INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
(ASSIGNMENT NO # 1)

SUBMITTED BY:

SHER SHAH

REG-NO:

24-FET/BSCE/F14

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. NISAR ALI KHAN

BATCH:

1st Batch (2K14)

SUBMISSION DATE:

25-10-2016

.........................................................
CHECKED BY ENGR.NISAR ALI KHAN

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
NAME: SHER SHAH

REG-NO: 24-FET/BSCE/F14

Excavator:

An excavator has been defined as a power-driven digging machine, usually mounted on

crawler tracks.
The major types of excavators used in construction include hydraulically powered
excavators and the members of the crane-shovel family.
However, dozers and scrapers are also capable of excavating soil and rock.

Back hoe excavator:

Backhoes are mainly used to clean up construction areas, to dig holes in the ground, to
smooth uneven ground, to make trenches, ditches and to help remove deep roots from
trees.
It can exert high tooth pressures and hence can excavate stiff material which normally
cannot be excavated by dragline. Output of hoe is greatest when the excavation is done
near the machine, because cycle time of operation reduces.
A backhoe, also called a rear actor or back actor, is a piece of excavating equipment or
digger consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm. They are
typically mounted on the back of a tractor or front loader.

Also, known as hoe, back shovel and pull shovel.

It is used to excavate below the natural surface on which it rests.

Generally used to excavate trenches, pits for basements and also for grading works,
which requires precise control of depths.

Used to establish natural slopes.

In storm drain and utility work the hoe can perform the trench excavation and can handle
the pipe by eliminating a second machine.

There are special buckets for everything from light sand to hard rock digging.

The basic parts are boom, Jack boom, Boom foot drum, Boom sheave, stick sheave,
Stick, Bucket and Bucket sheave.

The section of the arm closest to the vehicle is known as the boom, and the section
which carries the bucket is known as the dipper or dipper stick (the terms "boom" and
"dipper" having been used previously on steam shovels). The boom is attached to the
vehicle through a pivot known as the kingpost, which allows the arm to slew left and
right, usually through a total of around 200 degrees. Modern backhoes are powered by
hydraulics.

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
NAME: SHER SHAH

REG-NO: 24-FET/BSCE/F14

Application:

It is the most suitable machine for digging below the machine level, such
as, trenches, footings, basements etc.

It can be efficiently used to dress or trim the surface avoiding the use of manual effort
for dressing the excavated the surface.

Parts:

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
NAME: SHER SHAH

Ideal production:

Size of bucket (Q)

Cycle time(T)=Lt +St +Dt +Rt
Fill factor(F)
Efficiency Factor(E)
Height & Swing Factor
Volume Correction Vc
3600sec/hr * Q *F * E
Production (lcy/hr) = T * V C

REG-NO: 24-FET/BSCE/F14

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
NAME: SHER SHAH

REG-NO: 24-FET/BSCE/F14

Front shovel
excavator:

front shovel (also

stripping shovel
or power shovel
or electric mining
shovel or Dipper
Shovel's power
shovel) is a
bucket-equipped machine,
usually electrically powered, used for digging and
loading earth or fragmented rock and for
mineral extraction.

They are mounted on crawler tracks.

To excavate the earth and to load the trucks

It is used to excavate earth of all classes except hard rock and load it into wagons.

Size varies from 0.375m3 to 5m3.

Basics parts of power shovel including the track system, cabin, cables, rack, stick, boom
foot-pin, saddle block, boom, boom point sheaves and bucket.

Power shovels are used principally for excavation and removal of overburden in opencut mining operations, though it may include loading of minerals, such as coal. They are
the modern equivalent of steam shovels, and operate in a similar fashion.
Front shovel are mainly used for excavation purposes above its own track or wheel level.
They are suitable for heavy positive cutting in all types of dry soils.

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
NAME: SHER SHAH

REG-NO: 24-FET/BSCE/F14

Used predominately for hard digging above track level and loading haul units

Loading of shot rock will be a typical application

Shovel is capable of developing a high break out force

The material being excavated should be such that it will stand with a fairly vertical face

High excavation rate due to unique front shovel and side tip operation

Prolec laser system enables excavation to a more accurate level resulting in quicker
excavation rates while reducing the chance of over-digging

Improved track quality due to the excavation action (pushing into spoil rather than
pulling it back)

Fewer machine controllers on site meaning less risk and safer operations

A shovel's work cycle, or digging cycle, consists of four phases:

o digging
o swinging
o dumping
o returning

Applications of Front Shovel:

Suitable for close range of work

Capable of digging very hard materials,
can remove big sized boulders.
It is used in various types of jobs such as digging in gravel banks, clay pits, digging cuts
in road works, road-side berms, etc.

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
NAME: SHER SHAH

REG-NO: 24-FET/BSCE/F14

Problem:
Find the base diameter and
height of the conical pile that will contain 100
bank cubic yard, the angle of repose is 32 and swell is 12 %.
Solution:
As we know by the formula
base diameter=

7.64 v
tan R

1
3

First convert the volume into loose cubic yard

As we know
swell ( )=

loose volume
1 100
bank volume

swell ( ) loose volume

=
1
100
bank volume

12
loose volume
=
1
100
100

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
NAME: SHER SHAH

0.12=

loose v olume
1
100

0.12+1=

1.12=

REG-NO: 24-FET/BSCE/F14

loose volume
100

loose volume
100

loose volume=1.12 100

weight per loose=112

Now putting the values in eq (1)

7.64 v
base diameter=
tan R

base diameter=

1
3

7.64 112
tan32

855.68
base diameter=
tan 32

1
3

base diameter= [ 1369.37 ]

1
3

base diameter=11.10 yards

base diameter=33.31 feet

base diameter=10.15m

For height:

1
3

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
NAME: SHER SHAH

As we know
d
height=h= tan R
2
h=

11.10
tan 32
2

h=3.46 yards

h=10.4 feets

h=3.17 m

REG-NO: 24-FET/BSCE/F14