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SUSTAINABLE AND
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY
FEEDSTOCKS FOR OLEOCHEMICAL
AND BIODIESEL INDUSTRIES
Salmiah Ahmad,WolfgangRupilius,Hazimah
AbuHassan andZulina Abd Maurad
CONTENTS
Palm methyl ester and sources
Palm methyl esters & biodiesel
Development of oleochemicals
Sustainability and related issues
Diversification - biorefinery
Conclusion
PALM
METHYL ESTER
Palm Oil rich in C16 and
C18 Fatty acids
PROCESSESFORTHEPRODUCTIONOFME
CPO AND CPKO
TRANSESTERIFICATION
Methanol/catalyst
CRUDE ME
DISTILLATION
CRUDE VITAMIN
DISTILLED
ME
PFAD
PKFAD
REFINING
FOOD USES
TRANSESTERIFICATION
DISTILLATION
Methanol/catalyst
CRUDE &
DISTILLED
ME
COMPOSITIONISIMPORTANT
EXPENSIVE
PO
PS
Tallow
CNO
PKO
C6
0.2
0.3
C8
8.0
4.4
C10
7.0
3.7
48.2
48.3
C12
0.23
0.3
C14
1.09
1.3
2.5
18.0
15.6
C16
44.02
55.0
26.6
8.5
7.8
C16:1
0.12
C18
4.54
5.1
21.8
2.3
2.0
C18:1
39.15
29.5
42.8
5.7
15.1
C18:2
10.12
7.4
2.3
2.1
2.7
C18:3
0.37
OTHERS
0.38
0.7
4.0
0.2
Vitamins
PALMBIODIESEL
(METHYLESTERS)
Crude / Distilled
Palm Oil Methyl
Esters)
Vitamins
Capacity (TPA)
300,000
272,000
572,000
Addition of 11 Biodiesel
965,000
3500
2968
3000
2520
2500
EXPORTSOFME(VOLUMEIN
TONNES)
300000
2665
2000
1500
1000
500
258903
238921
250000
3191
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
200000
150000
129716
100000
54981
50000
95013
47986
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
ME BIO-D (PRODN) BIO-D (EXP)
ME BIO-D
VALUEOFMEEXPORTS
(PRICE/TONNE)
60000
MAJORDESTINATIONFOR
BIODIESEL
(intonnes)
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
EU
H-KONG
JAPAN
TAIWAN
SING
USA
AUST
P-RICO
IND
2006
12598
21
960
34406
2007
24696
221
87
216
5665
51953
6065
6001
109
BIODIESELANDPRICE
STABILIZATIONMECHANISM
y Diesel consumption in Malaysia 10
million tonnes
y If 5% -10% substitution 0.5 -1mil.
tonne demand
y Reduce stock
y Increase price
y 70% of cost is feedstock cost
Decrease profitability subsidy
BASIC ANDINTERMEDIATE
OLEOCHEMICALSFROMMALAYSIA
H20
catalyst
High T&P
R-COOH
ACID
R-COOCH2
R-COOCH
R-COOCH2
CH2CHCH2
OH OH OH
GLYCEROL
CH3OH/R3OH
catalyst
R-COOCH3
ESTER
H2 catalyst
R-CH2OH
ALCOHOL
MALAYSIANOLEOCHEMICALS:CAPACITY,
PRODUCTIONANDEXPORTS
(in000tonnes)
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
#Co:
15
14
16
17
Capacity
16
17
Oil used
17
17
Export
17
18
18
OLEOCHEMICALS:SUCCESSDUE
TO
y Adequate and consistent supply of
feedstock
y Complement the food industry in
Malaysia
y Environmentally friendly
y Acceptable to all religions and
y Sustainable
AVERAGEOFMALAYSIAN
PALMOILYIELD
MALAYSIANPRODUCTIONOFPALM
OIL&PALMKERNELOIL(intonnes)
%UtilizationofPalmProductsinMalaysianOleochemicalIndustry
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
4.5
4.6
4.6
5.4
PKO
50
58
Total P
3.4
10
PO
3.1
9
3.4
8.5
10.5
4.6
4.7
4.9
SOMEADVANTAGESOFPLANT
DERIVEDPRODUCTS
y Plant derived products
linear structure easily
biodegradable
y Acceptable to all religions
y Good cost performance ratio
(less sensitive to water
hardness)
90
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
12
16
LAS
20
24
28
MES
90
80
80
70
60
70
50
60
40
50
30
40
20
30
10
20
0
C12
C14
C12
C16
C14
C16
C18
C18
LAS
LAS
AS
AS
10
0
C12
C14
C16
54ppm
C18
LAS
AS
270ppm
SUSTAINABILITY
Small population:
Need to move to
Capital intensive
industry
Industry with
Better value
addition
Without extreme
Modifications
Plant derived
products are
More Environment
friendly
SD
Economic growth
and Profitability
Environmental
integrity and
Planet
LCAOFPALMPRODUCTSPRODUCTION
Land Preparation
Palm Seedling
Biomass
Biomass
In Estates
Upstream
Midstream
Agro-based Products
Renewable Energy
Kernel
Mulch (Estates)
Refined Oil
Animal Feed
Downstream
Export
Processed
Food
(Cooking
Oil etc.)
Processed
Non food
(Biodiesel,
Alpha SME etc.)
Processed
Food
Processed
Non food
Export
PRICESOFOLEOCHEMICALS
(RM/tonne)
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1998
ALC
ME
ACID
CPKO
S.NOOD
GLY
CPO
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
DIVERSIFYUSESFORBETTER
PROFITABILITY
R&D TO :
yFind new uses for methyl ester
yFind uses for co-products
yUtilize waste
METHYLESTER:FEEDSTOCKFORMES
(ANIONICSURFACTANTS)
METHYL ESTER
Low Hydrogenation
Digestion
Bleaching
Neutralization
Drying
PERFORMANCES:
MESVSOTHERS
DETERGENCY(*)
FOAMING(*)
LABS ~ MES ~
FAS
~ FAES ~ AOS
FAS
~ MES
Similar
detergency
power
Similar
foaming
power
SOLUBILITY
FAS
Acceptable
solution
SKIN
COMPATIBILITY
FAS
Better skin
compatibility
SENSITIVITY TO
H2O-HARDNESS
(*) Very
FAS
Source: Ballestra
Lower
sensitivity
to water
hardness
APPLICATIONOFMES
Powder detergent
Gel dishwash
Liquid detergent
Handwash
Liquid dishwash
Paste dishwash
27
METHYLESTER:FEEDSTOCKFOR
ESTERQUATS
Conventional
quaternary ammonium
compounds - an
excellent softening
performance.
120
% Biodegradability
Unfavourable
biodegradation
characteristics and
can not meet stringent
environmental
regulations
ESTERQUATS
surfactant of
choice due to its
excellent
environmental
profile
90
60
30
0
0
12
16
20
Days
commercial Esterquats
24
METHYLESTER:FEEDSTOCKFORMEE
(NONIONICSURFACTANTS)
O
CH3
Methyl ester
n((CH2
CH2)
O
Proprietary
Ethylene
oxide
Catalyst
O (CH2-CH2-O) n
where R = saturated or
Unsaturated alkyl group
Advantages:
Applications:
Faster dissolution in
water
Biodegradability
Exhibit
low
aquatic
toxicity
Cheaper
Emulsifiers,
dispersants,
wetting agents and
solvents for adjuvant
concentrates,
pesticide compositions
CH
3
Solubilizer in Cosmetic
Products
Liquid Detergent
Dishwashing Liquid
MEE
Hard Surface Cleaner
Emulsifier in personal
care products
Pesticide Composition
IMPORTANTTODIVERSIFYUSES
yFind new uses for methyl ester
yFind uses for co-products
yUtilize waste
SOURCEOFGLYCEROL
1999
9%
5%
2004
Fatty acids
Fatty alcohols
7%
41%
4%
Soaps
4%
Biodiesel
25%
Synthetic
13%
Fatty acids
Fatty alcohols
18%
49%
Others
Soaps
Biodiesel
13%
Synthetic
12%
Source:Frost&Sullivan
Others
POSSIBLEPRODUCTS
FROMGLYCEROL
MPOB RESEARCH
ON GLYCEROL
Vitamins
CONCLUSIONS
Biodiesel/oleochemicals
welcome additions to the OP
supply chain.
Methyl ester - feedstock required
Palm Methyl Ester - sustainable
& environmentally friendly: renewable source,
high productivity,
adequate/predictable supply
plant-derived - easily
biodegradable/acceptable to
all religion
The development enhance
sustainability - reduce Malaysias
dependence on foreign labours
and improve value adding.
Preferably complementing
existing industries
www.mpob.gov.my
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