON THE C8051F120

Finally, to execute your code on the C8051F120, click on: DebugGo
4.6.3 ASCII TERMINAL PROGRAMS

We have two packages through which the C8051F120 board may
communicate with the PC using the RS232 UART ports - HyperTerminal and
ProComm Plus. To begin the process, start either HyperTerminal or ProComm
Plus as a dumb terminal to the EVB.
Run the program HYPERTRM.EXE from Program Files Accessories
HyperTerminal.
Create a new connection configured for a direct connection to COM1 (no
modem) with 115200 bits per second, 8 data bits, no (none) parity, 1 stop bit, and
no (none) flow control (handshaking).
Connect a DB-9 serial cable from the PC card serial port to the serial port on
the EVB.
4.6.4 IDE FILE LOCATION REQUIREMENT

In order to work correctly, your project files must be in the C:\MPSfiles
directory. The header files (.h) are in C:\Program Files\SDCC\include and the
compiler (sdcc.exe), linker and make file (makebin.exe) are located
in C:\Program Files\SDCC\bin.
4.7 PROGRAMMING HINT

Normal termination of a program occurs when the last line in main() is
executed. This is done at the end of a program by calling the function: return;
at which point the program will stop but the Halt button in the IDE must still
be selected.
4.8 8051 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT CYCLE

These are the steps to develop 8051 project using Keil
1. Create source files in C or assembly.
2. Compile or assemble source files.
3. Correct errors in source files.
4. Link object files from compiler and assembler.
5. Test linked application.
Now let us start how to work with Keil.
Compilers produce hex files that we download in to the ROM of the micro
controller. The size of the hex file produced by the compiler is one of the main
concerns of micro controller programmers for two reasons:
1. Micro controllers have limited on-chip ROM
2. The code space for the 8051 is limited to 64k bytes.
While assembly language produces a hex file that is much smaller than C.
Programming in assembly language is tedious and time consuming. C programming,
on the other hand, is less time consuming and much easier to write. One statement in
C belongs to several statements in assembly language. However if we learn easily
instructions we can easily deal with C programming. Some of the assembly
instructions are discussed below.[5]
Fig 4.1 Load New File in 8051 IDE
Fig 4.2 Auto Dial Up Coding
Fig 4.3 8951 Selection
Fig 4.4 Loading Flash Buffer

In the Gas sensor, we use IC 555 along with sensor as a main component. Pin
no 4 and pin no 8 is connected to the positive supply. Pin no 1 is connected to the
negative voltage. One capacitor is grounded from the pin no 5 for noise cancellation.
Output is available on the pin no 3. Sensor is connected to the pin no 2. In the case of
Gas sensor, Pin no 2 is negative bias through the 33k ohm resistor and pin no 3 is
positively biased. Infrared LED is directly connected to the positive and negative
supply through the 470 ohm resistor.
In normal stage when Gas is detected by sensor then pin no 2 is positively

biased. If pin no 2 is positive then negative output is available on the pin no 3. Now
when gas concentration rises then pin no. 2 is now gets its voltage from only 33 k
ohm resistor. If pin no 2 is become negative then output is shifted to the pin no 3.
When positive output is available on the pin no 3 and with the help of this voltage
NPN transistor is ON and NPN transistor provide a negative voltage as a pulse to the
microcontroller. Microcontroller allows the auto dial up using the relay and starts an
exhaust fan to fan out excess gas concentration. It also allows sending an ON signal to
APR 9600 which will start to play recording message in few seconds for Gas. In that
mid time hands free dials last redialed number of the mobile phone which provides
info to the concerned people.
In the case of Fire sensor, we use IC 555 along with Heat sensor as a main
component. Pin no 4 and pin no 8 is connected to the positive supply. Pin no 1 is
connected to the negative voltage. One capacitor is grounded from the pin no 5 for
noise cancellation. Output is available on the pin no 3. Sensor is connected to the pin
no 2. In the heat sensor, Pin no 2 is negative bias through the 33k ohm resistor and pin
no 3 is positively biased. Infrared LED is directly connected to the positive and
negative supply through the 470 ohm resistor.
Fig 4.6 Fire Sensor with MCU
In normal stage heat is detected by sensor then pin no 2 is positively biased. If

pin no 2 is positive then negative output is available on the pin no 3. Now when
temperature rises above the nominal room temperature then pin no. 2 is now gets its
voltage from only 33 k ohm resistor. If pin no 2 is become negative then output is
shifted to the pin no 3. When positive output is available on the pin no 3 and with the
help of this voltage NPN transistor is ON and NPN transistor provide a negative
voltage as a pulse to the microcontroller. Microcontroller allows the auto dial up using
the relay and it also allows sending an ON signal to APR 9600 which will start to play
recording message in few seconds for Gas. In that mid time hands free dials last
redialed number of the mobile phone which provides info to the concerned people.
Note that exhaust fan will remain in its idle state of OFF in case of heat/fire detection
& prevention.
Note that microcontroller sense only negative input to the microcontroller.
CHAPTER - 5
APR9600 RE-RECORDING VOICE IC
5.1 APR 9600

Digital voice processing chips with different features and coding techniques
for speech compression and processing are available on the market from a number of
semiconductor manufacturers. Advanced chips such as Texas instruments
TMS320C31 can implement various voice-processing algorithms including codeexcited linear prediction, adaptive differential pulse-code modulation, A law
(specified by California Council for International Trade), law (specified by Bell
Telephone) and vector sum-excited linear prediction. On the other hand, APR9600
single chip voice recorder and playback device from Aplus Integrated Circuits makes
use of a proprietary analogue storage technique implemented using flash nonvolatile
memory process in which each cell is capable of storing up to 256 voltage levels. This
technology enables the APR9600 to reproduce voice signals in their natural form. The
APR9600 is a good standalone voice recorder or playback IC with nonvolatile storage
and playback capability for 5 to 60 seconds. It can record and play multiple messages
at random or in sequential mode. The user can select sample rates with consequent
quality and recording time trade-off. Microphone amplifier, automatic gain control
(AGC) circuits, internal anti-aliasing filter, integrated output amplifier and messages
management are some of the features of the APR9600 chip.
5.1.2
FEATURES
Single-chip, high-quality voice recording & playback solution
No external ICs required
Minimum external components
Non-volatile Flash memory technology
No battery backup required
User-Selectable messaging options
Random access of multiple fixed-duration messages
Sequential access of multiple variable-duration messages
User-friendly, easy-to-use operation
Programming & development systems not required
Level-activated recording & edge-activated play back switches
Low power consumption
Operating current: 25 mA typical
Standby current: 1 uA typical
Automatic power-down
Chip Enable pin for simple message expansion
5.2
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The APR9600 device offers true single-chip voice recording, non-volatile
storage, and playback capability for 5 to 60 seconds. The device supports both
random and sequential access of multiple messages. Sample rates are user-selectable,
allowing designers to customize their design for unique quality and storage time
needs. Integrated output amplifier, microphone amplifier, and AGC circuits greatly
simplify system design. The device is ideal for use in portable voice recorders, toys,
and many other consumer and industrial applications.
APLUS integrated achieves these high levels of storage capability by using its
proprietary analog/multilevel storage technology implemented in an advanced Flash
non-volatile memory process, where each memory cell can store 256 voltage levels.
This technology enables the APR9600 device to reproduce voice signals in their
natural form. It eliminates the need for encoding and compression, which often
introduce distortion.
5.3
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
APR9600 block diagram is included in order to describe the devices internal
architecture. At the left hand side of the diagram are the analog inputs. A differential
microphone amplifier, including integrated AGC, is included on-chip for applications
requiring use. The amplified microphone signals fed into the device by connecting the
ANA_OUT pin to the ANA_IN pin through an external DC blocking capacitor.
Recording can be fed directly into the ANA_IN pin through a DC blocking capacitor,
however, the connection between ANA_IN and ANA_OUT is still required for
playback. The next block encountered by the input signal is the internal anti-aliasing
filter. The filter automatically adjusts its response according to the sampling
frequency selected so Shannons Sampling Theorem is satisfied. After anti-aliasing
filtering is accomplished the signal is ready to be clocked into the memory array. This
storage is accomplished through a combination of the Sample and Hold circuit and the
Analog Write/Read circuit. These circuits are clocked by either the Internal Oscillator
or an external clock source. When playback is desired the previously stored recording
is retrieved from memory, low pass filtered, and amplified as shown on the right hand
side of the diagram. The signal can be heard by connecting a speaker to the SP+ and
SP- pins. Chip-wide management is accomplished through the device control block
shown in the upper right hand corner. Message management is provided through the
Fig 5.1 Pin Diagram of APR 9600 IC
message control block represented in the lower center of the block diagram. More
detail on actual device application can be found in the Sample Application section.
More detail on sampling control can be found in the Sample Rate and Voice Quality
section. More detail on Message management and device control can be found in the
Message Management section.
5.4
MESSAGE MANAGEMENT
5.4.1 MESSAGE MANAGEMENT GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Playback and record operations are managed by on-chip circuitry. There are
several available messaging modes depending upon desired operation. These message
modes determine message management style, message length, and external parts
count. Therefore, the designer must select the appropriate operating mode before
beginning the design. Operating modes do not affect voice quality; for information on
factors affecting quality refer to the Sampling Rate & Voice Quality section. The
device supports five message management modes (defined by the MSEL1, MSEL2
and /M8_OPTION pins shown in Figures 1 and 2):
Figure 5.2 APR9600 Block Diagram
Random access mode with 2, 4, or 8 fixed-duration messages
Tape mode, with multiple variable-duration messages, provides two options:

-
Auto rewind
Normal
Modes cannot be mixed. Switching of modes after the device has recorded an
initial message is not recommended. If modes are switched after an initial recording
has been made some unpredictable message fragments from the previous mode may
remain present, and be audible on playback, in the new mode. These fragments will
disappear after a Record operation in the newly selected mode. Table 1 defines the
decoding necessary to choose the desired mode.
An important feature of the APR9600 Message management capabilities is the
ability to audibly prompt the user to change in the device's status through the use of
"beeps" superimposed on the device's output. This feature is enabled by asserting a
logic high level on the BE pin.
Table
5.1
Mode
selection
5.4.2 RANDOM ACCESS MODE

Random access mode supports 2, 4, or 8 Message segments of fixed duration.
As suggested recording or playback can be made randomly in any of the selected
messages. The length of each message segment is the total recording length available
(as defined by the selected sampling rate) divided by the total number of segments
enabled (as decoded in Table1). Random access mode provides easy indexing to
message segments.
5.4.2.1 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF RECORDING IN RANDOM

ACCESS MODE
On power up, the device is ready to record or playback in any of the enabled
message segments. To record,/CE must be set low to enable the device and /RE must
be set low to enable recording. You initiate recording by applying a low level on the
message trigger pin that represents the message segment you intend to use. The
message trigger pins are labeled /M1_MESSAGE - /M8_OPTION on pins 1-9
(excluding pin 7) for message segments 1-8 respectively. Note: Message trigger pins
of M1_MESSAGE,/M2_NEXT, /M7_END, and /M8_OPTION, have expanded
names to represent the different functionality that these pins assume in the other
modes. In random access mode these pins should be considered purely message
trigger pins with the same functionality as /M3, /M4, /M5, and /M6. For a more
thorough explanation of the functionality of device pins in different modes please
refer to the pin description table that appears later in this document. When actual
recording begins the device responds with a single beep (if the BE pin is high to
enable the beep tone) at the speaker outputs to indicate that it has started recording.
Recording continues as long as the message pin stays low. The rising edge of the same
message trigger pin during record stops the recording operation (indicated with a
single beep).If the message trigger pin is held low beyond the end of the maximum
allocated duration, recording stops automatically (indicated with two beeps),
regardless of the state of the message trigger pin. The chip then enters low-power
mode until the message trigger pin returns high. After the message trigger pin returns
to high, the chip enters standby mode. Any subsequent high to low transition on the
same message trigger pin will initiate recording from the beginning of the same
message segment. The entire previous message is then overwritten by the new
message, regardless of the duration of the new message. Transitions on any other
message trigger pin or the /RE pin during the record operation are ignored until after
the device enters standby mode.
5.4.2.2 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF PLAYBACK RANDOM ACCESS

MODE
On power up, the device is ready to record or playback, in any of the enabled
message segments. To playback,/CE must be set low to enable the device and RE
must be set high to disable recording & enable playback. You initiate playback by
applying a high to low edge on the message trigger pin that represents the message
segment you intend to playback. Playback will continue until the end of the message
is reached. If a high to low edge occurs on the same message trigger pin during
playback, playback of the current message stops immediately. If a different message
trigger pin pulses during playback, playback of the current message stops immediately
(indicated by one beep) and playback of the new message segment begins. A delay
equal to 8,400 cycles of the sample clock will be encountered before the device starts
playing the new message. If a message trigger pin is held low, the selected message is
played back repeatedly as long as the trigger pin stays low. A period of silence, of
duration equal to 8,400 cycles of the sampling clock, will be inserted during looping
as an indicator to the user of the transition between the end and the beginning of the
message.
5.4.3 TAPE MODE

Tape mode manages messages sequentially much like traditional cassette tape
recorders. Within tape mode two options exist, auto rewind and normal. Auto rewind
mode configures the device to automatically rewind to the beginning of the message
immediately following recording or playback of the message. In tape mode, using
either option, messages must be recorded or played back sequentially, much like a
traditional cassette tape recorder
5.4.3.1 FUNCTION DESCRIPTION OF RECORDING IN TAPE MODE USING

THE AUTO REWIND OPTION
On power up, the device is ready to record or playback, starting at the first
address in the memory array. To record, /CE must be set low to enable the device
and /RE must be set low to enable recording. A falling edge of the /M1_MESSAGE
pin initiates voice recording (indicated by one beep).A subsequent rising edge of
the /M1_MESSAGE pin during recording stops the recording (also indicated by one
beep). If the M1_MESSAGE pin is held low beyond the end of the available memory,
recording will stop automatically (indicated by two beeps). The device will then assert
a logic low on the /M7_END pin until the /M1 Message pin is released. The device
returns to standby mode when the /M1_MESSAGE pin goes high again. After
recording is finished the device will automatically rewind to the beginning of the most
recently recorded message and wait for the next user input. The auto rewind function
is convenient because it allows the user to immediately playback and review the
message without the need to rewind. However, caution must be practiced because a
subsequent record operation will overwrite the last recorded message unless the user
remembers to pulse the /M2_Next pin in order to increment the device past the current
message. A subsequent falling edge on the /M1_Message pin starts a new record
operation, overwriting the previously existing message. You can preserve the
previously recorded message by using the /M2_Next input to advance to the next
available message segment. To perform this function, the /M2_NEXT pin must be
pulled low for at least 400 cycles of the sample clock. The auto rewind mode allows
the user to record over the just recorded message simply by initiating a record
sequence without first toggling the /M2_NEXT pin. To record over any other message
however requires a different sequence. You must pulse the /CE pin low once to rewind
the device to the beginning of the voice memory. The /M2_NEXT pin must then be
pulsed low for the specified number of times to move to the start of the message you
wish to overwrite. Upon arriving at the desired message a record sequence can be
initiated to overwrite the previously recorded material. After you overwrite the
message it becomes the last available message and all previously recorded messages
following this message become inaccessible. If during a record operation all of the
available memory is used, the device will stop recording automatically,(double beep)
and set the /M7_END pin low for a duration equal to 1600 cycles of the sample clock.
Playback can be initiated on this last message, but pulsing the /M2_Next pin will put
the device into an "overflow state". Once the device enters an overflow state any
subsequent pulsing of /M1_MESSAGE or /M2_NEXT will only result in a double
beep and setting of the /M7_END pin low for a duration equal to 400 cycles of the
sample clock. To precede from this state the user must rewind the device to the
beginning of the memory array. This can be accomplished by toggling the /CE pin low
or cycling power. All inputs, except the /CE pin, are ignored during recording.
5.4.3.2 FUNCTION DESCRIPTION OF PLAYBACK IN TAPE MODE USING

AUTO REWIND OPTION
On power-up, the device is ready to record or playback, starting at the first
address in the memory array. Before you can begin playback, the /CE input must be
set to low to enable the device and /RE must be set to high to disable recording and
enable playback. The first high to low going pulse of the /M1_MESSAGE pin
initiates playback from the beginning of the current message; on power up the first
message is the current message. When the /M1_MESSAGE pin pulses low the second
time, playback of the current Message stops immediately. When the /M1_MESSAGE
pin pulses low a third time, playback of the current message starts again from its
beginning. If you hold the /M1_MESSAGE pin low continuously the same message
will play continuously in a looping fashion. A 1,540ms period of silence is inserted
during looping as an indicator to the user of the transition between the beginning and
end of the message. Note that in auto rewind mode the device always rewinds to the
beginning of the current message. To listen to a subsequent message the device must
be fast forwarded past the current message to the next message. This function is
accomplished by toggling the /M2_NEXT pin from high to low. The pulse must be
low for least 400 cycles of the sampling clock. After the device is incremented to the
desired message the user can initiate playback of the message with the playback
sequence described above. A special case exists when the /M2_NEXT pin goes low
during playback. Playback of the current message will stop, the device will beep,
advance to the next message and initiate playback of the next message. (Note that
if /M2 Next goes low when not in playback mode, the device will prepare to play the
next message, but will not actually initiate playback).
If the /CE pin goes high during playback, playback of the current message will
stop, the device will beep, reset to the beginning of the first message, and wait for a
subsequent playback command. When you reach the end of the memory array, any
subsequent pulsing of /M1_MESSAGE or /M2_NEXT will only result in a double
beep. To precede from this state the user must rewind the device to the beginning of
the m memory array. This can be accomplished by toggling the /CE pin low or cycling
power.
5.4.3.3 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF RECORDING IN TAPE MODE

USING THE NORMAL OPTION
On power-up, the device is ready to record or playback, starting at the first
address in the memory array. Before you can begin recording, the /CE input must be
set to low to enable the device and /RE must be set to low to enable recording. On a
falling edge of the /M1_MESSAGE pin the device will beep once and initiate
recording. A subsequent rising edge on the /M1 Message pin will stop recording and
insert a single beep. If the /M1_ MESSAGE pin is held low beyond the end of the
available memory, recording Stops automatically, and two beeps are inserted;
regardless of the state of the /M1_MESSAGE pin. The device returns to the standby
mode when the /M1_MESSAGE pin is returned high. A subsequent falling edge on
the /M1_MESSAGE pin starts a new record operation in the memory array
immediately following the last recorded message, thus preserving the last recorded
message. To record over all previous messages you must pulse the /CE pin low once
to reset the device to the beginning of the first message. You can then initiate a record
sequence, as described above, to record a new message. The most recently recorded
message will become the last recorded message and all previously recorded messages
following this message will become inaccessible. If you wish to preserve any current
messages it is recommend that the Auto Rewind option be used instead of the Normal
option. If the Normal option is necessary the following sequence can be used. To
preserve current messages you must fast forward past the messages you want to keep
before you can record a new message. To fast forward when using the Normal option
you must switch to play mode and listen to messages sequentially until you arrive at
the beginning of the message you wish to overwrite. At this stage you should switch
back to record mode and overwrite the desired message. The most recently recorded
message will become the last recorded message and all previously recorded messages
following this message will become inaccessible. All inputs, except /CE, are ignored
during recording.
5.4.3.4 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF PLAYBACK IN TAPE MODE

USING THE NORMAL OPTION
On power-up or after a low to high transition on /RE the device is ready to
record or playback starting at the first address in the memory array. Before you can
begin playback of messages, the /CE input must be set to low to enable the device and
/RE must be set to high to enable playback. The first high to low going pulse of
the /M1_MESSAGE pin initiates playback from the beginning of the current message.
When the /M1_MESSAGE pin pulses from high to low a second time, playback of
the current message stops immediately. When the /M1_MESSAGE pin pulses from
high to low a third time, playback of the next message starts again from the
beginning. If you hold the /M1_MESSAGE pin low continuously, the current message
and subsequent messages play until the one of the following conditions is met: the end
of the memory array is reached, the last message is reached, the /M1_message pin is
released. If the last recorded message has already played, any further transitions on
the /M1_MESSAGE pin will initiate a double beep for warning and the /M7_END pin
will go low. To exit this state you must pulse the /CE pin high and then low once
during standby to reset the pointer to the beginning of the first message.
Fig 5.3 APR9600 Experimental board
5.5 MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLED MESSAGE MANAGEMENT

The APR9600 device incorporates several features design help simplify
microprocessor controlled message management When controlling messages the
microprocessor essentially toggles pins as described in the message management
sections described previously. The /BUSY, /STROBE, and /M7_END pins are
included
to
simplify
handshaking
between
the
microprocessor
and
the
APR9600.The /BUSY pin, when low, indicates to the host processor that the device is
busy and that No commands can be accepted. When this pin is high the device is
ready to accept and execute commands from the host. The /STROBE pin pulses low
each time a memory segment is used. Counting pulses on this pin enables the host
processor too accurately determine how much recording time has been used, and how
much recording time remains. The APR9600 has a total of eighty memory segments.
The /M7_END pin is used as an indicator that the device has stopped its current
record or playback operation. During recording a low going pulse indicates that all
memory has been used. During playback a low pulse indicates that the last message
has played. Microprocessor control can also be used to link several APR9600 devices
together in order to increase total available recording time. In this application both the
speaker and microphone signals can be connected in parallel. The microprocessor will
then control which device currently drives the speaker by enabling or disabling each
device using its respective /CE pins. A continuous message cannot be recorded in
multiple devices however because the transition from one device to the next will incur
a delay that is noticeable upon playback. For this reason it is recommended that
message boundaries and device boundaries always coincide.
5.6 SIGNAL STORAGE

The APR9600 samples incoming voice signals and stores the instantaneous
voltage samples in non-volatile FLASH memory cells. Each memory cell can support
voltage ranges from 0 to 256 levels. These 256 discrete voltage levels are the
equivalent of 8-bit (28=256) binary encoded values. During playback the stored
signals are retrieved from memory, smoothed to form a continuous signal, and then
amplified before being fed to an external speaker.
5.7 SAMPLING RATE & VOICE QUALITY

According to Shannon's sampling theorem, the highest possible frequency
component introduced to the input of a sampling system must be equal to or less than
half the sampling frequency if aliasing errors are to be eliminated. The APR9600
automatically filters its input, based on the selected sampling frequency, to meet this
requirement. Higher sampling rates increase the bandwidth and hence the voice
quality, but they also use more memory cells for the same length of recording time.
Lower sampling rates use fewer memory cells and effectively increase the duration
capabilities of the device, but they also reduce incoming signal bandwidth. The
APR9600 accommodates sampling rates as high as 8 kHz and as low as 4 kHz. You
can control the quality/duration trade off by controlling the sampling frequency. An
internal oscillator provides the APR9600 sampling clock. Oscillator frequency can be
changed by changing the resistance from the OscR pin to GND. Table 5.2 summarizes
resistance values and the corresponding sampling frequencies, as well as the resulting
input bandwidth and duration.
5.8 AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL (AGC)

The APR9600 device has an integrated AGC. The AGC affects the microphone
input but does not affect the ANA_IN input. The AGC circuit insures that the input
signal is properly amplified. The AGC works by applying maximum gain to small
input signals and minimum gain to large input signals. This assures that inputs of
varying amplitude are recorded at the optimum signal level. The AGC amplifier is
designed to have a fast attack time and a slow decay time. This timing is controlled by
the RC network connected to pin 19. A value of 220K and 4.7uF has been found to
work well for the English language. Be aware that different languages, speakers from
different countries, and music may all require modification of the recommended
values for the AGC RC network.
5.11
SAMPLING APPLICATION
The following reference schematics are included as examples of how a recording

system might be designed. Each reference schematic shows the device incorporated in
one of its three main modes: Random Access, Tape mode Normal option, and Tape
mode Auto Rewind option. Note that in several of the applications either one or all
of the /BUSY, /STROBE, or /M7_END pins are connected to LEDs as indicators of
device status. This is possible because all of these pins and signals were designed to
have timing compatible with both microprocessor interface and manual LED
indication. A bias must be applied to the electrets microphone in order to power its
built-in circuitry. The ground return of this bias network is connected to the /Busy.
This configuration saves power when record mode. Both pins 18 and 19, MicIn and
MicRef, must be AC coupled to the microphone network in order to block the DC
biasing voltage. Figure 3 shows the device configured in random access mode. The
device is using eight Message segments, the maximum available, in this mode. Note
that message trigger pins that are not used, for modes with less than eight segments,
can be left unconnected with the exception of pin /M8_OPTION which should be
pulled to VCC through a 100k resistor.
5.10 FIGURES OF MODES
Figure 5.4 Tape Mode, Normal Option
Figure 5.5 Tape Mode, Auto Rewind Option
Figure 5.6 Random Access Mode
5.12 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The following table 5.4 , 5.5, 5.5
list Absolute Maximum Ratings, DC
Characteristics, and Analog Characteristics for the APR9600 device.
Table 5.4 Absolute Maximum Ratings
Table 5.5 DC Characteristics
Table 5.6 Analog Characteristics
5.13 APPLICATION TIPS

TIPS FOR BETTER SOUND REPLAY QUALITY
Use a good quality 8 Ohm speaker with a cavity such as speakers for computer
sound systems. Do not use a bare speaker which gives you degraded sound.
For better sound replay quality, speak with a distance to the on-board
microphone and speak clearly. Also keep the background noise as low as
possible.
For even better sound replay quality, use microphone input or Audio Line In
input. If Audio Line In is used, the amplitude of input signal should be < 100
mV p-p.
CHAPTER - 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
6.1 CONCLUSION
Sensor technologies are developing fast with time and innovative technology.
This field is one of the most interesting areas to be discovered continuously. So many
new sensor designs will come out and develop in future hence increasing the
competitiveness between researchers. This project is a minor contribution to instill the
interest of people. It also gives a very basic understanding which will be a good
learning process to the beginner. The hardware and software part of this project is
working based on the objectives mentioned before and based on the conduct test or
experiments held towards the end this project, the results are stable and working as it
should be. This project can be concluded that the target to develop the security system
based
GSM has achieved. GSM technology capable solution has proved to be controlled
remotely, provide home security and is cost effective as compared to the previously
existing systems without Gas sensor and Fire sensor in one product or circuit.
The security is what a person expects from a home, this project was designed
keeping this particular aspect in mind. The security system is made fool proof to the
maximum extent possible. In this project we make use of a microcontroller as the
main controller to control the input and the output that reach the controller. There is a
large scope in the future enhancements that can be provided along with this project
like actuating a fire detection alarm or sensing a leakage of gas etc.
We conclude that we have 100% successfully fulfilled our project and we have
confidence that our project will provide full security for Industries, Hotels,
Restaurants, Homes. Hence we can conclude that the required goals and objectives of
Interactive Dial up based Home Security System have been achieved. The security
system with 3 combinations function has been implemented. This project will benefit
all the people in monitoring their property even when they are away from home with
low cost of home security system. It is most advantageous as compared to other
alternatives available for providing security since it is an integrated system. In this
project security plays an important role with low cost and with many advantages. The
system is simple, secure, reliable and fast. It can be operated by anyone who knows
nothing about its software and effective.
So, our project will help a lot everywhere because of its security and alertness.
We will still develop and extend our project to maximum level to safeguard the places
and extend the service with good response.
6.2 RESULT
This project is microcontroller based project. A Gas sensor is used to detect
dangerous gas leaks in the home kitchen, large scale industries, manufacturing plants,
skyscrapers, lodge, hotels etc. Mainly since its a small unit we can ideally implement
to detect dangerous gas leaks in the kitchen. For large scale, we have to implement
complex circuitry with same logic. The sensor can also sense LPG leak in your car or
in a service station, storage tank environment. This unit can be easily incorporated
into an alarm unit, to sound an alarm. The sensor has excellent sensitivity combined
with a quick response time. When GAS leakage is detected above 8 ppm, the sensor
sends electrical signal to microcontroller which in turn sends ON signal exhaust fan,
alarm, auto dial up and APR. So the four systems start working simultaneously to
enhance security & preserve accidents. First the exhaust fan will start that will try to
reduce the concentration of the gas so that any incident can be avoided; secondly the
alarm will start and will warn the people of surrounding areas. Lastly, the auto dial up
will start working and will call to the to the authorized person using cellular network
called GSM specifically to the last called number or stored number of the mobile
telephony, and lastly the APR with the help of speaker will give the message of gas
leakage to the called person.
Another feature that we added to our project is a fire sensor. A fire sensor will
start working in case if there occurred fire due to some sparking or blazes elements
present there, then fire sensor will do the same work as done by gas sensor. It will
send signals to the microcontroller which in turn will give signal to alarm and the
alarm will start. Also it will give signal to the APR and auto dial up system. The auto
dial up system as said above will call the last caller and the speaker connected to APR
will give the message about the fire.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Adel S. Sedra, Kenneth Carless Smith, Microelectronic Circuits

, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, 2004
[2] Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Rolin McKinley, Janice Gillispie Mazidi, The 8051
Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly and C, Second
edition, Pearson Education India, 2007
[3] U.A.Bakshi and A.P.Godse, Linear Integrated Circuits, Technical Publications

Pune, First Edition 2010.
[4] M. Gopal, I.J. Nagrath, Control Systems Engineering 4/e, New Age Publications
(Academic), India
[5] Dogan Ibrahim, Microcontroller Projects in C for the 8051, Newnes (June 2000)
[6] Datasheet Catalog, www.datasheetcatalog.com
[7] All Datasheet, www.alldatasheet.com/
[8] Fairchild Semiconductor, www.fairchildsemi.com
[9] Atmel Technology, http://www.atmel.com/
[10] Electronic for You, www.electronicsforu.com

2 Polution Detection

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2 Polution Detection

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

A

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Pollution detection system with intelligent alerting system

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

Head of the Department

We would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. R.K.Yadav,

Mr. Akhilesh Sharma,

Associate Professor Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering ,

2.14 DIGITAL VOICE PROCESSOR USING APR 9600

TAPE MODE USING THE AUTO REWIND OPTION

TIPS FOR BETTER SOUND REPLAY QUALITY

Fig 2.1 Gas & Fire Sensor using 555 IC

Security is primary concern for everyone. This Project describes a design

1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

2.1 GENERAL THEORY

2.2 PRIMARY COMPONENTS

AT89C51 Micro controller

Gas & Fire Sensor board

2.2.1 AT89C51 MICRO CONTROLLER

2.2.2 SENSOR BOARD

Fire & Heat Sensor

Fig 2.1 Gas & Fire Sensor using 555 IC

Output of the IC 555 is connected to the microcontroller circuit. Here we use

2.3 LED ARRAY

2.4 DRIVER CIRCUIT

2.5 MQ-6 GAS SENSOR

Good sensitivity to Combustible gas in wide range

High sensitivity to Propane, Butane and LPG

Long life and low cost

Simple drive circuit

Domestic gas leakage detector

Industrial Combustible gas detector

Portable gas detector

2.5.3 STRUCTURE AND CONFIGURATION

2.5.4 BASIC TEST LOOP

Power of Sensitivity body (Ps): PS=Vc2Rs/ (RS+RL) 2

Resistance of Sensor (RS):

2.5.5 CONDITIONS THAT MUST BE AVOIDED

Indoor conditions, slight water condensation will affect sensors performance

Fig 2.3 Basic Test Loop

Used in high gas concentration

Long time storage

Long time exposed to adverse environment

No matter the sensors electrified or not, if exposed to adverse environment for

Continual vibration will result in sensors down-lead response then rupture. In

Soldering flux: Rosin soldering flux contains least chlorine

Speed: 1-2 Meter/ Minute

1 time pass wave crest welding machine.

If disobey the above using terms, sensors sensitivity will be reduced.

2.6 RESET CIRCUIT

Fig 2.4 Basic Relay Block with Handsfree

2.10 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

piezoelectric crystals. Of the various piezoelectric crystals, quartz is more

2.11 AUTO DIALER

2.12 POWER SUPPLY

2.13.1 PIN DIAGRAM

Fig 2.5 Pin Diagram of IC 78052.13.2 PIN

Input voltage (5V-18V)

Table 2.1 Pin Description of IC 7805

2.14 DIGITAL VOICE PROCESSOR USING APR 9600

about 12mw power into 16 ohm

2.14.1 MESSAGE MANAGEMENT

2.15 IC 555 AS MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR