IEEE JOURNAL

OF SOLID-STATE

CIRCUITS,

VOL.

SC-22, NO. 6, DECEMBER

1987

1147

A Narrow-Band CMOS FM Receiver

Based on Single-Sideband
Modulation IF Filtering
BANG-SUP SONG, MEMBER,
IEEE

Abstract A narrow-band frequency-modulation (FM) receiver with high

selectivity is implemented using a switched-capacitor baseband intermediate-frequency (IF) filter. Measured adjacent channel selectivity was
more than 46 dB, and input sensitivity with 3@dB quieting level was 5
mV without considering a front-end radio-frequency (RF) mnplifier stage.
A fully integrated experimental receiver needs no adjustment or trimming,
relying instead on a single reference clock. The prototype chip occupies 12
mm2 and dissipates 20 mW with a 5-V supply.

I.

INTRODUCTION

S ANALOG metal-oxide-semiconductor
(MOS) integrated circuits (ICS) find broader applications,
more analog functions are being integrated into very
large-scale integration (VLSI) systems, sharing the same
VLSI processing technology. In particular, MOS technologies are suitable for analog/digital mixed systems containing analog sampled-data circuits where high-quality
switches and capacitors are essential. In most commercial
radio-frequency (RF) receiver ICS, only active bipolar
components are integrated, requiring passive components
to be supplied externally [1][7]. Although the cost of
building RF receiver boards using currently available ICS
is cost effective, low-cost signal processing capabilities
covering RF to low frequencies will be in demand in the
future and the need to integrate more high-frequency
analog circuits along with digital VLSI systems will be
strong.
In this paper, a fully integrated narrow-band frequencymodulation (FM) receiver implemented using a double-poly
complementary MOS (CMOS) technology is discussed. A
low-cost high-selectivity FM RF receiver system will find
its applications as RF signal-processing front ends in VLSI
systems or as independent FM receivers in pagers, radio
controls, toy radios, and cordless telephones. All circuits
for RF amplification, modulation, intermediate-frequency
(IF) filtering, and FM demodulation are integrated on a
single chip, and the number of external components is

Manuscript received November 24, 1986; revrsed April 23, 1987.

The author is with the Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois,
Urbana, IL 61801.
IEEE Log Number 8717211.

minimized. To complete a receiver, a tuned load, an automatic gain contr~l (AGC) timing capacitor, a reference
clock, and two ac coupling capacitors must be supplied
externally. All timing clocks are internally generated so
that only a single clock need be applied.
Standard super-heterodyne RF receivers have been built
using very selective high-frequency ceramic or crystal IF
filters. Recently, efforts have been made to implement
high-frequency filters employing IC techniques [8]-[10].
Such an FM receiver has been fabricated as a single chip
using a 3-MHz high-Q switched-capacitor filter as the first
IF filter of a double-heterodyne architecture [11]. However, typicalhigh- Q monolithic active filters based on a
direct passive-to-active transform cannot provide the high
chanoel selectivityy required in narrow-band RF systems.
For example, current cordless and mobile telephone systems allow only 2030-kHz channel bandwidth to accommodate more channels within a given commercial RIF
band. In typical monolithic active filters, center frequencies depend on component matching and quality factors
greater than 5060 are not practical [10]. One technique to
implement high-Q high-frequency IF filters in monolithic
form is to use a modulation technique such as an N-path
or pseudo N-path filtering [12][14]. The RF receiver to be
described here uses a single-sideband modulation technique to achieve a narrow-band IF filtering and a frequency
translation at the same time [15], [16]. Baseband IF filtering is accomplished in the modulation filter as well as
frequency translation, which comes as an added bonus.
This type of modulation filter can easily meet the high-Q
and high-frequency requirements and is also compatible
with current IC technology. Since there is no power-consuming high-frequency IF filter involved, an extremely
high selectivityy is achieved with much less power dissipa tion. This paper discusses the practical aspects and limits
of such IC implementations.
In Section H, narrow-band IF filtering and frequency
translation schemes are explained. In Section III, desig]n
considerations of an MOS implementation are discussed,
and switched-capacitor IF filters as well as an FM demodulation scheme are also illustrated. Finally, in Section IV,
experimental results of a prototype FM receiver are presented.

0018-9200/87/1200-1147$01.00

01987 IEEE

1148

IEEE JOURNAL

bU?

CM ((u,

+A@ ~
b

-saw,1

-8NW*I

CIRCUITS,

VOL.

SC-22, NO. 6, DECEMSER

1987

tones in (1) affect the demodulated output spectrum.

If only the interference caused by the path mismatch a
is considered, (1) becomes
VO=

OF SOLID-STATE

(1 acos2Aut)2+

a2 sin22Aut

asin2Aut

.COS (~z+Au)t+tanl
*

lacos2Aut

(2)
)

LH

Cow,t

Fig, 1.

II.

Cw+

A modulation

filtering technique.

MODULATIONFILTERING

A single-sideband modulation scheme is shown in Fig. 1.

The information near input frequency (@ is translated to
a different frequency ( Uz) in the modulation process.
Because filtering is done at baseband by two low-pass
filters (LPFs), an arbitrary high-Q narrow-band filter
response is possible. The incoming signal, cos (o++ Au )t,
is divided into two identical branches and multiplied by
quadrature local oscillators sinult and cos tilt. This preserves an image component which appears in the baseband
when the signal is modulated down to dc. Ideally, the
amplitude of the imaginary component of a single-sideband modulated signal is the Hilbert transform of the
amplitude of its real part. In this implementation, however,
a simple quadrature modulation is used to obtain the
imaginary component. Therefore, the signals in two
branches filtered by low-pass filters are sin Aot and
cm Atit, respectively. These quadrature signals represent
the filtered baseband FM signal. Because the FM spectrum
is at the baseband, simultaneously obtaining amplitudernodulation (AM) rejection and FM demodulation using
analog circuits is difficult. Therefore, a demodulation to a
higher frequency is done by two other quadrature carriers,
to obtain an FM spectrum centered at
sin u2t and cos ti2t,
W2, The new IF frequency GJ2can be sufficiently low for
easy FM demodulation,
It is assumed that two quadrature branches are matched
and the signal paths do not accumulate dc offset voltages.
In reality, spurious in-band signals result from several
sources: mismatch between the two branches, dc components in the two branches, and dcoffsets of the demodulating multipliers. Assume the signal amplitudes of two paths
are mismatched by a (a<< 1) and the accumulated dc
offsets in two branches are VO,I and P&z, respectively.
Then the filtered output is approximated by

where two-tone interference gives rise to a phase error as

well as an amplitude error. The amplitude fluctuation can
be eliminated by a subsequent limiting process, but the
phase error remains, even after demodulation. That is,
after limiting, (2) is approximated assuming a<< 1 by
VO=cos(ti2 +A@t+;

cos(a2+3Au)t
;cos(02

Ao)t.

(3)

Note two spurious components in (3) are reduced by a

factor of 2 (6 dB) as a result of the limiting process. The
other terms in (1) contributed by the accumulated offsets,
VO,l and V0,2, give rise to the similar components in the
demodulated output.
Less than perfect quadrature local oscillators also produce interfering tones. For example, if a phase error of 13
(6< 90) exists between two 90 out-of-phase local oscillators, the signal before limiting under ideal conditions is
approximately
VO=cos(u2+

Au)t~cosa2tsin

Aot

(4)

where ~ = sin 9 and B <<1. Using trigometric manipulations, (4) becomes

VO=cos(u2+

Ao)t

B
Isin

This is the same interference as illustrated in (l)-(3). The

second term of (5) is not an error because it is the same
frequency tone as the carrier. On the other hand, the last
term interferes with the carrier during demodulation. Interference from quadrature phase err&s of less than 0.5
can be neglected in typical implementations.
HI.

RECEIVERIMPLEMENTATION

Because of the errors resulting from a, V..l,

. .. and V&z,
the single-sideband modulation scheme has been used in
VO= (1+ a)sintiztsin Atit +(1 a)cos~2tcos A~t
limited-applications. In the present work, the offsets Vo,l
and V0,2 are eliminated by ac coupling, but the path
VO,l sin a2t +V,,2cos tizt
mismatch a is made externally trimmable to further in=cos(ti2+Aa)t
vestigate how it affects FM receiver performance. Since
CXCOS(UZ
A~)t VO~lsinti2t + V0,2COSu~t (1) this work is concerned with a technical feasibility of implementing adjustment-free, single-chip, narrow-band FM rewhere three extra interfering tones result from nonideality.
ceivers, all discussions will be based on experimental data
If a = O and VO,l= V0,2= O under ideal conditions, VO obtained from prototype chips without a path mismatch
becomes cos (L++ Au)t. Otherwise, these extra interfering
adjustment.

SONG:

11!49

I F1

ing the reference clock, the whole system can be operated

with an arbitrary first IF. This first IF should be high
enough to give a good image rejection, and it is typically in
the 310-MHz range in commercial receivers depending
on system requirements. IF1 and IF2 &e set to 2.56 MHz
and 61 kHz, respectively, resulting from local oscillators
derived from a common 1O.24-MHZ reference clock.

1
1

r)

A. RF Front-End Design

IF2
I

Fig, 3.

Frequency

translation

scheme for the receiver.

The block diagram of an experimental FM receiver

based on this principle is shown in Fig. 2. Two low-pass
switched-capacitor filters (LPF2) are baseband IF filters,
and a switched-capacitor bandpass filter (IF2) is a second
IF filter. Another switched-capacitor low-pass filter (LPF1)
at the end of the receiver is an output voice-band filter. In
this receiver, there is ho critical requirement for aliasing
and smoothing; and second-order Butterworth filters are
used for all aliasing and smoothitig purposes.
The frequency translation scheme of the ,receiver from
RF to the second IF (IF2) is illustrated in Fig. 3. Since no
filtering is done at the first IF (IF1), aliasifig filters
(ALIAS1) miyprevent RF components from being aliased
into the baseband. The negative-frequency image componerit is brought into the baseband as a result of modulation, but it is suppressed in the subsequent demodulation
up to the second IF. Although the magnitude. is small,
another spurious component appearing at IF2 after demodulation is a local oscillator component resulting from an
imperfect carrier suppression of analog ,Jnultipliers.
As illustrated in Fig. 2, the receiver relies on a single
reference clock of 10.24 MHz. All internal, clocks are
related to this reference clock, and the system reference
clock was chosen to be four times higher than the first IF
(IF1). The clock can be as high as 20-30 MHz in typical
VLSI technologies because only one internal toggle flip-flop
is running at this high rate for binary counting. By adjust-

An incoming RF signal (50-100 MHz) is amplified by a

front-end RF amplifier. This amplifier is a simple differential-pair gain stage with an open drain. This drain. is
connected to, an external. tank circuit for image rejection
and better sensitivity. The RF amplifier has a nominid
gain of 20 dB and a 60-dB AGC range to limit its output
under large signal conditions. The maximum signal after
the front end is limited to a 10-mV level to give more
headroom for stronger interfering signals. It is followed by
a balanced multiplier ( MUL2Y1), which mixes the RF
signal down to the first IF (2.56 MHz). The signal is mixed
down again to dc by two balanced multipliers (MULIY2).
The multipliers MULTI1 and MULT12 are fully balanced
four-qua&ant multipliers composed of four cross-coupled
MCIS transistors. A typical carrier suppression of 30-40
dB is obtainable in monolithic IC multipliers, [17]. Although the quadrature modulation is possible directly at
RF frequencies, it was done at 2.56 MHz in this prototy@
At low frequencies, a simple 90 phase shifter (QUAD) is
feasible using a simple digital method as illustrated in Fig.
4. Here, two binary toggle flip-flop counters (FTlN3D-AT&T Bell Laboratories polycell name) are clocked at the
rising and falling edges of the input clock to obtain 90
phase shift. Note that the input clock of the circuit should
be twice the frequency of the output quadrature signals.

B. IF Filtering Scheme
In the baseband, the signal is filtered by two low-pass
filters (LPF2) with a 8.75-kHz cutoff frequency. This malws
I

IEEEJOURNAL OF SOLID-STATECIRCUITS, VOL. SC-22, NO. 6, DECEMBER

1150

Vss

VDD
r

.----Fig. 4.

A quadrature carrier generator (QUAD).

-
-_-_ _________

11

N-~
L_

_________

[
.

1987

Fig. 6.

- ---.;
SHORT PULSE

GENERATOR

An FM demodulator (FM DEMOD) and a short-pulse

tor (SHORT PULSE).

genera-

LD[ +
vDD

Fig.

5.

A baseband

peak detector (PEAK

DETECT)

. VW

the effective channel bandwidth equal to 2x 8.75= 17.5

kHz. The baseband FM is demodulated up to the 61-kHz
second IF frequency (IF2). The demodulation to an abovedc IF enhances AM suppression by allowing limiting. This
is important because available direct demodulation schemes
at the baseband such as a quadri-correlator have an AM
rejection problem [18]. The signal level at this point is 300
mV for the RF input of 1 mV. The signal is amplified to
be large enough before the remodulation. The ac coupling
before the demodulating multipliers (MULT12) removes
the accumulated dc components at the inputs of the demodulating multipliers ( MULT12) that generate spurious
components inside the signal band. Nevertheless, the dc
offsets of the multipliers themselves and the mismatch
between the two branches still limit the performance of
this receiver, as will be described in experimental results.
As a result of the ac coupling before the demodulation,
the FM carrier (61 kHz) after the demodulation is suppressed when there is no FM signal (zero frequency deviation) present. Therefore, the peak detection for the AGC
should be done at the baseband as shown in Fig. 5. The
baseband peak detection (PEAK DETECT) requires two
quadrature signals to obtain the signal strength information for AGC feedback, and uses the relation of sin2tit -t
cos 2tit =1. The low-pass filtered output of the peak detector controls the gain of the front-end RF amplifier. An
external timing capacitor is needed so that AGC loop time
constant can be made long enough.

C. FM Demodulation

Following the second IF stage is a limiter for AM

suppression. The limiter (LIMIT) is a pushpull, openloop, high-gain amplifier for fast slewing. The output of
the limiter is cascoded to reduce the Miller effect. After the

+
Fig.

7.

A dc level shifter (LEVEL

SHIFT).

signal is limited, the FM signal is converted into a short

pulse train to provide a reset pulse for a counter-type FM
demodulator [19]. The counter-type FM demodulator output is a pulse-width modulated signal whose duty cycle
corresponds to the FM frequency deviation. A low-pass
filtering of this pulse train will yield a demodulated
output. The schematic of the FM demodulator (FM
DEMOD) is shown in Fig. 6 [11]. It is a binary-counter
chain composed of seven toggle flip-flops. A very short
10-ns pulse is generated using the 61-kHz FM input signal
in the short-pulse generator (SHORT PULSE). The pulse
duration is determined by an RC time constant. The pulse
duration accuracy of this short reset pulse is not critical.
When the binary-counter chain receives this short pulse,
the output of the counter is reset to zero. Because the
counter keeps on counting the incoming reference clock
until it is reset, the duty cycle of the demodulator output is
proportional to the FM frequency deviation.
The resolution of this kind of demodulation scheme is
limited by the phase jitter of the pulse-width modulated
output caused by the asynchronous resetting of the divider
chain by the short-pulse generator. In this implementation,
seven stages are used to obtain a moderate 30-dB resolution limited by the phase jitter. To restore the demodulated
dc output voltage to the center of the power supply, a dc
level shifter (LEVEL SHIFT) is used as shown in Fig. 7.
Because the dc average of the demodulated output is lower
than the center of the power supply, the resistor ratio
divider is used to set a proper dc reference voltage.

SONG:

NARROW-BAND

11[51

CMOS FM RECEIVER

Fig. 8.

Diephoto

of theprototype

receiver.

10 dO/OIV.

A. Switched-Capacitor Filters

(a)

IF2
10 dB/OIV.

20 kHz/OIV.

10 dB/lllV.

1 kHz/OIV.

LPF1
(b)

LPF2

2 kHz/OIV.

(c)

Fig. 9. Frequency
responses of three switched-capacitor
filters (10
dB/div,
vertical): (a) IF2 (20 kHz/div,
horizontat);
(b) LPF1 (1
kHz/div,
horizontal); and (c) LPF2 (2 kHz/div, horizontal).

IV.

EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS

An experimental prototype FM receiver was fabricated

using a 1.75-pm double-ploy CMOS technology. All measurements were performed with a 5-V supply and a 5-mV
FM signal of 50 MHz applied after the front-end amplifier
stage. A microphotograph of the experimental chip is
shown in Fig. 8. The chip occupies 12 mm2 and dissipates
20 mW with a 5-V supply. Although the receiver test chip
was fully functional with a higher reference clock, the
experimental results to be discussed are obtained with a
1O.24-MHZ reference clock to be consistent with the previous discussion.

Three switched-capacitor filters are used in the receiver

as described in Section III. Frequency responses of three
filters are shown in Fig. 9. The second IF filter (IF2) is a
sixth-order switched-capacitor elliptic bandpass filter. [t
rejects unwanted sidebands by 48 dB with a 0.3-dB passband ripple. The effective sampling rate of this filter is
1.28 MHz because a double sampling scheme is used [20].
The center frequency is 60 kHz with a Q of 3. This filter
has an asymmetric frequency response because it is a
direct transform of a third-order low-pass filter and the Q
is low. This lack of symmetry is not important in this
implementation. Two low-pass filters LPF1 and LPF2
are straightforward ladder-type switched-capacitor elliptic
filters. LPF1 is a seventh-order filter with a cutoff frequency
of 3.75 kHz while LPF2 is a fifth-order filter with a cutoff
frequency of 8.75 kHz. LPF1 has a O.1-dB passband ripple
and a 75-dB rejection of frequency components higher
than 6.25 kHz. LPF2 has a 0.3-dB passband ripple and
rejects frequencies higher than 11.8 kHz by 38 dB.
LPF2 is the actual IF filter in the modulation filtering.
Therefore, depending on the design of this filter; even the
adjacent channels can be suppressed by as much as 4080
dB without difficulty. However, the sharper the roll-off c}f
the filter is, the more phase nonlinearity will result. In FM
receivers, phase nonlinearity of the IF filter is directly
transformed into a distortion of the demodulated output.
In this implementation, the effective quality factor Q is
approximately 146 (2.56 MHz/17.5 kHz). This high Q is
not feasible to achieve in other monolithic filters using a
direct passive-to-active transform. All nonoverlapping
two-phase clocks for the filters are internally generatecl.
Measured filter performances are summarized in Table 1[.
In the filter dynamic range measurements, an intermodula.tion of 1 percent is applied to IF2 while a total harmonic
distortion of 0.1 percent is applied to LPF1 and LPF2.

1152

IEEE JOURNAL

OF SOLID-STATE

CIRCUITS,

VOL.

SC-22, NO. 6, DECEMBER1987

TABLE I
MEASURED

PERFORMANCES

OF SWTTCHED-CAPACITOR

Characteristics
Center/Cutoff Frequency

1F2
60kHz

Selectivity
Q
Passhand
Rirmle
PSRR+

PSRRDynamic
Range
(lock
Frequency
Passband
Gain
Power
Area

3
0.3dB
35dB
21dB
58dB
640kHz
1.5
10mW (5V)
0.5mm2

LPF1

FILTERS

LPF2

Moo IlN

3.75kHz

8.7kHz

0.2dB
36dB

0.4dB
48dB

25dB
63dB
160kHz
1
1.4mW (5V)
0.54mm2

27dB
61dB
160kHz
2
lmW (5V)
0.35mm2

DEMOO OUT*

(a)

OUTPUT

Iv
E
MOO lN

OEMOO OUT

-50 kHz
Fig.

10.

CENTER
FREIJUENCY

+50 kHz

Experimental
transfer characteristic
of the receiver
output voltage versus input frequency deviation).

(receiver

(b)
Fig. 11.

Receiver

B. Receiver-Transfer, Quieting, and Distortion

Characteristics

responses:

(a) sinusoidal
modulation.

modulation,

and (b) pulse

8
i!AllAL

A receiver-transfer curve shown in Fig. 10 was obtained

by sweeping the RF input frequency from 49.05 to 50.05
MHz. The signal was 5 mV. The channel bandwidth is
approximately 18 kHz as predicted. It is twice the cutoff
frequency of the low-pass filter LPF2. Note the passband
is very narrow as a result of the baseband IF filtering and
even the adjacent channels (+20 kHz away) are rejected
by more than 46 dB. This good adjacent channel rejection
is indispensable in narrow-band FM applications even
though a poorer rejection of the adj scent channels is
acceptable in wide-band commercial FM broadcast receivers. Measured rejection of the alternate channels (+40
kHz away) was more than 76 dB. The receiver test chip
responds to a sinusoidal modulation and a pulse modulation as shown in Fig. n(a) and (b), respectively. As
predicted, the jittery demodulated output results from the
extraneous interfering components generated by the offsets
and the path mismatch which appear inside the signal
band during the demodulation process.
The quieting and distortion characteristics of the receiver are shown in Fig. 12. The receiver exhibited an
almost constant 30-dB quieting characteristic (signal to
noise) for input levels from 5 mV to 1.6 V. However, the
input signal should be limited to a 10-mV level using AGC
feedback because intermodulat,ion is a potential problem
under large input signal conditions. This low signal operation will also provide headroom for hot out-of-band
signals that may appear as much as 40 dB larger than the
signal at the input. The measured AGC feedback voltage
was approximately 2 V for a 16-mV input signal.

g
-to

-m

AmwnBll

g
-aA

4)

ii

Inmf

-m

Fig. 12.

1.A

16

AA

lAA

AH

Measured

quieting and distortion characteristics

(5-kHz deviation with l-kHz tone).

1
18M

of the receiver

It was observed that the distortions of frequencies higher

than 2 kHz are considerably attenuated by the output
low-pass filter (LPF1) as shown in Fig. 13. The highest
measured harmonic distortion of the demodulated output
with a 5-kHz deviation was 6 percent around 1 kHz. The
high distortion level of the receiver is attributable to the
high ratio of the maximum frequency deviation to the
receiver bandwidth as well as to the nonlinear phase
characteristics of the IF filters. The distortion will be lower
if the adjacent channel selectivity is reduced and the IF
filters, LPF2 and IF2, are linear-phase filters rather than
elliptic filters.
C. Jitter, AM Rejection, Intermodulation, and Capture Ratio
The output noise level is dominated by the phase jitter
of the demodulator. The spurious components are approximately 35 dB lower than the signal. Therefore, the

1153

SONG:NARROW-BAND CMOS FM RECEIVER

Evmnl

A - ~y
1
I

190

Fig. 13.

Distortion

versus

TABLE II
MEASURED
PERFORMANCE
OFTHEFM RECEIVER

(klk)
4
I

8
10

frequency and distortion

devration.

versus

Channel
Bandwidth
Voice (hannel Handw,dth
Nlax] mum Frequency
t)eviatmn
Input SensltlvlLy
WIO RF .4mp
Signal-to-Noise
Ratm
Ikirmonic
Distortion
of lkl{x
Intermodulat,on
Distortion
AM Rejecuon
Capture
Ratio
Alternate
Channel
SelecLivily
Adjacent
Chwmel Selecl,vtly
Audio Output
Power
Oie Area

frequency

(10 dB/div.
)

mismatch and canceling offsets. Extraneous in-band components are observed to be harmonically unrelated to the
demodulated signal as shown in the spectrums. A 50-percent AM-modulated 50-MHz FM signal is used for the
AM rejection measurement, and two equal FM carriers
around 50 MHz with a 296-Hz frequency difference are
used for the intermodulation measurement. An AM modulation on FM signal was suppressed by more than 28 dlB,
and two carriers with the same 5-kHz deviation produce
1.6-percent third-order intermodulation components. The
measured performance of the receiver is summarized i.n
Table II.
V.

500Hz

2,5kHz

4,5kHz

(10 dB/div.)

2.5kHz

4.5ktiz

(b)
Fig.

14.

Measurement

CONCLUSIONS

(a)

500Hz

18kHz
3.75kHz
5kHz
5mV for 30-dB
Quieting
30dB
6% with 5-kHz Deviation
1.69.
2&ldB
4.3dB
76dfl
46dB
o.75v,,_,,
20mW with 5-V Supply
12mm2

spectrums: (a) AM rejection,

ulation.

and (b) intermod-

An experimental CMOS FM receiver based on modulation IF filtering exhibits a 5-mV input sensitivity with a
30-dB quieting level and a sufficient adjacent channel
selectivity of 46 dB. If 40-dB amplification is done in the
RF stage, a 50-pV-level antenna input sensitivity is
achievable with this architecture. There is room for further
improvements in distortion and output jitter performances
of the proposed receiver by using linear phase filters and
by refining the FM demodulator. Further development of
sophisticated circuits to reduce path mismatch and offsets
will lead to low-power, highly selective, high-fidelity FM
receivers made on silicon substrate. Modulation filtering of
this kind is a truly viable means for implementing low-cost
RF receivers demanding utmost adjacent channel selectivity. The high selectivity will be particularly useful fc}r
receiver systems to be used in a crowded commercial RF
band.
ACKNOWLEDG~NT

receiver performance based on similar modulation filtering

schemes will be limited by 30 to 40-dB extraneous
components in the output unless more sophisticated baseband signal processing or external component trimming is
used to match two branches and cancel offsets. By balancing two quadrature branches and nulling the offsets of the
demodulation multipliers experimentally, the spurious
components could be reduced by an additional 15 dB.
Two receiver output spectrums for measuring AM rejection and two-tone intermodulation are shown in Fig. 14(a)
and (b), respectively. These pictures show typical demodulated output spectrums obtained without adjusting path

The author expresses his best thanks to M. F. Tompsett,

M. R. Dwarakanath, J. R. Barrier, and former colleagues
at AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey. He
also expresses special thanks to reviewers for their kind
suggestions about the manuscript.
REFERENCES

[1] MC3362, Low power dual

[2]

conversion FM receiver, Data Sheet,

Motorola Semiconductors,
Phoenix, AZ, 1984.
L. Blaser and T. Taira, An AM/FM
radio subsystem ICY IEEE
Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. CE-23, pp. 129-136, May 1977.

1154
[3]

IEEE JOURNAL

W. Peil and R. J, McFadyen,

circuit

radio,

IEEE

Trans.

single chip AM/FM

Consumer

Electron.,

vol.

integrated

[16]

CE-23, pp.

424-429, Aug. 1977.

[17]

[4] 0. L. Richard, A complete AM/FM signal processing system,

Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. CE-24, pp. 34-38, Feb. 1978.
C. W, Malinowsti,
and H. Rinderle, A new
design approach to digitally tuned radio receivers, IEEE Trans.
Consumer Electron., vol. CE-25, pp. 578-595, Aug. 1979.

IEEE

[5] W, Beckenbach,

[18]
[19]

[6] S. Miki, T. Nyuji, S. Ninomiya, M. Kaneko, Y. Daimaeu, and M.

Fumoto, Thin radio receiver by using PLL synthesizer digitaf

tuning techniques, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. CE-25,

pp. 597-603, Aug. 1979.

[7] T. Okanobu, T. Tsuchiya, K. Abe, and Y. Ueki, A complete single
chip AM/FM
radio integrated circuit, IEEE Trans. Consumer
Electron., vol. CE-28, pp. 393-407, Aug. 1982.

[20]

OF SOLID-STATE

CIRCUITS,

VOL.

SC-22, NO. 6, DECEMBER1987

K. W. Moulding

et al., The phase-shift method of single-sideband

signal generation,
Proc. IRE? vol. 44, pp. 1718-.1735, Dec. 1956.
B.-S. Song, CMOS RF circnrts for data communications
applications, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. SC-21, pp. 310-317, Apr.
1986.
J, H, Park, Jr., An FM detector for low S/NJ IEEE Trans.
Comm., vol. COM-32, pp. 935-947, Aug. 1984.
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develo~ment mocess. IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. CE-24,
pp. 22~-234, LAug. 1978.
T. C. Choi and R. W. Brodersen,
Considerations
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ladder filter, IEEE Trans. Circuits
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[8] T. C. Choi, R. T. Kaneshiro, R. W. Brodersen, P. R. Gray, W. B.

Jett. and M. Wilcox.

Hi~h-freauencv
CMOS switched-caDacitor
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C.-F.
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and
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Design
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[9]
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high-Q bandpass
[10] B.-S. Song and P. R. Gray, Switched-capacitor
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f)p, 924-933, b:C. 1986.
FM
[11] B.-S. Song and J. R. Barrier, A CMOS double-heterodyne
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Dec. 1986.
[12] L. E. Franks and I. W. Sandberg, An alternative approach to the
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[13] A. Fettweis and H. Wupper, A solution to the balancing problem
in N-path filters, IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, vol. CT-18, pp.
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[14] M. B. Ghaderi, G. C. Temes, and J. A. Nossek, Switched-capacitor vseudo N-Dath filter, in Proc. IEEE Int. Svmo,
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[15] D, K. Weaver, Jr:, A third method of generation and detection of
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1956.

Bang-Sup Song (S79-M83) received the Ph.D.

degree in electrical engineering from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1983.
From 1983 to 1986 he was a Member of the
Technical
Staff at AT&T Bell Laboratories,
Murray Hill, NJ, and was also a visiting faculty
member in the Department
of Electrical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway,
NJ.
Presently, he is an Assistant Professor in the
Department
of Electrical and Computer
En.xineenrm. and a Research Assistant Professor in
the Coordinated
Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign.
His current interest is in MOS analog for high-speed precision data converters,
high-frequency
filters, radio transceivers,
phaselocked loops, and integrated sensors.
In 1986, Dr. Song received a Distinguished
Technical Staff Award
from AT&T Bell Laboratories for his technicaf contributions in MOS IC
design.
.