ME-03

INSTALLING SAVONIUS VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE AT OPEN ROAD

SIDE (HIGHWAY) TO GENERATE RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY
Deenesh Kumar A/L Nalathambi
Tel: 016 2184308

Email: deen_5383@yahoo.com

Mechanical Engineering Department

Politeknik Kuching Sarawak Malaysia

ABSTRACT
Highway lighting at night does increase the electricity costing because despite using solar energy to generate the
electric for the lighting, mostly still uses direct current to work. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the air flow
dispersed around moving car and the wind turbine selection in harnessing electricity from the air flow dispersed.
Solidworks and ANSYS software were used in modeling the vehicles and to analyze the flow characteristic,
respectively. Analyses were done by the selection of a sedan car by considering 3 different velocities i.e. 80km/h,
100km/h and 120km/h at open road highway. Simulation computed the velocity field of the flow around the car and
also the turbine. The maximum wind speed dispersed obtained were used to calculate the wind power and mechanical
power of the turbine analytically. It proves that the increment of cars speed increases the wind speed dispersed thus
increasing the power generated by the selected wind turbine, Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine with Two
Semicircular blades.
Keynotes: Wind, Turbine, Renewable, Electricity

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background
Highway lighting at night does increase the electricity costing because despite using solar energy to generate the
electric for the lighting, mostly still uses direct current to work. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the air flow
dispersed around moving vehicles and the wind turbine selection in harnessing electricity from the air flow dispersed.
Solidworks and ANSYS software were used in modeling the vehicles and to analyze the flow characteristic,
respectively. Analyses were done by the selection of 3 different vehicles which are a sedan car, a MPV and a bus by
considering 3 different velocities i.e. 80km/h, 100km/h and 120km/h at open road highway. Simulation computed the
velocity field of the flow around the vehicles and also the turbine. The maximum wind speed dispersed obtained were
used to calculate the wind power and mechanical power of the turbine analytically. It proves that the increment of
vehicles speed increases the wind speed dispersed thus increasing the power generated by the selected wind turbine,
Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine with Two Semicircular blades
The wind energy harnessing can be
considered in moderate wind speed. Other than that, high wind speed is also found in highway called as crosswinds.
The highest mean daily wind speed in Malaysia (recorded at Mersing,Johor) is 3.8m/s. In addition to that, movement
of land vehicle on highway will induce high speed air motion around it. The energy from crosswinds and the moving
air can be converted to electrical energy for road & billboard lighting.This project involves the simulation of the car
model with three different cases which are a sedan car, a MPV car and a bus. Computer simulation software (Ansys
software) will be used to simulate and investigate the effects of wind turbine against aerodynamics performance of the
vehicle. In addition, the study also covers the process of designing an optimum wind turbine system for harnessing
wind energy at the road sides. At the end of the study, a result consisting the maximum air dispersed by moving
vehicle will be obtained and the best wind turbine to harness the wind energy by the vehicles will be proposed.
1.2 Objective
a)
To determine air profile of airflow around moving vehicle on open road
b)
To design a wind turbine to be placed on the open road
d)
To determine the amount of electricity be generated by wind turbine
1.3 Scope of the project
The study will emphasize on large vehicles (bus), medium vehicles (MPV) and small vehicle (sedan car) and
determining profile of airflow around moving vehicle on open road (highways) based on Malaysias standard climate
and wind situation. Following are the scope or limit of the study:
a)
Development of 3D model of the selected vehicles by using Solidworks software
b)
Simulation of an air flow (using Ansys software) around single moving vehicles (in open roads)

c)
d)

Simulation of air flow around two vehicles in the front rear and side by side positions (in open roads)
Determine the amount of electricity be generated by wind turbine

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
Based on the air flow profile, an analysis will be done whether displaced air can able to rotate the air wind. The
utilization of wind to generate power provides an alternative and renewable energy source compared to current fossil
fuels based power generation. The world's fossil fuel energy is finite and is depleting at a faster rate. Moreover, the
fossil fuel is directly related to air pollution, land and water degradation. Despite significant progresses have been
made in power generation using large scale wind turbines recently, domestic scale wind turbines especially vertical
scale wind turbines have been received less attention which have immense potentials for standalone power generation.
Snaebjornsson et. al reported that increased concern for environment has led to the search for more environment
friendly sources of energy. Research about installing wind turbine along highways has been done so that it can
generate electricity from moving vehicles [1]. In this paper, the author reported that as the automobiles moves from
highways/expressways, there is a creation of pressure column on both the sides of the road. This pressure column is
created due to imbalance of high pressure/low pressure energy band created by the automobiles. Due to this pressure
band wind flow and create pressure thrust. This wind Pressure thrust depends upon the:a) The intensity of the traffic.
b) The size of the automobile.
c) The speed of the automobiles
Based on a statistic [2], the statistic of vehicles as at December 31, 2011, there were 21,401,269 vehicles registered
with the Malaysian Road Transport Department (RTD) (Malay: Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan Malaysia - JPJ). These
include motorcycles, motorcars, buses, taxis, rental vehicles, goods vehicles, excavators, and other vehicles for which
registration is required. Figure 1.1will show the statistics of vehicles based on each states in Malaysia.

Figure 1.1 Statistics of vehicles based on each states in Malaysia

Due to the statistic of vehicles in Malaysia, it can be said that there will be a lot of potential air flow displacement in
the roads. This indicates that a good air flow profiling simulation can be done based on Malaysias statistic of vehicles.
High sided vehicles (bus), semi high sided vehicles (MPV) and normal height vehicle (sedan car) are chosen due to
velocity that can reach up to 120km/h and they are the common vehicles on the roads
2.2 Integration of Solidworks and ANSYS
SolidWorks is a low-cost competitor to CAD programs such as PRO/ENGINEER, Unigraphics and Autocad.
Solidworks has intuitive 3D design, built in intelligence and very low cost in owning. Assisting in this model
developing, Solidworks creates 2D and 3D drawings faster and is has been so accurate in developing models [3].
ANSYS is a general purpose software, used to simulate interactions of all disciplines of physics, structural, vibration,
fluid dynamics, heat transfer and electromagnetic for engineers.
2.3 Wind Turbine Types
Two major types of wind turbines exist based on their blade shape and operation. The first type is the horizontal axis
wind turbine (HAWT). This type of wind turbine is the most common and can often be seen littered across the
landscape in areas of relatively level terrain with predictable year round wind conditions. HAWTs sit atop a large

tower and have a set of blades that rotate about an axis parallel to the flow direction. These wind turbines have been
the main subject of wind turbine research for decades, mainly because they share common operation and dynamics
with rotary aircraft. The second major type of wind turbine is the vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). This type of
wind turbine rotates about an axis that is perpendicular to the oncoming flow; hence, it can take wind from any
direction. VAWTs consist of two major types, the Darrieus rotor and Savonius rotor. The Darrieus wind turbine is a
VAWT that rotates around a central axis due to the lift produced by the rotating airfoils, whereas a Savonius rotor
rotates due to the drag created by its blades. There is also a new type of VAWT emerging in the wind power industry
which is a mixture between the Darrieus and Savonius designs.
2.4 ANSYS Software
ANSYS is one of CAE software. ANSYS, which enables to simulate tests or working conditions enables to test in
virtual environment before manufacturing prototypes of products. Furthermore, ANSYS software with its modular
structure is used for determining and improving weak points, computing life and foreseeing probable problems are
possible by 3D simulations in virtual environment. ANSYS can work integrated with other used engineering software
on desktop by adding CAD and FEA connection modules

3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Designing vehicles model using Solidworks
The models were designed using Solidworks. The vehicles chosen were a bus (type Scania), MPV (Proton Exora) and
a sedan car (Proton Wira Hatchback). The models were drawn to match the exact dimension (length, height and curves)
and will be saved in the file type that is suitable for ANSYS analysis. The design obeys the Ahmed Body concept
which is widely used in researches regarding vehicles aerodynamics and air profiling. The designs were made based
on some fixed constraints so that the analysis can be done uniformly:
a) Design obeys the concept of Ahmed Body
b) The unit of the designs are millimeters (mm)
c) The dimensions used are approximately similar to the real dimension ( for the vehicles model, highway and
road tunnel)
d) The design is extruded to a single block because if assembly command is used in designing the model, it will
create error in ANSYS simulation (during uploading the assembled model into ANSYS FLUENT)
The models of the vehicles were drawn using SolidWorks software. The vehicles involved were a sedan car, a MPV
(Multi-Purpose Vehicle) and a bus. Besides that, the wind turbine was designed (with C Shaped blade Savonius
VAWT) as well. The drawings of the Sedan car model (Proton Wira), MPV model (Proton Exora) and bus model
(Scania) can be seen in Figure 3.1 until Figure 3.3, respectively.

Figure 3.1 Model of sedan car (Proton Wira)

Figure 3.2 Model of multiple purpose vehicle (Proton Exora)

Figure 3.3 Model of bus (Scania)

3.2 Analysis using ANSYS software

ANSYS used as engineering simulation software in this project in order to get the air flow profile along the vehicles
according to the scope of the project. The software will enable one to monitor the whole analysis and also the
overview of the air flow profile. Acting as CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software, it will play the main role
in this project in achieving the objective of this project.
The analyses were made based on some fixed constraints so that the analysis can be done uniformly:
a) ANSYS FLUENT will be used in this operation
b) Half Model is used ( the work coordinate system is place at the back of the model, at the middle of the
vehicles and located along the lowest side of the tyre when drawing in the SolidWorks)
c) The air enclosure for open road must be obeys these specification
i.
Box Shaped
ii.
Selection of 2 planes ( YZ and XZ)
iii.
Dimension ( X+, X -, Y+ and Z+ = 3 times the length of the vehicle, Z - = 5 times the length of the
vehicle, Y - = exactly on the base or the tyre bottom) ~ applies when the Model is drawn by placing
the front side of the vehicle facing towards Z + axis
iv.
Boolean Operation ( Subtract ) have to be done subtracting the model from the enclosure
d) The air enclosure for road tunnel must be obeys these specification
i.
Cylindrical Shaped
ii.
Selection of 2 planes (YZ and XZ)
iii.
Dimension = according to the real dimension of the chosen Road Tunnel
e) Meshing must be obeys these specification
3.2.1 Sizing
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Use Advanced Size Function = Choose On Proximity and Curvature

Under SMOOTHING = Choose Medium (SLOW generates inaccurate meshing , FINE needs a super
computer and consumes a lot of time)
NUMBER CELLS ACROSS GAP = minimum 5 cells (increasing it will consumes more time and
needs super computer for total meshing)
Other OPTIONS = Remains DEFAULT

3.2.2 Inflation
INFLATION OPTION = Choose First Aspect Ratio
i.
Other OPTIONS = Remains DEFAULT
3.2.3 Named Selections (Create Named Selection)
i.
The faces must be named so that the FLUENT section can recognized the faces for analysis part
ii.
Air Inlet face named as Velocity Inlet
iii.
Air Outlet face named as Pressure Inlet
The model that was uploaded into ANSYS software will be computed based on half of the vehicles body in order to
minimize the time of meshing (since both side will disperse same value of velocity). Each model will be cut into two
symmetrical model using symmetry plane. Analyses were done on 3 types of vehicles, on three different velocities and
at 2 different locations. Figure 3.4 shows the dual carriage dimension and location of velocity evaluation (wind turbine
location).

3.3 Determining the estimated location of the wind turbines and wind speed evaluation location for open road
(highway)

Figure 3.4 Dual carriage roadways and road tunnel dimension and location of velocity evaluation
The details of the dimensions in Figure 3.4 are explained in Table 3.4. Location of the wind turbine is based on the
standard dimension of road shoulder and also the safety allowance from the moving vehicles to the wind turbine.
Table 3.1 shows the dimension of the lane width permitted for all roadways. Design standard R6/U6 is used because
R6/U6 road design can support a vehicles speed up to 120km/h or 33.33m/s (refer Table 3.2 and Table 3.3). The
normal usable shoulder width that should be provided along high type facilities is 3m. However, in difficult terrain
and on lout volume roads, usable shoulders of this width may not be feasible. A minimum usable shoulder width of
0.6m should be considered in such cases.
Table 3.1 The width of a lane for Malaysian roadways (open road)

Table 3.2 The design speed for roads at rural places (open road)

Table 3.3 The design speed for roads at urban places (open road)

Based on Figure 3.4, the explanations of the dimensions are as follow:

a) A distance between two opposite turbines
b) B width of a road for single lane
c) C - estimated distance from the right lane to the center turbine
d) D - estimated distance from the left lane to the sideways turbine

A
9m

Table 3.4 Distance of air speed evaluation based on Figure 3.4

B
C
3.5m
3.9m

D
5.1m

Since the minimum road shoulder width is 0.6m and can reach a maximum value of 3m, so the placement of the wind
turbine is found to be optimum and will not disturb moving vehicles as the radius of the wind turbine is 0.5m. Figure
3.5 shows the detail drawing regarding the wind turbine location.

Figure 3.5 The dimension of road shoulder for Malaysian Roadways

The safety of other road users was taken in consideration when determining the location of the wind turbine. Based on
Figure 3.5, the wind turbines were placed at a minimum distance of 1m or maximum distance of 1.6m away from the
road shoulder divider or white line border. Besides that, the wind turbines will be only located at potential places and
it will not disturb the moving vehicles.
3.4
Selection of the wind turbine design
Since there are many types of wind turbine (major are Vertical Axis Wind Turbine VAWT and Horizontal Axis
Wind Turbine HAWT), research have to be done based on several journals and previous design and designing the
optimum (in term of size and air capturing capability) to be placed on the highway sides and road tunnel. The design
should be able to rotate based on the air displacement created by moving vehicles (if there is any crosswind, the wind
turbine should be able to rotate based on that wind also) and can rotate at any directions. Following are the selection
steps of choosing the optimum wind turbine:
i.
All types of the Wind turbine are studied
ii.
The difference between the HAWT and VAWT is made based on the findings listed in Table 3.4
Table 3.5 Difference between VAWT and HAWT

iii.

VAWT is chosen yet the there are two types VAWT which are Darrieus VAWT and Savonius VAWT.
Basic analyses are done based on the Figure 3.6 and Figure 3.7. The selection of the exact type of VAWT
is made through two steps :
a) Simple Home Experiment

Figure 3.6 Home experiment of lift force

Figure 3.7 Home experiment of drag force

Based on the Basic experiment, it was found that the turbine that uses Drag Force is easy to collect the exerted
Force and Air Pressure and it can been in Figure 3.8.

Figure 3.8 The wind movement on S-VAWT

b)

Computational Modeling Method

A S-VAWT generates electricity through drag rather than lift like the D-VAWT. As the wind hits the concave portion
of the blade (the bucket), it becomes trapped and pushes the blade around, advancing the next bucket into position.
This continues as long as the wind is blowing and can overcome the friction of the shaft about which the blades rotate.
However, due to the Savonius wind turbines simplicity, it is extremely easy to construct. The majority of wind turbine
research is focused on accurately predicting the effectiveness. Various computational models exist, each with their
own strengths and weaknesses that attempt to accurately predict the performance of a wind turbine. CFD analysis will
be done to check whether the exerted air pressure will hit the blades and gives maximum pressure to the designed
turbine at the specified location at open road sides and tunnel.
3.5
Selection of the optimum wind turbine design to be placed at the open road and tunnel sideways
There are several reasons why the author chooses a vertical axis wind turbine over a horizontal axis windmill.
a. They are mounted lower to the ground making it easy for maintenance if needed.
b. They start creating electricity at speeds of only 6 mph. And
c. Third, they may be able to be built at locations where taller structures, such as the horizontal type,
can't be.
d. Higher power utilization-- 20% higher than HAWT.
e. Lower noise level--only 27-37 DB, suitable for your living condition.
f. Safer operation--Spin at slower speeds than horizontal turbines, decreasing the risk of injuring birds
and also decreasing noise level.
g. Simpler installation and maintenance-- besides the traditional installation site, it can be mounted
directly on a rooftop, doing away with the tower and associated guy lines.
h. Not affected by orientation variationno matter the wind blow from any orientation, VAWT can
work without regard to its face.
i. Economical and practical-Although one-time investment expenses are larger, but you dont have to
pay higher tariffs forever.
i. It is a renewable source of energy.
ii. Wind power systems are non-polluting so it has no adverse influence on the environment.
iii. Wind energy systems avoid fuel provision and transport.
iv. On a small scale up to a few kilowatt system is less costly.
v. On a large scale costs can be competitive conventional electricity and lower costs could be
achieved by mass production.
vi. They are always facing the wind - no need for steering into the wind.
vii. Have greater surface area for energy capture -can be many times greater.
viii. Are more efficient in gusty winds already facing the gust.
ix. Can be installed in more locations - on roofs, along highways, in parking lots.
x. Can be scaled more easily - from mill watts to megawatts.

3.5.1 Mechanical design considerations (for blades)

For a wind turbine the main design characteristics stem from the choice of rotor. There were a number of elements
which to be considered for to finish up Savonius wind turbine design. These include:
1. Aspect ratio
2. Overlap ratio
3. Separation gap
4. Cross-section profile
5. Number of blades/ rotor
Aspect ratio as shown in Figure 3.9 is the ratio of the rotor height to the width. A large aspect ratio of around 3 to 5
provides the rotor with good torque and power characteristics where, H is height of rotor and c is width of rotor.
Overlap ratio as shown in Figure 3.10 is the ratio of the diameter of the rotor blade to the distance which the blades
overlap. For buckets of semi-circular cross-section, the appropriate overlap ratio is 20 to 30%. Separation gap as
shown in Figure 3.11 is determined by the distance of the rotor blades from the vertical axis. An increase in the
separation gap ratio results in a decrease in the torque coefficient and the power coefficient; a small negative gap is
therefore preferable. The cross-section profile of a rotor blade is taken from a vantage point directly above the blade
(See Figure 3.12). There are two type of cross section profile including Semi-circular type and Bach type. The number
of buckets that rotor possesses has a direct effect on the performance of the rotor.

Figure 3.9 Aspect ratio

Figure 3.10 Overlap ratio

Figure 3.11 Separation gap

Figure 3.12 Cross-section profile

3.6
Getting analysis result based on specified parameters (based on CFD result and calculation)
The simulation part is one of the main parts in this project where the air flow profile will be obtained based on the
parameter that was set. This section will determine the velocity of air that passes at the side ways, top of each vehicle
and along roadways. The result from the simulation will be presented in the following chapters. Figure 3.6 shows the
example result of the ANSYS simulation. The related analytical calculations were made to prove the electricity
generated by the wind turbine chosen based on the Savonius blades and wind turbine optimization table.

4.0 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

4.1 Open Road and Highway Analysis
The maximum velocity exerted is based on the legend based on the optimum distance (velocity Indicator on the left
side of the pictures). The air flow path can be seen in Figure 4.1, respectively.

Figure 4.1 The air flow path along the symmetry plane for a moving car on the open road at the speed of 33m/s
Table 4.1 shows the corresponding maximum velocity of air dispersed at the fixed location for open road (highway).
Table 4.1 Corresponding maximum velocity at the fixed location based on Figure 3.5
Car Speed Wind Velocity at Open Road Highway Wind Velocity at Open Road Highway
(m/s)
( D location)
( C location )
1
2

22

5.22

5.40

27

5.88

5.92

33

6.13

6.35

MPV Speed Wind Velocity at Open Road Highway Wind Velocity at Open Road Highway
(m/s)
( D location)
( C location )
1
2

22

5.58

5.80

27

5.96

6.22

33

6.82

6.78

Bus Speed Wind Velocity at Open Road Highway Wind Velocity at Open Road Highway
(m/s)
( D location)
( C location )
1
2

22

7.32

7.77

27

7.88

8.22

33

8.56

8.55

Based on Table 4.1, it shows that the wind speed distributed by a moving vehicle increases when the vehicles speed
increases. The wind speed was measured by using the assistance of ANSYS CFD POST. This is the due to the mass of
air displaced by the rear side of vehicle and after the vehicle leaves the wind turbine at a distance (can be seen in
Figure 4.1). This supports the assumption that by placing wind turbines along the desired location, it can produce
enough wind power to rotate the turbine
Table 4.2 Result from the blade design consideration

The Savonius wind turbine works due to the difference in forces exert on each blade. The lower blade (the concave
half to the wind direction) caught the air wind and forces the blade to rotate around its central vertical shaft. Whereas,
the upper blade (the convex half to wind direction) hits the blade and causes the air wind to be deflected sideway
around it. Because of the blades curvature, the blades experience less drag force (Fconvex) when moving against the
wind than the blades when moving with the wind (Fconcave). Hence, the half cylinder with concave side facing the
wind will experience more drag force than the other cylinder, thus forcing the rotor to rotate. The differential drag
causes the Savonius turbine to spin as shown in Figure 4.3.

Figure 4.3 Wind directions on the semi circular SVAWT

Based on all the calculation and findings, the c-type (semicircular) blade is chosen for vertical axis highway windmill
(VAWT). Because it shape can able to collect maximum air pressure and it can able to give maximum energy
transformation from forced wind energy to rotational mechanical energy. Besides that, the air profile produced is
Turbulence type and SVAWT will be the optimum design to rotate in that wind

Figure 4.4 Isometric view of the designed semi circular SVAWT

4.2 Simulation of wind turbine analysis

Wind Turbine analysis was done using ANSYS FLUENT (Frame Motion).
a)
VELOCITY INLET & OUTLET are declared as Moving Wall
b)
The turbine also was configured as a Moving Wall and the Rotation Axis is set as X=0. Y = 1 and Z= 0.
In order to check the workability of the turbine, the analysis is done by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method
(the maximum area to be hit by Air Velocity) and also analytical method (by calculating the power exerted) based on
the air velocity values referred from Table 4.1. The CFD post analysis clearly shows that the blade (at the C curve)
is influenced by the air distributed by the moving car. This obeys the Savonius Drag concept to rotate the blade and
rotor. Figure 4.8 shows the rotation of wind turbine caused by air distributed from moving car at the velocity of 22m/s.
The path line of air and contour of turbine shows the effect of air and air flow on the blades in details where by the
blades is affected by Drag force in the maximum zone. The rotation line shows that the turbine is rotating based on the
drag force produced.
4.3 Analytical method for amount of electricity generated
The power of the wind is proportional to air density, area of the segment of wind being considered, and the natural
wind speed. The relationships between the above variables are provided in equation (1)
Pw = MAu (1)
Where
Pw: power of the wind (W)
M: air density (kg/m)
A: area of a segment of the wind being considered (m)
u: undisturbed wind speed (m/s)
At standard temperature and pressure (STP = 273K and 101.3 KPa) where the value of air density (M) is 1.275 kg/m,
equation (1) reduces to:
Pw = 0.647Au (2)
A turbine cannot extract 100% of the winds energy because some of the winds energy is used in pressure changes
occurring across the turbine blades. This pressure change causes a decrease in velocity and therefore usable energy.
The mechanical power that can be obtained from the wind with an ideal turbine is given as:
Pm=M(16/27Au) (3)
Where
Pm: mechanical power (W)
In equation (3), the area, A, is referred to as the swept area of a turbine. For a VAWT, this area depends on both the
turbine diameter and turbine blade length.
As=Dt X lb
(4)
Where
As: swept area (m)
Dt: diameter of the turbine (m)
lb: length of the turbine Blades (m)
The constant 16/27 = 0.593 from equation (3) is referred to as the Betz coefficient. The Betz coefficient tells us that
59.3% of the power in the wind can be extracted in the case of an ideal turbine. However, an ideal turbine is a
theoretical case. Turbine efficiencies in the range of 35-40% are very good, and this is the case for most large-scale
turbines. It should also be noted that the pressure drop across the turbine blades is very small, around 0.02% of the
ambient air pressure.
Equation (3) can be re-written as
Pm=Cp X Pw (5)
Where Cp: coefficient of performance.
The coefficient of performance depends on wind speed, rotational speed of the turbine and blade parameters such as
pitch angle and angle of attack. The pitch angle for a VAWT is between the line perpendicular to the blades motion
and the chord line of the blade. The angle of attack is the angle between the relative wind velocity and the centerline
of the blade. The typical Cp values for various types of wind turbines are referred in Table 4.2 and the value of
Savonius Wind charger was chosen.

Table 4.3 Standard Cp values for turbines and electric generating device

In this case, we will be using the equation (2) to obtain Pw (power of the wind) value and equation (5) to obtain Pm
(mechanical power) in consideration that the wind is at standard temperature and pressure (STP = 273K and 101.3
KPa) where the value of air density (M) is 1.275 kg/m
Pw = MAu (1) is simplified
= (1.275) Au
= 0.647 Au
So,
Pw = 0.647Au (2) where by As = Dtlb
where Dt is 1m and lb is 2m (based on the designed turbine)
In this case the value of the area of the turbine is 2m and the optimum Cp value of Savonius Wind Turbine (based on
the Table 4.2) is 20 % or 0.2.Analytical values for wind turbine power [open road (highway)] are shown in Table 4.4.
Table 4.4 Result of power of wind and power of mechanical (open road highway)

4.4 Conclusion
Based on the CFD analysis and Analytical Method result, it indicates that the air exerted by the moving vehicles will
create air displacement around the vehicles and along the path ways which will create enough wind speed and air
distribution to rotate the wind turbine. Besides that the numerical method shows that the amount of power produced
by single SVAWT and it can be increased if there are many SVAWT are being placed along the highway side and
road tunnels. The diameter of the total turbine will be 1m so that it will be cost saving and will not distract motorists
view. Based on Table 4.4, the mechanical power produced based on single Savonius Turbine performance can be
increased if more turbines are installed at the side ways and the center of the path ways. The mechanical power
(generated by rotating Turbine) shows that the value of power increases when the speed of the vehicles are increasing.
It also shows that the location of wind turbine (at sideways and middle of path ways) does rotate due to the air
dispersed. In Table 4.4 shows that the moving bus does helps the turbine to exert the most mechanical power and
concludes that it produces more Electric energy. The excellent agreement of the analytical results and also the CFD
result supports the objectives and scope where by the air profile that was created by the moving vehicles can produce
enough wind speed to rotate the selected turbine design which in this report, Savonius Vertical Axis turbine with Two
Semi Circular Blades
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