Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2.1
Internet Communications..................................................................................40
2.2
2.3
Messages..........................................................................................................59
Conclusions........................................................................................................67
Reference List.....................................................................................................71
Introduction
New technologies are changing the very nature of communication processes.
In the past few decades, traditional forms of mediated communication with large,
heterogeneous, and anonymous audiences (e.g., television and radio broadcasts)
have gradually given way to other forms of mediated communication - internet
communication.
Many of the new communication technologies allow and even foster
interpersonal communication as well as mass communication among users of
various mass media sources. Moreover, the interactive components of certain
new communication technologies make it difficult to distinguish between the
classic "sender" and "receiver" that for so long were seen to be the main
components of the mass communication model.
The choice of the topic was motivated by the abundance of new abbreviated
and shortened word forms used in internet chats, e-mail and instant messages,
and the necessity of their analysis for the purpose of the better understanding of
the latter.
The importance of the given research paper is determined by growing
interest in the subject, since the internet messaging is a global communication,
that increases every day. In the communication process different kinds of
abbreviations are used. Such abbreviation distinguishes internet communication
from face-to-face contact and literature. Abbreviations in internet messages
become more spread and some of them enter people's everyday life.
The choice of the topic was motivated by the abundance of new
abbreviated and shortened word forms used in internet chats, e-mail and instant
messages, and the necessity of their analysis for the purpose of the better
understanding of the latter.
The main goal of the given research paper is to study the role of the
abbreviations in the modern internet communication. It is important to understand
what makes the interlocutors use different kinds of trie abbreviation and in what
situations they are employed.
One of the objectives of this diploma thesis is to show the main features of
communicative principle in the study of internet communication, and especially
the usage of abbreviation in internet messages.
Another objective of the investigation is the research of the functions of
abbreviations and their role in modern internet verbal interactions.
Other objectives of investigation in the research paper were determined as
the following:
-
internet messages. Nowadays more and more people use internet and message
abbreviations enter everyday life. In addition internet abbreviations develop more
and more, each day brings some new abbreviations, and it is their abundance that
radically modifies the usual dialogic and interaction rules. Thus, some of these
modifications will be subjected to the analysis.
While realizing the objectives formulated in the following methods of
investigation will be used: the analysis, synthesis, comparison, and interpretation of
the communicative messages with regards to their stylistic and dialogic purport.
The hypothesis of this work is that stylistically internet communication
turns out the powerful language and communicative means of transmitting
messages, which for a grater part are based on usage of the semantically charged
abbreviations of the following types: shortenings, initialisms and abbreviations,
graphic abbreviations, syllabic abbreviations, contractions. It can also be
hypothesized that the emoticons being the shortened graphical forms of rendering
emotive attitudes cam also be classified as a type of abbreviated non-verbal
messages.
The tasks of the investigation determined the structure and volume of given
diploma paper which consists of the introduction, two chapters, conclusions and
bibliography.
The classifications and functions of communicative messages are described
in the first chapter. Verbal and non-verbal means of performing the internet
communication are presented as well. The internet evolution and types of the
internet communication are presented. The abbreviations and their nature are also
specified in the theoretical overview and the investigation is replenished by
offering some comprehensive classifications of abbreviated messages of both
verbal and non-verbal character.
The second chapter indicates the deductions regarding the basic types of
on-line communication, such as e-mail, instant messaging and chats. All of their
communicative parameters as well as their stylistic features and lexical, as well as
grammar traits are indicated in this chapter. Deviations from the standard
language norms and even the colloquial oral speech are underlined
General communicative parameters and means of internet communications
are presented in the second chapter. Here definitions and interpretations of
literary and internet communication are descried. Classifications and functions of
internet messages are presented, as well as their use in-practice.
The interpersonal communication is presented in dialogues to show how
sender transmits message to receiver and response from the receiver. In given
diploma thesis are presented the works of the famous scientists helping to carry
out the research.
The actuality of this work is that internet communication is widely spread
nowadays. Technical progress gives possibility to people to use internet all over
the world. It can be used for business or for personal purposes. People use
abbreviated words and sentences in the on-line' messages to save time,
Chapter One
General Peculiarities of Internet Abbreviations in Modern
Communication
In this chapter various definitions of communicative process, the role and
evolution of contemporary communication would be presented.
Communicative process has many stages; so many scientists have different
points of view on communication classification. In this paragraph some of
classifications would be described.
The abbreviations and their impact on internet messages would be
investigated as well. In the given part of the research various ways of defining
and interpreting abbreviations are evaluated. In this part different types of the
abbreviations and their usage in literary domain will be studied. Namely
shortenings, initialisms, contractions, acronyms, syllabic abbreviations and
graphical abbreviations will be presented.
The internet helps people to realize at least three main needs: communication,
amusement and getting information. And in this chapter the given three needs
would be studied.
communication.
There is much discussion in the academic world of communication as to
what actually communication constitutes. Currently, many definitions of
communication are used in order to conceptualize the processes by which people
navigate and assign meaning.
Harold Barrett defines communication as an interpersonal process:
"Communication is a dynamic, interpersonal process. It is an ongoing
process; it is dynamic because it happens under ever-changing conditions and
follows the ever-changing behavior of people" [2; 4]. Thus, communication is
defined by Harold Barrett as a dynamic process that can take place between two
or more persons. This process accompanied by persons conduct.
Another definition by W. Schweber is connected mostly with information
changing process: "Any act by which one person gives to or receives from person
information about that person's needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or
affective states. Communication may be intentional or unintentional, may
involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or nonlinguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or Other modes "[14; 2]. Thus,
communication is an act, which helps people to share with the information using
linguistic or non-linguistic forms. So, we can understand that communication can
be based on the signs or gestures as well.
Julia T.Wood defined communication just in some words, but it perfectly
reflects its meaning. "Communication is a systemic process in which people
interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings" [19; 11]. But
she does not say anything about any change of information, as it did E. W. Brody,
defining communication as systemic. And while people communicate symbols
help to interpret meanings.
E. W. Brody affirms that the main role of communication is to transfer
information, by different means: "Communication, transfer of information,
such as thoughts and messages, as contrasted with transportation, the transfer of
8
goods and persons. The basic forms of communication are by signs (sight) and by
sounds. The reduction of communication to writing was a fundamental step in the
evolution of society for, in addition to being useful in situations where speech is
not possible, writing permits the preservation of communications, or records,
from the past" [3; 4].Thus, people can use different kinds of communication to
transfer various types of information in their messages. So, the main two ways
that people prefer to use, judging by Brody affirmation, are the signs and the
sounds communication.
As one can see, there are many basic forms of communication such as
signs and sounds. In the definition proposed by "yqurdictionary" one can find
more kinds of communication system. "The act of communicating is the
exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing,
or behaviour. Communication is the art and technique of using words effectively
to impart information or ideas" [68; 1]. Thus, the definition implies that
communication is the art and technique that helps people effectively use the
words and signals. The communication helps people to share with different
information by use of many types of signals.
It is described in the "scientologyhandbook" that communication is
concerned with the transmission of information by various means, such as print
or broadcasting. "Communications is a system, such as mail, telephone, or
television, for sending and receiving messages. A network of routes for sending
messages and transporting troops, and supplies. The technology employed in
transmitting messages" [58; 1]. Thus, the modern systems of communication help
to interlocutors share with the information such as mail, telephone, or television,
for sending and receiving messages.
In the definition by 'Wikipedia' one can make a conclusion, that
communication is a process with moral treasures,, because its purpose of
communication is to help people feel good about them: "Communication is a
11
Communications happens at many levels in many different ways, and for all
beings, and some machines. Many or all, fields of study dedicate some attention
to communication, so when speaking about communication it is very important to
be sure about what kind of communication are we speaking about, mainly: what
type of things are communicated, between what agents, and with what kind of
results.
There are many types of communication. One of, the simplest classifications
is suggested by Veronica Feeg: "Verbal: including: oral, written, and e-mail
communication; and nonverbal including: expression, expressive behaviours,
body language" [32;3]. Thus, it is a common and simple structure that helps to
understand basic principles of communication process. There are two basic types
of communication, being verbal and non-verbal ones, with the first type including
oral, written and e-mail communication that one can use by words help. The
second non-verbal type including expression, expressive behaviours, body
language that basically consists of different gestures and sounds that carry
definite message.
Therefore, communication is a kind of social interaction where at least two
interacting agents share a common set of signs and a common set of semiotic
rules. In a simplistic model, the information is sent from a sender or encoder to a
receiver or decoder. In a slightly more complex form feedback links a sender to a
receiver. This requires that a symbolic activity, sometimes via a language.
Classification of communication in the on-line encyclopedia "Wikipedia" is
based on different principles, but Veronica Feeg's classification:
"Communication is formed around the principles of respect, promises and the
want for social improvement. Specialized fields focus on various aspects of
communication and include the following:
Non-verbal communication, the act of imparting or interchanging
thoughts, opinions or information without the use of words;
12
Letter
Reports
Memos"[15;9].
Thus, written communication can be used in different styles and fore many
purposes. This kind of communication is a clear expression of ideas, because it
is structured and organized.
"Oral communication simply means the use of speech. The use of oral
communication applies to many areas: you may, for instance, be asked to give a
talk; one may wish to speak from the floor of meeting or slightly less formally,
one may have an idea or a point of view which you want to put over to colleagues
at work or fellow-members of a social group.
Face-to-face
13
Interviews
Visual
Charts, diagrams
Unconscious signals
is made up of gestures, eye contact and facial expressions. Even the personality
of a person can influence communication." [69; 1]. Thus, one can come to
conclusion that these two subtypes are very common. But in this way even
persons appearance or eye contact can influence on the interpersonal
communication.
"Oral Communication: Most of the communication in our life is oral
communication. This is because we learn to speak first and then to write. The
15
disadvantage of oral communication is that it does not always save time. It is not
possible for Prime Minister to speak to the people to Red Fort every day. It will
cost a lot in terms of money, time and other important resources. People have to
meet each other all the time to communicate orally." [69; IJ.So, one can see the
main disadvantage of oral communication: such as irrational use of the time.
"Written Communication: Written communipation provides records for
future reference. This is a major advantage. A single message can be sent through
mailing to many people. The disadvantages of written communication are that
since paper is extremely used for written communication there could be problems
of storage and maintenance of records [69; 1]. But.here, one can see quite contrary
statement for oral communication disadvantages. Here are presented advantages
of written communication.
"Non- Verbal Communication: Non-verbal communication generally
takes place as a supportive form of communication to verbal communication.
*
These nodes would be created around different parts of the world divided
in either top level geographical or institutional domains like: government (gov),
commercial (com), educational, (edu), military (mil), network resources (net),
and other organizations (org)" [52; 1].Thus, the main aim of the net
communication was searching for strategic forms of secure communication.
That brought the scientist to the World Wide Web: "World Wide Web
(WWW), the crowning glory of the Internet, is developed in Geneva, Switzerland
in 1989. The WWW provides a user friendly interface with the capacity to send
and receive information through Internet using text, graphics, audio and video
utilizing a protocol of marked language. Today as the best resource to post
information that can reach and be accessed in almost every corner of the
planet."[52;.l] So, judging by little history internet overview, it can be
understand that internet's main aim still remains easy people communication all
over the world. As it was deduced communication is change of information, so
internet offers people the means of communication that they might never even
have imagined ten years ago.
Diana Botluk writes in her work "Internet Communications Tools": "I can
go into my office in the morning and turn on my computer. Instantly, I check on a
list of friends and see which of them are online, and twhich are late for work. If
someone on my list isn't there, I can send a message that she will see the moment
she signs onto her computer. If another friend is there, I can instantly request a
chat, or synchronous two-way conversation between him and me. Another friend
on my list has been waiting for a digital file. Jt might be a word processed
document, or a digital image, or some sort of program: "I can send the file at the
click of my mouse, immediately transferring the file, in whatever format, from
my computer to hers" [54; 2]. Thus, these capabilities were there all along, but
the past couple of years have seen incredible developments in the software used
to employ this type of communication. And communicating with internet help is
as easy as face-to-face talk.
18
messages, it alerts the recipient with a distinctive sound, a window that indicates
that an Instant message has arrived and allowing the recipient to accept or reject
it, or a window containing the incoming message/
P. Portnac in his work use of instant messages is described: "Under most
conditions, instant messaging is truly "instant"[55; 1]. So, it is possible for two
people to have a real-time online "conversation" by instant messaging each other
back and forth. In some way internet communication gives us possibilities to
have so called "virtual life". It can help to relax form everyday life, use
imagination and new acquaintances.
It can be observed, that instant messaging is considered more spontaneous
than e-mail or chat rooms, and you can even surf the Web together while having
a real-time text conversation at the same time. The information in the work
"Communication Evolution" by P. Portnac is given about one of such real-time
programs: "ICQ was first program with instant messages. ICQ was created by
Israel Mirabilis Company, for creators was enough four months to write this
program. And in November 1996 the program I Seek You was issued" [55; 1].
Thus, the conclusion is that internet communication development grows very
fast. And appear different useful programs for easy communication.
Internet tutorial comments ICQ using and its .value: "A user-friendly Internet
program that tells you when other users are online and lets you communicate with
them IRT. ICQ searches the Net and alerts you when friends or colleagues who
also use ICQ sign on."[55;2] Thus, with ICQ, users can chat, send messages,
swap URLs, exchange files, play games. There are many settings that are useful
and are comfortable for many different situations. "There are many settings
available for status, or the way you appear on your friends' contact lists. You can
set your status as busy and unavailable, or you can even set is as invisible. That
way you can see everyone else, but they can't see you. You can even choose a
different status setting for each of the different people on your contact list,
21
remaining invisible to some, while available to othefs " [55; 2]. Thus, one can
select setting that corresponds to his mood of status. Users can change their
contact list in correspondence with relation towards interlocutors.
In accordance with Internet tutorial: "various popular programs, like MSN
Messenger, AOL Instant Messenger, Yahoo! Messenger, Windows Messenger,
among many others, allow people to communicate in real time by exchanging
written messages, sound or images" [55; 1] So, one can note that it is comfortable
to use such a kind of communication, which is useful for many purposes. The
internet offers a big amount of various programs.
It is also important to mention chatting. Chat is defined by
'TechEncyclopedia' as "a real-time conferencing capability between two or more
users on a local network, on the Internet or via a BBS. The chat is really a "text
chat," because the conversing is accomplished by typing on the keyboard, not
speaking" [48; 1]. And simply saying, the internet chatting is talking to other
people who are using the internet at the same time.
Usually, this "talking" is the exchange of typed-in messages requiring one site
as the repository for the messages and a group of users who take part from
anywhere on the Internet. In some cases, a private chat can be arranged between
two parties who meet initially in a group chat.
"Chats can be ongoing or scheduled for a particular time and duration. Most
chats are focused on a particular topic of interest and some involve guest experts
or famous people who "talk" to anyone joining' the chat" [48; 2]. Thus, users
judging by chat theme decide what chat they have to enter for useful
information. It gives possibility to have useful communication.
Chats are conducted on online services, by bulletin board services, and by
Web sites. Several Web sites exist solely for the purpose of conducting chats.
Some chat sites such as Worlds Chat allow participants to assume the role or
appearance of an avatar in a simulated or virtual reality environment. "Chatting is
different. If you chat with a friend, a chat window pops up on your screen. You
22
are both there at the same time participating in the chat. The screen is split so that
you can see what you're typing as well as what your friend is typing" [48; 3]. So,
one can make conclusion that it is really comfortable to communicate in the realtime and it is very common to oral communication.
"At another press of a button, you can send a file of any sort from your
computer directly to your friend's computer, or simply send the url address of a
web page that you think is interesting. As you're'browsing the web, if you come
across a page you want to share, simply click on your friend's name and choose
the option to send the URL. It is instantaneously sent, whether or not your friend
is online" [48; 3].
So, it can be observed that there are many advantages in chat
communication. Users can easily share with graphical information or send some
internet addresses which can be visited without any difficulties.
People can use chats for their preferences: "There are chat rooms on the
internet for people with specific interests, for instance: travel, entertainment,
hobbies, romance etc. There are also chat' rooms designed mainly for
socialization. Many are separated by age groupings" [63; 1]. Thus, finding a chat
room is as simple as going to your favorite search engine and typing "chat
rooms". Each chat room is a separate chat community.
A lot of the people there are regulars. As such, each room will develop its
own personality, or culture, reflecting the personalities of the chatters who
frequent it. One can undoubtedly find some rooms to be offensive while also
finding others that you will look forward to spending time in. Fortunately, there
are a sufficient number of chat rooms.
Here are some chat types offered by Sofweb: "The first type of chat is
Internet Relay Chat (IRC)IRC is a multi-user chat system, where people meet on
Channels (rooms, virtual places, usually with a certain topic of conversation) to
talk in groups, or privately. There is no restriction to the number of people that
can participate in a given discussion, or the number of channels that can be
23
formed on IRC. IRC uses a streaming technology so basically how fast you type
is how fast your messages are up. The content of many IRC chat areas can be
rough and uncensored, and because they are publicly accessible they attract a
very diverse range of people" [63; 2].Thus, it can be used for communication on
different topics, creating a many-aspect dialog or a communicative sample and
if u does not like any you may create your own.
The variety of different chat types indicates that chatting becomes more and
more useful for people. Like any other culture, the chat community has
developed a jargon that is characteristic of the culture. What follows is a starter
list of chat room abbreviations and their meanings. This list is by no means
comprehensive and probably new items are added daily.
In conclusion, it can be mentioned that internet messages are useful in
everyday life, popular in commercial world. It helps people to save time while
communicating with a friend. Internet communication develops and with time
becomes more variable and comfortable for use. Chat is a kind of electronic mail,
but more shortened. But both have the semantic value. People can decide by
themselves which kind of communication th'ey prefer. For more official
communication e-mail can be used, but if one wants to relax and have just free
communication he can enter a chat. While using internet instant messages people
can talk to close friends without difficulties.
In the given part of the research various ways of defining and interpreting
abbrevations are evaluated. As Arnold I.V. affirms, abbreviation (from Latin
24
25
"S.O.E." - which is not found in histories written after about 1960" [41; 16]. One
can see that Americans get interested in British use of full stop.
But before that, many Britons "were more scrupulous at maintaining the
French form. In French, the period only follows an abbreviation if the last letter
in the abbreviation is not the last letter of its antecedent: "M." is the abbreviation
for "monsieur" while "Mme" is that for "Madame" and "Mile" for
"Mademoiselle". Like many other cross-channel linguistic acquisitions, many
Britons readily took this up and followed this rule themselves, while the
Americans took a simpler rule and applied it rigorously" [41; 16]. Thus, it can be
understood that this different ways of abbreviation use could favour abbreviation
type's elaboration.
Finally it can be understood and concluded that abbreviation is a shortened
form of written phrase or word, which is commonly used. Appear different
spheres where abbreviations are used, but in use remain not all of them. Often
abbreviated form of sentence can be more useful than full form and it becomes
well known among people.
In this part different types of the abbreviations and their usage in literary
domain will be studied. Namely shortenings, initialisms, contractions, acronyms,
syllabic abbreviations and graphical abbreviations will be presented.
In the dictionarycom abbreviation is defined in the following way:
"Abbreviations are commonly formed by omission df letters from one or more
parts of the whole" [36; 1]. There are some main kinds of abbreviations:
shortening, contractions, initialisms, graphical, abbreviations acronyms.
26
<
end up being accepted as words or names in their own right, as happened with
these and others such as AMEX (American Stock Exchange), gulag (Russian
abbreviation for Chief Administration for Corrective Labor Camps), radar (radio
detection and ranging) and sonar (sound navigation and ranging)." Thus, some
people can consider acronyms as word or standard term. It is convenient to use
such a shortened form than a group of words that are hard to memorize.
As A.Cunin affirms: "Acronyms present a special interest, because they
exemplify working of the lexical adaptive system. In meeting the needs of
communication and fulfilling the laws of information theory requiring a
maximum signal in the minimum time the lexical, system undergoes modification
in its basic structure: namely it forms new elements not by combining existing
morphemes and proceeding from sound forms to their graphic representation but
the other way round- coining new words from the initial letters of phrasal terms
originating in texts" [24,144]. The important point here is that an acronym must
be a WORD - this means that the joined initial letters must be able to be
pronounced.
Graphical abbreviations where defined by D.Melenciuc: "Graphical
abbreviations are not words but signs or symbols that stand for the corresponding
words" [11,157]. So, they can express face and mood.
Graphical abbreviations are defined as "the result of shortening of words
and word-groups only in written speech while orally the corresponding full forms
are used. They are used for the economy of space and effort in writing. The oldest
group of graphical abbreviations in English is of Latin origin. In Russian this type
of abbreviation is not typical. In these abbreviations in the spelling Latin words
are shortened, while orally the corresponding English equivalents are pronounced
in the full form, for example: a.m. - in the morning (ante meridiem), No - number
(numero), p.a. - a year (per annum), d - penny (denarius) etc." [11,158]. Thus,
graphical abbreviations are used for space ant time, economy. It can be typical for
some origins, but in other origins of graphical abbreviation is used not so often.
29
both the information and its form" [30, l].Thus, while people communicate
information is transmitted in form of messages. Messages are meaningful it have
object and subject.
Messaging has a language all its own. Message boards are often full of
shortened expressions that have been made popular on the internet. That is made
for easier discussions, to express faster the meaning and point of view. In a chat
room or forum it can be noticed that people constantly use acronyms.
Acronyms are used to express emotions so that during times such as a live
chat, one can indicate that he is laughing at the joke which gives the other person.
These include emoticons a set of non-alphabetical keyboard characters that are
put together to resemble facial expressions.
According to 'Wikipedia: "graphical abbreviations in internet are called
Smiles and emoticons" [43; 1]. People communicate both directly and indirectly
each day. Such persons may be family members, workers, store clerks,
business partners, and other such persons just to name a few. While a face- toface conversation with someone person can easily see facial. Having a
conversation on the phone we also can, to an extent, tell if that person is bored,
*-'
excited, happy, sad, smiling, and angry just by listening to the tone of the voice.
However, communicating through the internet is much different and more
difficult to detect the mood of someone.
Sometimes people may be able to detect a person's mood by the person's
tone of writing. However, there is the potential for one to misunderstand another
person. This problem is made possible due to the fact that there are no facial
expressions, body language or any tone of voice that can help to interpret a
person's mood. This makes a considerable difference in the way in which that
message is conveyed and understood.
i-
emoticon expresses definite emotions. Most emotions will look like a face: eyes,
nose, and mouth.
Thus emoticon definition will sound as "an emoticon (or smiley) is a
sequence of ordinary characters you can find on your computer keyboard.
Emoticons are used in e-mail, chat, SMS and other forms of communication
using computers. The most popular emoticons are the smiling faces (smileys or
smilies) that people use to say "don't take what I just wrote too seriously". If you
don't see that it represents a smiling face, tip your head to the left and look at it
again. The colon represents the eyes, the dash represents the nose, and the right
parenthesis represents the mouth" [60; 1]. Thus, emoticons are used by people to
understand better one another. It is easy to create an emoticon, so people can use
it in different sources of communication.
Another definition of emotion given by "Wikipedia" says: "An emoticon is a
small piece of specialized art (usually two to five characters, always on a single
line) used in text messages as informal markup to indicate emotions and attitudes
that would be conveyed by body language in face-to-face communications. They
are intended to be relatively simple to type, easy to recognize, and most
commonly represent stylized facial expressions although occasionally other
representations or imagery are also use" [44,1]. Thus, emoticons express men's
mood that can be expressed in some words. It can be related to non-verbal
communication, where a sign expresses definite meaning or carries needed
information.
Such a little detail as a smile has its own history of appearance. "The idea of
codifying emotional content in written or message form is not new. The National
Telegraphic Review and Operators Guide in April 1857 documented the use of
the number 73 in Morse code to express "love and kisses" (later reduced to the
more formal "best regards"). Dodge's Manual in 1908 documented the
reintroduction of "love and kisses" as the number 88" [42, 1]. So, one can see that
32
immediate past?" Nabokov answered: "I often think there should be a special
typographical sign for a smile some sort of concave mark, a supine round
bracket, which I would now like to trace in reply to your question." That
interview has been reprinted in the collection of interviews and editorials by
Nabokov" [42, 1]. Thus, a smiley is often used in text communications to convey
an emotion with a message. Smiles are used in text messages in the same way
33
34
1.3.4
Computer acronyms are an entire language in itself. They are used throughout
the computer and electronic industry for describing various functions, processes,
components. It used to be a language only known by computer enthusiasts,
however now with the Internet becoming more and more popular, computer
acronyms have become part of the vernacular.
Abbreviations are probably the most used variation of internet slang. As
opposed to typing out a long character string of multiple words, a simple 3 or 4
letter abbreviation can be used to express user's point.
'
Common language that people use to talk in internet can be so called internet
slang. It is defined by internet encyclopaedia "Wikipedia": "Internet slang is
slang that Internet users have coined and promulgated. Such terms typically
originated with the purpose of saving keystrokes, and many people use the same
abbreviations in text messages. They are also very commonly used in instant
messaging. The terms often appear in lower case, with capitals reserved for
emphasis; for example, the pronoun "I" often appears simply as "i". People also
use "u" to mean "you" and "r" to mean "are" [40;2]. Thus, one can identify
internet slang by use of lower case and written in simple form. Such shortened
forms of the word or initialised phrases help people to communicate faster. It
saves time and does not require high grammar as well.
35
While using internet one can make conclusion that abbreviations vary
considerably depending on the internet group, particularly in the case of online
games where each game develops its own acronyms within its sub-culture. This
can lead to considerable confusion for the new user who is often incapable of
understanding other users' messages.
It is sometimes easy to forget that on the.net user is not just talking to
computers, here is communication with real people, who have the same feelings,
and appears need to respect some rights and rules.
So, finally one can understand the problem with electronic communication
is, that user does not have the opportunity he has in face to face contact to use
i-
expression, gesture, or tone of voice to express the way you feel, since all he has
is text on a computer screen. This means that he has to be even more careful to
express himself carefully. In recognition of this difficulty the net has developed a
list of symbols, called emoticons and acronyms, which can be used in text.
As R.Ginzburg writes in his work "Readings in Modern English
Lexicology": "A style of language can be defined as a system of coordinated,
interrelated and interconditioned language means intended to fulfill a specific
function of communication and aiming at a definite effect" [7; 253]. The English
literary language has evolved a number of styles easily distinguishable one from
another. They are not homogeneous and fall into several variants all having some
central point of resemblance.
According to I. Glaperin the most frequently used is neutral style:
"Neutral words are used in both literary and colloquial language. Neutral
words are the main source of synonymy and polysemy. It is the neutral stock of
words that is so prolific in the production of new meanings" [6; 32]. Thus, it can
be noted that such words can be mentioned in many other styles.
According to I. Galperin, there is a generic term for three sub styles: "the
language of poetry; emotive prose (the language of fiction); the language of the
36
drama. Each of these sub styles has certain common features, and each of them
enjoys some individuality.
The belles-lettres style is individual in essence. This is one of its most
distinctive properties. The general aim of publicistic style is to influence the
public opinion, to convince the reader or the listener that the interpretation given
by the writer or the speaker is the only correct one and to cause him to accept the
expressed point of view.
Publicistic style is characterized by coherent and logical syntactical
structure, with an expanded system of connectives and careful paragraphing. Its
emotional appeal is achieved by the use of words with the emotive meaning but
the stylistic devices are not fresh or genuine" [6; 36]. Thus, different styles help
to chose the level of communication and differ them one from another.
I.Galperin defines English newspaper style as: "a system of interrelated
lexical, phraseological and grammatical means which is perceived by the
community as a separate linguistic unity that serves the purpose of informing and
instructing the reader. Information in the English newspaper is conveyed through
the medium of: brief news items; press reports; articles purely informational in
character; advertisements and announcements" [6; 40].Thus, newspaper specific
implied some specific characteristics in this style.
Like other styles of language, the style of official documents has "a definite
communicative aim and its own system of interrelated language and stylistic
means. The main aim of this type of communication is to state the conditions
binding two parties and to reach agreement between two contracting parties"
[6;42]. So, one can presuppose that the grammar in this case would be on a high
level and would have specific lexicon.
Thus in finance we find terms like extra revenue, liability. In diplomacy such
phrases as high contracting parties, memorandum, to ratify an agreement are
found. In legal language, examples are to deal with a case, a body of judges.
but if one wants to relax and have just free communication he can enter chat.
While using internet instant messages people can talk to close friends without
difficulties.
Abbreviations and their impact on internet'messages were also presented.
Variety of abbreviation types shows that they are used in different spheres. Some
of them after some time are used as words and become popular. Contractions take
great part in different spheres in people's life. Still important remain initialisms,
which are made up of the initial letters of words and are pronounced as separate
letters. Graphical abbreviations are the result of shortening of words and wordgroups only in written speech while orally the corresponding full forms are used.
This abbreviation is also called smiles and emoticons. Emoticons today are very
popular.
It can be observed that with the popularity and rise in use of instant
messaging. The problem of electronic communication is that user does not have
the opportunity in face-to-face contact to use expression, gesture, or tone of voice
to express the way you feel, since all he has is text on a computer screen. The
communication function is clear expression of ideas that are based on language
but sometimes a symbol carries the message. It is so' highly complex and never
static scientist's point of view on communication types, as it was deduced,
communication can be written, oral and non-verbal.
It can be mentioned, that internet is used all over the world and has great
value in many spheres of the life. It was found out the scientists were the first to
use this system in an effort to consolidate research and establish electronic
communication in the flow of new projects .And today internet become valuable
source of communication, both official and colloquial. It helps people
communicate all over the world without difficulties.
39
Chapter Two
*'
40
changes every time, because with every new message it becomes wider and
achieves some of objectives.
Here below one can see Internet communication judging by example from
Instant Messages:
"Danny says: Hi! How today?
Eren says: I am fine thanks
Eren says: you?
Danny says: I'm fine
Danny says: what are you doing now? busy?>
Eren says: I am searching some information
Danny says: What information?
Eren says: Poems about nature
Danny says: do have exams now?
Eren says: next week "[75 ]/[76]
In this example present two individuals are that exchange with some
information. The conversation is simple and each idea is expressed in common
words. This fragment from instant message reflects everyday life, problems and
individual interests. This process is dynamic, because theme always changes
while communication. It does not stay on the same stage, and each stage brings
more and more information. The grammatical structure is not quite correct,
because of various abbreviations are used. The punctuation is not kept and it can
be easily observed that full stops and commas are omitted. Many shortened
words and contractions are found, for instance I'm. This indicates that the
communication is unofficial and has specific tone for internet conversation.
And according to Stuart Harris' classification, one can make the conclusion
that instant messaging communication has lot of common features with written
communication: Stuart Harris in his book "Human communications" classified
communication in such way:
"Written communication is clear expression of ideas in writing; includes
grammar, organization, and structure. Varying levels of writing skills are
42
required for different jobs. The ability to convey ideas is important. The extent to
which proper grammar and form are important depends on both the job and the
method of communication" [15; 9]. Thus, instant messages have clear expression
of ideas in writing, but grammar is obviously different. In instant messages
persons does not attract so much attention to spelling, text format, or punctuation.
In instant message communication grammar is not so important rather receivers
understanding of message idea. Misspelling and shortening of the words and
economy time aim, make people invent and use special instant message
grammar.
*
"You know you can't kid me, Corley, " he said. "Honest to
God!" said Corley. "Didn't she tell me herself? " Lenehan
made a tragic gesture " [80;30].
So, some additions made by writer about character behave make needed tone. In
this case "made a tragic gesture" brings reader to the tense, tragic tone, rendered
by the predicate and the direct object. Such tone implies paying more attention to
this communication and can underline its importance
Each person has a limited repertoire of gestures and uses the same gestures
to signify certain feelings. Some gestures, such as "shook his head", "smiled",
t-
"made a tragic gesture" amplify words, and so one can understand characters
behaviour. Smile is final point, which indicates characters emotion and mood.
43
One room on the name of Raymond Breden for 11-13 April, 2007 (two
nights).
Please confirm the reservation today.
Thank you for your assistance. Kind
regards, Svetlana Spec " [78]
Thus, e-mail has the same structure as a simple letter. In this case it is
"
c*
organised, there the main idea is expressed where the sender asks for a
reservation. One can make a conclusion that letter possesses monological
character. Its communicative features are the presence of the polite request "I
kindly ask you" and an anticipated gratitude "Thank you for your assistance".
Such sentences imply signal of polite addressing and have right grammatical
construction.
In addition the full address of sender is presented:
"KPMG Moldova SRL
202 Stefan eel Mare Blvd.
v*
MD-2004 Chisinau
Republic of Moldova
tel: +373225825680
fax: +373 22 501099
email: sspac(q),kpmg. com "/78]
Here the sender's message is presented. The transmitter composed and sent
an electronic mail. For all these procedures the person needs time, thus the
receiver can read this message after some period. The phrase "thank you for..."
implies that a positive answer would be received. And the given e-mail address
'!
ensures a possible answer. So, after reading the message the receiver might
become the transmitter.
Thus, the response to this e-mail message is anticipated. It sounds like an
answer to a definite request. One can make a conclusion that communication is
not a real time one, but judging by date it took place the same day.
46
47
One can observe that in this case two participants "panda" and "sanad" have
a possibility to send and receive questions and answers at the moment. In this
case two people communicate with their own objectives. Moreover, they can
share some non-verbal or graphical messages, which make their communication
closer to real interactions. In contrast to the macro-sequences of e-mail messages,
characterized by the ideal correctness, in this case almost a total disrespect of
English grammar is observed namely, there are no correct punctuation, there are
used a bid number of abbreviations.
48
It was deduced that in this case two persons communicate in real time,
which allows easy collaboration. Thus, they have possibility to answer
immediately. It can be observed that instant messaging is based on typed text.
This kind of communication gives possibility to share files in real time, as well.
Using instant messages people communicate in proper way and use simple
language that is close to slang. It is the reasons why in instant messages are used
49
extract from the chat. It can be compared with multilogue, where participate
many interlocutors.
"You are now talking on ^English
<jared_leto_349> lol
<Guest_70> what is it UFO ?
<Tyler_74> do you know boxer?
<jared_leto_349> don't know
<_____Tommy______> what are you doing? :P
ahmedgad2006 has joined channel #english
r>
In the given extract one can count the number of the interlocutors, namely
there are four participants and two joined interlocutors. Joining of different users
breaks messages from time to time and some topics, and at the same time implies
new themes and possibilities. Thus here the interaction is rather a multilogic one,
50
with obviously very little comprehension of the message conveyed, which is the
feature distinguishing some chats from the separate instant messaging rooms, and
from the no doubt privately monopolized and refined e-mails.
For instance, the question "what is it", given in lower-case types, is not
appropriately answered, since the following question "do you know boxer" goes
on. The two interlocutors adjoining, i.e. ahmedgad and sunshine, will bring still
more confusion into the interaction. The elliptical "don't know" underlines the
neutral character and lack of animation, as contrasted to the instant messaging.
But if the whole chat communication were taken, it would be difficult to
'"
number the interlocutors, because of their big number and frequently joining or
leaving the chat.
Another example of a chat interaction is
"<LIFO> Last in first out
Li has joined channel ttenglish ". Joining in indicate that new user joined chat.
This joining in some way disorganizes messages and implies new topics for
discussion. Sometimes it can break interlocutors into interest groups.
"<_____Tommy______> :P
<ekusha> < Thunder'_67>I am georgian
kenny has joined channel #english
51
no one knows what is the topic and what people are talk about. The popularity of
these kinds of chats has waned over the years, its popularity still remains strong.
As a conclusion one can state that e-mail is effective type in internet
communication that is commonly based on text format. Such phenomenon as email was called as macro-question-answer sequence. On the other hand, people
are not forced to reply immediately to incoming messages. However, the most
important difference of instant massaging form e-mailing is that instant message
implies immediate answer.
Instant messaging differs from ordinary e-mail in the immediacy of the
message exchange and also makes a continued exchange simpler than sending ei-
Abbreviations are probably the most used variation of internet slang. They are
often used in internet communication. As opposed to typing out a long character
string of multiple words, a simple 3 or 4 letter abbreviation can be used to
t-
express your point. One can see it in extract from the chat:
"<kate_406> TTYL
kate_406 has quit (Client exited)
<Wendy_9950> I'M BORED
<Wendy_9950> HELP
<BoogieNights> no help for ppl like u" [70]
As it is known, the analysis of any interaction, be it oral or written, starts
with the stock and the grammatical features which immediately discover the
stylistic peculiarities helping the analyst to attribute the communicative sequence
t-
53
the previous example, where wards "whats" and "everyones" are used without
apostrophe.
55
The short way to write two words as one is to write them together, leaving out
one or more letters and replacing the missing letters by an apostrophe.
"<Hairy_Britney> i thought it was mr. president
<SakuraDrops> haha noo
<SakuraDrops> we don't have a president'''[70]
The negation "don't" is used where the apostrophe stands for the missing "o" in
not. One can see that in chat communication invented names are
used.
<Hairy_Britney> is not official name and we can observe that nicknames are
ironic of metaphoric.
"<SakuraDrops> ok let's talk on another topic "[71]
The only commonly-used English contraction that does not fall into any of
the above categories is "let's", a contraction of "let us" that is used in forming the
imperative mood in the first-person plural. Use of the uncontracted "let us"
typically carries an entirely different meaning. "Let us" is rarely seen in the
former sense and "let's" is never seen in the latter one.
Another abbreviation type that we mentioned is jnitialism. It is affirmed in
Encarta dictionary that initialisms are made up of the initial letters of words and
are pronounced as separate letters. Initial words are distinguished by their
spelling in capital letters and by their pronunciation- each letter gets its full
alphabetic pronunciation and a full stress, thus m.aking a new word as, N.A.T.O.
fneitou], U.N.O. fjurnou], with the stress on the first syllable. The meaning of
the initial word is that of the nominal combination. Using of the various
interjections such as "haha ", "nooo " make internet communication similar with
real talking. Such interjection show the mood of the interlocutors, but repeating
of the last letters intensify tone of the message.
Acronyms are initialisms that have become words in their own right, or
similar words formed from parts of several words. In this fragment one can see
how often acronyms and initialisms in internet communication are used.
56
"UlmerFudd29: lol
Lord Olanoff: i cant believe said that
UlmerFudd29: i kno Lord Olanoff: ur
crazy UlmerFudd29: she desrvd it Lord
Olanoff: totally UlmerFudd29: brb Lord
Olanoff: ok. "[71]
The first thing one may notice is the atrocious grammar and punctuation. But
if one look a little closer it can be realized that some of the words are not
misspelled. They are acronyms. One can make conclusion that acronyms,
shortening and initialisms are wide used in chats, "brb" has meaning "be right
back". One can see that the whole sentence is reduced to status of abbreviation.
Here again one comes to the abovementioned abbreviated sentence markers, defined
as the result of the previous analysis.
Thus, in this way meaningful part of speech subject "I" was missed. Chat has
adopted this system of abbreviated text. They often neglect to capitalize words and
abandon punctuation altogether. For example, I is simply written as "/" and there is
any a period in sight. Chat language becomes as simple as possible.
Another interesting example where the chat uttered abbreviations acquire an
absolutely new form by using numerical symbols instead of the syllables is the
following: "UlmerFudd29: mr Fitz assigned a 4 pgpaper over the wkend
Lord Olanoff: omgHHU
UlmerFudd29: i no Lord Olanoff:
hes crzy UlmerFudd29: tell me
about it
57
58
Messages
In first part of this work, graphical on-line shortenings where defined by
D.Melenciuc as graphical abbreviations that are not words but signs or symbols
that stand for the corresponding words[l 1;157 ].In online communication as well
graphical abbreviations are called smiles or emoticons. Emoticons developed as a
form of paralanguage used as extended interpunction symbols in e-mail, instant
messaging, online chat, bulletin board systems, and Internet forums where
communication is rapid, and the lack of context in purely textual communications
could lead to even simple statements being easily misinterpreted.
Communication - textual or verbal - is not only about sharing information
but also carries an inherent emotional aspect with it. Whether one appreciate it or
not, users are subtly influenced by the use of non-verbal cues to interpret
communication in real life. Emoticons and smiles developed together with
communication and take important place in chatting. In this example it can be
seen how emoticons and smiles are used: "cute russian: CAT_forever, wow,
impressive, which one?
Romashka***: SP/zm 2 all
cute_russian: jc, i am oh, haha, good looks never hurt
Fizz: AT forever, New photo @ CAT_forever:
cute_russian, pedagogic
59
One can see that graphical communication seems live and colorful. It
because of emoticon use namely:", ,5^,!!, 1 ^^. People use them to imply
irony or define a joke and rather good mood. Graphical abbreviation helps people
better to understand one another. As word or sentence abbreviation have different
kinds, so graphical abbreviations are different. The repetition of signs, namely
"???" intensify tone and meaning of some words. It indicates the importance of
the given question or sentence while communication. Alongside the emoticon
abbreviations the numerical contractions are employed, such as hi 2 all, implying
the particle 'to'.
This icon is seen as a negative icon in certain situations, but is almost
never aggressive in nature and is used generally as a way to share unhappiness.
However, this icon is best used only in situations where the user is unhappy with
himself or herself than with others. So it is best avoided when one seek help. This
emoticon is non-aggressive sadness/unhappiness. It is more effectively used to
convey the passive emotion than to share it actively with others.
This is another
60
situations or things rather than people. When the message is extremely aggressive
in tone, this strengthens the aggression are best in showing anger at impersonal
situations. Also used effectively in communicating that interlocutors are heated at
the moment and do not wish to discuss a particularly sensitive subject any more.
" penguin: peter H* Romashka***:
Mercury, how r u?
penguin: peter HP " [72]
The non-standard emoticons also have little emotional content and serve more as
amusement elements, particularly animated ones like W. In general, the more
61
complex the emoticon, the less emotional content it carries. That is because the
mind does not really interpret the emotional aspect of the icon but takes it as
t-
62
amusing or positive influence. Some of them are the,w, ,and @. These are
generally not as impactful as the basic emoticons. Most of these are not "shared"
in the communication but merely as symbols of certain obvious feelings. They
are used as highlights to clarify a certain mindset during the communication
rather than sharing an emotion. "jc_: it is not far way from NY Romashka***:
TheWave, where is snow? WOW "[72]
*
messages, one also look for the emotional cues that lie beneath. It can be
mentioned that, there are two broad categories of emotional messages that an
emoticon can carry: positive or negative. Each has its own use in online
communication. And namely: emotion "sharing" emoticons - positive/negative.
(3, ,(5),etc.) The important thing is to note that it should be used only
when you would generally smile at the other person while delivering a message.
"^"?"?
*9H^t
/J4v''*""%'V3'"b
64
A conclusion can be made that e-mail carries monological character and can
posses polite request as well. E-mail communication is a kind of a long time
dialogic response; this means that transmitter doesn't receive any immediate
answer. People often use email for our business communications, it is
unnecessary to express emotions here. E-mail can be used as more official way to
communicate in internet. A single message can be sent through mailing to many
people as well. In fact, one can presuppose that both the e-mail messages present
either the dialog interactions or the monologs with the presupposed receiver.
Another effective and more modern type of'communication is instant
messaging. It was deduced that in the instant messages persons communicate in
real time, which allows easy collaboration. The instant messaging communication
was determined as the mini-interaction-sequence.
The chat has all the features for the people communication, but still it has
also many differences. There is very little difference between chat on the internet
and talking to your friend or neighbor. Internet just made it easier to talk with
people all over the world using technology and a computer. However, chat is
real-time communication only and people have no possibility to share files using
chat, also. In most situation person does not know all the people in chat. . Chat is
likely to be called a chaos dialogue interaction; finally no one knows what is the
topic and what people are talk about. The popularity of these kinds of chats has
waned over the years, its popularity still remains strong.
65
In conclusion one can say that Smiles and emoticons are abbreviations, which are
used very often in chats, instant messages and e-mails. Smiles have unofficial
character. Emoticons and smiles developed together with communication and take
important place in chatting. Emotions can be divided on: "sharing" emoticons
-positive or negative, cue emoticons, ornamental emoticons. As rule, emoticons help
to express ones mood and to convey the underlying emotional aspects of the
communication. As one knows, the appearance of internet slang has effective and
quicker writing
t*
66
Conclusions
It can be concluded that communication is the art and technique that helps
people use the words and signals effectively. Communication helps people to
share with different information by use of .many types of signals. The
communicative function is related to the clear expression of ideas that are based
on language but sometimes a symbol carries the message. One can come to the
conclusion that all kinds of communication supplement each other.
It can be pointed out, that today internet becomes a valuable source of
communication, both official and colloquial. It helps people communicate all
over the world without difficulties. Internet communication develops with time as
well, hence becomes more variable and comfortable for use. The electronic mail
is popular all over the world. Chat is a kind of electronic mail, but a more
shortened one. But both have the semantic value. People can decide by
themselves which kind of communication they prefer. For more official
communication e-mail can be used, but if one wants to relax and initiate a free
communication, not bound strictly by any time limits or lexico-grammatical
conventions, he can enter a chat. While using internet instant messages people
can talk to close friends without difficulties.
It is important to mention that abbreviation is a shortened form of written
phrase or word, which is commonly used. Different spheres where abbreviations
are used appear, but not all of them remain in use Often an abbreviated form of
sentence can be more useful than a full form and it becomes well known among
people.Variety of abbreviation types shows that they are used in different
spheres.
Some of them after some time are used as words and become popular. It can
be observed, that both types of shortenings are widely spread and used.
Contractions play a great part in different spheres in people's life. Initialisms
remain quite important, being made up of the initial letters of words and are
67
68
Using instant messages people communicate in proper way and use simple
language that is close to slang. It is the reasons why in instant messages are used
abbreviations and interjections. Instant messages enable private and secure
*''
communication.
One can point out that in the chat the information is exchanged between
many individuals and it is difficult to identify the message and the number of
people who take part in the communication. Chat is likely to be called a chaos
dialogue interaction; finally no one knows what is the topic and what people are
talk about. The popularity of these kinds of chats has waned over the years, its
popularity still remains strong. The chat is a real-time communication only and
people have no possibility to share files using chat, also. In most situations
person does not know all the people in chat. This fact consequently stipulates the
emergence of the so-called chaotic neutrally colored impression
Some internet abbreviations can be called "phonetic shortenings" as a
subtype of the chat uttered abbreviations. One can make conclusion that
acronyms, shortening and initialisms are wide used in chats.
By the content and form a subtype of the chat abbreviation called the
numerical contraction can be mentioned, where instead of some letters numerical
are used. Numerical contraction is popular in internet slang. Ordinal numerical
contractions are used instead of missed letters in the word. Such words can be
understood by their pronunciation. Interjections take important part in internet
communication, because they can reflect one's mood 6r are a good edition to said
words.
One can point out the importance of visual cues in communication, verbal or
non-verbal, cannot be over-emphasized. Even in online communication, our
minds tend emotions. The smile and the emoticort can help the communication to
convey and enhance the underlying emotional aspects of the communication.
Abbreviations in internet messaging give interlocutors the opportunity to
show their own emotions and thoughts, and easily understand one another.
Internet abbreviations develop every day, so it is the reason why this topic
f.:
69
70
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72
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*'
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74