Learning the Art of Electronics: A Hands-on Lab Course

Bill Ashmanskas

Citation: Am. J. Phys. 85, 78 (2017); doi: 10.1119/1.4966629

View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.4966629
View Table of Contents: http://aapt.scitation.org/toc/ajp/85/1
Published by the American Association of Physics Teachers

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BOOK REVIEWS
The downloaded PDF for any Review in this section contains all the Reviews in this section.

Craig F. Bohren, Editor

Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; mailing address: P.O. Box 887, Boalsburg, PA 16827; bohren@meteo.psu.edu

Physics from Planet Earth: An Introduction to Mechanics.

Joseph C. Amato and Enrique J. Galvez. 610 pp. CRC
Press, Boca Raton, Fl, 2015. Price: $62.97 (hardcover).
ISBN 978-1-4348-6783-9. (Jeffrey Lawson and Matthew
Rave, Reviewers.)
Writing a physics textbook is a tricky business. Make a
book too comprehensive, and it quickly becomes unwieldy
[one study (Textbook Weight in California: Analysis and
Recommendations, California State Board of Education, May
2004 hhttp://www2.cde.ca.gov/be/ag/ag/may04item21.pdfi)
found that high school physics texts average above 6
pounds]. But leave out examples or explanatory text, and a
textbook becomes less a teaching tool and more a handbook
for practicing physicists (e.g., Jacksons classic electrodynamics text). So whats an author to do? One useful strategy
for producing a good physics textbook is to narrow its scope,
which thereby (possibly) limits its readership but allows for
the kind of time and attention to detail required for student
understanding. A recent book, Physics from Planet Earth:
An Introduction to Mechanics, by Amato and Galvez, utilizes this strategy to good effect. The result is an undergraduate mechanics text that is a pure pleasure to read.
The first thing that stands out about this is book is that it is
themed. That is, everything is presented as part of an overarching story; namely, that of Earth and its place in the cosmos. All of the basic building blocks of introductory
mechanics are there: conservation of momentum and energy,
force and Newtons Laws, circular motion, torque, and so
forth. But each building block is carefully placed into an
ongoing narrative, one that is heavy on history and astronomy. For instance, in Chapter 2, after vectors are introduced,
one of the very first worked examples is a comparison
between the Copernican and Ptolemaic world-views. The
authors are not fooling aroundthe geometry here is immediately challengingbut for a student interested in astronomy, the material is fascinating.
There are advantages and disadvantages to this approach.
On the one hand, we found that the emphasis on history and
astronomy made the book more engaging to read, and made
the material more approachable. But this sharper focus might
put off some students, whose interests may lie along other
lines. In our own courses, we would be inclined to use this
text in a sophomore-level mechanics course, aimed at students who already have some exposure to elementary
mechanics. In a sense, the title of the book itself is a little
misleading: the book is less an introduction to mechanics
and more of a mechanics text for astronomy majors. But
thats a minor quibble, and it shouldnt detract from the
books many virtues.
Among the best of these virtues are the numerous creative
problems found at the end of each chapter; most have
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Am. J. Phys. 85 (1), January 2017

http://aapt.org/ajp

multiple parts, most are challenging, and many involve

astronomy. As just one example, problem 9.19 has students
calculate the Suns speed and acceleration relative to the
galactic plane, based on stellar density data. We nonastronomers found problems like this quite fresh and original.
Another virtue is this books emphasis on conservation
laws. In the preface, the authors write, The three basic conservation laws (momentum, energy, and angular momentum)
are introduced as fundamental laws of nature, from which
secondary concepts such as force and torque are derived.
This is a more modern approach, in which symmetry arguments are fundamentalthey are the starting points for all
further investigations.
In summary, we would recommend this book for any
introductory undergraduate mechanics course, with the proviso that there is a heavy emphasis on history and astronomy.
Whether thats a plus or a minus depends on your target
audience, of course. But the book does remind usin the
title, particularlythat it is mostly through physics that we
have discovered Earths place in the universe.
Jeffrey Lawson is a professor of mathematics and Matthew
Rave is an associate professor of physics, both at Western
Carolina University. Jeffreys research interests are in geometric mechanics and field theories, while Matthews
include low dimensional solid state systems, along with
quantum interference and decoherence. They have collaborated on problems involving geometric phase.

Bananaworld: Quantum Mechanics for Primates? Jeffrey

Bub. 304 pp. Oxford U.P., Oxford, 2016. Price: $44.95
(hardcover). ISBN 9780198718536. (P. K. Aravind,
Reviewer.)
This book is about the deep mysteries that lie at the heart
of quantum mechanics, the sort that bothered Feynman, and
Schrodinger and Einstein before him. Indeed, Feynmans
famous quote lends itself to the title of the first chapter of the
book. Interest in this subject was once confined to academics, particularly those of a philosophical bent, but that is no
longer true. The public has caught wind of the fact that the
very puzzles that bothered the greats could hold the keys to
some of the transformative technologies of the future, such
as quantum computing, and is eager to learn more about
them. Many authors have responded to this need by writing
books at a variety of levels, ranging from the very elementary (one of which even allows your dog to get a bite out of
the subject) to the more demanding. This book is certainly at
the more demanding end, but it is still aimed at a nonspecialist audience.
The author, Jeffery Bub, is a Distinguished University
Professor at the University of Maryland with dual
C 2017 American Association of Physics Teachers
V

76

appointments in the Department of Philosophy and the Joint

Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science. He
has a special interest in the conceptual foundations of the
quantum theory and has worked in this area for five decades.
He has written numerous research articles as well as two previous books on different aspects of this field. In addition, for
many years he has co-organized an annual meeting titled
"New Directions in the Foundations of Physics" that has
brought together experts from all over the world to discuss,
and sometimes debate hotly, problems at the forefront of the
field. Thus he is well positioned to write this book.
Bub has two overarching aims in this book. The first is to
convey to the reader, as simply as possible, some of the deep
mysteries at the heart of quantum mechanics. And the second
is to discuss what light our present understanding of them
sheds on the nature of our world. Neither task is particularly
easy. The first is difficult because most readers will not possess the technical knowledge needed to understand and
appreciate many of the mysteries fully. And the second is
much, much more difficult but must be attempted all the
same, for without it the book might not make much sense to
its intended audience.
Bubs approach to the first of these tasks is to introduce the
minimum of theoretical equipment needed and to manipulate
it skillfully to achieve all his ends. The basic ideas he uses
are: a quantum two-state system, or qubit, and the infinite
family of states it can assume as a superposition of two of its
basis states; the physical realization of a qubit provided by the
polarization states of a photon; Maluss law for the result of a
polarization measurement on a photon; and a particular type
of entangled state of two photons. There is more than just this,
of course, but it is introduced at later points in the text when it
is needed. The mathematical tools needed to work with qubits
are introduced along with the discussion of their physical
properties, so that their relevance is always clear. The mathematics involves no more than algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and complex arithmetic, but dont be fooled. The
discussion of the physics can quickly lead you into deep
waters, and you may find that it takes quite a bit of effort to
wrap your head around some of the ideas being discussed.
After a preliminary chapter in which he assembles some
basic tools, Bub is off with a bang. Early on he introduces
the reader to the PR box, perhaps the most amazing object
discussed in the entire book. Named for its discoverers
Sandu Popescu and Daniel Rohrlich, it consists of two separate but identical parts that can be placed at any distance
from each other. Each part has two switch settings (that I
will call S and T), each of which can lead to one of two outputs (that I will call 0 and 1). The PR box has the defining
property that if the switch settings of its two parts are one of
the combinations SS, ST, or TS, their outputs are the same
(being 00 or 11, with equal probability), whereas if it is TT
their outputs are different (being 01 or 10, with equal probability). What is so amazing about that, you might ask. The
answer, quite simply, is that no one has yet figured out a way
to build a PR box. Bub explores a number of plausible
schemes, including one based on the spooky actions at a distance that so bothered Einstein, but shows that none of them
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Am. J. Phys., Vol. 85, No. 1, January 2017

is up to doing the job (or comes even close). It should be

stressed that what makes the PR box so remarkable is that it
is non-signaling (i.e., it cannot be used to transmit information between its two parts), but yet exhibits correlations that
are much stronger than any we can see in our world.
The discovery of the PR box suggests that the reality we
find ourselves in may be a bit like a Russian doll, with a classical domain enclosed inside a larger quantum one and the
quantum domain likewise enclosed within a superquantum
one. The superquantum domain is the one in which the PR
box, and other objects like it, hold sway. Bub shows how
some elementary four-dimensional geometry can be used to
trace out, at least partially, the boundaries between these different domains. The classical-quantum boundary is of course
familiar to most of us, even if we find ourselves hard pressed
to define it precisely, but the idea of a quantumsuperquantum boundary may come as a surprise to many.
Bub introduces the reader to this boundary early in the book,
and then crisscrosses it often in the later discussion.
The most fascinating question raised by the PR box is why
we can conceive of a (superquantum) world in which it exists
and yet not be able to set foot in that world. After two decades of pondering this question, the experts finally seem to be
coming around to the view that the PR box may be an impossible object, like Eschers Waterfall, that we can conceive of
in our minds but that cannot exist in reality. The reason for
this feeling is that if a PR box existed, it could be used to
perform a number of feats that are all too good to be true.
What these feats are, and how the PR box can be used to
accomplish them, are matters that Bub discusses at length.
And because physicists believe there is no such thing as a
free lunch, they conclude that a PR box cannot exist. But
they have not been content to let matters rest there. Some
researchers have shown that even if one had an imperfect PR
box, it could still be used to perform magical feats (although
of a lesser degree), and they then asked how much more the
box would have to be weakened before its magic disappeared
completely. The answer, many hope, is that it would have to
be weakened to the point where it can be simulated perfectly
with the resources available in our (quantum) world. We do
not have a proof of this conjecture yet, but the pursuit of this
Holy Grail continues to inspire a great deal of current
research.
The story of the PR box is just one of the subplots of this
book, but I have talked about it at some length because it is
one of the things that makes the book stand out to me. There
are no other books at this level, to my knowledge, that discuss this topic at all, and Bubs treatment of it is masterful;
he begins from the basics and takes you all the way up to the
research frontiers of the field. Many readers, from nonspecialists to professional physicists, will find themselves
caught up in the excitement of this quest as they read Bubs
riveting account of it.
I will mention just two of the other topics discussed in the
book. In a chapter entitled "Quantum Magic," Bub introduces the reader to the ideas of contextuality and nonlocality
(i.e., Bells theorem) and the subtle interplay between them.
He does this by presenting the reader with a number of
Book Reviews

77

magic tricks, embedded in a triangular or pentagrammic

framework, and showing how an analysis of their results
leads to all the conclusions. I can best convey the flavor of
Bubs demonstrations by saying that they are a bit like the
"magic eye" pictures (or random dot stereograms) you may
see in your Sunday newspaper: exactly as you might have to
stare at your paper for a while before the three-dimensional
image floats into view, so might you have to stare at Bubs
diagrams a bit before the patterns hidden in them become
clear. But the patterns you see here are more remarkable
than any you will see in your Sunday newspaper, because
they lay to rest the possibility of a finer and more definite
reality underlying the quantum theory.
How do physicists react to all the quantum weirdness they
are awash in (forgetting the superquantum madness of the
PR box, which many hope will simply be squeezed out of
existence)? They have come up with their own interpretations of what nature is really like. Except that when some
say really, others say not really and come up with alternative interpretations. So physicists are divided into
campsBohmians, Everettians, Qubists, and many others
that coexist somewhat warily with each other. Bub ventures
into this territory by providing overviews of some of the
more popular interpretations, while also pointing out their
limitations. His purpose here is not to be exhaustive but
rather to convey a feeling of what the interpretations can and
cannot do. In one notable passage, he shows how the
Bohmian viewpoint can be used to account perfectly for the
action of a PR box; the trick is to use the hidden variables
of the box, which are always present in the Bohmian scheme,
to signal instantaneously between its two parts. This explanation shows how the spookiness that is woven naturally into
the fabric of the Bohmian scheme can be used to account for
the superquantum weirdness of the PR box. The book
abounds in nuggets of insight like this.
Bub uses a number of props to help his readers navigate
their way through the book. Each chapter has an appendix
entitled More, where elaborations and extensions of the
material in the main text can be found. A mathematical supplement provides the background for some of the more
demanding calculations in the book. The end of each section
contains a summary, in the form of bullet points, of all the
important results obtained in it; readers will find these particularly helpful in refreshing their memories when they are
further along in the book. Finally, professionals will find a
wealth of interesting commentary tucked away in the footnotes at the end of the chapters, as well as a large number of
references to the original literature (some of it quite recent).
And, oh yes, there are the bananas too. But Ill let you discover why they are there when you take your first bite out of
the book.
In addition to discussing foundational questions and their
philosophical implications, the book also talks about some of
their surprising modern day applications (such as quantum
cryptography and teleportation). A book of this length obviously cannot discuss everything, but Bub has made a wise
choice of topics that reflects itself in the thematic unity and
coherence of his presentation. Above all, he has taken great
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Am. J. Phys., Vol. 85, No. 1, January 2017

pains to ensure that his treatment of the topics makes them

accessible to as broad an audience as possible. It is therefore
my hope that this book finds the wide readership it deserves.
P. K. Aravind is a Professor of Physics at Worcester
Polytechnic Institute. He was worked on the Bell and
Kochen-Specker theorems and problems in quantum information theory.

Learning the Art of Electronics: A Hands-on Lab

Course. Thomas C. Hayes and Paul Horowitz. 1150 pp.
Cambridge U.P., UK, 2016. Price: $79.99 (paper). ISBN
0-521-17723-5. (Bill Ashmanskas, Reviewer.)
Alumni of Harvards legendary Physics 123 Laboratory
Electronics course tend to remember it as a fun, eye-opening,
and empowering experience. Half a dozen of my Penn colleagues learned electronics in that course. It was by far my
favorite college course. Learning the Art of Electronics
embodies that complete course, minus the homework and
exam problems. Hence the apt subtitle: A hands-on lab course.
The book is longtwice as long as the 1989 edition
(Student Manual for the Art of Electronics, by Hayes and
Horowitz)but self-contained and modestly priced. Unlike
its predecessor, the 2016 edition aims to be a complete textbook, so there is no need for students to read Horowitz and
Hill (The Art of Electronics). This change is welcome, since
Horowitz and Hill is better as a reference than as a students
first introduction. Tom Hayes puts the intuitive Art-ofElectronics spirit into an approachable form that a beginning
student can easily digest.
The three times I have taught our physics departments
electronics course, I have used many parts of Tom Hayess
updated labs, in draft form. Now that the book is in print,
one colleague and I are looking forward to working together
through the whole set of analog labs next summer, and we
would like eventually to do the digital labs as well. If
Learning the Art of Electronics had been published before I
first taught electronics, I would have used it verbatim. Even
now, I am tempted to do so in future years.
The books approach is to build intuition and to teach by
immersion, favoring limiting cases and metaphors over
math: large (small) resistance dominates in series (parallel);
a low-pass filters capacitor is like a bathtub; A transistor is
a valve, not a pump; When the transistor is saturated, the
current is limited not by the transistor but by the load; for
the input resistance of an RC integrator or differentiator, simplify the problem by considering the dc and high-frequency
limits. One colleague found the authors intuitive explanation of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers far
more illuminating than the mathematical descriptions found
elsewhere. The preface notes, To learn circuit design you
do not need to know any substantial amount of physics or
sophisticated math. But students looking for a mathematical
approach will need outside references (e.g., Egglestons
Basic Electronics), or perhaps your own supplementary
notes. A nice example of Hayess approach (p. 164)
Book Reviews

78

considers impedances along the signal path of an emitter follower, then shows the clipping of too large a signal.
Several key art of electronics themes are woven
throughout the book so memorably that I can say (from my
own experience) that one remembers them decades later.
The pervasive 10 rule of thumb, Zin(downstream) > 10
Zout(upstream), allows us to design circuit fragments
independently. Negative feedback lets an op-amps output
(seemingly magically) calculate the inverse dog to undo
nearly any dog that you throw into your op-amps feedback loop. Too large a phase shift within the loop creates a
sign flip, turning negative feedback into positive, often leading to parasitic oscillation.
I like the illustrations. A beautifully concise cartoon (p.
167) compares emitter follower, current source, commonemitter amplifier, and switch. A longer sequence of cartoons
(p. 232) summarizes the steps in analyzing key transistor circuits. Another gem (p. 297) redraws the op-amp T network
trick (avoiding huge feedback resistors) to make its function
obvious. The mechanism and adjustment of a 10  probe (p.
111) are clearly drawn. Oscilloscope graphs of sampling artifacts (p. 738) explain aliasing. Learning to read logic timing
diagrams (p. 834) helps to interpret data sheets or debug
Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) code. Even the
humble 4-pin pushbutton switch (p. 625) is demystified with
a figure.
The book is generally good at motivating each topic. The
Thevenin problem (p. 3): Given a constant DC voltage
source, design a lower voltage source, strong enough to
drive a particular load resistance. A classroom demonstration (p. 203) illustrates the power of differential signaling,
hence differential amplification. And each chapter begins
with a Why paragraph, such as In [Chap. 5] we meet an
amplifier sensitive to a difference between two inputs
[which] permits implementation of the hugely important operational amplifier, our principal analog building block.
A key strength of the books lab exercises is forcing students to make choices. Designing simple RC filters (p. 84) to
separate signal from noise is a fun exercise, involving
more thinking than cookbook steps. The memorable challenge
to build a simple AM radio receiver (p. 135) reads, We have
offered you only a strategy, not part values. To avoid frustration, many questions posed are answered in footnotes. And
particularly in the digital labs, the students task is kept manageable with an otherwise complete schematic containing a
dashed box marked your logic (p. 729) for the sub-circuit of
the students design, or a block of code (p. 848) with just one
missing instruction for the student to fill in.
The book is filled with practical information and advice: it
is easy to blow the digital multimeters fuse when measuring
current; poor grounding can evoke LC resonant waveforms
(p. 118); amplifier circuits need power-supply decoupling
(p. 169); why inductors are used so much less widely than
capacitors in low-frequency circuits (p. 112); tips to eliminate or debug parasitic oscillations (p. 370); switching an
inductive load leads to voltage spikes (p. 175), cured with a
parallel diodelater (p. 445), these spikes are exploited to
make a voltage-boosting switching power supply; using
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Am. J. Phys., Vol. 85, No. 1, January 2017

pulse-width modulation to drive a motor (p. 340) preserves

good torque even at low speed (vs reducing voltage);
floating the function generator (p. 211) is a neat lesson in
chassis grounding; a series resistor (p. 364) can keep an opamp from oscillating when driving a long cable; 3.3-V vs 5-V
logic (p. 692). Real-world language is spelled out in jargon
sections (e.g., p. 139) and is used throughout the text.
The book is informal and non-mathematical, but does not
commit the sin of omission; glossed-over subtleties appear in
footnotes (or pointers to Horowitz and Hill) for the ambitious
student. Better filters (multi-pole, active) are mentioned
parenthetically (p. 73) so that one knows the simple RC is
not the only filter available. A footnote (p. 290) contrasts
unity-gain frequency and gain-bandwidth product. New
supplementary chapters contain technical stuff, such as the
intuitive model of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect
Transistor (MOSFET) operation, that one can skip on a first
reading.
The most welcome change since the 1989 student manual
is that each labs vastly expanded notes make this book
self-contained. Discrete BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor)
circuits are nicely cut to just two labs, and Junction Field
Effect Transistors (JFETs) are eliminated altogether. The
Miller effect and the cascode have moved to footnotes.
Current mirrors and the Early effect are in a supplementary
note. Chapter 9 on parasitic oscillations is new. The new
voltage-regulator lab includes designing a linear regulator
(which recaps tricky Chap. 9 topics) and a lesson on switching regulators in buck, boost, and inverting configurations.
Karnaugh mapping and the JK flip-flop are declared obsolete. A few pages describe delta-sigma ADCs. An appendix
on transmission lines nicely illustrates improperly terminated
waveforms. The digital labs emphasize programmable logic
(FPGAs) and microcontrollerstodays Swiss Army knives
of digital interfacing; an appendix introduces Verilog for
FPGA programming. The new, fun, PID motor control lab
provides great practice using op-amps. The group audio project looks like great fun (I have not tried it) and a nice review
of analog topics; it includes a Debugging strategies section
for testing a complicated circuit block-by-block. The CPU
labs now use an 8051 microcontroller instead of a 68008. A
new web site, learningtheartofelectronics.com, includes
source code and clickable parts lists.
Several labs are particularly memorable. Building a homemade op-amp (p. 217) is really fun, particularly if one permutes the order of topics (a significant departure from the
book) to introduce op-amps before teaching transistors.
Watching the op-amps feedback cancel the push-pull followers crossover distortion (pp. 218, 260) is indeed
magical. Turning a lamp on and off by touching one hand
to the gate of a Field Effect Transistor (FET) switch and the
other hand to 5 V or ground (p. 487) illustrates an FETs
gigantic input resistance. Using the integrator circuit to infer
Ibias and Voffset of an op-amp (p. 304) is neat; it always seems
surprising that one can just float the input to remove the
effect of Voffset. Building our own computer, chip by chip,
was incredibly fun back in 1991; I look forward to trying the
updated microcomputer labs.
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79

The book is divided into 26 class meetings, the first 13 of

which cover analog circuits; the last 13 cover digital logic,
then microcontrollers. Each class has a notes chapter to
read beforehand, a set of lab exercises (34 h work), some
design-oriented worked examples, and often a set of supplementary details. Each notes chapter is a quite manageable semiweekly reading assignment, far easier to read than
a typical textbook. Many digital labs require a custom LCD
display card and a keypad board; both should be available
some time in 2016. The microcomputer labs follow two
parallel paths: learn to program a commercial 8051 microcontroller module, or build up a big board computer chip
by chip on a custom circuit board that the author can fabri-

cate on demand. The Harvard course moves at a frenetic

pace. One could fill a semester with the 13 analog labs and
a few of the digital labs. Even if you choose a simpler
microcontroller platform, like Arduino, the 8051-based labs
are filled with ideas you could adapt. As evidence of the
creativity inspired by the course that this book embodies,
the gallery (Chap. 26) of past student projects is simply
awesome!
Bill Ashmanskas is a Senior Lecturer in Physics and a staff
scientist in Radiology at the University of Pennsylvania. He
teaches physics and electronics and works on instrumentation development for positron-emission tomography.

BOOKS RECEIVED
After Physics. David Z. Albert. 190 pp. Harvard U.P.,
Cambridge, MA, 2016. Price $18.95 (paper) ISBN 978-0674-97087-8.
Qbism: The Future of Quantum Physics. Hans Christian
von Baeyer. 265 pp. Harvard U.P., Cambridge, MA, 2016.
Price: Price $24.95 (hardcover) ISBN 978-0-674-50464-6.
Conformal Methods in General Relativity. Juan A.
Valiente Kroon. 624 pp. Cambridge U.P., New York,
2016. Price: $125 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-107-03389-4.
Void: The Strange Physics of Nothing. James Owen
Weatherall. 196 pp. Yale U.P., New Haven, CT,

2016. Price: $26 (hardcover) ISBN 978-0-300-209983.

The Origins of Everything in 100 Pages (more or less).
David Bercovici. 145 pp. Yale U.P., New Haven, CT,
2016. Price: $23 (hardcover) ISBN 978-0-300-21513-7.
Hadrons at Finite Temperature. Samirnath Mallik and
Sourav Sarkar. 264 pp. Cambridge U.P., New York, 2016.
Price: $140 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-107-14531-3.
Deconstructing Cosmology. Robert H. Sanders. 152 pp.
Cambridge U.P., New York, 2016. Price: $39.99 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-107-15526-8.

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AAPT Career Center. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
AAPT Membership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
AAPT Compadre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cover 3

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