math2069 Complex Analysis Problems 2016

The University of New South Wales

School of Mathematics and Statistics
MATH2069
MATHEMATICS 2A: COMPLEX ANAYLSIS
Questions marked [K] are key or core questions. The more difficult questions are marked [H].
Reference is made to four textbooks:
Spiegel:
Church5:
Church6:
Church7:

M.R. Spiegel, Complex Variables (McGraw-Hill);

R.V. Churchill & J.W. Brown, Complex Variables & Applications, (5th ed.) (McGraw-Hill).
J.W. Brown and R.V. Churchill, Complex Variables & Applications (6th ed.) (McGraw-Hill)
J.W. Brown and R.V. Churchill, Complex Variables & Applications (7th ed.) (McGraw-Hill)

The purposes of this set of problems are as follows:

1. To provide common tutorial material;
2. To specify the course in great detail;
3. To serve as a guide to the recommended textbook and its predecessors.

The Complex Plane

Note:

This introduction to complex numbers includes:

Basic topology of the complex plane;
Functions of a complex variable;
Functions as mappings.

References: Spiegel
Church5
Church6
Church7

chapter
chapter
chapter
chapter

1
1
1
1

also
also
also
also

page 200.
pages 2831, 207212.
pages 2831, 245249.
pages 3342, 299305.

1 Evaluate:
a. (2 + 3i)3 ;

d. < (3 7i)4 ;

c. (2 + 3i)3 /(1 + 3i)2 ;

f. |3 7i|4 .

b. (2 + 7i)/(3
2i);
e. = (3 7i)4 ;

[K]2 Sketch the regions in the complex plane specified by:

a. 2 |z i| 3;
d. |z + 2| + |z| = 3;

b. 2 < |z i| < 3;
e. |z + 2| + |z| < 3;

c. =(z) > 0;
f. |z + 2| + |z| > 3.

[K]3 Show that if |z| = 10 then 497 |z 3 + 5iz 2 3| 1503.

a. Express the following complex numbers 1; 1;

r(cos + i sin ).

3 + i; 7 + 7i in the polar form

b. Verify (1 + i)7 = 8(1 + i) both directly and using the polar form.
[K]5

a. Find all solutions of z 5 + i = 0.

b. Factorize z 8 15z 4 16 over C and hence over R.
c. Find the real factorization of z 4 + 4.

math2069 Complex Analysis Problems 2016

6

a. Suppose both c and (1 + ic)5 are real (c 6= 0). Show that c = 5 2 5.

Now use another method to show that either c = tan 36 or c = tan 72 .
b. Suppose /(2 + 1) is real, where = a + ib, b 6= 0, 6= i. Show that
= 1.

7 Let z and w be complex numbers with |z| < 1, |w| < 1.

a. Show that |1 zw|2 |z w|2 = (1 |z|2 )(1 |w|2 ).
b. Hence or otherwise prove that |(z w)/(1 zw)| < 1.
[H]8

a. Show that for 0 < < 2:

<

1 ei(n+1)
1 ei

!
=

1 sin(n + 21 )
.
+
2
2 sin 2

b. Show that for 0 < < 2:

=

1 ei(n+1)
1 ei

!
=

1
cos(n + 12 )
cot
.
2
2
2 sin 2

c. Use the results above to find C = 1 + cos + cos 2 + + cos n and

S = sin + sin 2 + + sin n.
[K]9 Are the following regions in the plane (1) open (2) connected and (3) domains?

a. the real numbers;

c. the first quadrant excluding its boundary;
e. the six regions of question 2;

b. the first quadrant including its boundary;

d. the complement of the unit circle;
f. C \ Z = {z C : z
/ Z}.

a. Show that |z1 + z2 |2 + |z1 z2 |2 = 2|z1 |2 + 2|z2 |2 for all z1 and z2 in C.

b. Give a geometrical interpretation of this result.

about the origin. Find its image.

[K]11 The point 1 + i is rotated anticlockwise through
6
[H]12 Show that the triangle in the complex plane whose vertices are the origin and the points
w1 and w2 is equilateral if and only if w12 + w22 = w1 w2 .
10

[H]13 Four distinct points including 0; 0, z1 , z2 , z3 lie on a circle. Show that the points

1 1
,
are collinear, i.e. lie on a straight line.
z 2 z3

1
,
z1

[K]14 Find (i.e. simplify in terms of real and imaginary parts x and y) and sketch the following

sets
a. {z C : <(z 2 ) > 0};


z
c. {z C : <
= 0};
z1

b. {z C : <(z 2 ) > 1};

 
1
d. {z C : =
1}.
z


 z+1 

 = 1 is a circle and find its centre
[K]15 Show the set of complex numbers z satisfying 
2z + 3 
and radius.
[K]16 Find the image of the following regions under the mapping w = z 1 .

a. x + y = 4;

b. |z 1| = 1;

c. |z 1| 1, z 6= 0.

math2069 Complex Analysis Problems 2016

zi
, find the image of
z+i
a. {z C : =(z) 0};
b. {z C : =(z) > 0};
c. {z C : <(z) = 0 and =(z) 0};
d. the line =(z) = 1 .

[K]17 For the mapping f (z) =

[K]18 Find the image of

a. The line x + y = 1 under the mapping w = iz + 2;

z
b. The region |z 1| 1 under the mapping w =
;
z+2
1
c. The line x + 2y = 2 under the mapping w =
;
z+i
1
d. The region |z 3 4i| > 5 under the mapping w = .
z



z
= .
19 Find the set of complex numbers z such that Arg
z2
4
20 Let f (z) = (az + b)/(cz + d) where a, b, c, d are real constants with ad bc > 0. Show
that this f maps the region =(z) > 0 onto itself.
[K]21 Show that the function f defined by f (z) = z 2 + z 2 maps the unit circle onto the

interval [2, 2 ].

Limits, Continuity and Differentiability

Note:

This section includes derivation of the Cauchy-Riemann equations.

References: Spiegel
Church5
Church6
Church7
22

chapter
chapter
chapter
chapter
chapter

2
3
2
2
2

pages 3839, 5054.

pages 6365, 7173.
sections 1118.
sections 1118.
sections 1421.

a. Prove, using the definition of a limit, that the following functions are continuous
everywhere:
z 7 2z + ;

z 7 z;

b. Where are the functions z 7

z 7 |z|;

z 7 <(z).

iz 3 1
z2 + i
and z 7 2
continuous?
z+i
z +2

z2 z + 1 i
(without using LHopitals rule).
z1+i z 2 2z + 2

[K]23 Find lim

[K]24 Show from the definition that the function f defined by f (z) = =(z) is not differentiable

anywhere. Where is f continuous?



d
1
1
25 Show from the definition that
=
.
dz 1 z
(1 z)2

math2069 Complex Analysis Problems 2016

a. Find the real and imaginary parts of the function f defined by f (z) = z 2 2z + 3i
and show that they satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations.

[K]26

b. Find the real and imaginary parts of the function f defined by f (z) = ez and show
that they satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations.
[K]27 Show that the function x + iy 7 x2 + 3y 2 + 2ixy has a derivative only at points on

the real axis.

[H]28 Let n be a positive integer. Write down the binomial expansion of (x + iy)n and show

that the real and imaginary parts of the function z 7 z n satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann
equations.

Analytic Functions

Note:

This section includes polynomials and related functions:

the relationship between analytic functions and harmonic functions,
and finding harmonic conjugates.

References: Spiegel
Church5
Church6
Church7

chapter
chapter
chapter
chapter
chapter
chapter

3
2
8
2
9
2

pages 6368, 7481.

sections 20, 21.
section 75.
sections 20, 22.
section 81.
sections 2326.

[K]29 State the Cauchy-Riemann equations and use them to show that the function defined

by f (z) = |z|2 is differentiable only at z = 0. Find f 0 (0). Where is f analytic?

30 Show that if f and g, where g(z) = f (z), are both analytic in a domain, then f is
constant on that domain.
[K]31 Let z = x + iy, with x and y real.

a. If f (z) = x3 + iy 3 , find the value of the derivative of f at every point z where the
derivative exists. Where is f analytic?
b. If g(z) = (xy 2 + y 2 + 5) + i(y yx2 2xy y 2 3), find where g is differentiable.
Where is g analytic?
c. If h(z) = x2 4xy + (2xy y 2 )i, find where h is differentiable. Where is h analytic?
[K]32 Show that the function f defined by f (z) = (3x2 y + y 3 6y 2 ) + i(2y 3 + 6y 2 + 9x) where

z = x + iy for x, y R is nowhere differentiable.

[K]33 Show that the function f defined by f (z) = (2xy 2 + 2x2 + 2xy) + i(2x2 y x2 ) where

x, y R, is differentiable at, and only at, the points of a circle. Find the centre and
radius of this circle. Find f 0 (z) in terms of x and y at points where it exists. Where is
f analytic?

math2069 Complex Analysis Problems 2016

a. Explain why the function f defined by f (z) = (z 2 + 1)/(z + 1) is analytic except

for z = 1;

[K]34

b. Where is the function f defined by f (z) = (z 7 + 1)/(z 3 1) analytic?

[H]35 Sketch some of the curves x2 y 2 = constant, 2xy = constant in the plane. In general,

show that if the functions u : D R and v : D R, with D an open set in R2 , satisfy

the Cauchy-Riemann equations, then the curves u(x, y) = constant intersect the curves
v(x, y) = constant orthogonally.
[K]36 For each of the following functions u, defined as shown, determine which are harmonic

in C ' R2 . Find a harmonic conjugate if it exists:

a. u(x, y) = x3 3xy 2 ;
d. u(x, y) = x4 2x2 y 2 + y 4 ;

b. u(x, y) = xex cos y yex sin y; c. u(x, y) = cosh x cos y;

e. u(x, y) = 3x 2xy.

[K]37 For the following harmonic functions u : R2 R, find a harmonic conjugate v : R2 R

for u and express the analytic function f = u + iv : C C as a function of z alone.

a. u(x, y) = y 3 3yx2 + 2xy;
c. u(x, y) = ey (x sin x + y cos(x));

b. u(x, y) = x3 y xy 3 ;
d. u(x, y) = sin(x) sinh(y) + xy.

[The 2nd part for c. and d. will require some definitions from section 4.]
a. Assume that the function u given by u(x, y) = ax4 + bx3 y + cx2 y 2 + dxy 3 + ey 4 ,
for a, b, c, d, e real constants, is harmonic on R2 . Find the linear constraints
this puts on a, b, c, d, e and show that u is a linear combination of the functions
(x, y) 7 x4 6x2 y 2 + y 4 and (x, y) 7 x3 y xy 3 .

38

b. The real constants , are chosen so that the function u defined by u(x, y) =
x3 + x2 y + xy 2 is harmonic on R2 . Find and and determine a conjugate
harmonic function, v, to u.
[K]39 Show that the function u defined by u(x, y) = x + 2 cos 2x cosh 2y is harmonic and find a

harmonic conjugate v. Hence express the function f defined by f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)
as a function of z, where z = x + iy.

Exponential, trigonometric and hyperbolic functions

Note:

This section includes the solution of trigonometric and hyperbolic equations

References: Spiegel
Church5
Church6
Church7

chapter
chapter
chapter
chapter

3
3
3
3

pages 3436, 4448.

sections 22 25.
sections 23 25.
sections 28, 33, 34.

40 Express exp(3 + i) in Cartesian form and show that exp(z + i) = exp(z) for all
z C.
[K]41 Find all solutions of the following equations:

a. ez = e23i ;

b. ez = 2 + i 3;

c. ez = 5i.

math2069 Complex Analysis Problems 2016

42 Express the following complex numbers in the form a + ib, for a and b real:
a. sin i;
b. cos(2 i);
c. tan(1 i).
a. If z = x + iy,with x and y real, show that | sin z|2 = sin2 x + sinh2 y.

[K]43

b. Show that | cos z|2 | sin z|2 = cos 2x.

c. Show that | cos z|2 + | sin z|2 1 with equality only if z is a real number.
44 For the mapping f (z) = sinh z, find and sketch the image of
a. <(z) = c;

b. =(z) = d;

[H]c. {z C : <(z) > 0, 0 < =(z) < /2};

[H]d. {z C : <(z) < 0, /2 =(z) /2}.

45 Find all solutions z C of the following equations:

a. cos z = cos 2;
b. sin z = sin 2;
d. cos z = cosh 2;
e. sin z = sinh 2;

c.
f.

cosh z = cosh 2;
cosh z = sin 2.

c.
f.

cosh z = 2i
cos z + sin z = i.

[K]46 Solve the following equations over C:

cos z = 1;
sinh z = 4i;

a.
e.

b.
d.

cos z = 2;
sin z = 2i;

The Principal Logarithm & Complex Exponents

Note:

The principal value logarithm is written Log.

References: Spiegel
Church5
Church6
Church7

chapter
chapter
chapter
chapter

2
3
3
3

pages 36, 46, 48.

sections 26 29.
sections 26 29.
sections 29, 30 31, 32, 35

[K]47 Find log(z) and Log(z) for each of the following:

a.

z = 1;

b.

z = i;

c.

z = 3 + i.

48 Find a pair z1 , z2 of complex numbers for which Log(z1 ) + Log(z2 ) = Log(z1 z2 ) and
find a pair z1 , z2 of complex numbers for which Log(z1 ) + Log(z2 ) 6= Log(z1 z2 ).
[K]49 Where is the function f defined by f (z) = (z 2 + 4)1 Log(z + 2i) analytic?
[K]50 Find exp Log(10i) and Log exp(10i) in Cartesian form.
[K]51 Find the Cartesian form of Log

exp( 43 i)

2 

and 2 Log exp( 34 i) .

[K]52 Find the Cartesian form of each of the following:

a.

ii ;

b.

p.v. ii ;

c. p.v.




3 1i
1+i 3
;
2

h
ii
d. p.v. (1 + i)2 .

53 Find all the values determined by (1 i)i . Give < p.v.(1 i)i to 3 significant
figures.
54 Determine the Cartesian form of all complex numbers given by iLog i .

math2069 Complex Analysis Problems 2016

Arcs, Contour Integrals and Anti-Derivatives

References: Spiegel
Church5
Church6
Church7

chapter
chapter
chapter
chapter

4
4
4
4

pages 9293, 98.

sections 30 34.
sections 30 35.
sections 36 43

[K]55 Calculate I = C z dz where C is the straight line segment from z = i to z = 1 + 2i.

[K]56 Let denote
H the boundary
H of the triangle with vertices 0, 1 and 1+i taken anticlockwise.

Evaluate

<(z) dz and

z dz.

[K]57 Evaluate z dz where

a. is the straight line from 1 + 2i to 3 + 5i;

b. is the upper semicircle of unit radius from 1 to 1.
[K]58 Let denote the semicircular contour
in theRupper half plane with centre 1 and radius
R

2 taken from 3 to 1. Evaluate

z dz

and

z dz.

[K]59 Let denote theR anticlockwise

R contour consisting of the above semicircle taken with its

base. Evaluate z dz and z dz.

R
60 Evaluate f (z) dz where z = x + iy, with x and y real, and f is the given function:
a. f (z) = 2x 3iy, is the ellipse {cos t + 2i sin t : 0 t 2};
b. f (z) = x2 , is the parabola y = 2x2 from x = 0 to x = 2;
c. f (z) = x2 , is the parabola y = 2x2 from x = 2 to x = 0;
d. f (z) = z, is the ellipse x = a cos t, y = b sin t, for 0 t < 2.

[K]61 Show that if =(z) 0, then |eiz | 1. Now let R > 1 be a real constant.
iz

 e

1

Deduce that  4
for z on the semi-circle {z C : |z| = R, =(z) 0}.

4
z +1
R 1
This sort of inequality will be needed in Theme 11.

i : 0 }, where R > 1. Use the answer

[K]62 Let R = be the semicircularcontour {Re

Z
iz


to question 61 to show that 

e dz 
R
4
.
z4 + 1 
R 1

[K]63 Let be any contour from 1 i to 1 + i. Evaluate the following integrals:

Z
a.

4z dz;

Z
b.

Z
cos z dz;

c.

sin 2z dz.

[K]64 Let Rbe the semi-circle from 2i to 2i that passes through 2 in the positive direction.
1

Find z dz
a. from the definition;

b. by using a suitable branch of log as an anti-derivative.

65 Let be any contour from exp(2i/3) to Rexp(2i/3) which lies entirely on the left
hand side of the imaginary axis. Evaluate z 1 dz.

math2069 Complex Analysis Problems 2016

a. Where is the function Log(z 2 1) analytic? [Hint: When is z 2 1 not a real

number 0?]

66

b. If is any contour in the upper half plane from 1+i to 1+i, briefly explain which
of the following
is a correct use of the Antiderivative Theorem in the calculation
Z
2z
of I =
dz?
2
Z z 1
z=1+i
1
1

;
+
dz = (Log(z 1) + Log(z + 1)) 
i. I =
z+1
z=1+i
z1
z=1+i
ii. I = Log(z 2 1)z=1+i .
c. Evaluate both right hand side expressions for I in b above in a + ib form.
1
[Log(z i) Log(z + i)] analytic?
2i
0
2
Show f (z) = 1/(z + 1) where f is differentiable.

[K]67 Where is the function f (z) =

Cauchy-Goursat and the Cauchy Integral Formula

Note:

This theme covers the Cauchy-Goursat theorem, the Cauchy Integral Formula
and the Cauchy Integral Formula for higher derivatives.

References: Spiegel
Church5
Church6
Church7

chapter
chapter
chapter
chapter

5
4
4
4

pages 118, 120123

sections 35 40.
sections 36 40.
sections 44 48

[K]68 Evaluate the following integrals:

I
a.
|z|=2

ez dz
;
z1

I
b.
|z|=4

e2iz dz
;
(3z 1)2

I
c.
|z|=2

(z 2 + 1) dz
.
(z 3)(z 2 1)

z 3 dz
using the Cauchy Integral Formula, where the circle is
3
2
|z|=4 (z 3) (z 2)
traversed once anti-clockwise.
I
[K]70 Let denote the unit circle taken anticlockwise. Evaluate
z 3 (z 2 + 4)2 dz.
I

[K]69 Evaluate

I
71 Let denote the unit circle taken anticlockwise. Evaluate

z n dz for each integer n

and reconcile your answer with both the the Cauchy-Goursat theorem (for n 0) and
the Cauchy Integral Formula (for n < 0).
I
i
72 Let be the unit circle {e : }. For each integer n, find
ez z n dz by

means of the Cauchy integral formula. Hence evaluate the corresponding real integrals.
I
1
ez dz
[K]73 If is a simple closed contour not passing through 1 or 2 then the integral
2i (z 1)(z 2)
can have 7 possible values. What are they? For each of these 7 possible values, give an
example of a suitable .

math2069 Complex Analysis Problems 2016

Taylor and Laurent Series

References: Spiegel
Church5
Church6
Church7

chapter
chapter
chapter
chapter

6
5
5
5

pages 140144, 152158.

sections 44 52.
sections 43 51.
sections 51 61

Taylor Series
[K]74 Expand each of the following functions in a Taylor series about the given point and

determine the radius of convergence:

a. z 7 ez , z = 1;

b. z 7 (z + 2)e3z , z = 0;

c. z 7

z2

1
, z = 2.
5z + 4

[K]75 [In the following question, you should calculate Taylor series by using partial fractions

and/or substitutions into and/or multiplication of (or cross-multiplication of or division

of) known Macluarin series as listed at the end of these problems. You should not
calculate these Taylor series by the Taylor series formula!]
For each of the following functions f ; i) find the largest open disc about the given point
z0 in which f is analytic; ii) find the first 3 non-zero terms of the Taylor series of f
about z0 ; iii) find the coefficient an of (z z0 )n in the Taylor series of f about z0 either
as an explicit function of n or give a recursive formula for an as appropriate.
Parts ii) and iii) may be done in either order.
2

ez
ez
1
,
z
=
1;
b.
f
(z)
=
,
z
=
0;
c.
f
(z)
=
, z0 = 0;
0
0
z2 z 6
1 3z
cos z
e2z
cos z
1
d. f (z) =
, z0 = 1; e. f (z) =
, z0 = 0; f. f (z) =
, z0 = 0;
2
2
z+3
1+z
(1 z ) cos(2z)
g. f (z) = sec z, z0 = 0
a. f (z) =

1
= 1 + z + z 2 + + z n + for |z| < 1, simplify
1z
the following series for |z| < 1, (remember you can differentiate or anti-differentiate a
power series term by term within its disk of convergence):

X
X
X
X
X
zn
.
a.
nz n1 ;
b.
nz n ;
c.
n2 z n1 ;
d.
n2 z n ;
e.
n

[K]76 Starting with the geometric series

n=1

n=1

n=1

n=1

n=1

[K]77 Without finding the actual series, state the radius of convergence of the Taylor series

for the function f given by f (z) =

cos z
about the point z = 1 + i.
z(z + 1)

78 Briefly explain why the Taylor series for the real valued function x 7 tanh x is only
valid for x ( 21 , 12 ) despite the fact that tanh has no singularities on the real line
(and is in fact bounded there).
[K]79 Find the Taylor series in powers of z i for the function f given by f (z) = (1 z)1

and state the radius of convergence.

[K]80 Find the Taylor series for both cosh(z) and z 5 in powers of (z i).

math2069 Complex Analysis Problems 2016

10

81 Find the Taylor series for z 7 (1 + z)1/2 in powers of z which is valid for |z| < 1.
82 Find the first four terms in the Taylor series for ez (1 + z)1/2 valid for |z| < 1.

Laurent Series
[K]83 Let f (z) =

z
.
(z 1)(z + 4)

a. Find the largest annuli or open discs centred at 1 in which f is analytic. (There
are 3 such regions).
b. For each of the regions in a. above, find the corresponding Laurent series for f
about 1.
[K]84 Give two Laurent series in powers of z for the function f given by f (z) = z 3 (1 z)1

and specify the regions in which those series are valid.

[K]85

a. Let f be the function given by f (z) =

z2

2z 4
. Find the Laurent series for f
4z + 3

that is valid for |z 1| > 2;

b. Assuming that thePfunction f given by f (z) = (z 2i)1 (z + i)1 has a Laurent
n
series of the form
n= an (z 1) which converges at z = 3, find the coefficients
an .
c. Find the Laurent series up to terms in z 3 about z = 0 valid at z = 12 for the
function given by f (z) = cosec z and state the radius of convergence.
86 Let f be the function given by f (z) =

1
.
z2 1

a. Find the Laurent series for f in powers of z + 2 that converges where z = 0. What
is its anulus of convergence?
b. Find the Laurent series for f in powers of z + 2 that converges where z = 3. What
is its anulus of convergence?
c. Find the Laurent series for f in powers of z + 2i that converges where z = 3. What
is its anulus of convergence?
87 Show that the function f (z) = cosec(1/z) does not have a Laurent series about 0
converging to f in 0 < |z| < r for any r > 0.
z
[H]88 Let f (z) = z
.
e 1
a. Show f has a removable singularity at z = 0. Find the largest value of r such that
f is analytic in the annulus 0 < |z| < r.

X
b. Let
an z n be the Laurent series for f in 0 < |z| < r for r in a. above. Find a0 .
n=0

Show that f (z) + 12 z is an even function in z, and hence a1 = 12 , an = 0 for n 3

and n odd.

X
z
Bn z n
c. The Bernoulli numbers Bn are defined by z
=
. Find a recurrence
e 1
n!
n=0
relation for Bn in terms of B0 , B1 , . . . Bn1 , by cross-multiplying by the Maclaurin
series of ez 1. Hence calculate Bn for n = 0 to 6.

math2069 Complex Analysis Problems 2016

11

Singularities and the Method of Residues

References: Spiegel
Church5
Church6
Church7

chapter
chapter
chapter
chapter

7
6
6
6

pages 172173, 176184.

sections 53 57.
sections 53 57.
sections 62 69.

[K]89 In each of the six cases below write down the principal part of the function f at each of

its singular points. Determine if

or a removable singularity of the
a. f (z) = z 1 sin z;
b.
d. f (z) = ez /(z 2 1); e.

each singular point is a pole, an essential singularity

given function.
f (z) = z 1 cos z;
c. f (z) = z 2 /(1 + z);
3
(3 z) ;
f. f (z) = z exp(1/z).

[K]90 Write down the residue of each function of question 89 at each of its singularities.
[K]91 Let f be defined by f (z) = exp z 1 . Find the Laurent series for f in powers of z and

show that f has an essential singularity at z = 0.

[K]92

a. Find the order of the zero of 1 + cos2 z at z = n, n Z;

b. Find the order of the pole at z = 0 for the function z 7 (1 + cos2 z)4 ;
c. Find the order of the zero of sin3 z at z = n, n Z;
d. Find the order of all the poles and zeros of (1 + cos2 z)/ sin3 z;
e. Find the order of the pole at z = 0 for the function f given by
f (z) = (e2z 1 z)21 (ez 1 z)10 sin7 (z 3 ) (z cos z)13 (1 cosh z)9 .

[K]93 Find the residues of each of the following functions at each of their singularities:

a.

ez
;
z2 + 1

sinh z
.
(z i)3

b.

c.

z 2 3z + 1
;
(z 2 1)(z 1)

d.

ez
;
cosh z

e. tan z.

[K]94 Use the residue theorem to evaluate the following integrals. All contours are taken once

anticlockwise.
I
I
I
I
2
ez
ez 1
sin z
a.
dz;
b.
dz;
c.
dz;
d.
z 3 tan z dz.
2 (z + 1)
3 iz 2
2z
z
z
z
|z|=2
|zi|=3
|z|=3
|z|=9
Z
[K]95 Evaluate
z 1 (z 2 + 1)1 tanh z dz for the following closed contours , where in each

case [, ]:
a. = {2 + ei };
b. = {2ei };
c. = {5i + ei }.
I
96 Evaluate (iz + 1)1 (z 2 + 1)1 cosh(z) dz where is the contour |z| = 2 taken anticlockwise.

I
97

a. Evaluate

z n e(1/z) dz where is the unit circle taken anticlockwise and n is an

integer.
I
b. Evaluate

z n sin

1
dz, where , n are as in part a.
z

math2069 Complex Analysis Problems 2016

10

12

The Z-transform

P
n = F (z), prove that Z{nf } = zF 0 (z). Using Z{u } =
98 If Z{fn } =
n
n
n=0 fn z
z/(z 1) and this result, or otherwise, find Z{n}.
[K]99 Evaluate the following Z-transforms:

a.
d.

Z{n2 };
Z{nan }, a R;

Z{n3 };
Z{n sin n};

b.
e.

f.
f.

Z{(n + 1)2 };
Z{an cos n}, a R.

[K]100 Evaluate the following inverse Z-transforms by any suitable method.

a.

Z 1


7z
; b.
z 2 5z 6

Z 1


z
;
z2 + z + 1

c.

Z 1


z 2 + 5z
;
z 2 3z 4

[K]101 Solve the following difference equations for the given initial conditions using the Z-

transform:
a.
b.
c.

11

yn+2 + 2yn+1 3yn = 0, y0 = 1, y1 = 0;

yn+2 yn = 2, y0 = 4, y1 = 1;
2yn+2 yn+1 yn = 15n2n , y0 = 2, y1 = 1.

Real Improper Integrals

References: Spiegel
Church5
Church6
Church7

chapter
chapter
chapter
chapter

7
6
7
7

pages 179183.
sections 58 59.
sections 60 61.
sections 71 74.

In the following problems, a > 0 is a real constant and the recommended contour is the
boundary of the half disc |z| R, =(z) 0 taken once anticlockwise. You may assume that
the integrals converge.
[K]102 Evaluate the following integrals:

a.
Z

c.

dx
;
2
(x + 1)2

eix dx
and hence
x2 + a2

x2 dx
;
(x2 + 1)(x2 + 9)

x2 dx
.
(x2 + 1)(x2 + x + 1)

x2 dx
;
x4 + 1

103 Evaluate

b.
Z
d.

cos x dx
.
x2 + a2

[K]104 Evaluate the following integrals:

a.

cos 3x dx
;
2
x + 2x + 2

105 Evaluate

cos x dx
.
(x2 + 1)(x2 + 2x + 5)

b.

sin x dx
.
4x + 5

x2

math2069 Complex Analysis Problems 2016

12

13

Integrals of Trigonometric Functions

References: Spiegel
Church5
Church6
Church7

chapter
chapter
chapter
chapter

7
6
7
7

pages 180182.
sections 60.
sections 62.
sections 68.

[K]106 Use complex analysis methods to show that

a.
0

cos 2
1
d = ;
5 + 4 cos
6
Z

[K]107 Calculate I1 =
0

108 Show that

0

109 Evaluate
|z|=1

Z
0

cos 6 d
and I2 =
5 + 4 sin

sin2
2
d = .
5 + 3 cos
9

sin 6 d
5 + 4 sin

together.

d
= .
2
1 + sin
2

110 Show that

b.

z 2 dz
and hence prove that
2z + 1

Z
0

(2 cos 2 + cos 3) d
1
= .
5 + 4 cos
8

d
2a
= 2
for a > b > 0.
(a + b cos )2
(a b2 )3/2

[H]111 Show that (6i + 3)z 2 + 14iz + (6i 3) has a zero at 31 (2 + i).

Hence, using contour integration, show that

Z 2
cos 2 d

I1 =
=
7 + 6 cos + 3 sin
3
0
and find the value of
Z
I2 =
0

sin 2 d
.
7 + 6 cos + 3 sin

math2069 Complex Analysis Problems 2016

14

Some Answers
1

a. 46 + 9i.

b. (8 + 25i)/13.

c. (211 + 102i)/50.

d. 164.

e. 3360.

f. 3364.

a. Closed annulus. b. Open annulus. c. Half plane.

d. An ellipse.
e. Its interior.
Its exterior.

4 a. r = 1, = 0; r = 1, = ; r = 2, = 61 ; r = 7 2, = 34 .


1
5 a. z = exp i
c. (z 2 + 2z + 2)(z 2 2z + 2)
5 [2k 2 ] , k = 0, 1, 2, 1, 2.

f.

Hint: Multiply numerator and denominator by e 2 i .

a. no, yes, no.
b. no, yes, no.
c. yes, yes, yes.
d. yes, no, no. e. (a) nyn; (b) yyy;
(c) yyy; (d) nyn; (e) yyy; (f) yyy. f. yes, yes, yes.

3 1 + i( 3 + 1) .
12 Hint: Solve the equation to get w2 in terms of w1 .
11 21
8
9

14

a. |x| > |y|; b. x2 y 2 > 1; c. Circle (x 1/2)2 + y 2 = 1/4 with z = 1 removed; d.

Closed disc x2 + (y + 1/2)2 1/4 with z = 0 removed.

15 Centre 5/3 radius 1/3.

16

a. Circle centre 1/8 i/8 radius 2/8, with point w = 0 removed.

b. The line <(w) = 1/2. c. The closed half-plane <(w) 1/2.

17

a. The closed disc |w| 1 with w = 1 removed. b. The open disc |w| < 1. c. {w R :
1 w < 1}. d. Circle |w 1/2| = 1/2 with w = 1 removed.

18

a. The line u v = 1. b. The closeddisc |w 1/4| 1/4.

c. The circle centre 1/8 i/4, radius 5/8 with w = 0 removed.
d. The half-plane 1 6u + 8v > 0.

19

(x 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 2, y < 0.

b. z 6= i; z 6= 2i
23

22

20

Hint: Consider the boundary.

1 12 i.

26

a. u(x, y) = x2 y 2 2x, v(x, y) = 2xy 2y + 3;

28

For example, with n = 5, (x + iy)5 = x5 + 5ix4 y 10x3 y 2 10ix2 y 3 + 5xy 4 + iy 5 .

29

b. u(x, y) = ex cos y, v(x, y) = ex sin y.

f 0 (0) = 0, nowhere.

a. f 0 (z) = 3x2 on the pair of lines x = y. f is analytic nowhere;

the circle (x + 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 3 and analytic nowhere.


34 b. Everywhere except z = 1, z = 1 3i /2.

31

b. g is differentiable on

a. Harmonic with conjugate 3x2 y y 3 ; b. Harmonic with conjugate xex sin y + yex cos y;
c. Harmonic with conjugate sinh x sin y; d. Not harmonic; e. Harmonic with conjugate
x2 y 2 + 3y.
37 a. v = 3xy 2 + y 2 + x3 x2 + const., f (z) = i(z 3 z 2 ) + const.
b. v = x4 /4 + 3x2 y 2 /2 y 4 /4 + const., f (z) = iz 4 /4 + const.
c. v = ey (y sin x x cos x) + const., f (z) = izeiz
d. v = cos(x) cosh(y) + y 2 /2 x2 /2 + const., f (z) = i(cos(z) z 2 /2) + const.

36

b. u(x, y) = x3 3xy 2 , v(x, y) = 3x2 y y 3 .

38

a. c = 6a, e = a, b = d;

39

y 2 sin 2x sinh 2y, z + 2 cos 2z.

40

e3 .

math2069 Complex Analysis Problems 2016

41
42
44

45
46

a. z = 2 (3 + 2k)i;

b.

1
2

ln(7) + i[tan1

15

3
2

c. ln(5) i(2k + 12 ).

+ 2k];

tan 1sech2 1 i tanh 1 sec2 1

a. isinh 1; b. cos 2 cosh 1 + i sin 2 sinh 1; c.
.
1 + tanh2 1 tan2 1
 u 2  v 2
+
= 1 if c 6= 0, {iv : 1 v 1} if c = 0.
a.
c
coshc
sinh

2
2
v
u
v
b.

= 1,
1 if d 6= k/2 for k Z, v = 0 if d = n for n Z,
sin d
cos d
sin d
{iv : v 1} for d = (2n + 1)/2 and n Z even, {iv : v 1} for d = (2n + 1)/2 and
n Z odd.
c. {w C : <(w) > 0 and =(w) > 0}
d. {w C : <(w) < 0} {w C : <(w) = 0, |=(w)| > 1}.
a. (2 + 2k); b. (2 + 2k), 2 + (2k + 1); p c. (2 + 2ki); d. (2i + 2k); e.
(2k+ 12 )icosh1 (sinh2) = (2k+ 12 )i ln(sinh 2+ sinh2 2 1); f. i(cos1 (sin 2)+2k).

a. 2k+; b. 2ki ln(2+ 3); c. 2ki(ln(2+ 5)+ 12 i); d. ln(4+ 15)+(2k+ 12 )i;

e. k + (1)n i ln(2 + 5); f. z = (n 14 ) + (1)n i sinh1 12 .

47

a. log 1 = 2ki, Log 1 = 0;

b. log i = i(2k + 21 ), Log i = 12 i;
c. log(3 + i) =
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 ln(10) i tan
3 + i(2k + 1), Log(3 + i) = 2 ln(10) i tan
3 + i.

49

Everywhere except at z = 2i and on the half line x 0, y = 2.

50

10i, (10 4)i.

52

a. exp( 12 + 2k); b. exp(/2); c. e d. e/2 (cos ln 2 + i sin ln 2).

exp(i ln 2 + 34 + 2k); 9.92.

54 exp( 2 (k + 41 )).

53
55

2 i.

60

a. 10i;

65

2i/3

66

1
2i

56
b.

8
3

51 i/2 and 3i/2 respectively.

57

a.

29
2

11i; b. i.

+ 16i; c. 83 16i;

d. 2iab.

4; 4(1 i).

58
63

a. 0

64

a. The largest domain in which Log(z 2 1) is analytic is C \ H where H = {z R : |z|

1} {iy : y R}.
b. Part i) is correct correct partial fractions and anti-derivatives Log(z 1) and Log(z + 1)
are analytic in the domain C \ {z R : z 1} which contains .
Part ii) is not a correct use of the Anti-derivative Theorem (and so may be incorrect) as
goes outside the maximal domain of analyticity of Log(z 2 1) i.e. crosses the imaginary
axis which is part of H above. c. i(2 tan1 (1/2) ) 2.214i. (The answer from ii) is
2i( tan1 (2)) 4.069i (incorrect)).

67 f is analytic in C \ H where H = {s i : s 0}
b. 94 exp( 23 i); c. 12 i.

68

a. 2ie;

71

0 (n 6= 1), 2i (n = 1).

73
74

0, e,
a. e

e2 ,

(e2

0.

70

i/16.

72 0 for n 0, 2i/m! if n = m 1.

e).

P
1

1
c.
6

69

n (z 1)n /n!, radius = ;

n=0 (1)


P
z 2 n 1 P
n

n=0
n=0 (1) (z

b. radius = ;
2)n , radius = 1.

math2069 Complex Analysis Problems 2016

75

a. i) |z 1| < 2.
(1)n /3n+1 )/5.

16

ii) 1/6 (z 1)/36 7(z 1)2 /216

ii) 1 + 4z + 25z 2 /2 + .

b. i) |z| < 1/3.

iii) an =

iii) an = (1/2n+1 +

n
X
3nk
.
k!

k=0

ii)1+3z 2 /2+29z 4 /24+ .

c. i) |z| < /2.

iii) f (z) =

bn z 2n where

n=0

k
X

bn (1)kn /(2k

n=0

2n)! = 1/k! for k 0.

d. i) |z1| < 4.

ii)

e2 /4+7e2 (z1)/16+25e2 (z1)2 /64+ ,

ii) 1 3z 2 /2 + 37z 4 /24 + .

e. i) |z| < 1.

iii) an =

iii) a2n = (1)n

n
X

n
X
8k (1)nk

e2
4n+1

k=0

k!

1/(2k)! for all n 0 and

k=0

an = 0 for all n odd.

f. i) |z| < /4.

ii) 1 + 3z 2 + 19z 4 /3 + .

iii) f (z) =

bn z 2n where

n=0

k
X

bn (4)nk /(2n

n=0

2k)! = 1 for k 0.
g. i) |z| < /2.

ii) 1 +

z 2 /2

5z 4 /24

+ .

iii) f (z) = sec z =

bn z 2n where

n=0
(
1 if k = 0
bn (1)nk /(2n 2k)! =
.
0 if k > 0
n=0


z
z + z2
z
1+z
d
1
76 a.
;
d.
;
b.
;
c.
=
; e. Log(1z).
(1 z)2
(1 z)2
(1 z)3
dz (1 z)2
(1 z)3

P
n
n+1 , radius =
2.
79
2.
77
n=0 (z i) /(1 i)
P
P
5
1
80 cosh z = n=0 (2n)!
(z i)2n ; z 5 = n=0 an (z i)n where a0 = i 5 , a1 = 5 4 , a2 =
10 3 i, a3 = 10 2 , a4 = 5i, a5 = 1.
k
X

81
83

84
85

88

1+

z
2

z2
8

z3
16

82 1 +

3z
2

7z 2
8

17z 3
48 .

a. The 3 regions are I) |z + 1| < 2, II) 2 < |z + 1| < 3, III) |z + 1| > 3.

 n 

X
1
4
1 1
b. For I), f (z) =

(z + 1)n
n+
10 2
15
3
n=0


X
1 X n
4 X
1 n
n1
n
For II), f (z) =
2 (z + 1)
+
(z + 1) =
ak (z + 1)k

5
15
3
n=0
n=0
k=
(

 n
k1
X
2
/5
if k < 0
2
4(3)n
where ak =
For III), f (z) =
+
(z+1)n1 .
k
k
5
5
4(1) /(15 3 ) if k 0
n=0
P n3
P (n+4)
, 0 < |z| < 1, n=0 z
, |z| > 1.
n=0 z
n
P
1
2
(1)n
a.
+
; b.
for n 0, an = (1)n (1 + i)n1 for n 1;
n=0
n+1
z1
(z 1)
(1 2i)n+1
1
7 3
c. z 1 + z +
z + ....
6
360
p1  
X
p
a. 2; b. a0 = 1; c.
Bn = 0 for p 2, B0 = 1, B1 = 1/2, B2 = 1/6, B4 = 1/30,
n
n=0
B6 = 1/42, B3 = B5 = 0.

math2069 Complex Analysis Problems 2016

17

89

a. z = 0, removable; b. z = 0, pole, z 1 ; c. z = 1, pole, (z + 1)1

poles at
P; d.1m
e
1
3
z = 1, 2(z1) , 2e(z+1) ; e. z = 3, pole, (z 3) ; f. z = 0, essential, m>1 z
/m!

90

a. 0; b. 1;

1
c. 1; d. 2e , 2e
;

e. 0 f. 12 .

92 a. 2; b. 8; c. 3; d. simple pole at z = n, n Z; e. pole of order 2.

ei
93 a. z = i, ei /(2i); z = i, 2i
;
b. z = i, 21 (i sin 1).
c. z = 1; 45 ; z = 1; 14 ;
z = i
2 + ki;1;
94

a. 2i/e; b. 2i(1 e1 ); c. 2i sin 1.

95

a. 0; b. 0; c. 16/(12 27 2 ).

96 0.
97 a. 0 if n < 1, 2i/(n + 1)! if n 0, 2i if n = 1;
(1)n/2 2i/(n + 1)! if n 0 is even.
98

d.

b. 0 if n is odd, 0 if n < 0,

Z{n} = z/(z 1)2

a. z(z + 1)/(z 1)3 ; b. z(z 2 + 4z + 1)/(z 1)4 ; c. z 2 (z + 1)/(z 1)3 ; d. az/(z a)2 ; e.
z sin /(z 2 2z cos + 1)2 ; f. z(z a cos )/(z 2 2z cos + a2 )

100 a. {6n (1)n }; b. {(2/ 3) sin(2n/3)}; c. { 56 (4)n 51 }.

18
1 n
n
101 a. yn = 14 (3 + (3)n ); b. yn = 2(1)n + n + 2; c. yn = (3n 42
+ 10.
5 )2 5 2

103 ea /a.
102 a. /2; b. /8; c. / 2; d. 3/3.
99

104

a. e3 cos 3;

b. e1 sin 2.

107 I1 = /96; I2 = 0.

105

109 i/4.

1
40 {8e

+ e2 (4 sin 1 2 cos 1)}.

111 I2 = 49

Last revision : February 2016.

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Copyright