Edward B.

Taylor and Lewis Henry Morgan) - states that most societies were belie
ved to pass through the same series of stages, to arrive ultimately at a common
end
- Historical Particularism - Franz Boas. the proponent, believed that it was pre
mature to formulate universal law since there is a need to study the context of
society in which they appeared.
- Diffusionism (British, German and Austrian Anthropologists) spread the idea th
at most aspects of civilization had emerged in culture centers and later diffuse
d outward.
- Functionalism (Bronislaw Malinowski). It holds that all culture traits serve t
he needs of individuals in a society; the function of culture traits is the abil
ity to satisfy some basic or derived need.
- Structural-functionalist approach (Arthur Reginald Radcliffe-Brown) assumes th
at the various aspects of social behavior maintain a society's social structureits total network of social relationships - rather than satisfying individual n
eeds. It works in the following assumption: stability, harmony, equilibrium and
evolution.
- Psychological Approaches (Edward Sapir, Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead) seek
to understand how psychological factors and processes may help us explain cultur
al practices.
- Later Evolutionism (Leslie White) states that culture evolves as the amount of
energy harnessed per capita per year is increased or as the efficiency of the i
nstrumental means of putting the energy to work increased.
- Structuralism- Claude Levi-Strauss sees culture as it is expressed in art, rit
ual, and the patterns of daily life, as a surface representation of the underlyi
ng patterns of the human mind.
- Ethno science (ethnography) explains culture from the way people used to descr
ibe their activities.
- Cultural Ecology seeks to understand the relationship between culture and soci
al environments
- Political economy centers on the impact of external political and economic pro
cesses, particularly as connected to colonialism and imperialism, on local event
s and cultures in the underdeveloped countries.
- Sociobiology involves the application of biological evolutionary principles to
the social behavior of animals, including humans.
- Interpretive approaches consider cultures as texts to be analyzed for their me
anings.
- Feminist Anthropology includes women's issues in the study of culture and soci
ety.
- Conflict Theory-advocates of this theory ask this question: "Who controls the
scarce resources of a given society"? It assumes that society can be explained b
ased on the following assumptions: economic