Solutions To Chapter 13

Solutions to Chapter 13
Exercise 13.1
1.
(a)
(b)
x(t ) = 2t i 3t j + 4t 3 k
x (t ) = 4t i 3 j + 12t 2 k
(c)
(d)
(f)
1
x(t ) = i 2t 3t 2 j + t 3 k
t
1
3 t
x (t ) = 2 i 2 2 3 t j +
k
2
t
x(t ) = t i 2 cos 2t j + sin 4t k

x (t ) = 2t i + 4 sin 2t j + 4 cos 4t k
2
(e)
x(t ) = e 2t i 3 ln t j + t 3 k
3
x (t ) = 2e 2t i j 3t 4 k
t
x(t ) = 2te t i 3t ln t j + 4t sin t k
x (t ) = 2t e t + e t 2 i 3t + ln t 3 j + (4t cos t + sin t 4 ) k

t
t
= 2e (t + 1) i 3(1 + ln t ) j + 4(t cos t + sin t ) k
2.
(a)
x (t ) = 2t i + t 2 j 4t 3 k
x (t ) dt
= (2t i + t
x(t ) =
x(t ) = (3t + 2 ) i 2t 2 + 5t j + (1 t )3 k
x (t ) = 3 i (4t + 5) j 3(1 t )2 k
j 4t 3 k dt
2t 2 t 3 4t 4
j
k + c i + d j + e k
i+
4
3
2
t3 4
j t k + c i + d j + e k
= t 2 i +
3
Since x(1) = i + 2 j k , then we obtain
=
1
i + 2 j k = i + j k + c i + d j + e k
3
2
c = 0, d = 1 and e = 0
3
t3 +5
j t 4 k
Thus x(t ) = t 2 i +
3
(b)
x (t ) = 5 cos 3t i + 2 sin t j 4 cos 2t k

x(t ) =
x (t ) dt
= (5 cos 3t i + 2 sin t j 4 cos 2t k ) dt
5 sin 3t
4 sin 2t
i 2 cos t j
k + c i + d j + e k
3
2

Since x = 4i + j 2k , we obtain
2
=
4 i + j 2 k =
5 sin 32
2
i 2 cos j 2 sin
k + c i + d j + e k
2
2
3
5
4 i + j 2 k = i 0 j 0 k + c i + d j + e k
3
2
c = 5 , d = 1 and e = 2
3
5 sin 3t + 17
4 sin 2t + 4
Thus x(t ) =
k.
i (2 cos t 1) j
3
2
(c)
x (t ) = e 2t i + e 3t j 2e 3t k
x(t ) =
x (t ) dt
e 2t e 3t 2e 3t
i
j
k + c i + d j + e k
2
3
3
Since x(0 ) = 4 i + 6 j 2 k , we obtain
=
1
1
2
4 i + 6 j 2 k = i j k + c i + d j + e k
2
3
3
1
1
1
c = 3 , d = 6 and e = 1
2
3
3
Thus x(t ) =
3.
(a)
e 2t + 7 e 3t 19 2e 3t + 4
i
j
k
2
3
3
x(t ) = 2t i 3t 2 j + 2t 1 k
v(t ) = x (t ) = 2 i 6t j 2t 2 k
a(t ) = x (t ) = 6 j + 4t 3 k
When t = 1, v(1) = 2 i 6 j 2 k and a(1) = 6 j + 4 k

(b)
) (
x(t ) = (1 2t ) i t 2 2t j + 3 t 3 k
v(t ) = x (t ) = 2 i (2t 2 ) j 3t 2 k
a(t ) = x (t ) = 2 j 6t k
When t = 2, v(2 ) = 2 i 2 j 12 k and a(2 ) = 2 j 12 k
(c)
x(t ) = cos 2t i + sin 2t j + (cos t sin t ) k

v(t ) = x (t ) = 2 sin 2t i + 2 cos 2t j + ( sin t cos t ) k
a(t ) = x (t ) = 4 cos 2t i 4 sin 2t j + ( cos t + sin t ) k
When t = 0,
v(0 ) = 2 sin 0 i + 2 cos 0 j + ( sin 0 cos 0 ) k

= 2 j k
a(0 ) = 4 cos 0 i 4 sin 0 j + ( cos 0 + sin 0 ) k

= 4 i k
(d)
x(t ) = 2 sin 2t i 2 cos 2t j + (sin t cos t ) k

v(t ) = x (t ) = 4 cos 2t i + 4 sin 2t j + (cos t + sin t ) k
a(t ) = x (t ) = 8 sin 2t i + 8 cos 2t j + ( sin t + cos t ) k
When t =
,
2
2
2

v = 4 cos
i + 4 sin
j + cos + sin k
2
2
2
2
= 4 i + k
2
2

i + 8 cos
j + sin + cos k
a = 8 sin
2
2
2
2
= 8 j k
4.
(a)
(b)
x(t ) = 3 cos 2t i + 4 sin 2t j

v(t ) = x (t ) = 6 sin 2t i + 8 cos 2t j
a(t ) = x (t ) = 12 cos 2t i 16 sin 2t j
a(t ) = 12 cos 2t i 16 sin 2t j
= 4 3 cos 2t i + 4 sin 2t j
= 4 x(t )
Thus if the displacement vector is directed away from the origin, then the
acceleration vector is directed in the opposite direction, ie towards the origin.
(c)
a(t ) = 4 x(t )
thus
a(t ) = 4 x(t )
= 4 x(t )
x(t )
5.
(a)
x(t ) = a cos bt i + a sin bt j

v(t ) = x (t ) = ab sin bt i + ab cos bt j
(b)
The velocity vector will be perpendicular to the displacement vector if the scalar
product of these two vectors is zero.
v(t ) x(t ) = ab sin bt i + ab cos bt j a cos bt i + a sin bt j
)(
= a b sin bt cos bt + a b cos bt sin bt

2
=0
Thus the velocity vector is always perpendicular to the displacement vector.
The speed is given by the norm of the velocity vector.

v(t ) = ab sin bt i + ab cos bt j
v(t ) =
( ab sin bt )2 + (ab cos bt )2
= a 2 b 2 sin 2 bt + a 2 b 2 cos 2 bt
= a 2 b 2 sin 2 bt + cos 2 bt
= ab
Thus the speed is always constant.
(c)
(d)
x(t ) = a cos bt i + a sin bt j

v(t ) = x (t ) = ab sin bt i + ab cos bt j
a(t ) = x (t ) = ab 2 cos bt i ab 2 sin bt j
a(t ) = ab 2 cos bt i ab 2 sin bt j

= b 2 a cos bt i + a sin bt j
= b x(t )
Thus the acceleration vector is always directed towards the origin.
2
a(t ) =
( ab
cos bt
) + ( ab
2
sin bt
= a 2 b 4 cos 2 bt + a 2 b 4 sin 2 bt
= a 2 b 4 cos 2 bt + sin 2 bt
= ab
6.
A particle moves on a curved path so that its position at any time t is given by
x(t ) = e 2t sin t i + e 2t cos t j + 4t 2 k
) (
v(t ) = e 2t cos t + sin t 2e 2t i + e 2t sin t + cos t 2e 2t j + 8t k

= e 2t (cos t + 2 sin t ) i + e 2t (2 cos t sin t ) j + 8t k
a(t ) = (e 2t ( sin t + 2 cos t ) + 2e 2t (cos t + 2 sin t )) i +
(e
( 2 sin t cos t ) + 2e 2t (2 cos t sin t )) j + 8 k

= e 2t (3 sin t + 4 cos t ) i + e 2t (3 cos t 4 sin t ) j + 8 k
2t
When t = 0,
v(0 ) = e 0 cos 0 + sin 0 2e 0 i + e 0 sin 0 + cos 0 2e 0 j + 8 0 k
= i + 2 j
) (
a(0 ) = e 0 (3 sin 0 + 4 cos 0 ) i + e 0 (3 cos 0 4 sin 0 ) j + 8 k

= 4 i + 3 j + 8 k
7.
A particle moves so that its velocity v(t ) at time t is given by

v(t ) = 2 cos t i + 4 sin t j
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= (2 cos t i + 4 sin t j ) dt
= 2 sin t i 4 cos t j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x = 2 i + 4 j , so we obtain
2 i + 4 j = 2 sin 0 i 4 cos 0 j + c i + d j
= 4 j + c i + d j
thus c = 2, d = 8
and
x(t ) = (2 sin t + 2 ) i + (8 4 cos t ) j

and x = 2 sin + 2 i + 8 4 cos j
2
2
2

= 4 i + 4 j
8.
(a)
)
(
) (
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
.
= ((6t 12t )i + (3t + 2t ) j ) dt
= (2t 6t )i + (t + t ) j + c i + d j
v(t ) = 6t 2 12t i + 3t 2 + 2t j
When t = 1, x(1) = 3 i 4 j , so
3 i 4 j = 4 i + 2 j + c i + d j
so c = 7 and d = 6
Thus x(t ) = 2t 3 6t 2 + 7 i + t 3 + t 2 6 j
(b)
9.
) (
) (
v(t ) = 6t 2 12t i + 3t 2 + 2t j
d
a(t ) = v(t )
dt
= (12t 12 ) i + (6t + 2 ) j
a(1) = 8 j
The acceleration a(t ) of a body is given by

a(t ) = 6t i 12 j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= (6t i 12 j ) dt
= 3t 2 i 12t j + c i + d j
Since v(0 ) = 2 i + 3 j , we obtain
2 i + 3 j = 0 i 0 j + c i + d j
and c = 2, d = 3
Thus
( )
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= (t + 2t )i + (3t 6t ) j + c i + d j
v(t ) = 3t 2 + 2 i + (3 12t ) j
Since x(1) = i 4 j , we obtain

i 4 j = (1 + 2 ) i + (3 6 ) j + c i + d j
= 3 i 3 j + c i + d j
so c = 2, d = 1
) (
and x(t ) = t 3 + 2t 2 i + 3t 6t 2 1 j
When the vertical component of velocity is zero,
3 12t = 0
1
t=
4
1
When t = ,
4
1 1 2
3 6
x = + 2 i + 1 j
4
64
4
4
16

95 5
= i j
64
8
Exercise 13.2
1.
(a)
u = 0, a = 1.5, t = 8. Using v = u + at , we obtain

v = 0 + 1.5 8
= 12
Thus the velocity after 8 seconds is 12ms-1.
(b)
u = 0, a = 1.5, t = 8. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain

s = 0 + 12 1.5 8 2
= 48
Thus the distance travelled after 8 seconds is 48m.
2.
u = 0, a = 2, v = 20. Using v = u + at , we obtain

20 = 0 + 2 t
t = 10
Thus the time required is 10 seconds.
3.
s = 400, u = 5, t = 30. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain

400 = 5 30 + 12 a 30 2
= 150 + 450a
250 = 450a
250
450
5
=
9
Thus the acceleration required is
a=
4.
5
9
ms 2 .
u = 14, a = 1.5, v = 26. Using v 2 = u 2 + 2as , we obtain
26 2 = 14 2 + 2 1.5 s
676 = 196 + 3s
3s = 480
s = 160
Thus the distance travelled is 160m.
5.
6.
(a)
u = 34, v = 14, s = 240. Using v 2 = u 2 + 2as , we obtain

14 2 = 34 2 + 2 a 240
196 = 1156 + 480a
480a = 960
a = 2
Thus the retardation of the car (negative acceleration) is 2ms-2.
(b)
u = 34, v = 0, a = -2. Using v 2 = u 2 + 2as , we obtain

0 2 = 34 2 + 2 2 s
0 = 1156 4 s
4 s = 1156
s = 289
Thus the car will travel a further 49 metres before coming to rest.
(a)
For the first 4 seconds, a = 2.5, u = 0, t = 4. Using v = u + at , we obtain

v = 0 + 2.5 4
= 10
and using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain
s = 0 + 12 2.5 4 2
(b)
= 20
For the next 4 seconds, a = 2, u = 10, t = 4. Using v = u + at , we obtain
v = 10 + 2 4
= 18
s = 10 4 + 12 2 4 2
(c)
= 56
For the final 4 seconds, a = 1.5, u = 18, t = 4. Using v = u + at , we obtain
v = 18 + 1.5 4
= 24
s = 18 4 + 12 1.5 4 2
= 84
Thus the final speed of the car is 24ms-1 and it travels a total of 160 metres.
7.
The distance travelled in the 12th second is the difference in the distances travelled from t = 11
to t = 12. u = 8, a = 2, t11 = 11, t12 = 12. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain
s12 s11 = u (t12 t11 ) + 12 a t12 2 t11 2
= 8 (12 11) + 12 2 12 2 112
= 31
Thus the distance travelled in the 12th second is 31 metres.
8.
to t = 12. u = 8, a = 2, s = 2.75. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain
s 5 = 0 + 12 a 5 2 = 12.5a
s 6 = 0 + 12 a 6 2 = 18a
s 6 s 5 = 18a 12.5a
2.75 = 5.5a
a = 0.5
Thus the acceleration of the body is 0.5ms-2.
9.
The distance travelled in the 6th second is the difference in the distances travelled from t = 5 to
t = 6. u = u, a = a, t5 = 5, t6 = 6. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain
s 5 = 5u + 12 a 5 2 = 5u + 12.5a
s 6 = 6u + 12 a 6 2 = 6u + 18a
s 6 s 5 = 6u 5u + 18a 12.5a
21 = u + 5.5a
to t = 10. u = u, a = a, t9 = 9, t10 = 10. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain
s 9 = 9u + 12 a 9 2 = 9u + 40.5a
s10 = 10u + 12 a 10 2 = 10u + 50a
s10 s 9 = 10u 9u + 50a 40.5a
29 = u + 9.5a
Subtracting these two equations, we obtain
8 = 4a
a=2
Substituting a = 2, we obtain u = 10
a = 2, u = 10, s = 264. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain

264 = 10t + 12 2 t 2
t 2 + 10t 264 = 0
(t + 22)(t 12) = 0
t = 12, 22
Since t must be positive, it will take 12 seconds to cover a distance of 264 metres.
Problem 1
108kph = 30ms-1 and 126kph = 35ms-1.
Let the pursuit take t seconds. Then the distance travelled by the car is 30t metres.
For the police car, u = 0, v = 35, a = 2. Using v = u + at , we obtain
35 = 0 + 2 t
t = 17.5
Also, u = 0, v = 35, a = 2. Using v 2 = u 2 + 2as , we obtain
35 2 = 0 2 + 2 2 s
4 s = 1156
s = 306.25
Distance travelled by the police car is 306.25 + 35 (t 17.5) . Thus
306.25 + 35 (t 17.5) = 30t

306.25 + 35t _ 612.5 = 30t
5t = 306.25
t = 61.25
The distance travelled by the car is 30 61.25 = 1837.5 km which is greater than 1.5km.
Thus the police will not catch the car in the required distance.
Exercise 13.3
In answering these problems, upwards is taken as positive and the acceleration due to gravity as
10ms-2.
1.
A stone is dropped from the top of a 40 metre high tower. Find:

(a)
u = 0, a = -10, s = -40. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain

40 = 0 12 10 t 2
40 = 5t 2
t2 =8
t = 2 2
Since t is positive, the time taken is approximately 2.8 seconds.
(b)
u = 0, a = -10, t = 22. Using v = u + at , we obtain

v = 0 10 2 2
= 20 2
The stone is travelling downwards at a velocity of approximately 28.3ms-1 when it
hits the ground.
2.
A small object dropped from the window of a building takes 5 seconds to reach the ground.
(a)
u = 0, t = 5, a = -10. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain

s = 0 12 10 5 2
= 125
Thus the window is 125 metres above the ground.
3.
(b)
u = 0, a = -10, t = 5. Using v = u + at , we obtain

v = 0 10 5
= 50
The object hits the ground with a velocity of 50ms-1 or 180kph.
(c)
An object travelling at 180kph is a lethal missile!!
(a)
u = 30, a = -10, v = 0. Using v = u + at , we obtain

0 = 30 10 t
10t = 30
t =3
The object takes 3 seconds to reach its greatest height.
(b)
u = 30, a = -10, s = -80. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain
80 = 30t 12 10 t 2
5t 2 30t 80 = 0
t 2 6t 16 = 0
(t 8)(t + 2 ) = 0
t = 8, 2
Thus the object takes 8 seconds to hit the ground.
(c)
4.
u = 30, a = -10, s = -80. Using v 2 = u 2 + 2as , we obtain

v 2 = 30 2 + 2 ( 10 ) ( 80 )
= 900 + 1600
= 2500
v = 50
The object strikes the ground with a velocity of 50ms-1.
u = -10, a = -10, t = 2. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain

s = 10 2 12 10 2 2
= 20 20
= 40
Thus the mine shaft is 40 metres below ground level.
5.
(a)
u = 25, a = -10, v = 0. Using v = u + at , we obtain

0 = 25 10 t
10t = 25
t = 2.5
The ball takes 2.5 seconds to reach its greatest height.
u = 25, a = -10, t = 2.5. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain
s = 25 2.5 12 10 2.5 2
= 62.5 31.25
= 31.25
Thus the ball has a maximum height of 31.25 metres.
(b)
u = 25, a = -10, s = 20. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain

20 = 25t 12 10 t 2
5t 2 25t + 20 = 0
6.
t 2 5t + 4 = 0
(t 4)(t 1) = 0
t = 1, 4
Thus the ball is 20 metres above the ground after 1 and 4 seconds.
a = -10, s = 40, t = 2. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain
40 = 2u 12 10 2 2
40 = 2u 20
2u = 60
u = 30
Thus the initial velocity of projection is 30ms-1 upwards.
The distance travelled in the 5th second is the difference in distances for t = 4 and t = 5.
10
s 4 = 30 4 12 10 4 2
= 120 80
s 5 = 30 5 12 10 5 2
= 150 125
= 40
= 25
Thus the distance travelled in the 5th second is 15 metres.
7.
and
s = 25, a = -10, u = 20. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain

25 = 20t 12 10 t 2
5t 2 20t + 25 = 0
t 2 4t + 5 = 0
Since this has no real solution, the particle never gets above the tower.
8.
v = 0, a = -10, s = 180. Using v 2 = u 2 + 2as , we obtain

0 2 = u 2 2 10 180
0 = u 2 3600
u 2 = 3600
u = 60
u = 60, s = 160, a = -10. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain
160 = 60t 12 10 t 2
5t 2 60t + 160 = 0
t 2 12t + 32 = 0
(t 4)(t 8) = 0
t = 8, 4
The rocket will first be at 160 metres 4 seconds after being projected.
Problem 2
Since the first balloon is descending at constant speed, the time taken to reach the ground is
60
t=
10
= 6 sec
For the stone from the second balloon, u = 5, s = -120, a = -10. Thus
s = ut + 12 at 2
120 = 5t 5t 2
5t 2 5t 120 = 0
t = 5.42, 4.42
Since the stone will take 5.4 seconds to reach the ground, it will hit the first balloon above the ground.
11
Problem 3
Let the first particle have an initial velocity upwards of u1 ms-1.
For the first particle
For the second particle
v1 = u1 + at
v 2 = u + at
= u1 10t
= 10t
Since the speeds of the particles are equal when they meet,
v1 = v 2
u1 10t = 10t
u1 = 20t
For the first particle

s1 = u1t 12 gt 2
= 20t 5t
2
For the second particle

s 2 = u 2 t 12 gt 2
= 5t 2
= 15t 2
s1 = 15t
s 2 = 5t 2
Thus
s1 = 3 s 2
Exercise 13.4
1.
(a)
(c)
(b)
p = mv
= 0.5 4
= 2 Ns
= 60 41 23
= 2500 Ns
(d)
p = mv
= 46
= 24 Ns
2.
p = mv
= 0.025 0.25
= 6.25 10 3 Ns
3.
F = ma
F
a=
m
70
=
14
= 5 ms 2
p = mv
4.
F = ma
F
m=
a
50
=
10
= 5 kg
vu
t
100 10
=
10
=9
a=
F = ma
= 1 9
=9N
12
6.
7.
8.
F
a=
m
700
=
9
= 77 79
vu
t
50
=
5
=1
F = ma
a=
vu
t=
a
80
=
77 79
= 10 1
= 10 N
F = 200 4
= 196
a=
0.1 s
10.
Using Newtons second law

R = ma
= 800 0.6
= 480
Thus the resultant force is 480 Newtons.
R = Ft F f
480 = 1000 F f
F f = 520
Thus the frictional force is 520 Newtons.

New net force = 480 + 50 = 530 N and
R = ma
R
a=
m
530
=
800
= 0.6625
Thus the new acceleration is 0.6625 ms-2.
Exercise 13.5
1.
(a)
Since there is only gravity acting on the body, R = 60g newtons.
(b)
Net acceleration now acting on the body is 10.1 ms-1.

R = ma
= 60 10.1
= 606
The new value of R = 606 newtons.
(c)
Since there is only gravity acting on the body, R = 60g newtons.
2.
(a)
T mg = ma
T = 5000 9.8 + 5000 0.4
= 49000 + 2000
= 51000
Thus the tension in the cable is 51000 newtons.
13
F
m
196
1 10 5
= 1.96 10 7 ms 2
(b)
T mg = ma
51000 5135 9.8 = 5135a
51000 50323 = 5135a
677
5135
0.13
Thus the new acceleration of the lift is approximately 0.13 ms-2.
a=
3.
4.
Using linear motion formulae, we obtain
Resultant force = T F f
v = u + at
ma = T mg
50 1 = T 0.2 50 10
0 = 11 19 + 4 a
50 = T 100
T = 150
Thus the tension in the cord is 150 Newtons.
a = 2 79
Now
F ma
=
mg
mg
2.77778
=
9.8
= 0.283
5.
Using upwards direction as positive, we obtain

F mg = ma
F 75 10 = 75 0.6
F 750 = 45
F = 795
Thus the force exerted on the floor of the lift is 795 Newtons.
6.
(a)
Using upwards as positive, we obtain

F mg = ma
63 10 10m = 1.6m
8.4m = 630
m = 75
(c)

F mg = ma
F 75 10 = 75 0.8
F 750 = 60
F = 810
Thus the scales read 81kg.
(b)
14

F mg = ma
84 10 75 10 = 75a
90 = 75a
a = 1.2
Exercise 13.6
1.
Total force =
30 2 i 2 j + k
5
= 6 5 2 i 2 j + k
Using Newtons second law, we obtain
F = ma
a=
F
m
6 5 2 i 2 j + k
5
= 1.2 5 2 i 2 j + k
=
2.

F = ma
= 20 3 i + 3 k
F = 60 2 + 60 2
= 60 2
Thus the magnitude of the resultant force is 60 2 Newtons.

3.
Resultant force = 10 i + 8 j and F = 10 2 + 8 2 12.8 N

F = ma
F
m=
a
12.8
=
2
= 6.4
Thus the mass of the particle is approximately 6.4 kg.
4.
5.
x(t ) = 2t 2 i 5 j + 3t k
v(t ) = 4t i + 3 k
F = F1 + F2 + F3
= i + k + 3 i 2 j + k + i + 2 j 2 k
= 5 i
a(t ) = 4 i
Using Newtons second law,

F = ma
F
a=
m
5 i
=
10
= 0.5 i
F = ma
= 40 4 i
= 160 i
Thus the net force is 160 N parallel to the x-axis.
15
6.
(
(
x(t ) = 10t 3 i + t 3 12t j

v(t ) = 30t 2 i + 3t 2 12 j
a(t ) = 60t i + 6t j
When the object is moving parallel to the x-axis, v(t ) j = 0 . Thus

3t 2 12 = 0
3t 2 = 12
t2 = 4
t=2
When t = 2, a(2 ) = 120 i + 12 j
F = ma
= 60 120 i + 12 j
= 7200 i + 720 j
F = 7200 2 + 720 2
7236
7.
vu
t
5 i 2 j + k 3 i k
=
5
2 i 2 j + 2 k
=
5
F = ma
2 i 2 j + 2 k
= 3
5
= 1.2 i 1.2 j + 1.2 k
a=
8.
)(
x(t ) = sin 2t i + 6t 2 j
v(t ) = 2 cos 2t i + 12t j
a(t ) = 4 sin 2t i + 12 j
F = ma
= 100 4 sin 2t i + 12 j
Fmax = 400 i + 1200 j
Fmax = 400 2 + 1200 2

1265
Fmin = 1200 j
Fmin = 1200
16
Exercise 13.7
1.
The equation of motion is given by

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 20 i c = 20, d = 0 so
v(t ) = 20 i gt j
and
x(t ) =
v(t ) dt
= 20 t i 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 30.6 j c = 0, d = 20 , so

x(t ) = 20 t i + 30.6 t 12 gt 2 j
The time of flight occurs when the vertical displacement is zero, ie

30.6 12 gt 2 = 0
2 30.6
9.8
t = 2.5
The range is given by x(t) at the time of flight. Thus
x(t ) i = 20 t i
= 20 2.5 i
t2 =
= 50 i
Therefore the horizontal distance from the base of the cliff is approximately 50 metres.
2.
(a)

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 5 i c = 5, d = 0 so
v(t ) = 5 i gt j
and
x(t ) =
v(t ) dt
= 5 t i 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 20 j c = 0, d = 20 , so
x(t ) = 5 t i + 20 12 gt 2 j

20 12 gt 2 = 0
2 20
10
t=2
t2 =
(b)

x(t ) i = 5 t i
= 5 2 i
= 10 i
17
Therefore the horizontal distance travelled is 10 metres from the origin.

(c)
At time t = 2,
v (2 ) = 5 i 20 j
v (2 ) = 5 2 + 20 2
= 20.62
and
20
= tan 1
76 0
3.

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 200 i c = 200, d = 0 so
v(t ) = 200 i gt j
and
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= 200 t i 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
Since the horizontal displacement at time t = 0 is 0, c = 0 and

x(t ) = 200 t i 12 gt 2 j + d j
The time of flight for the object is when x (t ) j = 0 thus

d 12 gt 2 = 0
5t 2 = d
t=
At this time x (t ) i = 900 and so
d
5
d
= 900
5
d = 101.25
Thus the plane is flying at 101.25 metres above the ground.
200
4.

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
When t = 0, v(0 ) = u j c = 0, d = u and

v(t ) = u j gt j
and
x(t ) =
v(t ) dt
= ut j 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = 0, d = 0 , so
x(t ) = ut 1 gt 2 j
At the top of the flight, v(t ) = 0 . Thus
18
u gt = 0
u = gt
Also at the top of the flight, x(t ) = 14.7 . Thus
14.7 = gt 2 12 gt 2
=
1
2
gt 2
29.4
9
=3
t2 =
t= 3
Thus the initial velocity is 9.8 3 ms-1.

Now, by changing the direction of the throw to obtain a maximum horizontal distance, the
angle of projection will be 450. The equation of motion is given by
a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 9.8 3 cos 45 0 i + 9.8 3 sin 45 0 j c = 12, d = 12 and

v(t ) = 12 i + 12 j gt j
and
x(t ) =
v(t ) dt
= 12 t i + 12 t j 12 gt 2 j + d i + e j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = d = 0 , so
x(t ) = 12 t i + 12t 1 gt 2 j

12 t 12 gt 2 = 0
t 12 12 gt = 0
t = 0, 2.4
At t = 2.4, the horizontal displacement is
x(t ) i = 12 2.4
= 28.8
The maximum distance of the throw is 28.8 metres.
5.

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 5 i c = 5, d = 0 and

v(t ) = 5 i gt j
and
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= 5t i 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 50 j c = 0, d = 50 , so
x(t ) = 5t i + 50 1 gt 2 j
The object hits the deck when x(t ) j = 0 . Thus
19
50 12 gt 2 = 0
t2 =
100
g
t = 10
When t = 10
( )
v 10 = 5 i 10 10 j
v = 25 + 100
32
10 10
and = tan 1
810
Thus the object hits the deck at approximately 32 ms-1 at an angle of 990 to the deck.
6.

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
When t = 0, there is no vertical velocity, so d = 0, and
v(t ) = c i gt j
and
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= c t i 12 gt 2 j + d i + e j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 3 j d = 0, e = 3 , so
x(t ) = c t i + 3 12 gt 2 j

3 12 gt 2 = 0
t2 =
23
10
t = 0.6
At t = 0.6 , the horizontal displacement is 400 metres. Thus

c 0.6 = 400
400
c=
0.6
516
The initial velocity of the bullet is the value of this constant, and so the initial velocity is
approximately 516 ms-1.
7.

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 150 j c = 0, d = 150 and
20
v(t ) = 150 j gt j
and
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= 150t j 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = d = 0 , so
x(t ) = 150t 12 gt 2 j
At the top of the flight, the vertical velocity is zero, ie

150 gt = 0
150
t=
10
t = 15
At t = 15, the vertical displacement is given by
x (15) = 150 15 12 10 15 2
= 2250 1125
= 1125
Thus the highest point reached is 1125 metres above the point of projection.
The time taken to return to the ground is 30 seconds.
8.
(a)

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 30 j c = 0, d = 30 and
v(t ) = 30 j gt j
and
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= 30t j 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = d = 0 , so
x(t ) = 30t 1 gt 2 j
When t = 3, x(3) = 45 and so the ball is 45 metres above the building after 3 seconds.
(b)
When x(t ) = 20
30t 12 gt 2 = 20
5t 2 30t 20 = 0
t 6.61
Thus the ball takes approx 6.61 seconds to be 20 metres below the top of the
building.
(c)
9.
When t = 6.61
v (6.61) = 30 10 6.61
= 36.1
Thus the ball is moving downwards at 36.1 ms-1 after 6.61 seconds.

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
21
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 120 i c = 120, d = 0 so

v(t ) = 120 i gt j
and
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= 120 t i 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 100 j c = 0, d = 100 , so

x(t ) = 120 t i 12 gt 2 j + 100 j

100 12 gt 2 = 0
t 2 = 20
t = 20
When t = 20 , x 20 i = 120 20
( )
Thus the supplies must be dropped 120 20 metres in front of the farmhouse to hit the target.
10.
Using the equations of motion for horizontal and vertical displacement, we have
x = v 0 cos t ( 1)
y = v 0 sin t 12 gt 2
( 2)
From (1) we obtain

x
t=
v 0 cos
Substituting into (2) we obtain
v sin x
gx 2
y= 0
v 0 cos 2v 0 2 cos 2
g sec 2
= x tan
2v 0
x2
This expression is of the form y = ax 2 + bx + c and is thus in the form of a parabola.

11.

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
When t = 0, v(0 ) = u i c = u , d = 0 so
v(t ) = u i gt j
and
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= u t i 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = h j c = 0, d = h , so
x(t ) = u t i 12 gt 2 j + h j
22
h 12 gt 2 = 0
t2 =
t=
When t =
(a)
2h
g
2h
2h
i = u 2h
, x
g
g
g
Thus the ball lands u
12.
2h
g
2h
metres down the fairway.
g

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 20 3 i + 20 j c = 20 3 , d = 20 and

v(t ) = 20 3 i + 20 j gt j
and
x(t ) =
v(t ) dt
= 20 3t i + 20 t j 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = d = 0 , so
x(t ) = 20 3 i + 20 t 12 gt 2 j
When collision occurs, the height of the particle is 1.6 metres. Thus
20t 12 gt 2 = 1.6
5t 2 20t + 1.6 = 0
t 0.082, 3.92
Since collision occurs on the downward flight of the particle, the time of flight is
3.92 seconds.
(b)
(c)
When t = 3.92,
x(3.92 ) = 20 3 3.92
= 135.8
Thus the target is struck 135.8 metres from the point of projection.
The original distance between the target and the point of projection is
135.8 + 5 3.92 = 155.4 metres
Problem 4
The equation of motion for the first particle is given by
a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 28 i + u j c = 28, d = u , and
23
v(t ) = 28 i + ( u gt ) j
and
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= 28 t i + ut 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = d = 0, so
x(t ) = 28 t i + ut 12 gt 2 j
The maximum height of the ball is 4.9 metres so

ut 12 gt 2 = 4.9
Also at the maximum height v(t ) j = 0 thus

gt = u
Therefore
gt 2 12 gt 2 = 4.9
1
2
gt 2 = 4.9
gt 2 = 9.8
t2 =1
t =1
and u = g
Thus the displacement of the ball can be expressed as
x(t ) = 28 t i + 9.8t 4.9t 2 j
Since the fieldsman catches the ball 1.3 metres above the ground,
x(t ) j = 1.3
9.8t 4.9t 2 = 1.3

4.9t 2 9.8t + 1.3 = 0
t = 0.14, 1.86
Since the ball is caught on its downward flight, t = 1.86 seconds.
The horizontal distance the ball travels during this time is given by
x(t ) i = 28 1.86
= 52.08
The distance travelled by the fieldsman in this time is 7 1.86 = 13.02 metres.
Thus the position of the fieldsman after 1.86 seconds would be 51.98 metres from the
batsman.
Thus the fieldsman will be in position to catch the ball.
Problem 5
The equation of motion for the first particle is given by
a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 24 i + 7 j c = 24, d = 7 , and
v(t ) = 24 i + ( 7 gt ) j
and
x(t ) =
v(t ) dt
= 24 t i + 7t 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = d = 0, so
24
x(t ) = 24 t i + 7t 12 gt 2 j
For the second particle, the equation of motion is

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 0 c = d = 0 , and
v(t ) = gt j
and
x(t ) =
v(t ) dt
= 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 7 j c = 0, d = 7, so
x(t ) = 7 1 gt 2 j
If the two particles collide, the vertical displacements will be equal. Thus
7t 12 gt 2 = 7 12 gt 2
t =1
Thus the two particles will collide after 1 second.
Problem 6
For the first object, the equation of motion is given by
a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 15 i c = 15, d = 0 , and
v(t ) = 15 i gt j
and
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= 15 t i + 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 30 j c = 0, d = 30 so
x(t ) = 15 t i + 30 12 gt 2 j
For the second particle, the equation of motion is

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 30 cos 60 0 i + 30 sin 60 0 j c = 15, d = 15 3 , and

v(t ) = 15 i + 15 3 j gt j
and
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= 15t i + 15 3t 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = d = 0, so
x(t ) = 15t i + 15 3t 12 gt 2 j
If the two particles collide, the vertical displacements will be equal. Thus
25
15 3 t 12 gt 2 = 30 12 gt 2
2 3
3
1.15
Thus the two particles will collide after approximately 1.15 seconds.
t=
Exercise 13.8
1.
= tan 1
j
i
25
v = 20 2 + 25 2
20
32
0
= 51 20
The angle of projection is approximately 51020' with a speed of 32 units.
= tan 1
2.
V H = 70 cos 70 0 23.94 ms 1
VV = 70 sin 70 0 65.79 ms 1
3.
v(0 ) = 50 cos i + 50 sin j

= 40 i + 30 j

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 40 i + 30 j c = 40, d = 30 so
v(t ) = 40 i + (30 gt ) j
and
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= 40t i + 30t 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = d = 0 , so
x(t ) = 40t i + 30t 12 gt 2 j
The greatest height is achieved when the vertical component of velocity equals zero. Thus
30 gt = 0
t =3
The greatest height is achieved after 3 seconds.
The time of flight is twice the time to the greatest height, and equals 6 seconds.
x(t ) i = 40t i
= 40 6 i
= 240 i
Therefore the range is 240 metres.
26
4.

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 49 cos 30 i + 49 sin 30 j c = 49 cos 30, d = 49 sin 30 so
v(t ) = 49 cos 30 i + (49 sin 30 gt ) j
and
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= 49 cos 30 t i + 49 sin 30 t 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = d = 0 , so
x(t ) = 49 cos 30 t i + 49 sin 30 t 12 gt 2 j

49 sin 30 t 12 gt 2 = 0
t 49 sin 30 12 gt = 0
t = 0 or t =
2 49 sin 30
=5
9.8
Thus the time of flight is 5 seconds.

x(t ) i = 49 cos 30 t i
= 49 cos 30 5 i
212.2 i
Therefore the horizontal distance is approximately 212 metres.

5.

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 12.25 i + 14.7 j c = 12.25, d = 14.7 so
v(t ) = 12.25 i + (14.7 gt ) j
and
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= 12.25 t i + 14.7 t 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = d = 0 , so
x(t ) = 12.25 t i + 14.7 t 12 gt 2 j

14.7 t 12 gt 2 = 0
t 14.7 12 gt = 0
t = 0 or t =
2 14.7
=3
9.8
Thus the time of flight is 3 seconds.

27
x(t ) i = 12.25 t i
= 12.25 3 i
36.75 i
Therefore the horizontal distance is approximately 36.75 metres.

6.

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 29.6 cos 60 i + 29.6 sin 60 j c = 29.6 cos 60, d = 29.6 sin 60 so
v(t ) = 29.6 cos 60 i + (29.6 sin 60 gt ) j
and
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= 29.6 cos 60 t i + 29.6 sin 60 t 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = d = 0 , so
x(t ) = 29.6 cos 60 t i + 29.6 sin 60 t 12 gt 2 j

29.6 sin 60 t 12 gt 2 = 0
t 29.6 sin 60 12 gt = 0
t = 0 or t =
2 29.6 sin 60
= 5.23
9.8
Thus the time of flight is 5.23 seconds.

x(t ) i = 29.6 cos 60 t i
= 29.6 cos 60 5.23 i
77.43 i
7.

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
v(t ) = 39.2 cos 30 i + (39.2 sin 30 gt ) j
and
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = d = 0 , so
x(t ) = 39.2 cos 30 t i + 39.2 sin 30 t 12 gt 2 j
The range occurs when the vertical displacement is zero, ie

39.2 sin 30 t 12 gt 2 = 0
t 39.2 sin 30 12 gt = 0
t = 0 or t =
28
2 39.2 sin 30
=4
9.8
The range is given by x(t), so

x(t ) i = 39.2 cos 30 t i
= 39.2 cos 30 4 i
135.8 i

Doubling the range we have 271.6 metres.
When t = 0, v(0 ) = x cos 30 i + x sin 30 j , thus
v(t ) = x cos 30 i + ( x sin 30 gt ) j
and
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= x cos 30 t i + x sin 30 t 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = d = 0 , so
x(t ) = x cos 30 t i + x sin 30 t 12 gt 2 j
From this result, we obtain the time of flight is

2 x sin 30
t=
g
Substituting this into the range formula, we obtain
2 x sin 30
= 271.6
x cos 30
g
271.6 g
x2 =
2 sin 30 cos 30
x 55.44 ms 1
8.
The equation of motion is

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
v(t ) = 19.2 cos 40 i + (19.6 sin 40 gt ) j
and
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = d = 0 , so
x(t ) = 19.6 cos 40 t i + 19.6 sin 40 t 12 gt 2 j
The maximum height is achieved when v(t ) j = 0

19.6 sin 40 gt = 0
19.6 sin 40
t=
9.8
= 1.29
When t = 1.29,
x(t ) j = 19.6 sin 40 1.29 12 g (1.29 )2
8.10
Thus the maximum height reached by the particle is 28.10 metres.
29
9.
(a)

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
Let the speed of projection be a ms-1
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 0.6a i + 0.8a j c = 0.6a, d = 0.8a so
v(t ) = 0.6a i + (0.8a gt ) j
and
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= 0.6a t i + 0.8a t 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = d = 0 , so
x(t ) = 0.6a t i + 0.8a t 12 gt 2 j
At time t, x(t ) = 36 i + 10 j so equating these two expressions we obtain

0.6a = 36 (1)
and 0.8at 12 gt 2 = 10
(2)
From equation (1) we obtain

36
t=
0.6a
60
=
a
Substituting in equation (2) we obtain
60 1
60 2
0.8a 10 2 = 10
a 2
a
18000
48
= 10
a2
38a 2 = 18000
a 2 473.68
a 21.76
Thus the speed of projection is approximately 21.76 metres per second.
(b)
When passing over the wall, x(t ) i = 36 and so

0.8 21.76 t = 36
t 2.07
When t = 2.07,
v(2.07 ) = 0.6 21.76 i + (0.8 21.76 10 2.07 ) j
= 13.06 i 3.29 j
The speed of the object is given by
v(t ) = 13.06 2 + 3.29 2
13.47
Thus the speed of the ball is approximately 13.47 ms-1 as it passes over the wall.
10.

a(t ) = g j
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= gt j + c i + d j
Let the speed of projection be a ms-1
30
When t = 0, v(0 ) = a cos 80 i + a sin 80 j c = a cos 80, d = a sin 80 so

v(t ) = a cos 80 i + (a sin 80 gt ) j
and
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= a cos 80 t i + a sin 80 t 12 gt 2 j + c i + d j
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = d = 0 , so
x(t ) = a cos 80 t i + a sin 80 t 12 gt 2 j
At time t, x(t ) = 15 i 29.4 j so equating these two expressions we obtain

a cos 80t = 15 (1)
and
a sin 80t 12 gt 2 = 29.4
(2)
From equation (1) we obtain

15
t=
a cos 80
Substituting in equation (2) we obtain
15
1
15 2
a sin 80
g 2
= 29.4
a cos 80 2
a cos 2 80
15 tan 80
225 g sec 2 80
= 29.4
2a 2
30 tan 80a 2 2205 1 + tan 2 80 = 58.8a 2
228.94a 2 73125.38 = 0
a 2 = 319.41
a 17.87
Thus the speed of projection is approximately 17.87 metres per second.
Exercise 13.9
1.
F (t ) = 6000 kt
When t = 200, F (200 ) = 2000 so
2000 = 6000 200k
k = 20
and F (t ) = 6000 20t
The resultant forward force is given by
R = 6000 20t 2000
= 4000 20t
Using Newton's 2nd law, we have
R(t ) = ma(t )
R(t )
a(t ) =
m
4000 20t
=
100000
= 0.025 0.0002t
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= (0.025 0.0002t ) dt
= 0.025t 0.0001t 2 + c
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 0 c = 0 so
31
v(t ) = 0.025t 0.0001t 2

x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= (0.025t 0.0001t ) dt
2
= 0.0125t 2
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = 0 so
x(t ) = 0.0125t 2
0.0001t 3
+c
3
0.0001t 3
3
When t = 60, v(60 ) = 0.025 60 0.0001 60 2 = 1.14 ms 1 and

when t = 60, x(60 ) = 0.0125 60 2
2.
0.0001 60 3
= 37.8 metres
3
F (t ) = kt 2
When t = 10, F (10 ) = 50 so
50 = k 10 2
k = 0.5
and F (t ) = 0.5t 2
F (t ) = ma(t )
F (t )
a(t ) =
m
0.5t 2
=
1
= 0.5t 2
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= 0.5t
dt
0.5t 3
+c
3
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 0 c = 0 so
=
v(t ) =
0.5t 3
3
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
0.5t 3
dt
3
0.5t 4
=
+c
12
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = 0 so
=
0.5t 4
12
0.5 10 3
When t = 10, v(10 ) =
= 166 23 ms 1 and
3
x(t ) =
when t = 10, x(10 ) =
0.5 10 4
= 416 23 metres
12
32
3.

F (t ) = ma(t )
F (t )
a(t ) =
m
3t i 4t j
=
5
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
3t i 4t j
dt
5
3t 2 2t 2
=
i
j + c i + d j
10
5
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 0 c = d = 0 so
=
v(t ) =
3t 2 2t 2
i
j
10
5
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
3t 2
2t 2
=
i
j dt
10
5
t 3 2t 3
i
j + c i + d j
15
10
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = d = 0 so
=
t 3 2t 3
i
j
10
15
When t = 10, v(10 ) = 10 so
x(t ) =
(a)
3 t 2
10
4t 2
= 10
+
10

9t 4 + 16t 4 = 10 4
25t 4 = 10 4
5t 2 = 100
t 2 = 20
t 7.07
(b)
4.
( )
When t = 20 , x 20 = 35.34 i 47.12 j

F (t ) = ma(t )
F (t )
a(t ) =
m
10t
=
20
= 0.5t
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= 0.5t dt
= t 2 + c
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 100 c = 100 so
33
v(t ) = t 2 + 100
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
= ( t
+ 100 dt
t3
+ 100t + c
3
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = 0 so
=
t3
+ 100t
3
When the object comes to rest, v(t ) = 10 so
x(t ) =
(a)
t 2 + 100 = 0
t 2 = 100
t = 10
The object comes to rest after 10 seconds.
(b)
5.
When t = 10, x(10 ) =
10 3
+ 100 10 = 666 23 metres
3
A particle of mass 4kg, initially moving with a velocity of 2 i 4 j , is being acted upon by
two forces F = 6t i + 2t j 2 k and F = ( t 1) i + 3t k . Find the velocity of the particle at
2
any time.
Total force = 6t i + 2t j 2 k + ( t 1) i + 3t k
= (7t 1) i + 2t j + (3t 2 ) k

F (t ) = ma(t )
F (t )
a (t ) =
m
(7t 1) i + 2t j + (3t 2 ) k
=
4
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
(7t 1) i + 2t j + (3t 2 ) k dt
4
7t 2 2t t 2 3t 2 4t
=
i+
j+
k + c i + d j + e k
8
4
8
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 2 i 4 j c = 2, d = 4, e = 0 so
v(t ) =
7t 2 2t + 16 t 2 16 3t 2 4t
i+
j+
8
4
8
34

F (t ) = ma(t )
F (t )
a(t ) =
m
60 20t
=
4
= 15 5t
6.
v(t ) = a(t ) dt
= ( 15 5t ) dt
5t 2
+c
2
When t = 0, v(0 ) = 0 c = 0 so
= 15t
v(t ) = 15t
5t 2
2
x(t ) = v(t ) dt
5t 2
= 15t
dt
15t 2 5t 3
+c
2
6
When t = 0, x(0 ) = 0 c = 0 so
=
15t 2 5t 3
2
6
When the object stops accelerating, v(t ) = 20 so
x(t ) =
(a)
5t 2
= 20
2
30t 5t 2 = 40
15t
5t 2 30t + 40 = 0
t = 2, 4
Using t = 2, the object travels 23 23 metres in this time.

(b)
During the next 5 seconds there is no force acting and the object travels 100 metres.
(c)
A constant force of 50 N causes the object to stop.

Thus
50
a=
4
= 12.5
v = 20 12.5t
and
x = 20t 6.25t 2
When the object stops, v(t ) = 0 so

20 12.5t = 0
t = 1.6
The distance travelled in this time is
x = 20 1.6 6.25 1.6 2
= 16
The total distance travelled is 139 23 metres.
35
Exercise 13.10
1.
(a)
Since a = a(t ) , then the most suitable form for acceleration is

a=
d 2x
dt 2
dx
v=
dt
d 2x
dt 2
. Thus
= cos t
= cos dt
= sin t + c
dx
When t = 0,
= 1, so c = 1 , and we obtain
dt
dx
= sin t + 1
dt
x=
( sin t + 1) dt
= cos t + t + c
When t = 0, x = 4, so c = 1 , and we obtain
x = cos t + t + 1
(b)
Since acceleration is expressed as a function of displacement then the most suitable

d 1 2
form for acceleration is
v . Thus
dx 2
d 1 2
v = 2+ x
dx 2
1 2
v = (2 + x ) dx
2
x2
+c
= 2x +
2
1
When x = 0, v = 1, so c = , and we obtain
2
x2 1
1 2
v = 2x +
+
2
2 2
v 2 = 4x + x 2 +1
v = 4x + x 2 +1
We have taken the positive root only since the given conditions show v as being
positive. You should investigate the restrictions placed on x for the velocity to be a
real number.
(c)
Since acceleration is expressed as a function of velocity, and condition relating v and

dv
. Thus
x is given, then we shall use a =
dt
dv
= 4v
dt
dv
= dt
4v
ln( 4 v ) = t + c
When t = 0, v = 2 so c = ln 4 . Thus we obtain
36
t = ln 4 ln( 4 v )
= ln
4
4v
When v = 2, t = ln 2
2.
(a)

a=
d 2x
dt 2
dx
v=
dt
d 2x
dt 2
. Thus
= 2 sin t
= 2 sin dt
= 2 cos t + c
dx
When t = 0,
dt
dx
= 2 cos t + 3
dt
x=
( 2 cos t + 3) dt
= 2 sin t + 3t + c
x = 2 sin t + 3t + 2
(b)

d 1 2
v . Thus
dx 2
d 1 2
v = 3+ x
dx 2
1 2
v = (3 + x ) dx
2
x2
= 3x +
+c
2
1
When x = 0, v = 1, so c = , and we obtain
2
x2 1
1 2
v = 3x +
+
2
2 2
v 2 = 6x + x 2 + 1
v = 6x + x 2 + 1
We have taken the positive root only since the given conditions show v as being
positive. You should investigate the restrictions placed on x for the velocity to be a
real number.
(c)
Since acceleration is expressed as a function of velocity, and condition relating v and

dv
. Thus
x is given, then we shall use a =
dt
dv
= 3v
dt
dv
= dt
3v
ln( 3 v ) = t + c
37
When t = 0, v = 1 so c = ln 2 . Thus we obtain

t = ln 2 ln( 3 v )
= ln
2
3v
When v = 2, t = ln 2
3.
d 2x
= 6 2x
dt 2
d 1 2
v = 6 2x
dx 2
1 2
v = 6x x 2 + c
2
When x = 0, v = 0 c = 0 and so
1 2
v = 6x x 2
2
v 2 = 12 x 2 x 2
v = 12 x x 2 , 0 x 6
4.
5.
dx
= x+2
dt
dx
dt =
x+2
1
dx
t=
x+2
= ln ( x + 2 ) + c
dx
1
=
dt x + 2
dt = ( x + 2 ) dx
t=
( x + 2) dx
x2
+ 2x + c
2
When t = 0, x = 0 c = 0 and so
=
t=
When t = 0, x = 1 c = ln 1 = 0 so
t = ln ( x + 2 )
x2
+ 2x
2
x + 2 = et
x = et 2
When x = 2, t = 6.
6.
dx
= 2 x
dt
dx
dt =
2 x
1
t=
dx
2 x
= ln (2 x ) + c
When t = 0, x = 0 c = ln 2 and
38
t = ln 2 ln ( 2 x )
2
= ln
2 x
2
et =
2 x
2e t xe t = 2
xe t = 2e t 2
x = 2 2e t
7.
d 2x
= e 2t
dt 2
dx
e 2t
=
+c
2
dt
dx
1
= 0 c = so
When t = 0,
dt
2
8.
dv
= 2v 2
dt
1
dt = 2 dv
2v
1
t = 2 dv
2v
1
=
+c
2v
dx
e 2t 1
=
+
2
2
dt
1 e 2t
dt
x=
2
t e 2t
= +
+c
2
4
When t = 0, x = 0 c =
x=
9.
(a)
1
and so
4
When t = 0, v = 1 c =
t e 2t 1
+
2
4
4
t=
1
and
2
1 1
2v 2
Using Newton's second law, we obtain

F
a=
m
3 + 2t
=
1
= 3 + 2t
a=
d 2x
dt 2
dx
v=
dt
=
= 3 + 2t
( 3 + 2t ) dt
= 3t + t 2 + c
dx
When t = 0,
dt
39
d 2x
dt 2
. Thus
dx
= 3t + t 2 + 1
dt
x=
( 3t + t
+ 1 dt
3t 2 t 3
+ +t +c
2
3
=
x=
(b)
3t 2 t 3
+ +t +2
2
3
Using Newton's second law, we obtain

F
a=
m
3 2x
=
1
= 3 2x
d 1 2
v . Thus
dx 2
d 1 2
v = 3 2x
dx 2
1 2
v = ( 3 2 x ) dx
2
= 3x x 2 + c
When x = 1, v = 2, so c = 0 , and we obtain
1 2
v = 3x x 2
2
v 2 = 6x 2x 2
v = 6x 2x 2
10.
d 1 2
v = 4 x
dx 2
1 2
v = 4 x dx
2
= 2 x 2 + c
When t = 0, x = 3, v = 6 3 c = 72 and
1 2
v = 2 x 2 + 72
2
v 2 = 144 4 x 2
v = 144 4 x 2
40
Exercise 13.11
1.
We know that
a = g 0.2v
Writing this as a differential equation, and integrating, we obtain
dv
= g 0.2v
dt
dt
1
=
dv g 0.2v
dv
dt =
g 0.2v
g 0.2v
0.2
1
=
dv
0.2 g 0.2v
dv
t=
= 5 ln (g 0.2v ) + c, v
g
0.2
When t = 0, v = 0 and so c = 5 ln g , and thus we obtain
t = 5 ln(g 0.2v ) + 5 ln g
= 5 ln
g 0.2v
0.2t = ln
g 0.2v
g
= e 0.2t
g 0.2v
ge 0.2t 0.2ve 0.2t = g
0.2ve 0.2t = g e 0.2t 1
v = 5g 1 e
When t = 4,
0.2t
v = 5 g 1 e 0.24
27
g
At terminal velocity, v =
0.2
Thus
1 g
= 5 g 1 e 0.2t
2 0.2
e 0.2t = 0.5
0.2t = ln 0.5
ln 0.5
t=
0.2
3.47
2.
If downwards is considered as positive, then

a = g kv 2
It is convenient to now express the acceleration as a function of displacement. Thus
41
dv
= g kv 2
dx
dx
v
=
dv g kv 2
v
dx =
dv
g kv 2
g kv dv
1
2kv
=
dv
2k g kv
x=
1
ln g kv 2 + c
2k
1
When t = 0, x = 0, v = 0 and so c =
ln g , and thus we obtain
2k
1 g
x=
ln
2k g kv 2
Missing proof of next part.
=
1
g
and so v =
k
2
1 g
ln
x=
2k g kv 2
The terminal velocity is given by v =
3.
1 4g
ln
2k 4 g g
1 4
ln
2k 3
g
. Substituting, we obtain
k
If upwards is considered as positive, then

a = g 0.001v 2
It is convenient to now express the acceleration as a function of displacement, rather than as a
function of time - we developed these expressions earlier in this chapter. Thus
dv
v
= g 0.001v 2
dx
dx
v
=
dv g + 0.001v 2
dx =
v
g + 0.001v 2
dv
g + 0.001v dv
1
2 0.001 v
dv
=
2 0.001 g + 0.001v
v
x=
= 500 ln g + 0.001v 2 + c
When t = 0, x = 0, v = 20 and so c = 500 ln( g + 0.4 ) , and thus we obtain
g + 0.4
x = 500 ln
g + 0.1v 2
At the highest point in the flight, v = 0, so
42
0.4
x = 500 ln1 +
g
19.6
and thus the greatest height reached is approximately 19.6 metres.
4.
If downwards is considered as positive, then

a = g kv 2
dv
= g kv 2
v
dx
dx
v
=
dv g kv 2
dx =
v
g kv 2
dv
g kv dv
1
2kv
=
dv
2k g kv
v
x=
1
ln g kv 2 + c
2k
1
When t = 0, x = 0, v = 0 and so c =
ln g , and thus we obtain
2k
=
1 g
ln
2k g kv 2
g kv 2
2kx = ln
g
x=
e 2 kx =
g kv 2
g
ge 2 kx = g kv 2
kv 2 = g 1 e 2 kx
When x = 1000, k = 0.004 and g = 10 we obtain
10
v2 =
1 e 20.0041000
0.004
2500
v = 50
6.
We know that a = g 0.1v

Writing this as a differential equation, and integrating, we obtain
43
dv
= g 0.1v
dt
1
dt
=
dv g 0.1v
dv
dt =
g 0.1v
t=
dv
g 0.1v
1
0.1
g 0.1v dv
0.1
= 10 ln(g 0.1v ) + c, v
g
0.1
When t = 0, v = 0 and so c = 10 ln g , and thus we obtain
t = 10 ln(g 0.1v ) + 10 ln g
= 10 ln
0.1v
g
0.1t = ln
0.1v
g
g
= e 0.1t
g 0.1v
ge 0.1t 0.1ve 0.1t = g
0.1ve 0.1t = g e 0.1t 1
v = 10 g 1 e
When t = 10,
v = 10 g 1 e 0.110
63.2
7.
0.1t
If upwards is considered as positive, then

a = g 0.1v 2
dv
v
= g 0.1v 2
dx
dx
v
=
dv g + 0.1v 2
dx =
v
g + 0.1v 2
dv
g + 0.1v dv
1
2 0.1 v
dv
=
2 0.1 g + 0.1v
v
x=
= 5 ln g + 0.1v 2 + c
When
t = 0, x = 0, v = 20 and so c = 5 ln( g + 10) , and thus we obtain

g + 40
x = 5 ln
2
g + 0.1v
At the highest point in the flight, v = 0, so
44

40
x = 5 ln1 +
g
8.13m
and thus the greatest height reached is approximately 8.13 metres.
Problem 7
dV
cV
= 9.8 2
dt
d
thus
dt
=
dv
1
9.8
cV
d
hence dt =
d2
9.8d 2 cV
d2
dV
9.8d 2 cV
d 2 ln 9.8d 2 cV
and t =
+k
c
ct
ln 9.8d 2 cV = 2 k
d
9.8d 2 cV = Qe ct
d2
where Q = e k
cV = 9.8d 2 Qe ct
d2
9.8d 2 Qe ct d
V=
c
c
When t = 0, V = 0 Q = 9.8d 2
2
9.8d 2 9.8d 2 e ct d
c
c
Substituting d = 0.001 and t = 2, we obtain V = 3.1549 ms-1 as the required velocity.
2
Thus
V=
45

Solutions To Chapter 13

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Solutions To Chapter 13

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Solutions to Chapter 13

x(t ) = t i 2 cos 2t j + sin 4t k

x (t ) = 2t e t + e t 2 i 3t + ln t 3 j + (4t cos t + sin t 4 ) k

x (t ) = 5 cos 3t i + 2 sin t j 4 cos 2t k

When t = 1, v(1) = 2 i 6 j 2 k and a(1) = 6 j + 4 k

x(t ) = cos 2t i + sin 2t j + (cos t sin t ) k

v(0 ) = 2 sin 0 i + 2 cos 0 j + ( sin 0 cos 0 ) k

a(0 ) = 4 cos 0 i 4 sin 0 j + ( cos 0 + sin 0 ) k

x(t ) = 2 sin 2t i 2 cos 2t j + (sin t cos t ) k

x(t ) = 3 cos 2t i + 4 sin 2t j

x(t ) = a cos bt i + a sin bt j

= a b sin bt cos bt + a b cos bt sin bt

The speed is given by the norm of the velocity vector.

( ab sin bt )2 + (ab cos bt )2

x(t ) = a cos bt i + a sin bt j

a(t ) = ab 2 cos bt i ab 2 sin bt j

v(t ) = e 2t cos t + sin t 2e 2t i + e 2t sin t + cos t 2e 2t j + 8t k

( 2 sin t cos t ) + 2e 2t (2 cos t sin t )) j + 8 k

a(0 ) = e 0 (3 sin 0 + 4 cos 0 ) i + e 0 (3 cos 0 4 sin 0 ) j + 8 k

A particle moves so that its velocity v(t ) at time t is given by

x(t ) = (2 sin t + 2 ) i + (8 4 cos t ) j

The acceleration a(t ) of a body is given by

Since x(1) = i 4 j , we obtain

u = 0, a = 1.5, t = 8. Using v = u + at , we obtain

u = 0, a = 1.5, t = 8. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain

u = 0, a = 2, v = 20. Using v = u + at , we obtain

s = 400, u = 5, t = 30. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain

u = 14, a = 1.5, v = 26. Using v 2 = u 2 + 2as , we obtain

u = 34, v = 14, s = 240. Using v 2 = u 2 + 2as , we obtain

u = 34, v = 0, a = -2. Using v 2 = u 2 + 2as , we obtain

For the first 4 seconds, a = 2.5, u = 0, t = 4. Using v = u + at , we obtain

s12 s11 = u (t12 t11 ) + 12 a t12 2 t11 2

= 8 (12 11) + 12 2 12 2 112

a = 2, u = 10, s = 264. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain

306.25 + 35 (t 17.5) = 30t

A stone is dropped from the top of a 40 metre high tower. Find:

u = 0, a = -10, s = -40. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain

u = 0, a = -10, t = 22. Using v = u + at , we obtain

u = 0, t = 5, a = -10. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain

u = 0, a = -10, t = 5. Using v = u + at , we obtain

An object travelling at 180kph is a lethal missile!!

u = 30, a = -10, v = 0. Using v = u + at , we obtain

u = 30, a = -10, s = -80. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain

u = 30, a = -10, s = -80. Using v 2 = u 2 + 2as , we obtain

u = -10, a = -10, t = 2. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain

u = 25, a = -10, v = 0. Using v = u + at , we obtain

u = 25, a = -10, s = 20. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain

s = 25, a = -10, u = 20. Using s = ut + 12 at 2 , we obtain

v = 0, a = -10, s = 180. Using v 2 = u 2 + 2as , we obtain

For the first particle

For the second particle

Using Newtons second law

Thus the frictional force is 520 Newtons.

Since there is only gravity acting on the body, R = 60g newtons.

Net acceleration now acting on the body is 10.1 ms-1.

Since there is only gravity acting on the body, R = 60g newtons.

Using upwards direction as positive, we obtain

Using upwards as positive, we obtain

Using upwards as positive, we obtain

Using upwards as positive, we obtain

Using Newtons second law, we obtain

Thus the magnitude of the resultant force is 60 2 Newtons.

Resultant force = 10 i + 8 j and F = 10 2 + 8 2 12.8 N