West Virginia Conservation Agency Watershed Resource Center
WVCA
Watershed Resource
Center
Inside:
The Nation’s Largest
Water Quality Problem
1
Managing Nonpoint 2
Source Pollution from
Agriculture
Managing Urban Runoff 3
Managing Nonpoint 4
Source Pollution from
Forestry
Managing Wetlands to 5 Why is there still water that’s
Control Nonpoint Source
Pollution
Managing Nonpoint 6 native species of plants and
Pollution from Households
Acid Mine Drainage: 7
Main Pollutant of Surface
Water in Mid-Atlantic
What Can You Do 8 reason a large percentage of
About Nonpoint Source
Pollution?
Sources of Nonpoint
Source Pollution:
• Excess fertilizers,
herbicides, & Insecticides
from agricultural lands &
residential areas
• Oil, grease, & toxic
chemical from urban
runoff & energy production
• Sediment from improperly
managed construction
sites, crop & forest lands,
& eroding streambanks
• Salt from irrigation
practices & acid mine
drainage from abandoned
mines
• Bacteria & nutrients from
livestock, pet wastes, &
faulty septic systems
• Atmospheric deposition &
hydromodicfication
Nonpoint Source
Pollution
Nonpoint Source Pollution:
The Nation’s Largest Water Quality Problem
NPS problem. NPS pollution
too dirty for swimming, also includes adverse changes
fishing, or drinking? Why are to the vegetation, shape, and
flow of streams and other
animals disappearing from aquatic systems.
many river, lakes, and coastal NPS pollutions is widespread
waters? We do not do enough because it can occur any time
to control pollution from non- activities disturb the land or
point sources. It is the main water. Agriculture, forestry,
grazing, septic systems,
our rivers, lakes, and estuaries recreational boating, urban
are not clean enough to meet runoff, construction, physical
basic uses such as fishing or changes to stream channels,
swimming. and habitat degradation are common NPS pollutants
NPS pollution occurs when potential sources of NPS include pesticides, pathogens
rainfall, snowmelt, or irrigation pollution. Careless or (bacteria and viruses), salts, oil,
runs over land or through the uniformed household grease, toxic chemicals, and
ground, picks up pollutants, management also contributes heavy metals. Destroyed
and deposits them to NPS pollutions habitat, unsafe drinking water,
fish kills, and many other
into rivers, lakes, and The most problems.
coastal waters or severe environmental and
common NPS The most common
introduces them into pollutants are NPS pollutants are human health problems result
from NPS pollutants. The
ground water. sediment & sediment and
Imagine the path pollutants also ruin the beauty
nutrients. nutrients. These wash of healthy, clean water habitats.
taken by a drop of into water bodies
Each year, the United States
rain from the time it hits the from agricultural land, small
ground to when it reaches a spends millions of dollars to
and medium-sized animal restore and protect the areas
river, ground water, or ocean. feeding operations,
damaged by NPS pollutions.
Any pollutant it picks up on it construction sites, and other
journey can become part of the areas of disturbance. Other
“The West Virginia nonpoint source program does not discriminate on the basis of
race, color, national origin, gender, or handicap.”
Page 2
Agricultural
BMP’S
Properly designed and maintained
Contour Farming protects water
quality by reducing soil erosion. Contour
Farming is performed on sloping cropland
by following the natural contours when
tilling the soil, planting, and cultivating. It
also includes following established grades of
terraces or diversions.
Nutrient Management involves
managing the amount, placement, and
timing of plant nutrients to obtain
optimum yields and minimize the risk of
surface and groundwater pollution.
Manure Transfer is a manure
conveyance system using structures,
conduits, equipment or appropriate storage
that prevents over application of nutrients
and bacteria from animal waste.
A Water Facility is a device (tank,
trough, or other watertight container) to
provide watering for livestock and/or
wildlife at selected locations.
Nonpoint Source Pollution
Managing Nonpoint Source Pollution from Agriculture
Agricultural activities that
cause NPS pollution include,
confined animal facilities,
grazing, plowing, pesticide
spraying, irrigation, fertilizing,
planting, and harvesting. The
major agricultural NPS
pollutants that result from
these activities are sediment,
nutrients, pathogens,
pesticides, and salts.
Agricultural activities also can
damage habitat and stream
channels. Agricultural impacts
on surface water and ground
water can be minimized by
properly managing activities
that can cause NPS pollution.
Managing Sedimentation.
Sedimentation occurs when
wind or water runoff carries
soil from an area, such as a
farm field, and transports them
to a water body, such as a
stream or lake. Excessive
sedimentation clouds the
water, which reduces the
amount of sunlight reaching
aquatic plants; covers fish
spawning areas and food
supplies; and clogs the gills of
fish. In addition, other
pollutants like phosphorus,
pathogens, and heavy metals
are often attached to the soil
particles and wind up in the
water bodies with the
sediment. Farmers and
ranchers can reduce erosion
and sedimentation by applying
management measures to
control the volume and flow
rate of runoff water, keep soil
in place, and reduce soil
transport.
Managing Nutrients.
Nutrients such as phosphorus,
nitrogen, and potassium in the
form of fertilizers, manure,
sludge, irrigation water,
legumes, and crop residues are
applied to enhance production.
When they are applied in
excess of plant needs, nutrients
can wash into aquatic
ecosystems where they can
cause excessive plant growth,
which reduces swimming and
boating opportunities, creates a
foul taste and odor in
methemoglobinemia, a poten-
tially fatal disease in infants
also known as blue baby
syndrome. Farmers implement
nutrient management plans
which help maintain high yields
and save money on the use of
fertilizers while reducing NPS
pollution.
Managing Confined Animal
Facilities. By confining
animals to areas or lots,
farmers and ranchers can
efficiently feed and maintain
livestock. But these confined
areas become major sources of
animal waste. Runoff from
poorly managed facilities can
carry pathogens (bacteria and
viruses), nutrients, and oxygen
demanding substances that
contaminate shell fishing areas
and other major water quality
problems. Ground water can
also be contaminated by
seepage. Discharges can be
eliminated by storing and
managing facility wastewater
and runoff with an appropriate
waste management system.
Managing Irrigation.
Irrigation water is applied to
supplement natural
precipitation or to protect
crops against freezing or wilt-
ing. Inefficient irrigation can
cause water quality problems.
In arid areas, for example,
where rainwater does not carry
residues deep into the soil,
excessive irrigation can
concentrate pesticides,
nutrients, disease-carrying
microorganisms, and salts-all
of which impact water use
efficiency. Actual crop needs
can be measured with a variety
of equipment.
Managing Pesticides.
Pesticides, herbicides, and
fungicides are used to kill pests
and control the growth of
weeds and fungus. These
chemicals can enter and
contaminate water through
direct application, runoff, wind
transport, and atmospheric
deposition. They can kill fish
and wildlife, poison food
sources, and destroy the
habitat that animals use for
protective cover. To reduce
NPS contamination from
pesticides, people can apply
Integrated Pest Management
(IPM) techniques based on the
specific soils, climate, pest
history, and crop for a
particular field. IPM help limit
pesticide use and manage
necessary applications to
minimize pesticide movement
from the field.
Managing Livestock
Grazing. Overgrazing exposes
soils, increase erosion,
encourages invasion by
undesirable plants, destroys
fish habitat, and reduces the
filtration of sediment necessary
for building streambanks, wet
meadows, and floodplains. To
reduce the impacts of grazing
on water quality, farmers and
ranchers can adjust grazing
intensity, keep livestock out of
sensitive areas, provide
alternative sources of water
and shade, and revegetate
rangeland and pastureland.

Managing Urban Runoff
How Urban Areas Affect Runoff
Increased Runoff. The
porous and varied terrain of
natural landscapes like forests,
wetlands, and grasslands trap
rainwater and snowmelt and
allow it to slowly filter into the
ground. Runoff tends to reach
receiving waters gradually. In
contrast, nonporous urban
landscapes like roads, bridges,
parking lots, and buildings
don’t let runoff slowly
percolate into the ground.
Water remains above the
surface, accumulates, and runs
off in large amounts.
Cities install storm sewer
systems that quickly channel
this runoff from roads and
other impervious surfaces.
Runoff gathers speed once it
enters the storm sewer system.
When it leaves the system and
Measures to Manage Urban Runoff
Plans for New Development.
New developments should
attempt to maintain the
volume of runoff at
predevelopment levels by using
structural controls and
pollution prevention strategies.
Plans for the management of
runoff, sediment, toxics, and
nutrients can establish
guidelines to help achieve both
goals. Management plans are
designed to protect sensitive
ecological areas, minimize land
disturbances, and retain natural
drainage and vegetation.
Plans for Existing
Development. Controlling
runoff from existing urban
areas tend to be relatively ex-
pensive compared to managing
Nonpoint Source Pollution
empties into a stream, large
volumes of quickly flowing
runoff erode streambanks,
damage streamside vegetation,
and widen stream channels. In
turn, this will result in lower
water depths during non-storm
periods, higher than normal
water levels during wet weather
periods, increased sediment
loads, and higher water
temperatures. Native fish and
other aquatic life cannot
survive in urban streams
severely impacted by urban
runoff.
Increased Pollutant Loads.
Urbanization also increases the
variety and amount of
pollutants transported to re-
ceiving waters. Sediment from
development and new con-
struction; oil and grease, and
runoff from new develop-
ments. However, existing
urban areas can target their
urban runoff control projects
to make them more
economical. Runoff
management plans for existing
areas can first identify priority
pollutant reduction
opportunities, then protect
natural areas that help control
runoff, and finally begin
ecological restoration and
retrofit activities to clean up
degraded water bodies.
Citizens can help prioritize the
clean-up strategies, volunteer
to become involved with
restoration efforts, and help
protect ecologically valuable
areas.
toxic chemicals from automo-
biles; nutrients and pesticides
from turf management and
gardening; viruses and bacteria
from failing septic systems;
road salts; and heavy metals are
examples of pollutants gener-
ated in urban areas. Sediments
and solids constitute the largest
volume of pollutant loads to
receiving waters in urban areas.
When runoff enters storm
drains, it carries many of these
pollutants with it. In older
cities, this polluted runoff is
often released directly into the
water without any treatment.
Increased pollutant loads can
harm fish and wildlife
populations, kill native
vegetation, foul drinking water
supplies, and make recreational
areas unsafe.
Plans for Onsite Disposal
Systems. The control of
Nutrient and pathogen
loadings to surface waters can
begin with the proper design,
installation, and operation of
onsite disposal systems. These
septic systems should be
situated away from open
waters and sensitive resources
such as wetlands and flood-
plains. They should also be
inspected, pumped out, and
repaired at regular intervals.
Household maintenance of
septic systems can play a large
role in preventing excessive
system discharges.
Page 3
Public Education.
Schools can conduct
education projects that
teach students how to
prevent pollution and keep
water clean. In addition,
educational outreach can
target specific enterprises,
such as service stations,
that have opportunities to
control runoff onsite.
Many communities have
implemented storm drain
stenciling programs that
discourage people from
dumping trash directly into
storm sewer systems.
For more information on
Conservation Education
Material & Presentations
for your classroom
contact:
Watershed Resource Center
1900 Kanawha Blvd., East
Charleston, WV 25305
304-558-0382
In WV: 800-682-7866
FAX: (304) 558-0373
Web: www.wvca.us/wvwrc/
E-mail: wrc@wvca.us
“Did you know that
because of impervious
surfaces such as
pavement and rooftops, a
typical city block
generates 9 times more
runoff than a woodland
area of the same size?”
Page 4 Nonpoint Source Pollution
Managing Nonpoint Source Pollution from Forestry
Preharvest Planning: Opportunities to Prevent NPS Pollution
Sources of NPS Pollution
associated with forestry
activities include removal of
streamside vegetation, road
construction and use, timber
harvesting, and mechanical
preparation for the planting of
trees. Road construction and
road use are the primary
sources of NPS pollution on
forested lands. Harvesting trees
in the area behind a stream can
Managing
affect water quality by reducing
Replanting. Forests
the streambank shading that
can be regenerated
regulates water temperature
from either seed or
seedlings. Seeding
usually requires that the Factors Considered in the Preharvest Plan
soil surface be prepared
before planting. Surveying the Site. Preactivity
Seedlings can be surveys can help identify areas
directly planted with that might need special
machines after minimal protection or management
soil preparation. In during forestry operations.
either case, the use of Sensitive landscapes usually
heavy machinery can have steep slopes, a greater
result in significant soil potential for landslides,
disturbance if not sensitive rock formations, high
performed properly. precipitation levels, snowpack,
or special ecological functions
such as those provided by
streamside vegetation. Forestry
activities occurring in these
areas have a high potential of
affecting water quality.
Timing. Because most
“Did you know that
forestry activities disturb soil
streamside vegetation
protects streams, lakes, and contribute to erosion and
and other water from runoff, timing operations can
NPS pollution caused by significantly reduce their
forestry activities?” impact on water quality and
aquatic life. Rainy seasons and
fish migration and spawning
seasons, for example, should
be avoided when conducting
forestry activities.
Establishing Streamside
Management Areas (SMAs).
and by removing vegetation
that stabilizes streambanks.
These changes can harm
aquatic life by limiting sources
of food, shade, and shelter.
Following properly designed
preharvest plans can result in
logging activities that are both
profitable and highly protective
of water quality. Such plans
address the full range of
forestry activities that can
cause NPS pollution. They
clearly identify the area to be
Plans often restrict forestry
activities in vegetated areas
near streams (also known as
buffer strips or riparian zones),
thereby establishing special
SMAs. The vegetation in an
SMA is highly beneficial to
water quality and aquatic
habitat. Vegetation in the SMA
stabilizes streambanks, reduces
runoff and nutrient levels in
runoff, and traps sediment
generated from upslope
activities before it reaches
surface waters. SMA vegetation
moderates water temperature
by shading surface water and
provides habitat for aquatic
life. For example, large trees
provide shade while alive and
provide aquatic habitat after
they die and fall into the
stream as large woody debris.
Managing Road
Construction, Layout, Use,
and Maintenance. Good road
location and design can greatly
reduce the transport of
sediment to water bodies.
harvested; locate special areas
of protection, such as wetlands
and streamside vegetation; plan
for the proper timing of
forestry activities; describe
management measures for road
layout, design, construction,
and maintenance, as well as for
harvesting methods and forest
regeneration.
Whenever possible, road
systems should be designed to
minimize road length, road
width, and the number of
places where water bodies are
crossed. Roads should also
follow the natural contours of
the land and be located away
from steep gradients, landslide-
prone areas, and areas with
poor drainage. Proper road
maintenance and closure of
unneeded roads can help
reduce NPS impacts from
erosion over the long term.
Managing Timber
Harvesting. Most detrimental
effects of harvesting are related
to the access and movement of
vehicles and machinery, and
the dragging and loading of
trees or logs. These effects
include soil disturbance, soil
compaction, and direct distur-
bance of stream channels. Poor
harvesting and transport tech-
niques can increase sediment
production and disturb soil
surface.

Managing Wetlands to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution
Properly managed wetlands
can intercept runoff and
transform and store NPS
pollutants like sediment,
nutrients, and certain heavy
metals without being degraded.
In addition, wetlands
vegetation can keep stream
channels intact by slowing
runoff and by evenly
distributing the energy in
runoff. Wetlands vegetation
also regulates stream
temperature by providing
streamside shading. Some cities
have started to experiment
with wetlands as an effective
tool to control runoff and
protect urban streams.
Improper development or
excessive pollutant loads can
damage wetlands. The
degraded wetlands can no
longer provide water quality
benefits and become
significant sources of NPS
pollution. Excessive amounts
of decaying wetlands
vegetation, for example, can
increase biochemical oxygen
demand, making habitat
unsuitable for fish and other
aquatic life. Degraded wetlands
also release stored nutrients
and other chemicals into
surface water and ground
water.
Wetlands Preservation. The
first strategy protects the full
range of wetlands functions by
discouraging development
activity. At the same time, this
strategy encourages proper
management of upstream
watershed activities, such as
agriculture, forestry, and
urban development. Several
programs administered by
EPA, the US Department of
Nonpoint Source Pollution
Agriculture, the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, the US Army
Corps of Engineers, and the
US Department of the Interior,
as well as other government
agencies, protect wetlands by
either controlling development
activities that would affect
wetlands or providing financial
assistance to people who wish
to protect them. In addition,
nongovernmental groups that
purchase wetlands for
conservation purposes, such as
the Nature Conservancy, The
Trust for Public Land, and
local land trusts, are playing an
increasingly important role in
protecting water quality.
Wetlands / Riparian
Restoration. The second
strategy promotes the
restoration of degraded wet-
lands and riparian zones with
NPS pollution control
potential. Riparian zones are
the vegetated ecosystems along
a water body through which
energy, materials, and water
pass. Riparian areas
characteristically have high
water-tables and are subject to
periodic flooding and influence
from the adjacent water body.
They encompass wetlands and
uplands, or some combination
of these two landforms.
Restoration activities should
recreate the full range of preex-
isting wetlands functions. That
means replanting degraded
wetlands with native plant
species, and depending on the
location and the degree of
degradation, using structural
devices to control water flows.
Restoration projects factor in
ecological principles, such as
Page 5
habitat diversity and the
connections between different
aquatic and riparian habitat
types, which distinguish these
kinds of projects from wet-
lands that are constructed for
runoff pretreatment.
Engineered Systems. The
third strategy promotes the use
of engineered vegetated treat-
ment systems (VTS). VTS are
especially effective at removing
suspended solids and sediment
from NPS pollution before the
runoff reaches natural wet- When properly managed,
lands. wetlands can help
One type of VTS, the prevent NPS pollution
vegetated filter strip (VFS), is a from degrading water
swath of land planted with quality. Wetlands include,
grasses and trees that intercept swamps, marshes, fens,
uniform sheet flows of runoff, and bogs.
before the runoff reaches wet-
lands. VFSs are most effective
at sediment removal.
Constructed wetlands, another
types of VTS, are typically
engineered complexes of water,
plants, and animal life that
stimulate naturally occurring
wetlands. Like VFS,
constructed wetlands offer an
alternative to other systems
that are more structural in
design.
Saving a Precious Resource.
Healthy wetlands benefit fish,
wildlife, and humans because
they protect many natural re- “Did you know that
sources, only one of which is wetlands receive
clean water. To help prevent significant amount of
NPS pollution from further NPS pollution because
they are typically the
degrading the Nation’s waters
lowest point on the
and to protect many other landscape?”
natural resources, wetlands
protection must remain a focal
point for national education
campaigns, watershed
protection plans, and local
conservation efforts.
Page 6
Did you know that homes with
xeriscape landscapes use natural
contours and native plants to
conserve water, limit runoff, and
reduce chemical use?
“If chemicals are
needed around the
home, they should be
stored properly to
prevent leaks and
access by children. Most
cities have designated
sites for the proper
disposal of used
chemicals.”
Nonpoint Source Pollution
Managing Nonpoint Source Pollution from Households
Nonpoint Source Pollution
(NPS) is the Nation’s leading
source of water quality
degradation. Although,
individual homes might
contribute only minor amounts
of NPS pollution, the
combined effect of an entire
neighborhood can be serious.
To prevent and control NPS
pollution, households can learn
about the causes of such
pollution and take the
appropriate (and often money-
saving) steps to limit runoff
and make sure runoff stays
clean.
Limit Paved Surfaces. Urban
and suburban landscapes are
covered by paved surfaces like
sidewalks, parking lots, roads,
and driveways. They prevent
water from percolation down
into the ground, cause runoff
to accumulate, and funnel into
storm drains at high speeds.
When quickly flowing runoff
empties into receiving waters,
it can severely erode stream-
banks. Paved surfaces also
transfer heat to runoff, thereby
increasing the temperature of
receiving waters. Native
species of fish and other
aquatic life cannot survive in
there warmer waters.
To limit NPS pollution from
paved surfaces, households can
substitute alternatives to areas
traditionally covered by non-
porous surfaces. Grasses and
natural ground cover, for
example, can be attractive and
practical substitutes for asphalt
driveways, walkways, and
patios. Some homes effectively
incorporate a system of natural
grasses, trees, and mulch to
limit continuous impervious
surface area. Wooden decks,
gravel or brick paths, and rock
gardens keep the natural
ground cover intact and allow
rainwater to slowly seep into
the ground.
Landscape With Nature.
Altering the natural contours
of yards during landscaping
and planting with non-native
plants that need fertilizer and
extra water can increase the
potential for higher runoff
volumes, increase erosion, and
introduce chemicals into the
path of runoff. In contrast,
xeriscape landscaping provides
households with a framework
that can dramatically reduce
the potential for NPS
pollution.
Xeriscape incorporates many
environmental factors into
landscape design-soil type, use
of native plants, practical turf
areas, proper irrigation,
mulches, and appropriate
maintenance schedules. By
using native plants that are
well-suited to a regions climate
and pests, xeriscape drastically
reduces the need for irrigation
and chemical applications. Less
irrigation results in less runoff,
while less chemical application
keeps runoff clean.
Proper Septic System
Management. Malfunctioning
or overflowing septic systems
release bacteria and nutrients
into the water cycle,
contaminating nearby lakes,
streams, and estuaries, and
ground water. Septic systems
must be built in the right place.
Trampling ground above the
system compacts soil and can
cause the systems pipes to
collapse. Also, septic systems
should be located away from
trees because tree roots can
crack pipes or obstruct the
flow of wastewater through
drain lines. Proper septic
system management is also
important, and a system should
be inspected and emptied every
3 to 5 years.
Maintaining water fixtures and
by purchasing water-efficient
showerheads, faucets, and
toilets, households can limit
wastewater levels, reducing the
likelihood of septic system
overflow. Most water
conservation technologies
provide long-term economic
and environmental benefits.
Proper Chemical Use,
Storage, and Disposal.
Household cleaners, grease, oil,
plastics, and some food or
paper products should not be
flushed down drains or washed
down the street. Over time
chemicals can corrode septic
system pipes and might not be
completely removed during the
filtration process. Chemicals
poured down the drain can
also interfere with the chemical
and biological breakdown of
the wastes in the septic tank.
On household lawns and
gardens, homeowners can try
natural alternatives to chemical
fertilizers and pesticides and
apply no more than the
recommended amounts.
Natural predators like insects
and bats, composting, and use
of native plants can reduce or
entirely negate the need for
chemicals. Xeriscape can limit
chemical applications to lawns
and gardens.

Acid Mine Drainage:
Main Pollutant of Surface Water in the Mid
Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is
currently the main pollutant of
surface water in the mid-
Atlantic region. AMD is caused
when water flows over or
through sulfur-bearing
materials forming solutions of
net acidity. AMD comes
mainly from abandoned coal
mines and currently active
mining. AMD degrades
streams with the loss of aquatic
life, and restricts stream use for
recreation, public drinking
water, and industrial water
supplies.
What is Mine Drainage?
• Mine drainage is metal-
rich water formed from
chemical reaction between
water and rocks
containing sulfur bearing
minerals.
• The runoff formed is
usually acidic and
frequently comes from
areas where ore or coal
mining activities have
exposed rocks containing
pyrite, a sulfur bearing
mineral.
• Metal-rich drainage can
also occur in mineralized
areas that have not been
mined.
How Does Mine Drainage
Occur?
• Mine drainage is formed
when pyrite, an iron
sulfide, is exposed and
reacts with air and water
to form sulfuric acid and
dissolved iron.
• Some or all of this iron
can precipitate to form the
Nonpoint Source Pollution
Mid--Atlantic Region
red, orange, or yellow
sediments in the bottom
of streams containing
mine drainage.
• The acid runoff further
dissolves heavy metals
such as copper, lead,
mercury into the ground
or surface water. The rate
and degree by which acid-
mine drainage proceeds
can be increased by the
action of certain bacteria.
Problems Associated with
Mine Drainage.
• Contaminated drinking
water
• Disrupted growth and
reproduction of aquatic
plants and animals
• Corroding effects of acid
on parts of infrastructure
such as bridges
Acid Mine Drainage.
• Mines built as early as the
1800’s were developed in a
manner which utilized
gravity drainage to avoid
excessive water accumula-
tion in the mines.
• As a result, water polluted
by acid, iron, sulfur, and
aluminum drained away
from the mines and into
streams.
Results of Acid Mine
Drainage.
• Acid Mine drainage is one
of Region 3 most serious
water pollution problems.
Page 7
Acid Mine Drainage
(AMD)
• It is not only an ecological
concern to the states, but
and economic concern as
well.
Economic Concerns
Resulting from Acid Mine
Drainage.
A region impacted by acid
mine drainage often has a
decline in valued recreational
fish species, such as trout, as
well as a general decline in
outdoor recreation and
tourism, along with
contamination of groundwater
drinking supplies.
Acidification.
Acidification is the
contamination of air and water
by chemical compounds that
either develop acids or deposit
metals. The mid-Atlantic area
experiences the
lowest annual
average rainfall
pH, is second in
the world in acid
deposition (acid
rain), and has
had the heaviest
anthracite and
bituminous coal
mining (highest
in sulfur dioxide
or SO2) in the
eastern US. These conditions
have contributed to
acidification in Region 3.
The sources of acidification are
AMD, primarily from
abandoned mine lands, and
Acid Deposition (AD),
primarily from fossil fuel
burning combustion sources.
The impacts of acidification
are enormous.
 Nonpoint Source Pollution
What Can You Do About Nonpoint Source Pollution?
We can all work together to
NPS reduce and prevent nonpoint
source pollution. Each
Pollution is individual can play an
important role by practicing
EVERY- conservation and by changing
certain everyday habits.
ONE’S Tips for controlling NPS
pollution:
problem! We • Keep litter, pet wastes,
leaves, and debris out of
all cause it street gutters and storm
drains--these outlets drain
and we can directly to lakes, streams,
rivers, and wetlands.
ALL help • Apply lawn and garden
chemicals sparingly and
PREVENT accordingly to directions.
• Dispose of used oil, anti-
it! freeze, paints, and other
household chemicals
properly, not in storm
sewers or drains. If your
community does not
already have a program for
collecting household
hazardous wastes, ask
your local government to
establish one.
• Clean up spilled brake
fluid, oil, grease, and anti-
freeze. Do not hose them
into the street where they
can eventually reach local
streams and lakes.
• Control soil erosion on
your property by planting
ground cover and
stabilizing erosion-prone
PUT TOXIC WASTE IN IT’S
areas.
PLACE!
• Encourage local
government officials to
Source: All information contained in the booklet is taken from EPA’s series of fact sheets designed to help the public
increase their understanding and management of nonpoint source pollution in their community.
http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/facts/
Page 8
develop construction • Protect drinking water by
erosion / sediment
control ordinances in your
using less pesticides and
fertilizers.
community.
• Reduce soil erosion by
• Have your septic system using conservation
inspected and pumped, at practices and other
a minimum, every 3-5 applicable best
years so that it operates
properly.
management practices.
• Use planned grazing
• Purchase household systems on pasture and
detergents and cleaners rangeland.
that are low in
phosphorus to reduce the • Dispose of pesticides,
amount of nutrients
discharged into our lakes
containers, and tank
rinsate in an approved
manner.
and streams.
Mining. For more information on what
• Become involved in local
you can do to prevent NPS:
Source on information:
mining issues by voicing
your concerns about acid http://www.epa.gov/owow/
nps/whatudo.html
mine drainage and
reclamation projects in
your area.
Forestry.
• Use proper logging and
West Virginia Conservation Agency
erosion control practices Watershed Resource Center
on your forest lands by
1900 Kanawha Blvd., East
ensuring proper Charleston, WV 25305-0193
construction, mainte-
nance, and closure of Phone: 304-558-0382
logging roads and skid Fax: 304-558-0373
trails. E-mail: wrc@wvca.us
• Report questionable Visit us on the web:
logging practices to state
and federal forestry and www.wvc.us/wvwrc/
state water agencies.
Remember, Everybody
Agriculture. Lives Downstream.
• Manage animal waste to
minimize contamination
of surface water and
ground water. WVCA