Basic Chem Outline II

Monday, August 29, 2016

8:23 AM

Weak attractions between atoms on different molecules or different parts of a large molecule
Occur between molecules that have polar covalent to ionic bonds
Always involve hydrogen.
Chemical equivalent of Velcro

A substance consisting of two or more different atoms, in specific proportions, bonded together in a specific pattern

The smallest unit of a compound that retains all of the properties of that compound
- Small molecules generally only worry about proportion

Water: HO
Carbon Dioxide: CO

Glucose: CHO

Geometric
Molecules with the same molecular formula, but a different arrangement of the atoms

Body can only use D

form of glucose and its
the most occurring form
of glucose.
All proteins are built
using the L-form.

= 18 daltons

Intro and Basic Chem Page 1

Gram Molecular Weight

- The mass of a substance equal to its molecular weight in grams
- Contains a constant number of molecules
- Avogadro's Number of Molecules (
)

Mole and Molar Concentration

- 1 Mole = the mass of a substance equal to its gram molecular weight
- 1 Molar solution = a solution containing 1 mole of substance per 1 liter of solution
How much NaCl would you need to make 1 liter if a 1 molar solution? (just add the two atomic masses)

1. Cohere- water molecules stick to each other (result of hydrogen bonding; creates surface
tension);
Adhere- stick to something else (sticky for things that are polar cause it forms hydrogen bonds
with that other object; capillary action- the ability of liquid to rise against gravity)
2. High Specific Heat- takes a lot of energy to change water (larger organisms are more thermally stable; large bodies of water are thermally very stable (climates are more moderate in places
near bodies of water)

3. High Heat Vaporization- takes even more energy to make water convert from one phase to the
other (liquid t solid; sweat to cool down, releasing heat energy)
4. Lower Density as Solid compare to Liquid- ice floats in drinks; when water freezes it expands
and volume increases; tells us why it's so difficult to do cryogenics, in order to do that they have
to change out all the water in the body for anti-freeze
5. Solvent for Polar Molecules- water forms hydrogen bonds and is a polar molecule

Intro and Basic Chem Page 2

Sphere of water molecules around ion

Ex: Salt
- NaCl -> Na+ and Cl-

This is why organic molecules are held together with covalent bonds and not hydrogen bonds. If not
all our molecules would break apart and dissolve within us.
What things breakup into tells us how we categorize this molecule and what it is made up of.

HCl -> H+ and Cl-

NaOH -> N+ and OH-

NaCl -> Na+ and Cl-

Intro and Basic Chem Page 3

Intro and Basic Chem Page 4