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Aerobic Pond l;lrdl

cJa

Anaerobic Pond {-ll.loXl

Facultative

tJ+ill

Maturation Ponds e,5ll

Sewage treatment process in developing countries should:

- be effective, low cost and simple to construct and operate.

-

Need little imported equiPment.

The hot climate of many developing countries provides ideal conditions

for ffeating sewage by natural processes in ponds called waste
stabilization ponds.

i'. 0b3lr L$ilel-l l.l+., a*t,94 Y .i.ph '''-'r 5"1-il fa n*.l"" *

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;rr \l C k+,^-.,3i ,.-;,,-ll .l1. Cle ..' ,Ji!{+ltJA1i.3trj+[,uq !:o_.,

rlr.-o

Ar:Ul

Advantages and Disadvantases

Waste stabilization ponds are simple to build, reliable and easy to

maintain. Stabilization ponds are alow-cost process for treating sewage.
This require little or no imported mechanical equipment. Ponds systems
provide pathoqen removal, which is better than conventional treatment
ptor.sr. By keeping raw sewage in a series of shallow ponds for two to
ihree weeks safe levels of BOD and pathogen removal can be achieved.
The ponds give a consistent standard of treatment and are not sensitive to
I

sudden load increases.

ilization
Tvne
^_ of Waste Stabilization Ponds

The three types of waste stabilization ponds are anerobic, facultative and
maturation:

;.t,t.=.t-ffi::
BoDM
Pond
(2.5m - 4.om)

Anaerobic

pontl
(l'sm)

Facultative

Maturation
Pond (1m)

Anaerobic Pond
Anaerobic ponds are used to settle out and break down organic matter.
Two processes take place in anaerobic ponds:
1- Solids in the incoming settle to the bottom of pond.

2- Anaerobic bacteria breakdown the organic matter in the sludge.

Facultative Ponds
Facultative ponds are used for BOD and pathogen removal.
In this pond:

Some of the suspended solids settle to the bottom where they are
digested anaerobicall)'. This bottom layer is called the anaerobic
layer. 30% of the BOD reduction of the pond occurs in this layer.

There is a layer above the anaerobic layer in which oxygen is present.

Algae growing in this layer produce the oxygen by photosynthesis. The
algae obtain the nutrient. They require to survive from by-products of
aerobic obtain, which are also present in this layer.

The interdependence between the algae and aerobic bacteria is called

symbiosis:
Light

Nerv cells

Alqae

CO, + Nutrients (NH3+PO4)

0z

6J-,si

iJ-all

4J^"
q*SJlll

\BAcrER,A

New Cells

Organic matter

\\

ctr

New cell

Oz

(Aerobic) 1+llJ{ll LJisJ. I

\
(Facultative)

irJLii-

!l

LJis+ll

CO2lNH3,POaiI2O

\
{,1-ll
Ll}all

Dl+.{

rl_iJl

4i--1iJl

NH: + CzO + CH+ <-+:ly)ll !:r4ll (Anaerobic)

i!.,sJl 4il"tl i.bEll d.lJ"ll

pond
Maturation ponds are used to upgrade the effluent from a facultative
or from another maturatio" pona. Maturation ponds are aerobic for their
and
whole depth because of their low concentration of organic matter
for
their high concentration of algae. The ponds ale intended mainly
pathogen removal.

Pre-desisn Consideration
pond system:
There are factors which affect the size and layout of a

1- The volume of sewage to be treated'

2-

The strength of the sewage.

3-

pond system'
The desired quality of the final effluent from the

4- Climate.
1- Volume of Sewage
sewage will depend on the estimated population of the
(30 - 50 years)' and
area to be served at ihe end of design life of system
the quantity of water each person use'

The volume

of

2- The Streneth of Sewaee: BOD

content

ApproximatelY a0 glPld.

3- The Desur_Quafily:

- kt;"b.Q ;@v
P^A "e'$7/'^7a'

BOD, S.S and Fecal Coliform reaction

- For discharging into a receMng stream'

B.O.D
F.C

25mgll, S.S'

30 mg/l

w:ftffiHH'
\ -'
/
,-<Z;_".^--D

5000 F.C./100 ml

- For unrestrictejl tre Ntffi{'*Parks

B.O.D

25" S.S : 30, F'C'

100

und

fu

';,Kr^ff"1

F'C'/100m1 ' W'

Desien Criteria i$,r,or.ai

.-h.

Anaerobic Pond
Before sewage flows into first pond in series, it may be screened to
remove rage and other large objects that will float and cause problems in
the ponds. Grit can be removed by passing sewage through removal
channels.

Anaerobic ponds

are designed to remove BOD loadings between

400gm/m3ld. The retention time usually between (1-2 days) and

rate of BOD removal (60 + 80%).
100

The design procedure for anaerobic ponds is based on the Volumetric

BOD loadings:

Lv - L'Q
V
Where:

:
Li O :
V :

Volumetric BOD5 loading glm3ld(l00

)uv

- 400)

Influent BOD5, conce. In mg/l (or g/m3)

Influent Flow Rate

^'ld

Volume of pond in m3

Anaerobic ponds are2 --> 4mdeeq.

Facultative Ponds
Depth

1.5

-+ 25m (1.5m is usual)

Detention time 5 - 30 daYs

They are designed considering the maximum BOD

Load per unit atea (aerobic zone). Because Biological activity is

dependent on temperature, the BOD loading can be increased at higher
temperatures:-

Empirical derived formula used for design of F. Pond

7:

207

120 kg/ha./d

where

: BOD surface loading

T : average ambient temperature of the coldest month in oC
l,s

Maturation Ponds
The number and the size of maturation ponds in a system depend on the
Bacterioloeical quality that is required for the effluent.
JEuL

The number of foeal coliform bacteria per 100m1 of effluent can be

estimated from the equation:

Ne
where

:
Ni :

I{i
l+Kbt*

the number of FCl100m1 of effluent

the number of FC/l00m1 of influent
For raw sewage entering the pond I'{i: I07 - 108 FC/100m1
Kb first order rate constant for bacteria removal (d-1)
T* retention time
Kb is dependent on temp. and is obtained from the formula:

Ne

:
:

Kb:

26(t'nl-'

?w0

Where Z is average temp. of the coldest month

For a series of maturation ponds:
Ir{e

Ir{i

(1+Kbt1*) (1+Kbt2*)
Anaerobic Facultative

... (1+Kbt'8)"
Maturation

\*
Where tn* is the retention time for the nth pond and n is thb number of
maturation ponds in series. Maturation ponds are usually 1 - 1.5m deep#
retention trme 5 - 7 days.

Maturation ponds can be used as aquaculture ponds in which fish are

grown.

Construction

Inlet works
(screen

grit

chamber)

Example:
Calculate the pond sizes for a wastes stabllization pond system serving a
population of 10,000 with a per capita wastewater contribution of 801/c/d.
Use anaerobic, facultative and maturation pond system.

The average temperature of the coolest month is 20oC, assume the BOD
contribution is 4\glpld The influent quality is 5 x 107 FC/l00m1 and the
volumetric loading rate for anaerobic ponds to be 250 glm3ld. (Assume
capitawater ?.14:(>"e 100 Yd).

Solution:
Anaerobic pond.

l,v : LA
V

Li :

(influent BOD conc. In mg/l)

40 x 103 mg/pd
100 Vp.d

400

10,000

l,v

mgll
10-3

for anaerobic pond

250 gmlm'ld

100

4oo

103

1000

m'ld

100-+400 gmlm3ld {zsog-l-'lA)

g/1x looo m3ld

V

V = 16o'"^\

J'-

<J'=4

T= # =*!,*-

^) & =
= l'o fut

L(oo

^t

'-

o-Q

P9