ESSAY GROUP

GUIDELINES IN MAKING ESSAY-TYPE ASSESSMENT

What is an Essay?
The word essay derives from the French infinitive essayer, 'to try' or 'to attempt'. Generally, an
essay is a piece of writing that methodically analyses and evaluates a topic or issue. It is designed to
get your academic opinion on a particular matter.
Forms of essay questions
Restricted response essay questions: limits both the content and the response by
restricting the scope of the topic to be discussed.
Extended Response Essay questions: allows students to select information that they think is
pertinent , to organize the answer in accordance with their best judgment and to integrate
and evaluate ideas as they think suitable.
Uses and Purposes of an Essay-type assessment
There are two major purposes for using essay questions that address different learning outcomes.
One purpose is to assess students' understanding of subject-matter content. The other purpose is to
assess students' writing abilities. These two purposes are so different in nature that it is best to treat
them separately. However, the main purpose of essay lies in the objective of your lesson. Here are
other uses of an essay-type assessment:
1. Assess the ability to recall, organize, and integrate ideas.
2. Assess the ability to express oneself in writing
3. Ability to supply information
4. Assess student understanding of subject matter
5. Measure the knowledge of factual information
6. Most of the time assess higher order thinking skills
Advantages & Disadvantages of using essay-type assessment
Advantages:
1. Essay questions provide an effective way of assessing complex learning outcomes that cannot
be assessed by other commonly used paper-and-pencil assessment procedures
2. Essay questions allow students to demonstrate their reasoning.
3. Essay questions provide authentic experience. Constructed responses are closer to real life
than selected responses
4. The freedom of response allows the student to express himself in his own words.
5. Essay tests promote the development of problem solving skills.
6. Essay tests encourage creativity by allowing the students to write on their own unique way
7. Essay tests help students to improve their writing skills such as writing speed.
8. Essay questions are easy to construct
9. It is usually used to measure in-depth knowledge especially in a restricted subject matter area.
10. It does not encourage cheating and guessing during tests.
Disadvantages:
1. Grading of essay tests is time-consuming.
2. Scoring is not reliable
3. Essay questions provide practice in poor or unpolished writing.
Suggestions For Writing Essay Test Items
1) Formulate the question so that the task is clearly defined for the student.
Use words that aim the student to the approach you want them to take. Words like discuss and
explain can be ambiguous. If you use discuss, then give specific instructions as to what points should
be discussed.
Undesirable:
Discuss Karl Marxs philosophy.
Desirable:

Compare Marx and Nietzsche in their analysis of the underlying problems of their day in 19th century
European society.
2) Pay attention to the number of items.
In order to obtain a broader sampling of course content, use a relatively large number of
questions requiring shorter answers (one-half page) rather than just a few questions involving long
answers (2-3 pages).
3) Avoid the use of optional questions on an essay test.
When students answer different questions, they are actually taking different tests. If there are five
essay questions and students are told to answer any three of them, then there are ten different tests
possible. It makes it difficult to discriminate between the student who could respond correctly to all
five, and the student who could answer only three. Use of optional questions also affects the
reliability of the scoring. If we are going to compare students for scoring purposes, then all students
should perform the same tasks. Another problem is that students may not study all the course
material if they know they will have a choice among the questions.
4) Write essay items at different levels of learning.
The goal is to write essay items that measure higher cognitive processes. The item should
represent a situation that tests the students ability to use knowledge in order to analyze, justify,
explain, contrast, evaluate, and so on. Try to use verbs that elicit the kind of thinking you want the
students to demonstrate. Instructors often have to use their best judgment about what cognitive skill
each question is measuring. Ask a colleague to read the questions and classify them according to
Blooms taxonomy.
5) Choose a scoring model.
The major task in scoring essay tests is to maintain consistency, to make sure that answers of
equal quality are given the same number of points. There are two approaches to scoring essay items:
(1) analytic or point method and (2) holistic or rating method.
Analytic: Before scoring, prepare an ideal answer in which the major components are defined
and assigned point values. Read and compare the students answer with the model answer. If
all the necessary elements are present, the student receives the maximum number of points.
Partial credit is given based on the elements included in the answer. In order to arrive at the
overall exam score, the instructor adds the points earned on the separate questions.
Holistic: This method involves considering the students answer as a whole and judging the
total quality of the answer relative to other student responses or the total quality of the
answer based on certain criteria that you develop.
6) Prepare students to take essay exams.
Essay tests are valid measures of student achievement only if students know how to take them.
Many college freshmen do not know how to take an essay exam, because they have not been
required to learn this skill in high school. Take some class time to tell students how to prepare for and
how to take an essay exam. Use old exam questions and let students see what an "A" answer looks
like and how it differs from a "C" answer.
REFERENCES:
https://www.uwgb.edu/oira/teachLearn/betterTests/betteressays.pdf
http://www.k-state.edu/ksde/alp/resources/Handout-Module6.pdf