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F(t v(t
)
One-dimensional
wave mechanics
accelerometer
F(x,t)
Stress
##Very important to apply
sufficient impact force to
overcome soil resistance
speed of sound :
11-17k ft/s
3.3-5.1k m/s
Particle velocity
F = v.Z
v(x,t)
Z = EA/c is Pile
Impedance
3
Measures accelerations
only at one point
Measures strains
only at one point
Notes:
Strain transducers must used
in diametrically opposite
pairs, to account for pile
bending due to off-centre
impact loads
Acceleration transducers are
not affected by pile bending
Transducers must be placed at
least 2D below pile top to
produce 1-D stress wave passing
transducers locations
With known
uniform cross
sections and E
values
Wave Down
input from hammer
Wave Down is SUM of F and VZ
Wave Up
t
reflected from soil
Wave Up
Wup
tWup
The time at which Wup is mobilized is a
function of the depth to that resistance
10
Total
Resistance
Dynamic
(Damping, J
factors)
Static
(Quake, Q
factors)
depth
11
Disadvantages :
Static capacity is
interpreted rather than
measured directly.
Requires expert
knowledge for correct
analysis.
Application :
All types of preformed
piles (concrete, steel
and timber)
Drilled shafts (with well
defined shaft geometry
and Modulus)
13
OUTPUT
INPUT
Good Proportionality in
F-V Signals at Impact
F-V Signals
should taper off
16
Good Signal
Matching improves
reliability of
Capacity Estimate
17
but
CAPWAP predicted only 485 ton
ALMOST 30% OVER-PREDICTION
20
3.
4.
5.
22
Defective!
PDI Recommends
BTA 80-99% Slight
Damage
BTA 60-79%
Damaged
BTA <60% Broken
23
24
Beginning of driving
Pile still OK
25
26
At beginning of driving
Capacity = 360 ton
Integrity = Good
29
Why?
Pile had not reached refusal
Set per blow = 20mm
31
32
Examples of Suspected
PDA Results
Common Causes:
Poorly-welded
splice
Faulty
gauge
Loose gauge
Wrongly assumed pile parameters
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
100
200
300
400
500
600
-2
PDA
-4
Settle (mm)
-6
STATIC
Static + PDA
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
40
41
Depth (m)
-20
-30
-40
0 20 40 60 80 100
Force in pile at
Ru (Ton)
Residual load
(Ton)
Corrected force
in pile at Ru
(Ton)
Shaft Res/2
Borehole Value
0
Depth (m)
Loads (Tons)
0
-10
(N)-SPT Value
10
20
30
PDA Value
PDA Correcrted
Value
40
42
43
Use CAPWAP
results to
calibrate Soil
Parameters
Use UNIPILE to
validate Design
Capacity and
Long-term
Settlements
46
CONCLUSIONS
PDA test are very reliable when accurate data are measured for Strains
(Esp) and Accelerations (Acc) near the pile top
To convert from Strains to Forces; known values of A and E are needed;
so test is best for Piles with uniform cross-sections and approximately
constant E modulus values
PDA as a high strain test is very good for detecting pile defects and pile
toe conditions
For good pile capacity estimate, Restrike tests must be applied
CASE method with assumed Jc values can give approximate pile
capacity immediately during dynamic tests.
However, CAPWAP with good wave matching can give reliable estimate
of capacity and separation between shaft friction and end bearing
CAPWAP result must be calibrated with load-settlement response of
Static Load Test on the same pile, with PDA done after Static Test (
Note: PDA (J) damping and (Q) quakes are model parameters, not
fundamental soil parameters)
47