Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ANSYS, Inc.
Southpointe
2600 ANSYS Drive
Canonsburg, PA 15317
ansysinfo@ansys.com
http://www.ansys.com
(T) 724-746-3304
(F) 724-514-9494
Release 17.0
January 2016
ANSYS, Inc. is
certified to ISO
9001:2008.
Disclaimer Notice
THIS ANSYS SOFTWARE PRODUCT AND PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION INCLUDE TRADE SECRETS AND ARE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PRODUCTS OF ANSYS, INC., ITS SUBSIDIARIES, OR LICENSORS. The software products
and documentation are furnished by ANSYS, Inc., its subsidiaries, or affiliates under a software license agreement
that contains provisions concerning non-disclosure, copying, length and nature of use, compliance with exporting
laws, warranties, disclaimers, limitations of liability, and remedies, and other provisions. The software products
and documentation may be used, disclosed, transferred, or copied only in accordance with the terms and conditions
of that software license agreement.
ANSYS, Inc. is certified to ISO 9001:2008.
Third-Party Software
See the legal information in the product help files for the complete Legal Notice for ANSYS proprietary software
and third-party software. If you are unable to access the Legal Notice, Contact ANSYS, Inc.
Published in the U.S.A.
Table of Contents
1. Explicit Dynamics Analysis Guide Overview ........................................................................................... 1
2. Explicit Dynamics Workflow ................................................................................................................... 3
2.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2. Create the Analysis System ................................................................................................................ 4
2.3. Define Engineering Data ................................................................................................................... 4
2.4. Attach Geometry .............................................................................................................................. 4
2.5. Define Part Behavior ......................................................................................................................... 6
2.6. Define Connections .......................................................................................................................... 7
2.6.1. Spot Welds in Explicit Dynamics Analyses ................................................................................. 8
2.6.2. Body Interactions in Explicit Dynamics Analyses ....................................................................... 9
2.6.2.1. Properties for Body Interactions Folder ........................................................................... 11
2.6.2.1.1. Contact Detection ................................................................................................. 11
2.6.2.1.2. Formulation .......................................................................................................... 13
2.6.2.1.3. Shell Thickness Factor and Nodal Shell Thickness ................................................... 14
2.6.2.1.4. Body Self Contact .................................................................................................. 14
2.6.2.1.5. Element Self Contact ............................................................................................. 14
2.6.2.1.6. Tolerance .............................................................................................................. 15
2.6.2.1.7. Pinball Factor ........................................................................................................ 15
2.6.2.1.8. Time Step Safety Factor ......................................................................................... 16
2.6.2.1.9. Limiting Time Step Velocity ................................................................................... 16
2.6.2.1.10. Edge on Edge Contact ......................................................................................... 16
2.6.2.2. Interaction Type Properties for Body Interaction Object .................................................. 16
2.6.2.2.1. Frictionless Type ................................................................................................... 16
2.6.2.2.2. Frictional Type ...................................................................................................... 17
2.6.2.2.3. Bonded Type ........................................................................................................ 18
2.6.2.2.4. Reinforcement Type .............................................................................................. 19
2.6.2.3. Identifying Body Interactions Regions for a Body ............................................................ 21
2.7. Setting Up Symmetry ...................................................................................................................... 21
2.7.1. Explicit Dynamics Symmetry .................................................................................................. 21
2.7.1.1. General Symmetry ......................................................................................................... 21
2.7.1.2. Global Symmetry Planes ................................................................................................ 22
2.7.2. Symmetry in an Euler Domain ................................................................................................ 22
2.8. Define Remote Points ..................................................................................................................... 23
2.8.1. Explicit Dynamics Remote Points ............................................................................................ 23
2.8.2. Explicit Dynamics Remote Boundary Conditions ..................................................................... 24
2.8.3. Initial Conditions on Remote Points ........................................................................................ 24
2.8.4. Constraints and Remote Points ............................................................................................... 24
2.9. Apply Mesh Controls/Preview Mesh ................................................................................................ 27
2.10. Establish Analysis Settings ............................................................................................................. 29
2.10.1. Analysis Settings for Explicit Dynamics Analyses ................................................................... 33
2.10.1.1. Explicit Dynamics Step Controls ................................................................................... 33
2.10.1.2. Explicit Dynamics Solver Controls ................................................................................. 37
2.10.1.3. Explicit Dynamics Euler Domain Controls ..................................................................... 41
2.10.1.4. Explicit Dynamics Damping Controls ............................................................................ 42
2.10.1.5. Explicit Dynamics Erosion Controls ............................................................................... 43
2.10.1.6. Explicit Dynamics Output Controls ............................................................................... 44
2.10.1.7. Explicit Dynamics Data Management Settings .............................................................. 47
2.10.1.8. Recommendations for Analysis Settings in Explicit Dynamics ........................................ 47
2.10.1.9. Explicit Dynamics Analysis Settings Notes .................................................................... 51
2.11. Define Initial Conditions ................................................................................................................ 52
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
iii
iv
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
vi
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
2.1. Introduction
You can perform a transient explicit dynamics analysis in the Mechanical application using an Explicit
Dynamics system. Additionally, the Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export) system is available to export
the model in LS-DYNA .k file format for subsequent analysis with the LS-DYNA solver. Unless specifically
mentioned otherwise, this section addresses both the Explicit Dynamics and Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA
Export) systems. Special conditions for the Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export) system are noted where
pertinent.
An explicit dynamics analysis is used to determine the dynamic response of a structure due to stress
wave propagation, impact or rapidly changing time-dependent loads. Momentum exchange between
moving bodies and inertial effects are usually important aspects of the type of analysis being conducted.
This type of analysis can also be used to model mechanical phenomena that are highly nonlinear.
Nonlinearities may stem from the materials, (for example, hyperelasticity, plastic flows, failure), from
contact (for example, high speed collisions and impact) and from the geometric deformation (for example,
buckling and collapse). Events with time scales of less than 1 second (usually of order 1 millisecond)
are efficiently simulated with this type of analysis. For longer time duration events, consider using a
Transient analysis system.
The time step used in an explicit dynamics analysis is constrained to maintain stability and consistency
via the CFL condition, that is, the time increment is proportional to the smallest element dimension in
the model and inversely proportional to the sound speed in the materials used. Time increments are
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Note
The intent of this document is to provide an overview of an explicit dynamics analysis. Consult
our technical support department to obtain a more thorough treatment of this topic.
Note
Explicit dynamics analyses only support the mm, mg, ms solver unit system.
The Explicit Dynamics solver is double precision.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Attach Geometry
Only symmetric cross sections are supported for line bodies in Explicit Dynamics analyses, except for
the Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export) systems. The following cross sections are not supported: TSections, L-Sections, Z-Sections, Hat sections, Channel Sections. For I-Sections, the two flanges must
have the same thickness. For rectangular tubes, opposite sides of the rectangle must be of the same
thickness. For LS-DYNA Export systems all available cross sections in DesignModeler will be exported
for analysis with the LS-DYNA solver. However there are some limitations in the number of dimensions
that the LS-DYNA solver supports for the Z, Hat and Channel cross sections. For more information
consult the LS-DYNA Keywords manual.
To prevent the generation of unnecessarily small elements (and long run times) try using DesignModeler
to remove unwanted small features or holes from your geometry.
Thickness can be specified for selected faces on a surface body by inserting a thickness object. Constant,
tabular, and functional thickness are all supported.
Symmetry is not supported when exporting to the LS-DYNA .k file.
Stiffness Behavior
Flexible behavior can be assigned to any body type.
Rigid behavior can be applied to Solid, Surface, and Line bodies.
Coordinate System
Local Cartesian coordinate systems can be assigned to bodies. These will be used to define the material
directions when using the Orthotropic Elasticity property in a material definition. The material directions
1, 2, 3 will be aligned with the local x, y and z axes of the local coordinate system.
Note
Cylindrical coordinate systems assigned to bodies are not supported for Explicit Dynamics
systems. Cylindrical coordinate systems are only supported to define rotational displacement
or velocity constraints.
Reference Temperature
This option defines the initial (time=0.0) temperature of the body.
Reference Frame
Available for solid bodies when an Explicit Dynamics system is part of the solution; the user has the
option of setting the Reference Frame to Lagrangian (default) or Eulerian (Virtual). If Stiffness Behavior
is defined as Rigid, Eulerian is not a valid setting.
Rigid Materials
For bodies defined to have rigid stiffness, only the Density property of the material associated with the
body will be used. For Explicit Dynamics systems all rigid bodies must be discretized with a Full Mesh
or the Rigid Body Behavior must be defined as Dimensionally Reduced. The Full Mesh option will be
specified by default for the Explicit meshing physics preference.
The mass and inertia of the rigid body will be derived from the elements and material density for each
body.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Note
2-D Explicit Dynamics analyses are supported for Plane Strain and Axisymmetric behaviors.
Only symmetric cross-sections are supported for line bodies
Flexible and rigid bodies cannot be combined in Multi-body Parts. Bonded connections can be
applied to connect rigid and flexible bodies
The Thickness Mode and Offset Type fields for surface bodies are not supported for Explicit
Dynamics systems
Initial over-penetrations of nodes/elements of different bodies should be avoided or minimized
if sliding contact is to be used. There are several methods available in Workbench to remove
initial penetration
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Define Connections
Loads: Pressure and Force. Force is not supported for ANSYS Autodyn.
For an Explicit Dynamics analysis, the following postprocessing features are available for rigid bodies:
Results and Probes: Deformation only - that is, Displacement, Velocity.
Result Trackers: Body average data only.
If a multibody part consists only of rigid bodies, all of which share the same material assignment, the
part will act as a single rigid body, even if the individual bodies are not physically connected.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Where:
fn and fs are normal and shear interface forces
Sn and Ss are the maximum allowed normal and shear force limits
n and s are user defined exponential coefficients
Note that the normal interface force fn is non-zero for tensile values only.
After failure of the spot weld the rigid body connecting the points is removed from the simulation.
Spot welds of zero length are permitted. However, if such spot welds are defined as breakable the
above failure criteria is modified since local normal and shear directions cannot be defined. A modified
criteria is used with global forces
(2.2)
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Define Connections
Where,
are the force differences across the spot weld in the global coordinate system.
Note
A spot weld is equivalent to a rigid body and as such multiple nodal boundary conditions
cannot be applied to spot welds.
General Notes
Each Body Interaction object activates an interaction for the bodies scoped in the object. With body
interactions, contact detection is completely automated in the solver. At any time point during the
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
A bonded body interaction type can be applied in addition to a frictional/frictionless body interaction.
A reinforcement body interaction type be can be applied in addition to a frictional/frictionless body
interaction.
Object property settings are included in the Details view for both the Body Interactions folder and the
individual Body Interaction objects. Refer to the following sections for descriptions of these properties.
2.6.2.1. Properties for Body Interactions Folder
2.6.2.2. Interaction Type Properties for Body Interaction Object
2.6.2.3. Identifying Body Interactions Regions for a Body
10
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Define Connections
Trajectory
The trajectory of nodes and faces included in frictional or frictionless contact are tracked during the
computation cycle. If the trajectory of a node and a face intersects during the cycle a contact event is
detected.
The trajectory contact algorithm is the default and recommended option in most cases for contact in
Explicit Dynamics analyses. Contacting nodes/faces can be initially separated or coincident at the start
of the analysis. Trajectory based contact detection does not impose any constraint on the analysis time
step and therefore often provides the most efficient solution.
Note that nodes which penetrate into another element at the start of the simulation will be ignored
for the purposes of contact and thus should be avoided. To generate duplicate conforming nodes across
a contact interface:
1. Use the multibody part option in DesignModeler and set Shared Topology to Imprint.
2. For meshing, use Contact Sizing, the Arbitrary match control or the Match mesh Where Possible option
of the Patch Independent mesh method.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
11
Proximity Based
The external faces, edges and nodes of a mesh are encapsulated by a contact detection zone. If during
the analysis a node enters this detection zone, it will be repelled using a penalty based force.
Note
An additional constraint is applied to the analysis time step when this contact detection algorithm
is selected. The time step is constrained such that a node cannot travel through a fraction of the
contact detection zone size in one cycle. The fraction is defined by the Time Step Safety
Factor (p. 16) described below. For analyses involving high velocities, the time step used in the
analysis is often controlled by the contact algorithm.
The initial geometry/mesh must be defined such that there is a physical gap/separation of at
least the contact detection zone size between nodes and faces in the model. The solver will give
error messages if this criteria is not satisfied. This constraint means this option may not be practical for very complex assemblies.
Proximity Based Contact is not supported in 2D explicit dynamics analyses.
12
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Define Connections
2.6.2.1.2. Formulation
This property is available if Contact Detection is set to Trajectory.
The available choices are described below.
Penalty
If contact is detected, a local penalty force is calculated to push the node involved in the contact event
back to the face. Equal and opposite forces are calculated on the nodes of the face in order to conserve
linear and angular momentum.
Trajectory based penalty force,
Note
Kinetic energy is not necessarily conserved. You can track conservation of energy in contact using
the Solution Information object, the Solution Output, or one of the energy summary result
trackers.
The applied penalty force will push the nodes back towards the true contact position during the
cycle. However, it will usually take several cycles to satisfy the contact condition.
Decomposition Response
All contacts that take place at the same point in time are first detected. The response of the system to
these contact events is then calculated to conserve momentum and energy. During this process, forces
are calculated to ensure that the resulting position of nodes and faces does not result in further penetration at that time point.
Note
The decomposition response algorithm cannot be used in combination with bonded contact
regions. The formulation will be automatically switch to penalty if bonded regions are present
in the model.
The decomposition response algorithm is more impulsive (in a given cycle) than the penalty
method. This can give rise to large hourglass energies and energy errors.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
13
14
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Define Connections
are removed before they become degenerated. Element self contact is very useful for impact penetration
examples where removal of elements is essential to allow generation of a hole in a structure.
When set to Program Controlled, the behavior of self contact is determined by the Analysis Settings
Preference Type (p. 47).
2.6.2.1.6. Tolerance
This property is available if Contact Detection is set to Trajectory and Element Self Contact is set to
Yes.
Tolerance defines the size of the detection zone for element self contact when the trajectory contact
option is used. (see Element Self Contact (p. 14)). The value input is a factor in the range 0.1 to 0.5.
This factor is multiplied by the smallest characteristic dimension of the elements in the mesh to give a
physical dimension. A setting of 0.5 effectively equates to 50% of the smallest element dimension in
the model.
Note
The smaller the fraction the more accurate the solution.
Note
The smaller the fraction the more accurate the solution. The time step in the analysis could
be reduced significantly if small values are used (see Time Step Safety Factor (p. 16)).
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
15
Note
This option is numerically intensive and can significantly increase runtimes. It is recommended
that you compare results with and without edge contact to make sure this feature is required.
A model with edge on edge contact cannot be run in parallel.
Supported Connections
Explicit Dynamics
Connection Geometry
Volume
16
Volume
Shell
Line
Yes
Yes
Yes
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Define Connections
Connection Geometry
Volume
Shell
Line
Shell
Yes
Yes
Yes
Line
Yes
Yes
*Yes
*Only for Contact Detection = Proximity Based and Edge on Edge Contact = Yes (This option switches
on contact between ALL lines / bodies / edges, that is, there is no dependence on the scoping selection
of body interactions.)
Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export)
Connection Geometry
Volume
Shell
Line
Volume
Yes
Yes
No
Shell
Yes
Yes
No
Line
No
No
No
Supported Connections
Explicit Dynamics
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
17
Volume
Shell
Line
Volume
Yes
Yes
Yes
Shell
Yes
Yes
Yes
Line
Yes
Yes
*Yes
*Only for Contact Detection = Proximity Based and Edge on Edge Contact = Yes (This option switches
on contact between ALL lines / bodies / edges, that is, there is no dependence on the scoping selection
of body interactions.)
Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export)
Connection Geometry
Volume
Shell
Line
Volume
Yes
Yes
No
Shell
Yes
Yes
No
Line
No
No
No
18
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Define Connections
Breakable = Stress Criteria implies that the bond may break (or be released) during the analysis. The
criteria for breaking a bond is defined as:
(2.4)
where
= Normal Stress Limit
n = Normal Stress Exponent
= Shear Stress Limit
m = Shear Stress Exponent
The options in the Advanced section are all currently ignored by the Explicit solver, including the Advanced > Pinball region option. The tolerance must be defined via the Maximum Offset value and is
only used at initialization.
Supported Connections
Explicit Dynamics
Connection Geometry
Volume
Shell
Line
Volume
Yes
Yes
Yes
Shell
Yes
Yes
Yes
Line
Yes
Yes
Yes
Note
Bonded body interactions and contact are not supported for 2D Explicit Dynamics analyses.
Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export)*
Connection Geometry
Volume
Shell
Line
Volume
Yes
Yes
No
Shell
Yes
Yes
No
Line
Yes
Yes
No
*The above matrix is valid only for Contact Regions. Bonded body interactions are not supported at all.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
19
Note
Volume elements that are intersected by reinforcement beams, but do not contain a beam
node, will not be experiencing any reinforced beam forces. Good modeling practice is
therefore to have the element size of the beams similar or less than that of the volume elements.
Table 2.1: Example: Drop test onto reinforced concrete beam
Note that the target solid bodies do not need to be scoped to this object these will be identified
automatically by the solver on initialization.
Supported Connections
Explicit Dynamics
Connection Geometry
Volume
Shell
Line
Volume
No
No
*Yes
Shell
No
No
No
Line
*Yes
No
No
20
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Setting Up Symmetry
*Only the line body needs to be included in the scope. The ANSYS Autodyn solver automatically detects
which volume bodies that the line body passes through.
Note
Reinforcement body interactions are not supported for 2D Explicit Dynamics analyses.
Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export)
Connection Geometry
Volume
Shell
Line
Volume
No
No
No
Shell
No
No
No
Line
No
No
No
Note
Anti-symmetry, periodicity and anti-periodicity symmetry regions are not supported in Explicit
Dynamics systems.
Symmetry cannot be applied to rigid bodies.
Only the General Symmetry interpretation is used by the solver in 2D Explicit Dynamics analyses.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
21
Note
Symmetry regions defined with different local coordinate systems may not be combined, unless
they are orthogonal with the global coordinate system.
General symmetry does not constrain eroded nodes. Thus, if after a group of elements erodes,
a free eroded node remains, the eroded node will not be constrained by the symmetry condition.
This can be resolved in certain situations via the special case of Global symmetry, described in
the next section.
Note
Global symmetry planes are only applicable to 3D Explicit Dynamics analyses.
22
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Note
When using Remote Points in Explicit Dynamics analyses:
Remote Points only work with the Explicit Dynamics system, not the Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA
Export) system.
The Behavior field must be set to Rigid. If it is set to Deformable the solution will terminate and
an error will be generated.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
23
24
Fixed Support
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Pressure
Acceleration
Force
Symmetry Planes
Euler Boundary Flow Out
Line Pressure
The following rules apply when applying constraints and Remote Points to Flexible and Rigid Bodies in
an Explicit Dynamics analysis. If incompatible conditions are applied, the pre-solve checks will identify
the problem and inform the user prior to starting the Solve.
FLEXIBLE BODY
Example
Conditions
Allowed? + Notes
Yes
Yes
No
The 2 faces share
common nodes along
one edge.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
25
Conditions
Allowed? + Notes
Yes
Yes
No
The boundary
condition scope shares
nodes with the scope
of the Remote
Displacement.
Yes
RIGID BODY
Example
Conditions
Allowed? + Notes
26
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Conditions
Allowed? + Notes
Yes
Yes
This is largely superfluous as
the body is rigid already so
making the face rigid does
not make any difference.
Yes
No
Two constraining boundary
conditions on a Rigid body
are not allowed.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
27
28
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Note
Pyramids are not recommended for LS-DYNA. A warning is issued if such elements are present
in the mesh.
When performing an implicit static structural or transient structural analysis to an Explicit Dynamics
analysis, the same mesh is required for both the implicit and explicit analysis and only low order elements
are allowed. If high order elements are used, the solve will be blocked and an error message will be
issued.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
29
Note
Euler capabilities are not supported for the Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export) system.
The domain size can be defined automatically (Domain Size Definition = Program Controlled) or
manually (Domain Size Definition = Manual). For both the automatic and manual options, the size
is defined from a 3D origin point and the X, Y, and Z dimensions of the domain.
For the automatic option, specify the Scope of the Domain Size Definition so that the origin and X,
Y, and Z dimensions are set to create a box large enough to include all bodies in the geometry (Scope
= All Bodies) or the Eulerian Bodies only (Scope = Eulerian Bodies Only). The automatically determined domain size can be controlled with three scaling parameters, one for each direction (X Scale
Factor, Y Scale Factor, Z Scale Factor).
The size of the domain is affected by the scale factors according to the following equations:
(2.5)
(2.6)
(2.7)
where
lx, ly, lz are the lengths of the unscaled domain in the x, y, and z directions respectively. These parameters are obtained automatically from the mesh.
l'x, l'y, l'z are the lengths of the scaled domain in the x, y, and z directions respectively.
Fx, Fy, Fz are the scale factors for the x, y, and z directions respectively.
For the Manual option of the Domain Size Definition, specify the origin of the Euler Domain (Minimum
X Coordinate, Minimum Y Coordinate, Minimum Z Coordinate) and the dimension in each direction
(X Dimension, Y Dimension, Z Dimension).
The domain resolution specifies how many cells should be created in the X, Y, and Z directions of
the domain. Use the Domain Resolution Definition field to specify how to determine the resolution:
either the cell size (Cell Size), the number of cells in each of the X, Y, and Z directions (Cells per
Component), or the total number of cells to be created (Total Cells).
For the Cell Size option, specify the size of the cell in the Cell Size parameter. The value specified is the
dimension of the cell in each of the X, Y, and Z directions. The units used for the cell size follow the ones
specified in the Mechanical application window and are displayed in the text box.
The number of the cells in each direction of the domain are then determined from this cell size
and the size of the domain with the following equations:
(2.8)
(2.9)
30
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
31
Note
Linear Viscosity in Expansion options are available only for ANSYS Autodyn.
Hourglass damping in LS-DYNA is standard by default; in ANSYS Autodyn the same control
is AUTODYN Standard.
Erosion Controls Erosion is used to automatically remove highly distorted elements from an analysis and
is required for applications such as cutting and impact penetration. In an explicit dynamics analysis, erosion
is a numerical tool to help maintain large time steps, and thus obtain solutions in appropriate time scales.
Several options are available to initiate erosion. The default settings will erode elements which experience
geometric strains in excess of 150%. The default value should be increased when modeling hyperelastic
materials. Geometric strain limit and material failure criteria are not present in LS-DYNA.
Output Controls Solution output is provided in several ways:
Results files which are used to provide nodal and element data for contour and probe results such as deformation, velocity, stress and strain. Note that probe results will provide a filtered time history of the
result data due to the relatively infrequent saving of results files.
Restart files should be stored less frequently than results files and can be used to resume an analysis.
Tracker data is usually stored much more frequently than results or restart data and thus is used to produce
full transient data for specific quantities.
Output controls to save result tracker and solution output are not available for LS-DYNA.
When performing an implicit to explicit analysis, for a nonlinear implicit analysis, the Strain Details view
property must be set to Yes because plastic strains are needed for the correct results.
32
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Options
Description
2D
Restart
Yes
Yes
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
33
Options
Description
2D
Restart
Yes
End Time
Yes
Maximum Energy
Error
Yes
Yes
34
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Yes
Options
Description
2D
Restart
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Characteristic Dimension
Diagonals (default
setting)
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
35
Options
Description
2D
Restart
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Automatic Mass
Scaling
Minimum CFL
Time Step
Caution
Mass scaling introduces
additional mass into the
system to increase the CFL
time step. Introducing too
much mass can lead to
non-physical results.
Note
Employ User Defined Results
MASS_SCALE (ratio of scaled
mass/physical mass) and
TIMESTEP to review the
effects of automatic mass
scaling on the model.
36
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Options
Description
2D
Restart
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Maximum Mass
Scaling (%)
Update Frequency
Options
Description
2D
Restart
Yes
No
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
37
Options
Description
Beam Solution
Type
Bending
Truss
2D
Restart
No
No
Exact
No
No
1pt Gauss
Shell Sublayers
No
No
No
No
Hex Integration
Type
Shell Thickness
Update
Nodal
38
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
No
Options
Description
2D
Restart
N/A
N/A
Average Nodal
Pressure
No
Recompute
No
No
Yes
No
Density Update
Program Controlled
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
39
Options
Description
2D
Restart
Incremental
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Minimum Velocity
Maximum Velocity
Radius Cutoff
40
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Yes
Options
Description
2D
Restart
Domain Size
Definition
Program Controlled
No
No
Manual
No
No
All Bodies
No
No
Eulerian Bodies
Only
X Scale factor, Y
Scale factor, Z
Scale Factor
No
No
No
No
X Dimension, Y
Dimension, Z Dimension
No
No
Total Cells
No
No
Cell Size
No
No
Cell Size
No
Number of Cells
in X, Number of
Cells in Y, Number of Cells in Z
No
No
No
No
Impedance
Lower X Face,
Lower Y Face,
Lower Z Face, Upper X Face, Upper
Y Face, Upper Z
Face
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
41
Euler Tracking
Options
Description
Rigid
By Body
2D
Restart
No
No
2D
Restart
Options
Description
Linear Artificial
Viscosity
Yes
Yes
Linear Viscosity
in Expansion
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Stiffness Coefficient
No
Yes
Viscous Coefficient
Yes
Yes
Static Damping
Yes
Yes
AUTODYN Standard
Flanagan
Belytschko
42
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Options
Description
2D
Restart
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
On Material Failure
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
43
Options
Description
2D
Restart
Description
2D
Restart
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Options
Save Results on
Cycles
Yes
Yes
Equally Spaced
Points
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cycles
Yes
Yes
Time
Yes
44
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Yes
Yes
Options
Save Result
Tracker Data on
Description
2D
Restart
Yes
Yes
Yes
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
45
Options
Description
2D
Restart
Time
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
46
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Options
Description
Node number
Contact Force X
2D
Contact Force Y
Restart
Contact Force Z
No
Yes
Cycles
Yes
Time
Yes
Equally Spaced
Points
Yes
Description
The permanent location for all the files generated during a solve.
This is a read-only field provided for information.
47
Low
Velocity
High
Velocity
Quasi-Static
Default
Setting for
(Robustness) minimum
run time
(also
minimum
robustness
and
accuracy
in some
cases)
Recommended
Recommended
Recommended
setting for for high
setting
low
deformation/velocity
for
deformation/velocity
simulations quasi-static
simulations (>100m/s) simulations
(<100m/s)
Analysis
Settings
Notes
Step Controls
Timestep
Safety Factor
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
Mass Scaling
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Mass Scaling:
Minimum CFL
timestep
Off
User Must
Define
User Must
Define
Off
User Must
Define
Mass Scaling:
Maximum
Element
Scaling Factor
(%)
Off
1000
100
Off
1000
48
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Low
Velocity
High
Velocity
Quasi-Static
Mass Scaling:
Maximum
Part Scaling
Off
1000
Off
1000
Mass Scaling:
Update
Frequency
Off
Off
Characteristic
Dimension
Diagonals
Opposing
Faces
Opposing
Faces
Diagonals
Opposing
Faces
Beam Time
Step Safety
Factor
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
Hex
Integration
Type
Exact
1pt Gauss
1pt Gauss
Exact
1pt Gauss
Shell
Sublayers
Shell Inertia
Update
Recompute Rotate
Tet
Integration
ANP
SCP
NBS
ANP
NBS
Minimum
Strain Rate
Cutoff
1e-10
1e-10
0.0
1e-10
0.0
Hourglass
Damping
AUTODYN
standard
AUTODYN
standard
Flanagan
Belytschko
AUTODYN Flanagan
Autodyn standard is
standard
Belytschko not rigid body rotation
invariant. Must use
Flanagan Belytschko if
large rotations are
involved.
Static
Damping
Solver
Controls
Increasing the safety
factor can lead to
unstable results. Check
results carefully.
Damping
Controls
User Must
Define
For quasi-static
analyses, it is
recommended that
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
49
Low
Velocity
High
Velocity
Quasi-Static
static damping is used,
but the value used
depends on the
configuration of the
model. See Explicit
Dynamics Damping
Controls (p. 42) for
more details on
selecting an
appropriate value.
Erosion
Controls
On Geometric
Strain Limit
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Geometric
Strain Limit
1.5
0.75
Unchanged 1.5
Unchanged
Save Results
on: Equally
Spaced Points
20
20
50
50
10
Save Result
Tracker Data:
Cycles
10
10
10
Save Solution
Output:
Cycles
100
1000
100
100
100
Nodal Shell
Thickness
No
No
No
No
No
Body Self
Contact
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Element Self
Contact
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Output
Controls
Body
Interactions:
Details
options
50
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Note
Keep in mind the following guidelines for setting up other areas of your analysis:
Material Properties
Use Simplest Material definition possible
Use Linear Elastic properties unless you need to model non-linearities
Bonds
Only use breakable bonds if you really need to
Meshing
Mesh quality is a critical aspect for model performance and accuracy
Use Hex Meshes whenever possible
Use the patch independent tetrahedral mesh method to ensure uniform element size and
timestep optimization
Avoid small elements unless you need them
The Euler domain resolution is indicated by black node markers along each edge line of the Euler domain.
The visibility of this can be controlled by the Display Euler Domain option in the Analysis Settings.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
51
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
53
Theory
In order to economize on problem size it is sometimes advantageous for problems which have only
outward traveling solutions (e.g. an expanding high pressure source) to limit the size of the grid by a
boundary condition which allows outward traveling waves to pass through it without reflecting energy
back into the computational grid.
In practice it proves impossible to include a simple boundary condition which is accurate for all wave
strengths but the algorithm used here give a reasonable approximation over a wide spectrum. However
it should always be borne in mind that the condition is only approximate and some reflected wave,
however small, will be created and care must be taken that such a wave does not have a significant
effect on the later solution. Note that the following analysis deals only with the normal component of
velocity of the wave and the velocity component parallel to the boundary is assumed to be unaffected
by the boundary.
For a one-dimensional wave traveling in the direction of increasing x, the conditions on the rearward
facing characteristic are
(2.12)
where c is the acoustic impedance ( is the local density and c is the local sound speed) and dp and
du are the changes of pressure and velocity normal to the wave along the characteristic. Since it is assumed that no wave energy is being propagated back in the direction of decreasing x the error in applying the above condition on a non-characteristic direction is in general small and it is applied on the
transmitting boundary in the form
(2.13)
Where:
uN is the component of mean velocity normal to the boundary
[c]boundary is the assumed Material Impedance for the boundary
pref is the user defined reference pressure
uref is the user defined reference velocity at the boundary
54
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Note
The default Material Impedance (Program Controlled) is zero. In this case the impedance
at the boundary is taken to be the impedance at time t of the element to which the
boundary is applied. This represents the case of perfect transmission of plane normal elastic
waves.
Common Characteristics
The following section outlines the common boundary condition characteristics that include application
requirements of the boundary condition, support limitations, as well as loading definitions and values.
Dimensional Types
3D Simulation: Supported.
2D Simulation: Supported.
Geometry Types: Geometry types supported for the Impedance Boundary boundary condition include:
Solid: Supported.
Surface/Shell: Supported.
Wire Body/Line Body/Beam: Supported.
Topology: The following topology selection options are supported for Impedance Boundary.
Body: Not Supported.
Face: Supported.
Edge: Not Supported.
Vertex: Not Supported.
Nodes: Not Supported.
Loading Data Definition: Enter loading data using one of the following options.
55
Fields/Options/Description
Scope
Definition
Analysis Types
Detonation Point is available for an Explicit Dynamics analysis only.
Common Characteristics
This section describes the characteristics of the boundary condition, including the application requirements, support limitations, and loading definitions and values.
56
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Note
Detonation Points are not available for the Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export) system.
Fields/Options/Description
Definition
Burn Instantaneously: When set to Yes, results in initiation of detonation for all
elements with an explosive material at the start of the solve.
Detonation Time: User can enter the time for initiation of detonation. [Only visible
if Burn Instantaneously is set to No.]
Suppressed - Include (No - default) or exclude (Yes) the boundary condition.
Location
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
57
Theory
The Detonation analysis method used is Indirect Path detonation. Detonation paths are computed by
finding either a direct path through explosive regions or by following straight line segments connecting
centers of cells containing explosives. Either:
Detonation paths will be computed as the shortest route through cells that contain explosive.
Or...
Detonation paths are computed by finding the shortest path obtained by following straight line
segments connecting the centers of cells containing explosive.
The correct detonation paths will automatically be computed around wave-shapers, obstacles, corners,
etc.
Detonation points must lie within the grid. Paths cannot be computed through multiple Parts. If a detonation point is placed in one Part, the detonation from this point cannot propagate to another Part.
If this is required, you must place one or more detonation points in the second Part with the appropriate
initiation times set to achieve the required detonation.
The following illustration outlines the detonation process:
58
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
The result ALPHA can be used to view the progress of the detonation wave through the material. This
corresponds to the burn fraction, which will be a value between zero (no detonation) and one (detonation complete). For the same example, looking at values of alpha at a later stage in the calculation,
the detonation wave can clearly be seen in the body on the right as the spherical band of contours
showing the value of alpha changing from zero to one. The body on the left has a value of one for the
entire body, as it detonated instantaneously.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
59
2.13. Solve
For general information about solving, see Solve in the ANSYS Mechanical User's Guide
60
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Solve
To extend an analysis that has successfully completed beyond its current end time or cycle.
To complete an analysis that has been interrupted. For example you may wish to interrupt an analysis in
order to review results part way through a longer simulation.
To continue an analysis that has stopped part way through. For example, if an analysis has terminated prematurely due to the time-step size being too small, you can make adjustments to mass scaling, and restart
the calculation.
To adjust the frequency of restart file, result file or other output information. For example, you may wish to
re-solve part of an analysis that is of interest with more frequent results.
To adjust damping or erosion controls.
An analysis may be resumed from any cycle that has a restart file by first selecting the cycle in the Resume From Cycle field located in the Step Controls (p. 33) section of the Analysis Settings (p. 33),
then making any other required analysis changes, and selecting Solve. The frequency of restart file
output is controlled in the Analysis Settings Output Controls (p. 44). There is no limit to the number
of times an analysis may be resumed.
The following restrictions apply:
Changes made to any feature of the model outside of the Analysis Settings will prevent a resume from
taking place.
Changes made to any of the (Analysis Settings) Solver Controls, except for Minimum Velocity, Maximum
Velocity and Radius Cutoff, will prevent a resume from taking place.
Changes made to the Retain Inertia of Eroded Material field will prevent a resume from taking place.
Changes to all other Erosion Controls, Damping Controls, and Output Controls are valid and will not
prevent a resume from taking place.
To use Automatic Mass Scaling under (Analysis Settings, Step Controls), it must be enabled from the
start of the calculation. You cannot change the Automatic Mass Scaling property for a restart calculation. If
Automatic Mass Scaling is active, the other Mass Scaling properties may be changed part way through a
calculation.
Analyses with non-zero Displacement constraints defined may not be resumed.
2.13.2.1. Load and Constraint Behavior when Extending Analysis End Time
For a model with loads and constraint, when using the resume capability to extend the end time of an
analysis, the following points should be considered.
Loads and constraints may not be modified after cycle zero.
If an analysis end time has been increased, then it is possible that the analysis time may fall outside the
defined region of a time-dependent load or constraint. If this is the case, no load or constraint will be applied.
Time-dependent data for loads and supports can be defined for times greater than the end time of the
analysis, and these will become valid if the end time is then extended for a resumed analysis.
The solver representation of loads and constraints may be verified by looking at admodel.prt in the
Solver Files directory.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
61
Linux
Local Parallel
Distributed
Parallel
Windows HPC
Jobscheduler
Local
Parallel
Distributed
Parallel
Parallel
Jobschedulers
Platform, INTEL,
MSMPI
Platform, INTEL
N/A
Platform
Platform
N/A
You can use the additional command line arguments field as described in Using Solve Process Settings
in the ANSYS Mechanical User's Guide to specify the information necessary to run an explicit dynamics
solution in parallel.
The MPI software used in a distributed parallel simulation can be specified using the -mpi option. The
available options are: pcmpi (Platform), intelmpi (Intel), and msmpi (Microsoft). The default option is
Platform (pcmpi) and will be used if the -mpi option is not specified in the additional command line
options. Platform is the only mpi option that is supported for Linux machines.
The machines used in a distributed parallel analysis can be specified using the -machines option. The
machines argument should be specified as:
-machines machineName1:N1,MachineName2:N2
where machineName1 will be started with N1 slave executables and MachineName2 will be started
with N2 slave executables. The machine name and number of slaves should be separated by a colon
and each pair of machine name\number of slaves should be separated by a comma. If spaces are added
then the -machines argument should be enclosed in double quotes:
-machines "machineName1 : N1 , MachineName2 : N2"
Note
When running Explicit Dynamics using Platform MPI, the MPI files used are the Platform MPI
files included with the Ansys install. It is possible to specify a different location for the MPI
files by setting the environment variable EXD_MPI_ROOT; for example:
EXD_MPI_ROOT = "C:\Program Files (x86)\IBM\Platform-MPI"
The following capabilities of the explicit solver are not supported for a parallel environment:
Line body to line body contact using Proximity Based interaction in combination with the Edge on Edge
option.
62
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Postprocessing
Trajectory contact with the Decomposition Response formulation.
Note
When a model contains a capability that is not supported for a parallel environment, the
analysis will automatically run in serial mode.
2.14. Postprocessing
You can review the Solution Information object and the Result Trackers to analyze your solution quality.
Result trackers must be defined before you start the solution.
Note
If you choose the My Computer, Background setting, it is necessary that you also click the
Advanced... button and check Use Shared License, if possible, to obtain a successful
solution.
63
Note
The point scoped trackers are only available for an explicit dynamics analysis. Point scoped
trackers may only be inserted prior to the analysis being solved.
There are two Location Methods that can be used to specify the location of point scoped Explicit Dynamics result trackers:
Geometry Selection
1. Set Location Method to Geometry Selection.
2. Select a vertex on the geometry or a node on the mesh.
3. Click in the Geometry field, then click Apply.
For nodal results, the results tracker will record the results of the variable at the node, or the vertex
the tracker is scoped to. For elemental results, the results tracker will record the results of the variable
in an element attached to the node or vertex the tracker is scoped to.
User Defined Location
1. Set Location Method to User Defined Location.
2. Specify the coordinates in the X, Y, Z Coordinate fields. This can be achieved by either:
Selecting a point using the Coordinate toolbar button
a. Choose Click to Change in the Location field.
b. Press the Coordinate toolbar button.
c. Move the cursor across the model and notice that the coordinates display and update as you reposition the cursor.
d. Click on the desired location. A small crosshair appears at this location. You can click again on another location, which changes the crosshair location.
64
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Postprocessing
e. Click Apply in the Location field. The location coordinates display in the X, Y, Z Coordinate fields.
You can change the location by repositioning the cursor, clicking at the new location, then clicking
Click to Change and Apply, or by editing the X, Y, Z Coordinate fields in the Details view.
Note
This method does not specify a vertex or node to track as in the Geometry Selection
method, but is purely a method of selecting x, y, and z coordinates in the X, Y, Z
Coordinate fields.
65
66
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Postprocessing
Coordinate System Assigned to user defined location.
X, Y, Z Coordinate Position of the user defined location.
Location Select user defined location.
Geometry Select vertex.
Suppressed Prior to solving, you can include or exclude the result from the analysis. The default is value
is No.
Stress
Location Method Select geometry or a user defined location.
Coordinate System Assigned to user defined location.
X, Y, Z Coordinate Position of the user defined location.
Location Select user defined location.
Type Select stress type.
Geometry Select vertex.
Suppressed Prior to solving, you can include or exclude the result from the analysis. The default is value
is No.
Strain (Scoping: not available for Euler bodies)
Location Method Select geometry or a user defined location.
Coordinate System Assigned to user defined location.
X, Y, Z Coordinate Position of the user defined location.
Location Select user defined location.
Type Select strain type.
Geometry Select vertex.
Suppressed Prior to solving, you can include or exclude the result from the analysis. The default is value
is No.
Temperature
Type Read only.
Location Method Select geometry or a user defined location.
Coordinate System Assigned to user defined location.
X, Y, Z Coordinate Position of the user defined location.
Location Select user defined location.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
67
Note
Density is not calculated for shell and beam elements.
68
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Postprocessing
The first line, "cm" represents the units of the values in the file. Acceptable inputs for this are: "m", "cm",
"mm", "in", "ft", or "um".
The subsequent lines contain the data for each tracker to be inserted. The first three numbers are the
x,y,z location values. The fourth entry is the user given name - the one that will be seen in the tree. The
5th and 6th entries are type and subtype.
Acceptable entries for type and subtype are:
type = "velocity", "acceleration" or "deformation" with subtypes of "x","y","z" or "total"
type = "position", "temperature", "pressure", "energy" or "density" (no subtype used)
type = "stress" or "strain" with subtypes of "xx", "yy", "zz", "xy", "yz", "zx", "principal1", "principal2",
"principal3", "equivalent"
All values in each line should be separated by a semicolon. Any lines that are not properly formatted
will be skipped - no tracker will be inserted for them.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
69
70
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Postprocessing
Scope
Geometry Select bodies.
Results
Minimum Read-only indication of the minimum value of the result. tracker type.
Maximum Read-only indication of the maximum value of the result. tracker type.
Filter
Type Specify low-pass filtering (p. 73) option.
Kinetic Energy (Scoping: flexible or rigid bodies)
Definition
Type Read only.
Suppressed Prior to solving, you can include or exclude the result from the analysis. The default is
value is No.
Scope
Geometry Select bodies.
Results
Minimum Read-only indication of the minimum value of the result. tracker type.
Maximum Read-only indication of the maximum value of the result. tracker type.
Filter
Type Specify low-pass filtering (p. 73) option.
Total Energy (Scoping: flexible or rigid bodies)
Definition
Type Read only.
Suppressed Prior to solving, you can include or exclude the result from the analysis. The default is
value is No.
Scope
Geometry Select bodies.
Results
Minimum Read-only indication of the minimum value of the result. tracker type.
Maximum Read-only indication of the maximum value of the result. tracker type.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
71
72
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Postprocessing
Type Specify low-pass filtering (p. 73) option.
2.14.2.4. Viewing and Filtering Result Tracker Graphs for Explicit Dynamics
Explicit dynamics analyses typically involve a large number of time history samples, sometimes in the
order of hundreds of thousands, and the results tend to include high frequency noise that can obscure
slow rate phenomena. A low-pass filtering option is available that allows you to separate slow-rate
trends from high frequency noise in signals. This feature can be controlled from the Details view of a
Result Tracker object.
The filtered results are displayed by default in the Timeline window after the solve. By setting Display
Filter During Solve to Yes in the Details view of the Solution Information object, the filtered results
can also be displayed in the Worksheet at each refresh interval of the Result Tracker.
To configure the low-pass filter for the sampled data:
Under Filter, set the following controls:
Type: Set to one of the following:
None: (Default) No filtering is applied to the data.
Butterworth: Applies a four-channel low-pass Butterworth filter to the data. Two channels are passed
twice, once in the forward direction and once in the reverse direction, to prevent phase shifts.
Cut Frequency (displayed if Type is set to Butterworth): Set to the desired cut frequency in Hz or MHz
depending on the current unit system. The default is 0, which implies no filtering.
Notes
A time history data is composed of a limited number of frequency signals that bound the range
of meaningful cut frequencies to use for filtering. If the cut frequency is too low, most signals will
be lost. On the other hand, if the cut frequency is too high, the signal may remain unaltered.
In determining a good cut frequency, sampling frequency plays a role. The sampling frequency
can be obtained by dividing the number of samples by the sampling duration. The cut frequency
should not exceed a quarter of this value. For example, if 15,000 samples occur in 0.015 seconds,
the sampling frequency will be 15,000/(0.015 s) = 1,000,000 Hz = 1 MHz. Consequently, the cut
frequency should not exceed 0.25 MHz.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
73
74
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Postprocessing
tion, the magnitude will be the sum of all of the reaction forces due to Support on the nodes scoped
to the selected boundary condition.
Note
The Force Reaction trackers are only available for an explicit dynamics analysis.
If you right click on a Force Reaction tracker and select Rename Based on Definition, the tracker
is renamed based on its type, the direction it shows results for, and the object it is scoped to. For
example, if a Force Reaction tracker is selected to show results in the Y direction and is scoped
to a Velocity constraint boundary condition named "Velocity Fix", by selecting Name Based on
Definition it will be renamed to "Y Force Reaction at Velocity Fix". See Renaming a Result Tracker
for more information on this renaming behavior.
Note
For an explicit dynamics analysis, there is no results interpolation between the results sets.
Specifying a time in the GUI will display results for the closest results set.
Eroded nodes (p. 203) can be toggled on or off in the graphics display.
Probes can be used to display the variation in specific results over the saved time points in the analysis.
The frequency at which data is available is defined in the Save Results On option of the analysis settings (p. 33). This data should be specified prior to a solve.
You can use a Solution Information object to track, monitor, or diagnose problems that arise during a
solution.
Additional results specific to an explicit dynamics analysis are available via user defined results (p. 80).
The Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export) system does not support the ability to review the results of a
simulation using the LS-DYNA solver. Nevertheless results can be viewed with the lsprepost.exe
application available at the ANSYS installation folder under ANSYS Inc\v170\ansys\bin\.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
75
The View> Eroded Nodes toggle from the Main Menu allows you to remove the eroded nodes from
the display, as shown below.
76
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Postprocessing
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
77
Results cannot therefore be displayed on the original mesh applied to the Euler bodies. Instead, a mesh
is reconstructed for each material associated with the original body to which the result object is scoped.
The reconstruction of the mesh is approximate and includes:
Finding the exterior surface of each material in its current location in the Euler domain. This is achieved by
forming an isosurface on the volume fraction of each material in a cell (at 50%).
Filling the interior of the material with cells from the Euler domain that are completely inside the material.
Reconstructing an unstructured mesh for any gaps between the exterior surface and interior cells.
The example below illustrates a typical mesh displayed for a Results object scoped to a Body with Eulerian (Virtual) reference frame:
78
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Postprocessing
When the Show Undeformed Wireframe option is selected for a results object scoped to Euler bodies,
the wireframe of the background Euler domain is displayed. Only the Euler domain cells that contain
material at a given point in time are used to construct the wireframe (cells that only contain void are
not displayed). An example is given below:
If the Euler Tracking By Body option is selected in the Analysis Settings Details view, results may be
scoped to Eulerian bodies in the same way as for Lagrangian bodies, and body trackers are available
for Eulerian parts.
Additional considerations:
Displacement, strain, and BOND_STATUS results are not available for scoped results.
Probes and path plots are not supported for Eulerian bodies.
External Force and Contact Force trackers will return zero for Eulerian bodies.
Point trackers for Strain are not supported.
Deformation scaling (i.e. Undeformed, .5 Auto, AutoScaling, 2x Auto, 5x Auto ) is not available for Eulerian
bodies.
Show undeformed model is not available for Eulerian bodies.
Although it is not possible to view the Eulerian domain directly within the Mechanical application, the size
and resolution of the domain are indicated in the graphics window when Analysis Settings are selected in
the outline view; if required, the model may be transferred to an Autodyn component system where the
Euler mesh can be displayed.
There may be issues with solver efficiency for analyses containing more than ten Eulerian bodies.
When attempting to use the Euler capabilities in the Explicit Dynamics analysis system, the following license
restrictions are observed:
Set-up and solve of Euler capabilities in the Explicit Dynamics system are supported for the full ANSYS
Autodyn (acdi_ad3dfull) license.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
79
Description
Type
BEAM_LEN
Beam length
BOND_STATUS
C_S_AREA
Element
Nodal
COMPRESS
Material compression
Element
Nodal
Compression, = /0
Element
Nodal
CROSS_SECTION
Elemental
DAMAGE
Material Damage
Element
Nodal
0 intact material
1- fully fractured
DENSITY
Material Density
Element
Nodal
EFF_STN
Element
Nodal
EFF_PL_STN
Element
Nodal
ENERGY_DAM
Element
Nodal
EROSION
Erosion Status
Elemental
0 - no erosion
>0 - eroded. (will not be displayed)
80
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Postprocessing
Variable
Description
Type
EPS_RATE
Element
Nodal
F_AXIAL
Element
Nodal
INT_ENERGY
Element
Nodal
MASS
Element
Nodal
MATERIAL
Elemental
Element
Nodal
POROSITY
Material porosity
Elemental
Porosity, = Solid/
PRESSURE
Pressure
Element
Nodal
PRES_BULK
Elemental
SOUNDSPEED
Material soundspeed
Element
Nodal
STATUS
Material Status
Elemental
1 elastic
2 undergoing plastic flow
3 failed due to effective criteria (with healing)
4 failed due to effective criteria
5 failed due to stress/strain in principal direction 1
6 failed due to stress/strain in principal direction 2
7 failed due to stress/strain in principal direction 3
8 failed due to shear stress/strain in principal
direction 12
9 failed due to shear stress/strain in principal
direction 23
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
81
Description
Type
Elemental
STRAIN_XX
Total strain XX
Element
Nodal
STRAIN_YY
Total strain YY
Element
Nodal
STRAIN_ZZ
Total strain ZZ
Element
Nodal
STRAIN_XY
Total strain XY. These are tensor shear strains, and not
engineering shear strains.
Element
Nodal
STRAIN_YZ
Total strain YZ. These are tensor shear strains, and not
engineering shear strains.
Element
Nodal
STRAIN_ZX
Total strain ZX. These are tensor shear strains, and not
engineering shear strains.
Element
Nodal
SUB_STN_X_SHELL_LAYER__# Shell total strain XX, sub-layer #. These are tensor shear
strains, and not engineering shear strains.
Element
Nodal
SUB_STN_Y_SHELL_LAYER__# Shell total strain YY, sub-layer #. These are tensor shear
strains, and not engineering shear strains.
Element
Nodal
SUB_STN_Z_SHELL_LAYER__# Shell total strain ZZ, sub-layer #. These are tensor shear
strains, and not engineering shear strains.
Element
Nodal
SUB_STN_XY_SHELL_LAYER__# Shell total strain XY, sub-layer #. These are tensor shear
strains, and not engineering shear strains.
Element
Nodal
SUB_STN_YZ_SHELL_LAYER__# Shell total strain YZ, sub-layer #. These are tensor shear
strains, and not engineering shear strains.
Element
Nodal
SUB_STN_ZX_SHELL_LAYER__# Shell total strain ZX, sub-layer #. These are tensor shear
strains, and not engineering shear strains.
Element
Nodal
SUBL_EPS_SHELL_LAYER_#
Element
Nodal
TEMPERATURE
Material Temperature
Element
Nodal
THICKNESS
Shell Thickness
Element
Nodal
TYPE
Elemental
HEX: 100-101
PENTA: 102
TET: 103-104,106
82
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Postprocessing
Variable
Description
Type
PYRAMID: 105
QUAD: 107
TRI: 108
SHL: 200-202, 204
BEAM: 203
VISC_PRES
Element
Nodal
VTXX
Viscoelastic stress XX
Element
Nodal
VTYY
Viscoelastic stress YY
Element
Nodal
VTZZ
Viscoelastic stress ZZ
Element
Nodal
VTXY
Viscoelastic stress XY
Element
Nodal
VTYZ
Viscoelastic stress YZ
Element
Nodal
VTZX
Viscoelastic stress ZX
Element
Nodal
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
83
In the User Defined Result Expression Worksheet, there are three components available for the multimaterial results, named SOLID, SOLID_2, and ALL.
Note
It may be necessary to delete and reinsert multi-material results in order to view result for
databases created prior to Release 13.0
84
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Postprocessing
EFF_STN
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
85
86
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Problems that are in this "Quasi-Static" range have a good chance of being solved by either method
until the limitations of a particular solver are reached. At that point, it can be beneficial to consider the
use of the alternative solver.
This chapter describes the steps necessary to transform a model that was initially set up for simulation
in the Implicit solver to a model setup for simulation in the Explicit solver. Typically, you would want
to consider doing this when the degree of nonlinearity in the model is starting to pose problems for
Implicit methods. Because of the nature of the two methods, the explicit solver is more suitable for
nonlinear problems, working with less computationally heavy but a much larger number of iterations
that can follow the physical parameter changes at a much higher frequency. The implicit solver work
with much more complex calculations for each iteration but has a lot fewer of them.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
87
88
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
After a run time of 1.2 minutes, the model solves with all options being left as default. The problematic
area is obvious as can be seen above: the left notch of the upper part does not follow the bottom part
geometry. This quickly points to where a change of the geometry is necessary.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
89
The implicit solver has troubles converging at around half of the total displacement and the explicit
solver manages to go through the run simulating the high deformations.
The model Figure 3.4: Model setup showing contact (left) and boundary conditions (right) (p. 90)
demonstrates this contact issue. The implicit setup has a manually defined frictionless contact consisting
of 40 contact and 38 target faces between the two parts. The explicit dynamics model simply has the
default frictionless trajectory contact enabled. All other boundary conditions are the same for both
analyses: a fixed support and a displacement boundary condition. Both models have the same mesh
type and mesh density (the implicit setup does not make use of midside nodes in order to achieve
maximum similarity in comparison, since the explicit solver cannot use midside nodes). The implicit
model has problems converging while the explicit solve completes without issues. This model exemplifies
90
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
The solution does not converge unless the mesh is much coarser - this means the initial clip to rubber
step contact is missed (without any special settings). Also there is a problem of missed contact between
the clip and the hinge, which you can solve in the implicit solver by applying a cylindrical support. This
same model with the same setup for boundary conditions and less constraints (no cylindrical support
or equivalent), can be successfully solved by the explicit solver (as seen in the following figure). The
setup uses mostly default settings apart from a Static Damping value which is added because of the
hyperelastic material (see Damping (p. 103)). The model will run successfully without damping, but due
to the nature of the materials, strong oscillations will be introduced. This means the maximum stress
on the clip will spike at a much larger value than in the damped solution and then gradually converge
on a similar final value when the vibrations decrease.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
91
If you drop the Explicit Dynamics system on the Engineering Data cell, only the material data would be
transferred. This is not what you want to do. Dragging and dropping on the cell Geometry or Model
cell should be used when you want to transfer the model from implicit to explicit. Dropping the system
on the Solution cell transfers all of the end results, deformation and stress from the implicit solution so
it is used only in prestressing cases.
If you drop the system on the Geometry cell, all of the implicit setup has to be recreated manually for
the explicit solver. This is the better choice when dealing with very simple models with very few options
92
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Note
Changing some options for meshing, materials, or others to make the explicit analysis work
might interfere with the implicit solver and make the model not solve properly. These options
are discussed in the next sections. If you want to create an explicit simulation using the
Model cell transfer, it is recommended that this is done in a duplicate project file.
3.3.2. Materials
There are some material models that are not available for both solvers. Whenever a question mark
symbol is observed next to the Engineering Data cell, it must be properly addressed. By inspecting the
materials, it should be clear where the problem is. For example, it might be a missing density value or
a parameter which has not been set; something which might be required for the explicit solver but not
for the implicit one. This is the case with hyperelastic materials using the Mooney-Rivlin material model.
To get a value for the incompressibility parameter the user must either have the experimental data and
use curve fitting, use a value from another material specification, or just use the rubber model in the
explicit material database.
Another issue you might encounter is where parameter required for the explicit simulation can interfere
with the implicit solution and make it unable to solve. This often occurs since both systems share the
same material data, and can be fixed by using different material assignments (if you are using the
Geometry cell data transfer and have separate Mechanical instances). A problem with unsupported
material model types is usually seen as an error message in the solver.log file or the Solution Information when a solve is attempted.
Another common example of a problem is having tabular data input for a material property in implicit
with, for example, 12 stress strain pairs. This would trigger an error in the explicit solver, which only
supports 10 or less stress strain pairs. An easy workaround for this would be to take the curve formed
by the 12 points and delete two points and relocating the others so that the curve shape remains the
same.
3.3.3. Meshing
Before running the simulation the meshing has to be thoroughly checked to ensure all requirements
are met. The explicit and implicit solvers require different types of meshes. The simplest way to differentiate is to switch the Physics Preference option between Explicit and Mechanical. However, if the
Model cell connection is used, the models are going to make use of the same mesh; this might mean
that when the mesh is made to work with the explicit solver it might not solve anymore with the implicit
solver. Generally, with a complex geometry we do not want to use the same mesh for both solvers.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
93
94
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Note
It is important when there are regions of the geometry which are relatively thin and will encounter
bending, that they are meshed with at least two mesh elements across their thickness to ensure
the explicit solver models the bending correctly. Because of this, you may want to use shell bodies
where more appropriate; the two elements across recommendation can lead to a very small time
step overall.
3.3.4. Contact/Connections
The contact options in explicit dynamics are very similar to the ones in the implicit solver. When the
two are connected via the Model cell, all of the options for the contacts are the same as in implicit
(apart from the addition of the Body Interactions option). Differences in the Contacts tab are only visible
when looking at a standalone explicit dynamics system or a system only sharing material and geometry
data. Unlike meshing, the explicit solver can use contacts defined for the implicit solver without any
problems, although some of the options do not directly affect the explicit solution.
95
96
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Implicit
solver
Explicit solver
Frictionless support
Available
Available/
Simulated by using an equivalent symmetry plane (rigid
behaviour) or by creating displacement with fixed
components to provide the desired constraint.
Bolt pretension
Available
Cylindrical support
Available
Displacement (step
applied)
Available
Available
97
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Solver
can be computationally heavy so they are usually only used in the initial runs to aid in setting up the
model as desired.
Figure 3.13: exd_ag_settings_output_cntrl.png
The defaults are equally spaced points for the results and the restart files and saving are based on cycles
for the result trackers. In general, these defaults are fine for the initial explicit run. Since the number of
cycles is initially unknown, if any changes are made to the defaults they should generally use the Equally
Spaced Points options which will automatically distribute the points.
3.4. Solver
When using the explicit solver, emphasis should be put on the fundamental differences with the implicit
solver. As discussed earlier, the explicit simulation takes into account the inertial forces, and one of its
most important parameters is the solve time (not to be mistaken with the actual run time it takes for
the model to solve). The explicit models can be seen as a chunk of the real time of an event that is
slowed down through a sort of high speed camera. The time values that the explicit solver usually works
with are much smaller than 1 second. For these quasi-static implicit to explicit simulations we are
working with a total time of around one millisecond to 1 second.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
99
The first set of timestep controls should be usually left as default. The Maximum Number of Cycles
should be a very large number, leaving the End Time to control the simulation's limits. The initial,
minimum, and maximum time step values should set to Program Controlled except in a few cases.
The Minimum Time Step value is sometimes set to a very small number to allow the solve to run and
not abort with the message: time step too small. This is done when the time step is expected to become
much smaller than its initial value during the solve due to large deformations or complex contact. Setting
the value will manually override the minimum time step conditions determined by the solver based on
the initial setup. This minimum value will lead to a much longer run time compared to the estimated
remaining in the Solution Information.
Another case where manual input is used is when dealing with rigid bodies. The setup will look for
limiting time step factors and if these elements are in a rigid body, a reasonably small time step should
be set to prevent the simulation going forward in too large steps.
100
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Solver
Figure 3.15: Default Solution Information display during solve with the estimated time remaining
highlighted in yellow
When you view the Solution Information while the solve is running, the Est. Clock Time Remaining
can be observed. This is an interesting concept for users coming from the implicit solver. This value
gives an estimate of the remaining time needed to finish the solution. After the initial few cycles, and
providing there are no abnormal deformations and unexpected events in the model during the solve,
this value is quite accurate. It is based upon the time needed to calculate each cycle and the expected
remaining number of cycles.
Usually when dealing with hyperelastic materials with a lot of deformation or other special cases, this
remaining time will get a lot higher once the part of the simulation dealing with the large deformations
is reached. This estimated time is also a good way to judge how changes to the mesh and setup will
affect the solution time. After each change the model can be solved until a certain cycle number then
interrupted, and the estimated time can be compared. This gives a rough estimate since it does not
take into account any possible obstructions which might arise but it is a useful tool for comparison.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
101
3.4.3.2. Erosion
Another important tool is erosion. This allows for elements from the mesh to be destroyed and separated
from the rest of the mesh in certain cases. There are three criteria which can be turned on to erode
elements - maximum strain, minimum time step and material failure. The most common to use is the
On Geometric Strain Limit erosion. It is used where excessive deformations are expected and prevents
the solution from stopping because of nodes displaced an abnormal distance away from the rest of the
element or simply occurring heavy deformation. Once the solve with erosion is completed, the user
can see where the eroded elements are and decide how the solution can be improved.
The erosion On Material Failure is also common and it realistically simulates the failure of materials
based on their definitions. This can be due to stress, strain, shear or any other mode of failure that is
defined in the engineering data.
The last criteria is the On Minimum Element Time Step erosion. This is similarly done when problems
with the model are seen or expected. This is a very crude way of controlling the minimum time step
by simply destroying the elements which control smaller values. By default and most commonly, the
Retain Inertia of Eroded Material is set to Yes. This allows you to examine the erosion process and
follow the debris distribution (the defaults are different for Low Velocity and Quasi Static simulation
types). An example of eroded material can be seen in the following figure.
Figure 3.16: Example of eroded material in a model simulating a bullet going through a vase
(eroded elements colored in red)
102
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Solver
3.4.3.3. Damping
Sometimes, especially when highly flexible materials are present, constant frequency oscillations can
arise in the explicit simulation. This can be avoided by the use of Static Damping. A damping value is
calculated by dividing double the time step by the longest period of oscillation in the system. In other
words, this value should be aimed at damping the slowest vibration in the analysis. When you are not
sure of the value that should be used, it is best to start from the smallest damping to prevent overdamping. If the simulation is underdamped there will still be vibration visible, but when the simulation is
overdamped it can lead to longer end time requirement and skewing of results. The other damping
controls should be left at their defaults.
103
Another way to monitor the solve is through Results Trackers. These update in real time, giving information about their values for each cycle, or at whatever frequency is set in the Output Controls (p. 98)
in the Analysis Settings. These trackers have to be defined before the start of a solve, and in order to
suppress or remove them they have to be cleared from the data. They cannot be added at a restart
point or at the end of a solve. The other results tools can only be examined after the solve stops (see
Result Sets (p. 105)). If a live picture of what is happening during the solve is required, the Autodyn
component system can be used. It can refresh the visualization of the solution as often as each cycle
and can show various details about whole bodies like velocity vectors, stresses, other data values, and
more.
When the solve is initiated, the checks done before the first cycle can find problems and produce
warning or error messages. These are usually related to the material models, the boundary conditions
setup, or the restart options. When a General failure error is seen, this usually means there are
possible problems with the licensing or the remote solve manager, but it can also signify other problems.
Errors or warnings can also be seen during or after the solve. The two primary reasons for a terminated
solve are the Energy error exceeded and Time step too small errors. Both of them can
mean a variety of problems - meshing, high deformation, incorrectly applied forces, etc. Usually observing
the results up to that point or using the erosion or error options to bypass the termination should give
clue as to what the problem might be.
3.5. Postprocessing
Evaluating the results is the most crucial point of any simulation. The explicit dynamics solver offers
many tools for efficient post processing. This gives not only quantifiable results but also, through observing animations and graphs, indication of what went on during the simulation and how well it represents the real experimental situation.
104
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Postprocessing
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
105
Note
If the implicit solver has the result scaling setting at anything other than True Scale (default)
this will not be transferred to the explicit solver results. This may be the reason if you observe
very different deformations at first glance.
106
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
107
Pre-stress condition:
108
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
109
110
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Note
This method is currently limited to cases where there is no change in mesh topology between
the start of both the explicit and implicit analyses.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
111
Note
Explicit uses SHELL163 for shells and SOLID164 for solids. These get automatically
converted to SHELL181 and SOLID185 respectively.
Command(s): ET, 1, 185, , 1 and so on
v. Reenter the solution processor.
Command(s): /SOLU
vi. Set any necessary constraints on the model by modifying or adding to the boundary conditions
defined during the explicit analysis (for example, in a metal forming analysis, you need to constrain
the blank).
Command(s): D, and so on
vii. Import stresses from the Explicit Dynamics analysis. For solids, this will be one set of values per
element. For shells, this will be one set of values for every layer within each element.
Command(s): INISTATE, SET, DTYPE, STRESS
Command(s): INISTATE, DEFINE, and so on
viii.Import plastic strains and accumulated equivalent plastic strain from Explicit Dynamics analysis
Command(s): INISTATE, SET, DTYPE, EPPL
Command(s): INISTATE, DEFINE, and so on
Command(s): INISTATE, SET, DTYPE, PLEQ
Command(s): INISTATE, DEFINE, and so on
ix. Solve analysis.
Command(s): SOLVE
112
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
113
114
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
115
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
(6.3)
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
117
118
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
and finally the positions are updated to time n+1 by integrating the velocities
(6.7)
The advantages of using this method for time integration for nonlinear problems are:
The equations become uncoupled and can be solved directly (explicitly). There is no requirement for iteration
during time integration.
No convergence checks are needed because the equations are uncoupled.
No inversion of the stiffness matrix is required. All nonlinearities (including contact) are included in the internal force vector.
To ensure stability and accuracy of the solution, the size of the timestep used in Explicit time integration
is limited by the CFL (Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy [Courant]) condition. This condition implies that the
timestep be limited such that a disturbance (stress wave) cannot travel farther than the smallest characteristic element dimension in the mesh, in a single timestep. Thus the timestep criteria for solution
stability is
(6.8)
Where
t is the time increment
f is the stability timestep factor (= 0.9 by default)
h is the characteristic dimension of an element
c is the local material soundspeed in an element
The element characteristic dimension, h is calculated as follows:
Table 6.1: Characteristic Element Dimensions
Hexahedral/Pentahedral The volume of the element divided by the square of the longest diagonal
of the zone and scaled by
Tetrahedral
The minimum distance of any element node to its opposing element face
Quad Shell
Tri Shell
The minimum distance of any element node to its opposing element edge
Beam
The time steps used in Explicit time integration will generally be smaller than those used in Implicit
time integration.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
119
Note
The minimum value of h/c for all elements in the model is used to calculate the time step
that will be used for all elements in the model. This implies that the number of time increments required to solve the simulation is dictated by the smallest element in the model.
Care should therefore be taken when generating meshes for Explicit Dynamics simulations
to ensure that one or two very small elements do not control the timestep. The patch-independent meshing methods available in Workbench will generally produce a more uniform
mesh with a higher timestep than patch-dependent meshing methods.
Note
Mass scaling changes the inertial properties of the portions of the mesh to which scaling is
applied. The user is responsible for ensuring that the model remains representative for the
physical problem being solved.
120
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
121
b) Uniaxial
strain
Under uniaxial stress conditions, the tangent modulus of the stress strain curve decreases with strain.
The plastic wave speed therefore decreases as the applied jump in stress associated with the stress
wave increases shock waves are unlikely to form under these conditions.
Under uniaxial strain conditions the plastic modulus (AB) increases with the magnitude of the applied
jump in stress. If the stress jump associated with the wave is greater than the gradient (OZ), the plastic
wave will travel at a higher speed than the elastic wave. Since the plastic deformation must be preceded
by the elastic deformation, the elastic and plastic waves coalesce and propagate as a single plastic
shock wave.
A shock wave can be considered to be a discontinuity in material state (density(), energy(e), stress(),
particle velocity(u)) which propagates through a medium at a velocity equal to the shock velocity (Us).
Figure 6.1: Conditions at a Moving Shock Front
Relationships between the material state across a shock discontinuity can be derived using the principals
of conservation of mass, momentum and energy. The resulting Hugoniot equations are given by
(6.15)
(6.16)
(6.17)
122
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Solid, Liquid and Gaseous materials can be used with an Eulerian (Virtual) reference frame in the Explicit
Dynamics system. Because of the computational cost and approximate tracking of material interfaces,
the Eulerian reference frame should be used only when very large deformation or flow of the material
is expected.
123
The background Euler domain is discretized with a mesh of uniform cell size. The cell size is defined
to give approximately 500,000 cells in total. Additional options to control the cell size are provided
in the Analysis Settings. The entire Euler domain is initialized as void; the cells contain no material.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
If multiple bodies marked as Eulerian (Virtual) overlap, the body higher in the Outline view will take
precedence. Therefore, the material assigned to the region of overlap will correspond to that assigned
to the first Eulerian body.
The exterior faces of the Euler domain can each have one of three types of boundary condition
applied. The type of boundary condition for each face is controlled in the Analysis Settings (p. 33):
Flow-out (Default)
This condition will allow any material reaching the boundary of the Euler domain to flow out of the
domain at constant velocity.
Rigid Wall
This condition makes the external boundaries of the domain act as a rigid wall.
Impedance
This condition acts the same as a Flow-out condition and allows any material reaching the boundary of
the Euler domain to flow out of the domain at constant velocity.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
125
In comparison to a traditional Lagrangian numerical scheme, note the points in the following sections.
6.2.5.3.1. Multiple Material Stress States
6.2.5.3.2. Multiple Material Transport
6.2.5.3.3. Supported Material Properties
6.2.5.3.4. Known Limitations of Euler Solutions
126
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
A volume of fluid (VOF) method is used track the amount of material in each cell. Each material has a
volume fraction and the sum of the volume fraction of each material, plus the volume fraction of void,
will equate to unity.
(6.18)
Nearly all isotropic material properties can be used in an Eulerian reference frame to represent solids,
liquids or gases. Special treatment is required to allow calculation of the strain rates, pressure and
stresses in each material in a cell, and also to calculate a resultant stress tensor which is then used to
calculate cell face impulses, momentum and mass transport. Two algorithms are used for this purpose:
1. A cell containing two different gases; here we use an iterative procedure to establish an Equilibrium state
(a density and energy of each gas which results in a uniform pressure across both gases).
2. A cell containing two or more non-gaseous materials; here we use a stiffness weighted averaging technique
to distribute strain rates and establish the resultant pressure and deviatoric stress in each cell.
The choice of the above algorithms is automatic and local to each cell in the model.
Important
At any point in time during the solution, only the volume fraction of each material in each
cell is recorded and stored. The location of the material within the cell is not known. During
post-processing of the model you will see an outline of the material displayed, this outline
is an approximation derived from the volume fraction distribution in the cells. It is only accurate to within one cell dimension.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
127
128
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
In more detail, the Lagrangian body covers regions of the Euler domain. The intersection between the
Lagrangian and Eulerian bodies results in an updated control volume on which the conservation
equation of mass, momentum and energy are solved.
At the same time, the normal stress in the intersected Euler cell will act on the intersected area of the
Lagrangian surface.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
129
6.2.6.2. Sub-cycling
The Lagrangian reference frame is most frequently used to model solid structures with materials which
have soundspeeds in the order of several thousand meters/second. The Eulerian reference is most frequently used to represent fluids or gases which typically have soundspeeds in the order of hundreds
of meters/second. In Explicit Dynamics simulations the maximum timestep that can be used is inversely
proportional to the soundspeed of the material. The timestep required to model structures is therefore
often significantly smaller than the timestep required to accurately model a gas. To enable the Lagrangian
and Eulerian parts of a coupled simulation proceed at the optimum timestep (for efficiency and accuracy)
a sub-cycling technique is used where possible. The Lagrangian domain uses its critical timestep. The
Euler domain uses its critical timestep. Coupling information is exchanged at the end of each Euler
domain timestep.
130
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Analysis Settings
Figure 6.2: Example energy conservation graph for model with symmetry plane and erosion
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
131
The viscous terms used in the Explicit Dynamics system is based on the work of von Neumann and
Richtmeyer [von Neumann] and Wilkins [Wilkins].
(6.19)
Where
CQ is the Quadratic Artificial Viscosity coefficient
CL is the Linear Artificial Viscosity coefficient
is the local material density
d is a typical element length scale
c is the local sound speed
132
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Analysis Settings
is the rate in change of volume
The quadratic term smooths out shock discontinuities while the linear term acts to damp out oscillations
which may occur in the solution behind the shock discontinuity.
Figure 6.4: Effects of artificial viscosity on the solution
Note
The pseudo-viscous term is usually added only when the flow is compressing. The Linear Viscosity
in Expansion option can be used to apply the pseudo-viscous term in both compression and
expansion. This can lead to excessive dispersion in the solution.
The inclusion of the pseudo-viscous pressure imposes further restrictions on the time step in
order to ensure stability:
Due to the quadratic term,
Hourglass Damping
The reduced integration eight node hexahedral elements, or 4 node quadrilateral elements, used in
Explicit Dynamics can exhibit hourglass modes of deformation.
Since the expressions for strain rates and forces involve only differences in velocities and/or coordinates
of diagonally opposite nodes of the cuboidal element, if the element distorts in such a way that these
differences remain unchanged there will be no strain increase in the element and therefore no resistance
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
133
Visualization in three dimensions is much more difficult but if such distortions occur in a region of many
elements, patterns such as that shown below occur and the reason for the name of hourglass instability
is more easily understood.
To avoid these zero energy modes of deformation from occurring, corrective forces (Hourglass forces)
are added to the solution to resist the hourglass modes of deformation.
Hexahedral Elements
Two formulations for calculating the Hourglass forces are available for Hexahedral elements:
The Standard formulation is based on the work of Kosloff and Frazier [Kosloff] and generates hourglass
forces proportional to nodal velocity differences. This is often referred to as a viscous formulation.
(6.20)
Where
FH is a vector of the hourglass forces at each node of the element
CH is the Viscous Coefficient for hourglass damping
is the material density
c is the material soundspeed
V is the material volume
is a vector function of the element nodal velocities aligned with the hourglass shape vector
The standard formulation is the most efficient formulation in terms of CPU and is therefore the default
option. It is not however invariant under rigid body rotation (i.e. under rigid body rotation the hourglass
forces may not sum to zero)
134
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Analysis Settings
The Flanagan Belytschko [Flanagan] formulation is invariant under rigid body rotation and is therefore
recommended for simulations in which large rotations of hexahedral elements are expected. The
Flanagan Belytschko formulation is similar to the standard form.
(6.21)
The difference lies in the construction of the vector function of element nodal velocities,
. These
are constructed to be orthogonal to both linear velocity field and the rigid body field.
Note
The Viscous Coefficient for hourglass forces usually varies between 0.05 and 0.15. The default
value is 0.1.
The sum of the hourglass forces applied to an element is normally zero. The momentum of the
system is therefore unaffected by hourglass forces.
The hourglass forces do however do work on the nodes of the elements. The energy associated
with hourglass forces is a) stored locally in the specific internal energy of the element b) recorded
globally over the entire model and available to review via the Solution Output, Energy Summary.
Static Damping
The Explicit Dynamics system is primarily designed for solving transient dynamic events. Using the
static damping option, a static equilibrium solution can also be obtained.
The procedure is to introduce a damping force which is proportional to the nodal velocities and which
is aimed to critically damp the lowest mode of oscillation of the static system. The solution is then
computed in time in the normal manner until it converges to an equilibrium state. The user is required
to judge when the equilibrium state is achieved. If the lowest mode of the system has period T then
we may expect the solution to converge to the static equilibrium state in a time roughly 3T if the value
of T is that for critical damping.
When the dynamic relaxation option is used the velocity update is modified to
(6.22)
where the Static Damping Coefficient, Rd, is input by the user. The value of Rd for critical damping of
the lowest mode is
(6.23)
where T is the period of the lowest mode of vibration of the system (or a close approximation to it).
Usually
(6.24)
A reasonable estimate of T must be used to ensure convergence to an equilibrium state but if the value
of T is not known accurately then is it recommended that the user overestimates it, rather than underestimating it. Approximate values of t and T can usually be obtained by first performing a dynamic
analysis without static damping.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
135
8 Node
Nodal Quantities
Element Quantities
Material Support
Points to Note
The default Integration Type for hexahedral elements is the Exact option. Here the element formulation
based upon the work of Wilkins [Wilkins] results in an exact volume calculation even for distorted elements. This formulation is therefore the most accurate option, especially if the faces of the hex elements
become warped. This is also computationally the most expensive formulation.
It is possible to speed-up simulations by using the 1pt Gaussian quadrature integrated hexahedral element. This uses the element formulation described by Hallquist [Hallquist]. There will be some loss in
136
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Analysis Settings
accuracy when using this formulation with warped element faces which are common place in large
deformation analysis.
Tetrahedral Elements
Linear 4 noded tetrahedron elements are available for use in Explicit Dynamic analysis.
Connectivity
4 Node
Nodal Quantities
Element Quantities
Material Support
Points to Note
The four noded linear tetrahedron is available with three forms of Pressure Integration
Standard Constant pressure integration (SCP), Zienkiewicz [Zienkiewicz].
Average Nodal Pressure (ANP) integration, based around the work of Burton [Burton].
Nodal Based Strain (NBS) integration, based on work of (Bonet [Bonet] and Puso [Puso]).
The SCP tetrahedral element is a basic, constant strain element and can be used with all the material
models. The element is intended as a filler element in meshes dominated by hexahedral elements.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
137
138
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Analysis Settings
Stochastic Failure
Note
Both flexible and rigid bodies are supported for NBS tetrahedral elements.
If a model containing NBS tetrahedral elements exhibits zero-energy modes (Puso, 2006 [Puso]), the
PUSO stability coefficient can be set to a non-zero value. The recommended value is 0.1. Stabilization
is achieved by taking a contribution to the nodal stresses from the SCP solution. Therefore, for models
with a non-zero Puso stability coefficient, the solution is computed on both the nodes and the elements.
NBS tetrahedral elements cannot share nodes with ANP tetrahedral elements, SCP tetrahedral elements,
shell elements, or beam elements. Also note that the use of NBS tetrahedral elements with joins or
spotwelds is not supported.
Figure 6.5: Comparison of results of a Taylor test solved using SCP, ANP and NBS Tetrahedral
elements. Results using NBS and ANP tetrahedral elements compare more favorably with
experimental results than results using SCP (see table below).
Tet-SCP
Tet-ANP
Tet-NBS
Table 6.3: Comparison of the performance of SCP, ANP, NBS and hex elements in a model involving
bending. The displacement of the beam with NBS tetrahedral elements is the most similar to the
beam meshed with hexahedral elements as it does not exhibit shear locking as is seen in the
beams solved using SCP and ANP tetrahedral elements.
Experiment
SCP Tet
ANP Tet
NBS Tet
Cylinder length
(mm)
31.84
30.98
30.97
31.29
Impact diameter
(mm)
12.0
10.66
11.32
11.28
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
139
Figure 6.7: Taylor test: Iron cylinder impacting rigid wall at 221m/s. Good correlation between
ANP and Hex element results is obtained
140
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Analysis Settings
Figure 6.8: Example pull out test simulated using both hexahedral elements and ANP tetrahedral
elements. Similar plastic strains and material fracture are predicted for both element formulations
used.
Pentahedral Elements
Linear 6 noded pentahedral elements are available for use in Explicit Dynamics analysis.
Connectivity
6 Node
Nodal Quantities
Element Quantities
Material Support
Points to Note
The pentahedral element is a basic constant strain element and is intended as a filler element in meshes
dominated by hexahedral elements.
Pyramid Elements
Pyramid elements are not recommended for Explicit Dynamic simulations. Any pyramid elements present
in the mesh will be converted to 2 tetrahedral elements in the solver initialization phase. Results are
mapped back onto the Pyramid element for postprocessing purposes.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
141
4 Node
Nodal Quantities
Element Quantities
Material Support
Points to Note
The bilinear 4 noded quadrilateral shell element is based on the corotational formulation presented by
Belytschko-Tsay [Belytschko]. The element has one quadrature point per layer and is stabilized using
hourglass control. By default, additional curvature terms are added for warped elements in accordance
with Belytschko [Belytschko]. This option can be deactivated using the Shell BWC Warp Correction setting
in the Solver Controls.
The number of through thickness integration points (sublayers) is controlled through the analysis settings
option Solver Controls, Shell Sublayers. The default value is 3.
The thickness of the shell element is updated during the simulation in accordance with the material
response. The update is carried out at the shell nodes by default.
The principal inertia of the shell nodes is recalculated every time increment (cycle) by default. This is
the most robust method. It is more efficient to rotate the principal inertias rather than recalculate (although less robust for certain applications). The Shell Thickness Update option can be used to select
this more efficient inertial update method.
142
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Analysis Settings
3 Node
Nodal Quantities
Element Quantities
Material Support
Points to Note
The bilinear 3 noded, C0, triangular shell element is based on the formulation presented by Belytschko
et al. [Belytschko]. The number of through thickness integration points (sublayers) is controlled through
the analysis settings option Solver Controls, Shell Sublayers. The default value is 3.
The thickness of the shell element is updated during the simulation in accordance with the material
response. The update is carried out at the shell nodes by default.
Beam Elements
Linear 2 noded beam elements are available for use in Explicit Dynamics analysis.
Connectivity
2 Node
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
143
Nodal Quantities
Element Quantities
Material Support
Points to Note
The 2 noded beam element is based on the resultant beam formulation of Belytschko [Belytschko] and
allows for large displacements and resultant elasto-plastic response.
Geometric Strain
Geometric strain is a measure of the distortion of an element and is calculated from the principal strain
components as
144
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Timestep
This erosion option allows removal of elements when the local element timestep, multiplied by the
time step safety factor falls below the specified value.
Custom result TIMESTEP can be used to review the time step for each element.
Material Failure
Using this option, elements will automatically erode if a material failure property is defined in the material used in the elements, and the failure criteria has been reached. Elements with materials including
a damage model will also erode if damage reaches a value of 1.0.
Retained Inertia
If all elements that are connected to a node in the mesh are eroded, the inertia of the resulting free
node can be retained. The mass and momentum of the free node is retained and can be involved in
subsequent impact events to transfer momentum in the system. If this option is set to No, all free nodes
will be automatically removed from the simulation.
Note
Erosion is not a physical process and should be used with caution.
The internal energy of elements which are eroded is always removed from the system. This energy
is accumulated in the work done term for global energy conservation purposes.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
145
6.5. References
The following references are cited in this appendix:
1.
R. Courant, K. Friedrichs and H. Lewy, "On the partial difference equations of mathematical physics", IBM
Journal, March 1967, pp. 215-234
2.
Meyers, M. A., (1994) Dynamic behaviour of Materials, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-58262-X.
3.
Zukas, J. A., (1990) High velocity impact dynamics, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-51444-6
4.
von Neumann, J., Richtmeyer, R. D. (1950).,A Method for the Numerical Calculation of Hydrodynamic
Shocks, J. App. Phys., 21, pp 232-237, 1950
5. Wilkins, M. L., (1980). Use of Artificial Viscosity in Multidimensional Fluid Dynamic Calculations, J. Comp.
Phys., 36, pp 281-303, 1980
6.
Kosloff D., Frazier G. A., (1978) Treatment of hourglass patterns in low order finite element codes, Int. J.
Num. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 2, 57-72
7.
Flanagan D. P., Belytschko T., (1981) A uniform strain hexahedron and Quadrilateral and Orthogonal
Hourglass Control, Int. J. Num. Meth. Eng. 17, 679-706.
8. Wilkins, M. L., Blum, R. E., Cronshagen, E. & Grantham, P. (1974). A Method for Computer Simulation of
Problems in Solid Mechanics and Gas Dynamics in Three Dimensions and Time. Lawrence Livermore
Laboratory Report UCRL-51574, 1974
9. Hallquist, J. O., (1982) "A theoretical manual for DYNA3D, LLNL Report UCID-19401.
146
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
References
10. Zienkiewicz, O. C., Taylor, R. L., "The finite element method, Volume 1", ISBN 0-07-084174-8
11. Burton, A..J.. (1996) 'Explicit, Large Strain, Dynamic Finite Element Analysis with Applications to Human
Body Impact Problems', PhD Thesis, University of Wales.
12. Wilkins, M. L., Blum, R. E., Cronshagen, E., & Grantham, P. (1974). A Method for Computer Simulation of
Problems in Solid Mechanics and Gas Dynamics in Three Dimensions and Time. Lawrence Livermore
Laboratory Report UCRL-51574, 1974
13. Belytschko, T., et al. (1984),Explicit algorithms for the nonlinear dynamics of shells, Comp. Meth. Appl.
Mech Eng., 42, 225-251.
14. Belytschko, T., et al. (1992),Advances in one-point quadrature shell elements, Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech
Eng., 1992, 93-107.
15. Belytschko, T., et al. (1984),A C0 Triangular Plate Element with One-point Quadrature, Int. J. Num. Meth.
Engng., 20, 787-802, 1984.
16. Belytschko, T. et al., 1977,Large Displacement Analysis of Space Frames, Int. J. Num. Meth. And Anal.
Mech. Engng., 11, 65-84, 1977.
17. Godunov, S. K. (1959), "A Difference Scheme for Numerical Solution of Discontinuous Solution of Hydrodynamic Equations", Math. Sbornik, 47, 271-306, translated US Joint Publ. Res. Service, JPRS 7226, 1969.
18. Noh, W. F. and Woodward, P.,SLIC (Simple line interface calculation), in Lecture Notes in Physics (A. I. van
der Vooren and P. J. Zandbergen, eds.), pp. 330340, Springer-Verlag, 1976.
19. Van Leer, B (1977).Towards the Ultimate Conservative Difference Scheme. IV. A new Approach to Numerical Convection, J. Comp. Phys. 23, pp 276-299, 1977.
20. Van Leer, B (1979).Towards the Ultimate Conservative Difference Scheme. V. A Second Order Sequel to
Godunovs Method, J. Comp. Phys. 32, pp 101-136, 1979.
21. Bonet J., Marriott H., Hassan O.An averaged nodal deformation gradient linear tetrahedral element for
large strain explicit dynamics applications. Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 2001; 17,
551-561.
22. Puso M. A.,Solberg J.A stabilized nodally integrated tetrahedral. International Journal for Numerical
Methods in Engineering 2006; 67, 841-867.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
147
148
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
7.1. Introduction
In general, materials have a complex response to dynamic loading and the following phenomena may
need to be modeled.
Non-linear pressure response
Strain hardening
Strain rate hardening
Pressure hardening
Thermal softening
Compaction (e.g., porous materials)
Orthotropic response (e.g., composites)
Crushing damage (e.g., ceramics, glass, concrete)
Chemical energy deposition (e.g., explosives)
Tensile failure
Phase changes (i.e., solid-liquid-gas)
The modeling of such phenomena can generally be broken down into three components:
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
149
Equation of State
An equation of state describes the hydrodynamic response of a material.
This is the primary response for gases and liquids, which can sustain no shear. Their response to dynamic
loading is assumed hydrodynamic, with pressure varying as a function of density and internal energy.
This is also the primary response for solids at high deformation rates, when the hydrodynamic pressure
is far greater than the yield stress of the material.
Material Effects
Metals
Elasticity
Shock Effects
Plasticity
Isotropic Strain Hardening
Kinematic Strain Hardening
Isotropic Strain Rate Hardening
Isotropic Thermal Softening
Ductile Fracture
Brittle Fracture (Fracture Energy based)
Dynamic Failure (Spall)
Concrete/Rock
Elasticity
Shock Effects
Porous Compaction
Plasticity
Strain Hardening
150
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Material Effects
Strain Rate Hardening in Compression
Strain Rate Hardening in Tension
Pressure Dependent Plasticity
Lode Angle Dependent Plasticity
Shear Damage/Fracture
Tensile Damage/Fracture
Solid/Sand
Elasticity
Shock Effects
Porous Compaction
Plasticity
Pressure Dependent Plasticity
Shear Damage/Fracture
Tensile Damage/Fracture
Rubbers/Polymers
Elasticity
Viscoelasticity
Hyperelasticity
Orthotropic
Orthotropic Elasticity
The Engineering Data properties supported by explicit analysis are described below. Please note that
additional material modeling options, particularly in the areas of composite materials and reactive materials, are available in the ANSYS Autodyn product.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
151
152
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
153
154
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
155
156
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Linear Elastic
URANIUM
URANIUM2
URANIUM3
W 4% Ni 2%FE
ZINC
ZIRCONIUM
ZIRCONIUM2
7.3. Density
Density is the initial mass per unit volume of a material at time = 0.0.
Note
The temperature dependence of the linear elastic properties is not available for explicit dynamics systems. Only a single value can be used. The first defined values in temperature
dependent data will be used in the solver.
Note
The temperature dependence of the linear elastic properties is not available for explicit dynamics systems. Only a single value can be used. The first defined values in temperature
dependent data will be used in the solver.
Note
The temperature dependence of the linear elastic properties is not available for explicit
dynamics systems. Only a single value can be used. The first defined values in temperature dependent data will be used in the solver.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
157
Note
The coordinate system X, Y, Z relates to the local coordinate system assigned to the
body.
7.4.3. Viscoelastic
To represent strain rate dependent elastic behavior, a linear viscoelastic model can be used. The long
term behavior of the model is described by the long term or elastic shear modulus G. Viscoelastic
behavior is introduced via an instantaneous shear modulus
and a viscoelastic decay constant . The
viscoelastic deviatoric stress at time increment n+1 is calculated from the viscoelastic stress at time increment n and the deviatoric strain increments at time increment n via
where
is the long term shear modulus of the material
is the instantaneous shear modulus of the material. This value is derived from linear elastic
properties or defined directly using the equation of state, shear modulus property
is the viscoelastic decay constant
The deviatoric viscoelastic stress is added to the elastic stress to give the total stress at the end of each
cycle.
Note
The model must be combined with either the linear elastic property or an equation of state
property (including shear modulus).
158
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Hyperelasticity
The model can only be applied to solid bodies.
Table 7.1: Input Data
Name
Symbol
Units
Instantaneous Shear
Modulus (High rate)
Stress
Viscoelastic Decay
Constant
1/ time
Notes
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
VTXX
Viscoelastic stress XX
Yes
No
No
VTYY
Viscoelastic stress YY
Yes
No
No
VTZZ
Viscoelastic stress ZZ
Yes
No
No
VTXY
Viscoelastic stress XY
Yes
No
No
VTYZ
Viscoelastic stress YZ
Yes
No
No
VTZX
Viscoelastic stress ZX
Yes
No
No
7.6. Hyperelasticity
Following are several forms of strain energy potential () provided for the simulation of nearly incompressible hyperelastic materials. The different models are generally applicable over different ranges of
strain as illustrated in the table below, however these numbers are not definitive and users should
verify the applicability of the model chosen prior to use.
Currently hyperelastic materials may only be used in solid elements for explicit dynamics simulations.
Model
Neo-Hookean
30%
Mooney-Rivlin
Polynomial
Ogden
Up to 700%
Neo-Hookean
The strain energy function for the Neo-Hookean hyperelastic model is,
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
159
where
is the deviatoric first principal invariant, J is the Jacobian and the required input parameters
are defined as:
= initial shear modulus of the material
d= incompressibility parameter.
and the initial bulk modulus is defined as:
K = 2/d
Mooney-Rivlin
The strain energy function of a hyperelastic material can be expanded as an infinite series in terms of
the first and second deviatoric principal invariants
and
, as follows,
The 2, 3, 5 and 9 parameter Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic material models have been implemented and
are described in turn below.
where:
C10, C01 = material constants
d = material incompressibility parameter.
The initial shear modulus is defined as:
160
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Hyperelasticity
d = material incompressibility parameter
The bulk and shear modulus are as defined for the 2parameter Mooney-Rivlin model.
Polynomial
The strain energy function of a hyperelastic material can be expanded as an infinite series of the first
and second deviatoric principal invariants l1 and l2. The polynomial form of strain energy function is
given below:
1st, 2nd, and 3rd order polynomial hyperelastic material models have been implemented in the solver
where N is 1, 2 or 3 respectively.
Cmn = material constants
dk = material incompressibility parameters.
The initial shear modulus is defined as:
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
161
Yeoh
The Yeoh hyperelastic strain energy function is similar to the Mooney-Rivlin models described above
except that it is only based on the first deviatoric strain invariant. It has the general form,
where:
N=1
C10 = material constant
d1 = incompressibility parameter
The initial shear modulus is defined as:
= 2c10
and the initial bulk modulus is defined as:
K = 2/d1
162
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Hyperelasticity
Ogden
The Ogden form of the strain energy function is based on the deviatoric principal stretches of the leftCauchy-Green tensor and has the form,
where:
p= deviatoric principal stretches of the left-Cauchy-Green tensor
J = determinant of the elastic deformation gradient
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
163
where:
p= deviatoric principal stretches of the left-Cauchy-Green tensor
J = determinant of the elastic deformation gradient
p, p and dp = material constants
The initial shear modulus is given as:
7.7. Plasticity
All stress-strain input should be in terms of true stress and true (or logarithmic) strain and result in all
output as also true stress and true strain. For small-strain regions of response, true stress-strain and
engineering stress-strain are approximately equal. If your stress-strain data is in the form of engineering
stress and engineering strain you can convert:
strain from engineering strain to logarithmic strain using:
engineering stress to true stress using:
Note
This stress conversion is only valid for incompressible materials.
164
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Plasticity
The following Plasticity models are discussed in this section:
7.7.1. Bilinear Isotropic Hardening
7.7.2. Multilinear Isotropic Hardening
7.7.3. Bilinear Kinematic Hardening
7.7.4. Multilinear Kinematic Hardening
7.7.5. Johnson-Cook Strength
7.7.6. Cowper-Symonds Strength
7.7.7. Steinberg-Guinan Strength
7.7.8. Zerilli-Armstrong Strength
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
EFF_PL_STN
Yes
Yes*
Yes*
SUBL_EPS
No
Yes
No
Note
You can define up to 10 stress strain pairs using this model in explicit dynamics systems.
Temperature dependence of the curves is not directly supported. Temperature dependent
plasticity can be represented using the Johnson-Cook plasticity model.
Custom results variables available for this model:
Name
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
EFF_PL_STN
Yes
Yes*
Yes*
SUBL_EPS
No
Yes
No
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
165
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
EFF_PL_STN
Yes
Yes*
Yes*
SUBL_EPS
No
Yes
No
Note
You can define up to 10 stress strain pairs using this model in explicit dynamics systems.
Temperature dependence of the curves is not directly supported. Temperature dependent
plasticity can be represented using the Johnson-Cook plasticity model.
This model is available for solid elements in explicit dynamics systems.
Custom results variables available for this model:
Name
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
EFF_PL_STN
Yes
No
No
SUBL_EPS
No
No
No
Note
This material property can only be applied to solid bodies.
166
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Plasticity
where
= effective plastic strain
= normalized effective plastic strain rate
TH = homologous temperature = (T-Troom)/(Tmelt -Troom)
The five material constants are A, B, C, n and m.
The expression in the first set of brackets gives the stress as a function of strain when = 1.0 sec-1 and
TH = 0 (i.e. for laboratory experiments at room temperature). The constant A is the basic yield stress at
low strains while B and n represent the effect of strain hardening.
The expressions in the second set of brackets represent the effects of strain rate on the yield strength
of the material. The reference strain rate against which the material data was measured is used to normalize the plastic strain rate enhancement. 1.0/second is used by default.
The expression in the third set of brackets represents thermal softening such that the yield stress drops
to zero at the melting temperature Tmelt.
The plastic flow algorithm used in this model has an option to reduce high frequency oscillations that
are sometimes observed in the yield surface under high strain rates. A first order strain rate correction
is applied by default. An additional implicit strain rate correction is available that can be used in cases
where the first order strain rate correction doesnt suffice, although at the cost of extra CPU time usage.
The Johnson-Cook strength model can be used in all element types and in combination with all equations
of state and failure properties.
Note
A specific heat capacity property should be defined to enable the calculation of temperature
hence thermal softening effects.
Name
Symbol
Units
Stress
Hardening Constant
Stress
Hardening Exponent
None
None
Thermal Softening
Exponent
None
Melting Temperature
Tmelt
Temperature
None
Notes
None
Option List:
None
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
167
Symbol
Units
Notes
1st Order (Default)
Implicit
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
EFF_PL_STN
Yes
Yes*
Yes*
EFF_PL_STN_RATE
Yes
Yes*
Yes*
TEMP
Temperature**
Yes
Yes*
Yes*
SUBL_EPS
No
Yes
No
where
A is yield stress at zero plastic strain
B is the strain hardening coefficient
n is the strain hardening exponent
D and q are the strain rate hardening coefficients
It should be noted that, in the implementation within the AUTODYN solver, the plastic strain rate ( )
used in the Cowper Symonds model has a minimum value of unity to allow for compatibility with the
linear strain rate correction method. The consequence of this is that for plastic strain rates less than
unity, the material will exhibit a strain rate hardening effect equal to that for a strain rate of unity.
The plastic flow algorithm used in this model has an option to reduce high frequency oscillations that
are sometimes observed in the yield surface under high strain rates. A first order strain rate correction
is applied by default. An additional implicit strain rate correction is available that can be used in cases
where the first order strain rate correction doesnt suffice, although at the cost of extra CPU time usage.
Note that the strain rate constants should be input assuming that the units of strain rate are 1/second.
The Cowper-Symonds strength model can be used in all element types and in combination with all
equations of state and failure properties.
Name
Symbol
Units
Stress
Hardening Constant
Stress
168
Notes
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Plasticity
Name
Symbol
Units
Hardening Exponent
None
None
None
None
Notes
Assumed 1/second in all cases
Option List:
None
1st Order (Default)
Implicit
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
EFF_PL_STN
Yes
Yes*
Yes*
EFF_PL_STN_RATE
Yes
Yes*
Yes*
SUBL_EPS
No
Yes
No
subject to
where
= effective plastic strain
T = temperature (degrees K)
= compression = 0/
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
169
Note
A specific heat capacity property should be defined to enable the calculation of temperature
hence the melting effect.
Table 7.2: Input Data
Name
Symbol
Units
Stress
Ymax
Stress
Hardening Constant
Notes
None
Hardening Exponent
None
Derivative dG/dP
G'P
None
Derivative dG/dT
G'T
Stress/Temperature
Derivative dY/dP
Y'P
None
Melting Temperature
Tmelt
Temperature
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
EFF_PL_STN
Yes
Yes*
Yes*
EFF_PL_STN_RATE
Yes
Yes*
Yes*
TEMP
Temperature**
Yes
Yes*
Yes*
SUBL_EPS
No
Yes
No
170
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Plasticity
The relation has a relatively simple expression and should be applicable to a wide range of fcc (face
centered cubic) materials.
A relation for iron has also been developed and is also applicable to other bcc (body centered cubic)
materials.
An important point made by Zerilli and Armstrong is that each material structure type (fcc, bcc, hcp)
will have its own constitutive behavior, dependent on the dislocation characteristics for that particular
structure. For example, a stronger dependence of the plastic yield stress on temperature and strain rate
is known to result for bcc metals as compared with fcc metals.
With this model, the yield stress varies depending on strain, strain rate and temperature.
The yield stress is given by:
For fcc metals
where
= effective plastic strain
= normalized effective plastic strain rate
T = temperature (degrees K)
The parameters Y0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and n are material constants.
The plastic flow algorithm used in this model has an implicit strain rate correction option to reduce
high frequency oscillations that are sometimes observed in the yield surface under high strain rates.
The strain rate correction algorithm will be at the expense of increased CPU usage.
Note
A specific heat capacity property should be defined to enable the calculation of temperature
hence the melting effect.
Table 7.3: Input Data
Name
Symbol
Units
Y0
Stress
Hardening Constant #1
C1
Stress
Hardening Constant #2
C2
Stress
Hardening Constant #3
C3
None
Hardening Constant #4
C4
None
Hardening Constant #5
C5
Stress
Hardening Constant n
None
Notes
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
171
Symbol
Units
Notes
None
None
Option List:
None (Default)
Implicit
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
EFF_PL_STN
Yes
Yes*
Yes*
EFF_PL_STN_RATE
Yes
Yes*
Yes*
TEMP
Temperature**
Yes
Yes*
Yes*
SUBL_EPS
No
Yes
No
7.8. Brittle/Granular
A number of properties are available to allow modeling of brittle/granular materials such as concrete,
rock, soil, glass and ceramics.
7.8.1. Drucker-Prager Strength Linear
7.8.2. Drucker-Prager Strength Stassi
7.8.3. Drucker-Prager Strength Piecewise
7.8.4. Johnson-Holmquist Strength Continuous
7.8.5. Johnson-Holmquist Strength Segmented
7.8.6. RHT Concrete Strength
7.8.7. MO Granular
172
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Brittle/Granular
Figure 7.1: Drucker-Prager Strength Linear
Y
The yield stress is a linear function of pressure (the original Drucker-Prager model)
Note
This property can only be applied to solid bodies.
Table 7.4: Input Data
Name
Symbol
Units
Notes
Stress
Slope (degrees)
None
Slope in degrees
Description
Yes
No
No
Pressure
Yes
No
No
Material Pressure
Note
This material property can only be applied to solid bodies.
where
J2Y is the second invariant of the deviatoric stress yield
Y0 is the yield strength in simple tension
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
173
Note
This property can only be applied to solid bodies.
Table 7.5: Input Data
Name
Y0
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
EFF_PL_STN
Yes
No
No
Pressure
Pressure
Yes
No
No
Piecewise Linear
Pressure P
Note
You can use up to 10 pressure-yield points to define the material strength curve.
This property can only be applied to solid bodies.
Table 7.6: Input Data
Name
Symbol
Units
Y vs P
Stress
174
Notes
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Brittle/Granular
Custom results variables available for this model:
Name
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
EFF_PL_STN
Yes
No
No
Pressure
Material Pressure
Yes
No
No
Intact Surface,
Damage,
Fractured,
As the material undergoes inelastic deformation, damage is assumed to accumulate which degrades
the overall load carrying capacity of the materials. The Johnson-Holmquist Damage model was developed
for the simulation of the compressive and shear induced strength and failure of brittle materials. Damage
is accumulated as the ratio of incremental plastic strain over the current estimated fracture strain. The
effective fracture strain is pressure dependent as described below.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
175
There are two methods for the application of damage to the material strength. The default Gradual
failure type results in damage being incrementally applied to the material strength as it accumulates.
If the Instantaneous failure type is selected, damage accumulates over time, however it is only applied
to the failure surface when its value reaches unity. The material strength instantaneously transitions
from intact to fully failed in this case.
The model includes an option to represent volumetric dilation of the material due to shear deformation
(Bulking). The work done in deforming the material inelastically in shear can be converted into a pressure
increase, hence volumetric dilation (if unconstrained). The amount of work which is converted into
dilation pressure is controlled through the Bulking constant, B. This can have values ranging from 0.0
(representing no shear induced dilatancy) to 1.0 (producing maximum dilatancy effects).
Note
If the Bulking constant, B is greater than zero then the Johnson-Holmquist model should be
used in conjunction with a polynomial equation of state or linear elasticity.
This property can only be applied to solid bodies.
Table 7.7: Input Data
Name
Symbol
Units
Notes
HEL
Stress
None
None
None
Fracture Strength
Constant B
None
176
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Brittle/Granular
Name
Symbol
Units
Fracture Strength
Exponent m
None
Maximum Fracture
Strength Ratio
F Max
None
Damage Constant D1
D1
None
Damage Constant D2
D2
None
Bulking Constant
None
Hydrodynamic Tensile
Limit
Stress
Notes
Failure Type
Option list:
Gradual (Default)
Instantaneous
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
EFF_Pl_STN
Yes
No
No
EFF_Pl_STN_RATE
Yes
No
No
PRESSURE
Pressure
Yes
No
No
DAMAGE
Damage
Yes
No
No
STATUS
Material Status**
Yes
No
No
PRES_BULK
Dilation pressure
Yes
No
No
ENERGY_DAM
Yes
No
No
**Material status indicators (1= elastic, 2= plastic, 3 = bulk failure, 4 = bulk failure, 5 = failed principal
direction 1, 6 = failed principal direction 2, 7 = failed direction 3)
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
177
Note
If the Bulking constant, B is greater than zero then the Johnson-Holmquist model should be
used in conjunction with a polynomial equation of state or linear elasticity.
This property can only be applied to solid bodies.
Holmquist, T.J. & Johnson, G.R. (2002). Response of silicon carbide to high velocity impact.
Journal of Applied Physics, pp 5858-5866, Vol 91, No. 9, May 1, 2002.
Table 7.8: Input Data
Name
Symbol
Units
Notes
HEL
Stress
S1
Stress
Stress
S2
Stress
Stress
C
FMax
None
Stress
None
Damage Constant
D1
None
Damage Constant
D2
None
Bulking Constant
None
Stress
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
EFF_PL_STN
Yes
No
No
178
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Brittle/Granular
Name
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
EFF_PL_STN_RATE
Yes
No
No
PRESSURE
Pressure
Yes
No
No
DAMAGE
Damage
Yes
No
No
STATUS
Material Status**
Yes
No
No
PRES_BULK
Dilation pressure
Yes
No
No
ENERGY_DAM
Yes
No
No
**Material status indicators (1 = elastic, 2 = plastic, 3 = bulk failure, 4 = bulk failure, 5 = failed principal
direction 1, 6 = failed principal direction 2, 7 = failed principal direction 3)
Fracture surface
The fracture surface is represented through the expression
(7.4)
where fc' is the cylinder strength
AFAIL, NFAIL are user defined parameters
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
179
(7.5)
The input parameter Q2.0 defines the ratio of strength at zero pressure and the coefficient BQ defines
the rate at which the fracture surface transitions from approximately triangular in form to a circular
form with increasing pressure (Figure 7.8: Third invariant dependence (p. 181)).
180
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Brittle/Granular
Figure 7.8: Third invariant dependence
Te nsile
meridian
Q 2 = 1.0
Compressive
meridian
Q 2 = 0.5
Strain Hardening
Strain hardening is represented in the model through the definition of an elastic limit surface and a
hardening slope. The elastic limit surface is scaled down from the fracture surface by user defined
ratios; (elastic strength/fc) and (elastic strength/ft). The pre-peak fracture surface is subsequently defined
through interpolation between the elastic and fracture surfaces using the hardening slope,
This is shown in Figure 7.9: Bi-linear strain hardening function (p. 181) for the case of uniaxial compression.
where
Shear Damage
Damage is assumed to accumulate due to inelastic deviatoric straining (shear induced cracking) using
the relationships
(7.6)
where D1 and D2 are material constants used to describe the effective strain to fracture as a function
of pressure. Damage accumulation can have two effects in the model
Strain softening (reduction in strength)
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
181
where
= 3e-6 in tension and 30e-6 in compression.
182
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Brittle/Granular
Tensile Failure
By default, tensile failure is achieved using a hydrodynamic tensile limit. The maximum tensile pressure
in the material is limited to
(7.10)
Using this option, no additional user input is required since the value of Pmin is derived from ft, which
forms part of the input for the strength model.
Note that the principal tensile stress and crack softening failure properties may also be used in conjunction with this model.
Data for concrete with cube strengths of 35MPa and 140MPa are included in the distributed material
library.
The model is formulated such that input can be scaled with the cube strength, fc i.e. you can retrieve
one of the two concretes in the library, change its cube strength to match the concrete you want to
model and the remaining terms will automatically scale proportionately. The resulting data set will be
approximate and we recommend validation of the material data against experimental characterization
tests in all cases.
Note
This property can only be applied to solid bodies.
Table 7.9: Input Data
Name
Symbol
Units
Compressive Strength
fc
Stress
Tensile Strength
ft/fc
None
Shear Strength
fs/fc
None
AFAIL
None
NFAIL
None
Tens./Comp. Meridian
ratio
Q2.0
None
Brittle to Ductile
Transition
BQ
None
Hardening Slope
None
Elastic Strength/ft
None
Elastic Strength/fc
None
Fracture Strength
Constant
None
Fracture Strength
Exponent
None
None
Notes
Gel/(Gel-Gpl)
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
183
Symbol
Units
None
Maximum fracture
strength ratio
SFMAX
None
Notes
None
Option:
Yes (default)
No
Damage constant D1
D1
None
Damage constant D2
D2
None
Minimum strain to
failure
None
None
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
EFF_PL_STN
Yes
No
No
EFF_PL_STN_RATE
Yes
No
No
PRESSURE
Pressure
Yes
No
No
DAMAGE
Damage
Yes
No
No
STATUS
Material Status**
Yes
No
No
**Material status indicators (1=elastic, 2= plastic, 3 = bulk failure, 4 = bulk failure, 5= failed principal
direction 1, 6= failed principal direction 2, 7 = failed principal direction 3)
7.8.7. MO Granular
This model is an extension of the Drucker-Prager model that takes into account effects associated with
granular materials such as powders, soil and sand. In addition to pressure hardening, the model also
represents density hardening and variations in the shear modulus with density.
The yield stress is made up of two components, one dependent on the density and one dependent on
the pressure,
where y, p and denote the total yield stress, the pressure yield stress and the density yield stress
respectively.
184
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Equations of State
The unload/reload slope is defined by the shear modulus which is defined as a function of the zero
pressure density of the material.
Note
The yield stress is defined by a yield stress - pressure and a yield stress - density curve with
up to 10 points in each curve.
The shear modulus is defined by a shear modulus - density curve with up to 10 points.
All three curves must be defined.
This model can only be applied to solid bodies.
Table 7.10: Input Data
Name
Symbol
Units
Notes
Stress
Tabular data
Tabular data
Tabular data
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
EFF_PL_STN
Yes
No
No
PRESSURE
Pressure
Yes
No
No
DENSITY
Density
Yes
No
No
7.9.1. Background
A general material model requires equations that relate stress to deformation and internal energy (or
temperature). In most cases, the stress tensor may be separated into a uniform hydrostatic pressure (all
three normal stresses equal) and a stress deviatoric tensor associated with the resistance of the material
to shear distortion.
Then the relation between the hydrostatic pressure, the local density (or specific volume) and local
specific energy (or temperature) is known as an equation of state.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
185
This form of equation is known as the Ideal Gas equation of state and only the value of the adiabatic
exponent needs to be supplied.
In order to avoid complications with problems with multiple materials where initial small pressures in
the gas would generate small unwanted velocities the equation is modified for use in these cases
where pshift is a small initial pressure defined to give a zero starting pressure.
The definition of a non-zero adiabatic constant, c, will turn the energy dependent ideal gas equation
of state into the following energy independent adiabatic equation of state
186
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Equations of State
Note
This equation of state can only be applied to solid bodies. A specific heat capacity should
be defined with this property to allow the calculation of temperature.
Table 7.11: Input Data
Name
Symbol Units
Adiabatic
exponent
None
Adiabatic
constant
None
Pressure shift
Pshift
Pressure
Notes
This equation of state can only be used with solid elements. Custom results variables available for this
model:
Name
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
PRESSURE
Pressure
Yes
No
No
DENSITY
Density
Yes
No
No
COMPRESSION
Compression
Yes
No
No
INT_ENERGY
Internal Energy
Yes
No
No
TEMPERATURE
Temperature
Yes
No
No
< 0 (tension)
where
= compression = /0-1
0 = solid, zero pressure density
e = internal energy per unit mass
A1, A2, A3, B0,, B1, T1 and T2 are material constants
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
187
Note
This equation of state can only be used with solid elements.
The Poisson's ratio is assumed to be zero when calculating effective strain.
A specific heat capacity should be defined with this property to allow the calculation of
temperature.
Table 7.12: Input Data
Name
Symbol
Units
Notes
Parameter A1
A1
Stress
Parameter A2
A2
Stress
Parameter A3
A3
Stress
Parameter B0
B0
None
Parameter B1
B1
None
Parameter T1
T1
Stress
Parameter T2
T2
Stress
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
PRESSURE
Pressure
Yes
No
No
188
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Equations of State
Name
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
DENSITY
Density
Yes
No
No
COMPRESSION
Compression
Yes
No
No
VISC_PRESSURE
Viscous Pressure
Yes
No
No
INT_ENERGY
Internal Energy
Yes
No
No
TEMPERATURE
Temperature
Yes
No
No
It is then convenient to establish a Mie-Gruneisen form of the equation of state based on the shock
Hugoniot:
Note that for s>1 this formulation gives a limiting value of the compression as the pressure tends to
infinity. The denominator of the first equation above becomes zero and the pressure therefore becomes
infinite for
1 (s-1)= 0
giving a maximum density of = s 0 (s-1). However, long before this regime is approached, the assumption of constant is probably not valid. Furthermore, the assumption of linear variation between the
shock velocity U and the particle velocity up does not hold for too large a compression.
is known as the Gruneisen coefficient and is often approximated to ~2s-1 in the literature.
The Shock EOS linear model lets you optionally include a quadratic shock velocity, particle velocity relation of the form:
The input parameter, S2, can be set to a non-zero value to better fit highly non-linear Us - up material
data.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
189
Note
This equation of state can only be applied to solid bodies.
The Poisson's ratio is assumed to be zero when calculating effective strain.
A specific heat capacity should be defined with this property to allow the calculation of
temperature.
Table 7.13: Input Data
Name
Symbol
Units
Notes
Gruneisen coefficient
None
Parameter C1
C1
Velocity
Parameter S1
S1
None
Parameter Quadratic S2
S2
1/Velocity
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
PRESSURE
Pressure
Yes
No
No
DENSITY
Density
Yes
No
No
COMPRESSION
Compression
Yes
No
No
VISC_PRESSURE
Viscous Pressure
Yes
No
No
INT_ENERGY
Internal Energy
Yes
No
No
TEMPERATURE
Temperature
Yes
No
No
190
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Equations of State
Figure 7.11: Fit to Shock Velocity-Particle Velocity Relationship
In the input you are prompted for values of the parameters c1, c2, s1, s2, VE/Vo, VB/Vo, o and o. Then
Note
This equation of state can only be applied to solid bodies.
The Poisson's ratio is assumed to be zero when calculating effective strain.
A specific heat capacity should be defined with this property to allow the calculation of
temperature.
Table 7.14: Input Data
Name
Symbol
Units
Gruneisen coefficient
None
Parameter C1
C1
Velocity
Parameter S1
S1
None
Parameter C2
C2
Velocity
Parameter S2
S2
None
VB/V0
None
VE/V0
None
Notes
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
PRESSURE
Pressure
Yes
No
No
DENSITY
Density
Yes
No
No
COMPRESSION
Compression
Yes
No
No
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
191
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
VISC_PRESSURE
Viscous Pressure
Yes
No
No
INT_ENERGY
Internal Energy
Yes
No
No
TEMPERATURE
Temperature
Yes
No
No
The standard JWL equation of state can be used in combination with an energy release extension
whereby additional energy is deposited over a user-defined time interval. Thermobaric explosives show
this behavior and produce more explosive energy than conventional high energy explosives through
combustion of inclusions, like aluminum, with atmospheric oxygen after detonation.
This option is activated when the additional specific energy is specified different from zero.
192
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Equations of State
Burn on Compression
In this process the detonation wave is not predefined but the unburned explosive is initially treated
similarly to any other inert material. However, as an initiating shock travels through the unburned explosive and traverses elements within the explosive the compression of all explosive elements is monitored. If and when the compression in a cell reaches a predefined value the chemical energy is allowed
to be released at a controlled rate.
Burn on compression may be defined in one of two ways:
Pre-burn bulk modulus KBK is zero. The elements start to release their energy when the element compression
exceeds a specified fraction of the Chapman-Jouguet compression:
> BCJCJ, where CJ = PCJ/(DCJ2)
Pre-burn bulk modulus KBK is non zero. The elements start to release their energy when the element pressure
exceeds a specified fraction of the Chapman-Jouguet pressure:
P = KBK(/01) > BCJPCJ
The critical threshold compression and the release rate are parameters that must be chosen with care
in order to obtain realistic results. The burn on compression option may give unrealistic results for unconfined regions of explosive since the material is free to expand at the time of initial shock arrival and
may not achieve sufficient compression to initiate energy release in a realistic time scale.
Typically, a burn logic based upon compression is more successful in Lagrangian computations rather
than Eulerian.
Note
The constants A, B, R1, R2 and should be considered as a set of interdependent parameters
and one constant cannot be changed unilaterally without considering the effect of this
change on the other parameters.
This equation of state can only be applied to solid bodies.
The Poisson's ratio is assumed to be zero when calculating effective strain.
A specific heat capacity should be defined with this property to allow the calculation of
temperature.
Table 7.15: Input Data
Name
Symbol
Units
Parameter A
Stress
Parameter B
Stress
Parameter R1
R1
None
Parameter R2
R2
None
Parameter
None
DCJ
Velocity
Notes
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
193
Symbol
Units
Notes
Energy/mass
C-J Pressure
PCJ
Stress
Burn on compression
fraction
BCJ
None
KBK
Stress
Adiabatic constant
None
Additional specific
internal energy/unit
mass
Energy/mass
Begin Time
Time
End Time
Time
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
PRESSURE
Pressure
Yes
No
No
DENSITY
Density
Yes
No
No
COMPRESSION
Compression
Yes
No
No
INT_ENERGY
Internal Energy
Yes
No
No
TEMPERATURE
Temperature
Yes
No
No
BURN_FRAC
Burn Fraction
Yes
No
No
7.10. Porosity
The following Porosity models are discussed in this section:
7.10.1. Porosity-Crushable Foam
7.10.2. Compaction EOS Linear
7.10.3. Compaction EOS Non-Linear
7.10.4. P-alpha EOS
194
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Porosity
The strength model must be used with isotropic elasticity and the following incremental elastic update
of pressure and stress deviators is used.
where
The magnitude of the resulting principal stresses is compared against the allowable principal compaction
stress, for the current volumetric strain. If the principal stress exceeds the maximum allowable, it is reduced to the allowable value. If the tentative principal stress (denoted by an asterisk) exceeds the
maximum allowable principal compaction stress, it is scaled down to this limit. A negative tentative
principal stress exceeding the maximum is scaled down to the negative value of the limit.
After scaling back of the principal stresses they are transformed back to the global system to give the
final stress update. Note that the return of the principal stress back to the compaction stress is performed
independently in each of the principal directions, implying zero plastic Poisson's ratio.
The compaction curve can be defined as a piecewise linear principal stress vs volumetric strain curve.
The volumetric strain is defined as the natural log of the volume ratio, where V0 is the original volume
and V is the current volume.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
195
Note
This property must be used in combination with isotropic elasticity.
The property can only be applied to solid bodies.
Note that the plastic strain variable is used to store the inelastic volumetric strain for this
porosity model.
Table 7.16: Input Data
Name
Symbol
Units
Notes
Tabular data
Stress
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
EFF_PL_STN
Yes
No
No
PRESSURE
Pressure
Yes
No
No
DENSITY
Density
Yes
No
No
Porous Materials
Porous materials are extremely effective in attenuating shocks and mitigating impact pressures. The
material compacts to its solid density at relatively low stress levels but, because the volume change is
relatively large, a large amount of energy is irreversibly absorbed thereby attenuating shocks by
lengthening the wave in time and reducing it in amplitude as more material is compacted.
Cellular porous materials contain a population of microscopic cells separated by cell walls. When stressed
the initial elastic compression is assumed to be due to elastic buckling of the cell walls and the plastic
flow to be due to plastic deformation of these cell walls. Materials with low initial porosity has fewer
cells and thicker cell walls so that the stress required to cause buckling and subsequent deformation
of the cell walls will be greater.
Once some plastic flow has taken place, even if the fully compacted density hasn't been reached, unloading to zero stress and reloading to the elastic limit will be elastic. This phenomenological behavior
is illustrated in the following figure.
196
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Porosity
pressure
Plastic compaction
Fully
compacted
Elastic
loading
Elastic
unloading
(variable slope)
density
Initially, o will be equal to the value defined in the density property of the material. Material property
s is the solid zero pressure density of the material and corresponds to the fully compacted material
density. For a porous material the initial density will be less than the solid density hence the value of
will be greater than 1.0. As compaction takes place, will reduce to a value of 1.0 for the fully compacted state.
Note
It is important when using the model to ensure that the input data is such that the elastic
loading line from the initial porous density intersects the plastic compaction curve at the
intended position.
This property must be used in combination with a shear modulus to define the total elastic
stiffness of the material.
The property can only be applied to solid bodies.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
197
Symbol
Solid Density
Units
Notes
Density at zero pressure for fully compacted
material
Compaction Curve
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
PRESSURE
Pressure
Yes
No
No
DENSITY
Density
Yes
No
No
COMPRESSION
Compression
Yes
No
No
VISC_PRESSURE
Viscous Pressure
Yes
No
No
INT_ENERGY
Internal Energy
Yes
No
No
ALPHA
Porosity (Alpha)
Yes
No
No
198
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Porosity
Note
It is important when using the model to ensure that the input data is such that the elastic
loading line from the initial porous density intersects the plastic compaction curve at the
intended position.
This property must be used in combination with a shear modulus to define the total elastic
stiffness of the material.
The property can only be applied to solid bodies.
The Poisson's ratio is assumed to be zero when calculating effective strain.
The input data for the porous model is as follows:
Name
Symbol
Solid Density
Units
Notes
Density at zero pressure for fully compacted
material
Compaction Curve
Nonlinear Unloading
Curve
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
PRESSURE
Pressure
Yes
No
No
DENSITY
Density
Yes
No
No
COMPRESSION
Compression
Yes
No
No
VISC_PRESSURE
Viscous Pressure
Yes
No
No
INT_ENERGY
Internal Energy
Yes
No
No
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
199
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
ALPHA
Porosity (Alpha)
Yes
No
No
200
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Porosity
schematically in the figure below. The material deforms elastically up to onset of plastic compaction,
p, and subsequent deformation is plastic until the material is fully compacted at a pressure ps.
Standard
This is the default option, whereby the plastic compaction curve is defined by the solid compaction
pressure, ps, at full compaction, the initial compaction pressure, pe, at porous compaction, i, and the
compaction exponent n.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
201
Carroll & Holt (1972) [Carroll] modified the equation of state of the porous material to give
(7.16)
202
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Failure
where the factor 1/ was included to allow for their argument that the pressure in the porous material
is more nearly 1/ times the average pressure in the matrix material. It is this form of the model that
is available in explicit dynamics.
Note
The solid equation of state must be defined using one of the following properties
Bulk modulus
Polynomial EOS
Shock EOS Linear
Shock EOS Bilinear
This property must be used in combination with a shear modulus to define the total elastic
stiffness of the material.
The property can only be applied to solid bodies.
The Poisson's ratio is assumed to be zero when calculating effective strain.
Table 7.17: Input Data
Name
Symbol
Units
Solid Density
solid
Density
Porous Soundspeed
Notes
Velocity
Pe
Stress
Ps
Stress
Compaction Exponent
None
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
PRESSURE
Pressure
Yes
No
No
DENSITY
Density
Yes
No
No
COMPRESSION
Compression
Yes
No
No
VISC_PRESSURE
Viscous Pressure
Yes
No
No
INT_ENERGY
Internal Energy
Yes
No
No
ALPHA
Porosity (Alpha)
Yes
No
No
7.11. Failure
Background
Materials are not able to withstand tensile stresses which exceed the material's local tensile strength.
The computation of the dynamic motion of materials assuming that they always remain continuous,
even if the predicted local stresses reach very large values, will lead to unphysical solutions.
A model has to be constructed to recognize when tensile limits are reached to modify the computation
to deal with this and to describe the properties of the material after this formulation has been applied.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
203
Failure initiation
A number of mechanisms are available to initiate failure in a material (see properties Plastic Strain
Failure, Principal Stress Failure, Principal Strain Failure, Tensile Pressure Failure, Johnson-Cook Failure,
Grady Spall Failure). When specified criteria are met within an element, a post failure response is activated.
Failure initiation can be identified in the model via the custom result MAT_STATUS. The following key
is used.
MAT_STATUS
Meaning
The plastic strain in the material increased during the last time increment
204
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Failure
Note
This failure model must be used in conjunction with a plasticity or brittle strength model.
Name
Maximum Equivalent Plastic Strain
Symbol
Units
Notes
max
None
Epl
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
EFF_PL_STN
Yes
Yes
Yes
STATUS
Material Status**
Yes
No
No
**Material status indicators (1 = elastic, 2 = plastic, 3 = bulk failure, 4= bulk failure, 5 = failed principal
direction1, 6 = failed principal direction 2, 7 = failed principal direction 3)
Note
The crack softening failure property can be combined with this property to invoke fracture
energy based softening.
Name
Symbol
Units
Notes
Stress
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
205
Symbol
Units
Notes
Stress
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
STATUS
Material Status**
Yes
No
No
**Material status indicators (1 = elastic, 2 = plastic, 3 = bulk failure, 4= bulk failure, 5 = failed principal
direction1, 6 = failed principal direction 2, 7 = failed principal direction 3)
Note
The crack softening failure property can be combined with this property to invoke fracture
energy based softening.
Table 7.18: Input Data
Name
Symbol
Units
Notes
None
None
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
STATUS
Material Status**
Yes
No
No
**Material status indicators (1 = elastic, 2 = plastic, 3 = bulk failure, 4= bulk failure, 5 = failed principal
direction1, 6 = failed principal direction 2, 7 = failed principal direction 3)
206
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Failure
where
P is the probability of fracture
is the strain
C and are material constants
For the implementation in explicit dynamics, the fracture value of 1 is forced to be at a probability of
50%, therefore the user needs only specify a gamma value and the constant C is derived from this.
Figure 7.14: Mott Distribution for Varying Values of Gamma
The stochastic failure option may be used in conjunction with many of the failure properties, including
hydro (Pmin), plastic strain, principal stress and/or strain. It can also be used in conjunction with the
RHT concrete model.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
207
Symbol
Units
Notes
Distribution Type
Option List:
Random
Fixed (default)
Stochastic Variance
Minimum Fail Fraction
None
None
Default = 0.1
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
STATUS
Material Status**
Yes
No
No
STOCH_FACT
Stochastic Factor
Yes
No
No
**Material status indicators (1 = elastic, 2 = plastic, 3 = bulk failure, 4= bulk failure, 5 = failed principal
direction1, 6 = failed principal direction 2, 7 = failed principal direction 3)
If the material pressure P becomes less than the defined maximum tensile pressure, failure initiation
occurs. The material instantaneously fails.
If the material definition contains a damage evolution law, the user defined maximum tensile pressure
is scaled down as the damage increases from 0.0 to 1.0.
Note
The property can only be applied to solid bodies.
The crack softening failure property can be combined with this property to invoke fracture
energy based softening.
Table 7.20: Input Data
Name
Symbol
208
Units
Notes
Stress
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Failure
Custom results variables available for this model:
Name
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
PRESSURE
Pressure
Yes
No
No
STATUS
Material Status**
Yes
No
No
**Material status indicators (1 = elastic, 2 = plastic, 3 = bulk failure, 4= bulk failure, 5 = failed principal
direction1, 6 = failed principal direction 2, 7 = failed principal direction 3)
Lf t2
2G f
Area = G f /L
Total Frac ture
The extent of damage in a material can be inspected by using the custom result DAMAGE. The
damage is defined to be 0.0 for an intact element and 1.0 for a fully failed element.
After failure initiation, a maximum principal tensile stress failure surface is defined to limit the maximum
principal tensile stress in the element and a flow rule is used to return to this surface and accumulate the
crack strain
There are currently three options in relation to the crack softening plastic return algorithm:
Radial Return Non-associative in and meridian planes
No-Bulking Associative in plane only (Default)
Bulking Associative in and meridian planes
The default setting has been selected based on practical experiences of using the model to simulate
impacts onto brittle materials such as glass, ceramics, and concrete.
The recompression behavior after crack softening and failure can be modified. When one of the failure criteria (for instance principal stress, hydro (Pmin), or RHT concrete) has been set and Crack Softening is set
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
209
Meridian Plane
Trial Elastic Stresses
Rankine Failure
Surface
J2
Associate flow
in Meridional
Plane(Option)
Non-associative flow-in
Meridional Plane (Default)
Pressure
Rankine Plasticity
Yielding
210
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Failure
- space
Note
The property can only be applied to solid bodies.
Table 7.21: Input Data
Name
Symbol
Units
Fracture Energy
Gf
Energy/Area
Flow rule
Notes
Option List:
Radial Return
No Bulking (Default)
Bulking (Associative)
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
DAMAGE
Yes
No
No
FAIL.STRES
Yes
No
No
SOFT.SLOPE
Softening slope
Yes
No
No
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
211
The ratio of the incremental effective plastic strain and effective fracture strain for the element conditions
is incremented and stored in custom results variable, DAMAGE. The material is assumed to be intact
until DAMAGE = 1.0. At this point failure is initiated in the element. An instantaneous post failure response
is used.
Note
The property can only be applied to solid bodies.
Table 7.22: Input Data
Name
Symbol
Units
Damage Constant D1
D1
None
Damage Constant D2
D2
None
Damage Constant D3
D3
None
Damage Constant D4
D4
None
Damage Constant D5
D5
None
Melting Temperature
Notes
Temperature
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
DAMAGE
Damage
Yes
No
No
**Material status indicators (1 = elastic, 2 = plastic, 3 = bulk failure, 4= bulk failure, 5 = failed principal
direction1, 6 = failed principal direction 2, 7 = failed principal direction 3)
where:
is the density
c is the bulk sound speed
Y is the yield stress at EPS = 0
212
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Strength
cis a critical strain value, usually set to 0.15
This critical spall stress is calculated for each element in the model at each time step and compared
with local maximum principal tensile stress. If the maximum element principal tensile stress exceeds
the critical spall stress, instantaneous failure of the element is initiated.
A typical value for the critical strain is 0.15 for aluminum.
Note
The property can only be applied to Lagrangian solid bodies.
The property must be used in conjunction with a plasticity model.
Table 7.23: Input Data
Name
Critical Strain
Value
None
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
STATUS
Material Status
Yes
No
No
**Material status indicators (1 = elastic, 2 = plastic, 3 = bulk failure, 4= bulk failure, 5 = failed principal
direction1, 6 = failed principal direction 2, 7 = failed principal direction 3)
7.12. Strength
The following table summarizes the applicable strength-limit constants for each failure criterion:
Strength Limit
Constant
Orthotropic
Stress Limit
Orthotropic
Strain Limit
Tsai-Wu
Constants
Tensile
X-Direction
Tensile
Y-Direction
Tensile
Z-Direction
Compressive X
Compressive Y
Compressive Z
Shear XY
Shear YZ
Shear XZ
Coupling
Coefficient XY
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
213
Description
Solids
Shells
Beams
TEMPERATURE
Temperature
Yes
Yes
Yes
**Material status indicators (1 = elastic, 2 = plastic, 3 = bulk failure, 4= bulk failure, 5 = failed principal
direction1, 6 = failed principal direction 2, 7 = failed principal direction 3)
7.15. References
The following references are cited in this appendix:
1. Johnson G. R. & Holmquist T. J. (1993). An Improved Computational Constitutive Model for Brittle Materials,
Joint AIRA/APS Conference, Colorado Springs, Colorado, June 1993.
214
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
References
2. Riedel W., Thoma K., Hiermaier S., Schmolinske E.: Penetration of Reinforced Concrete by BETA-B-500, Numerical Analysis using a New Macroscopic Concrete Model for Hydrocodes. Proc. (CD-ROM) 9. Internationales
Symposium, Interaction of the Effects of Munitions with Structures, Berlin Strausberg, 03.-07. Mai 1999, pp
315 - 322
3. W. Riedel, Beton unter dynamischen Lasten: Meso- und makromechanische Modelle und ihre Parameter,
Ed.: Fraunhofer-Institut fr Kurzzeitdynamik, Ernst-Mach-Institut EMI, Freiburg/Brsg., Fraunhofer IRB Verlag
2004, ISBN 3-8167-6340-5, http://www.irbdirekt.de/irbbuch/
4. Werner Riedel, Nobuaki Kawai and Ken-ichi Kondo, Numerical Assessment for Impact Strength Measurements
in Concrete Materials, International Journal of Impact Engineering 36 (2009), pp. 283-293 DOI information:
10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2007.12.012
5. Herrmann, W (1969).Constitutive Equation for the Dynamic Compaction of Ductile Porous Materials, J.
Appl. Phys., 40, 6, pp 2490-2499, May 1969
6. Butcher, B M, & Karnes, C H (1968). Sandia Labs. Res Rep. SC-RR-67-3040, Sandia Laboratory, Albuquerque,
NM, April 1968
7. Carroll, M M, & Holt, A C (1972).Static and Dynamic Pore Collapse Relations for Ductile Porous Materials.
J. Appl.Phys., 43, 4, pp1626 et seq., 1972
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
215
216
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Note
Since only an input file is generated during the solve of an Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export)
system, the Background and Remote solve options are not supported.
The exported keyword file follows the same format as the one exported by the respective Mechanical
APDL application. All the LS-DYNA keywords are implemented according to the LS_DYNA Keyword Users
Manual version 971.
All the LS-DYNA keywords that can currently be exported are described in detail in Supported LS-DYNA
Keywords (p. 217). Any parameters that are not shown for a card are not used, and their default values
will be assigned for them by the LS-DYNA solver. Some descriptions of Workbench features that do not
relate directly to keywords are given in LS-DYNA General Descriptions (p. 246).
When using Commands objects with the Explicit Dynamics (LS-DYNA Export) system, be aware of the
following:
Keyword cards read from Commands object content (renamed to Keyword Snippets for the Explicit Dynamics
(LS-DYNA Export) system) should not have any trailing empty lines if they are not intentional. This is because
some keywords have more than one mandatory card that can be entered as blank lines, in which case the
default values for the card will be used. Therefore, trailing blank lines should be used only if intended; otherwise they may cause solver execution errors.
The first entry in the Commands object content must be a command name which is preceded by the *
symbol.
Refer to LS-DYNA General Descriptions (p. 246) for information about ID numbers entered in Commands
object content.
217
*BOUNDARY_NON_REFLECTING
Specifies impedance boundaries. Impedance boundaries can only be applied on solid elements in LSDYNA.
Card
SSID = ID of segment on whose nodes the boundary is applied (see *SET_SEGMENT bellow).
AD = 0.0 (default) for setting the activation flag for dilatational waves to on.
AS = 0.0 (default) for setting the activation flag for shear waves to on.
*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_NODE_ID
See *BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_SET
*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_RIGID_ID
See *BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_SET
*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_SET_ID
Specifies velocity and displacement boundary conditions.
Card required for keyword option ID.
ID = ID of the prescribed motion keyword. This parameter is optional and does not have to be unique. An
index number is added.
HEADING = Name of the specific boundary condition data. The name is taken from the caption of the applied
velocity or displacement in the tree outline of the Mechanical application.
Card1
ID = ID of set of nodes or part (for rigid bodies) to which the boundary condition is applied.
DOF = 1, 2 or 3 depending whether the boundary condition is in the x, y or z direction respectively. Setting
4 is used if the boundary is applied according to a local coordinate system.
VAD = 0 or 2 depending whether the boundary condition is velocity or displacement.
LCID = ID of the curve prescribing the magnitude of the boundary condition. Constant values of velocity
are applied as a step function from time = 0. Constant values of displacement are ramped from zero at time
= 0 to the constant value at termination time. This is done to make sure that displacements are applied in
a transient fashion.
218
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
*BOUNDARY_SPC_SET
Specifies Fixed Support, Simple Support and Fixed Rotation constraints.
Card
NSID = ID of set of nodes to which the boundary is applied.
CID = ID of the associated coordinate system. 0 specifies the global coordinate system.
DOFX = 0 or 1 for free or fixed translation, respectively, along the x direction. It is set to 0 for Fixed Rotation
and to 1 otherwise.
DOFY = 0 or 1 for free or fixed translation, respectively, along the y direction. It is set to 0 for Fixed Rotation
and to 1 otherwise.
DOFZ = 0 or 1 for free or fixed translation, respectively, along the z direction. It is set to 0 for Fixed Rotation
and to 1 otherwise.
DOFRX = 0 or 1 for free or fixed translation, respectively, along the x direction. It is set to 0 for Simple Support
and to 1 otherwise.
DOFRY = 0 or 1 for free or fixed translation, respectively, along the y direction. It is set to 0 for Simple Support
and to 1 otherwise.
DOFRZ = 0 or 1 for free or fixed translation, respectively, along the z direction. It is set to 0 for Simple Support
and to 1 otherwise.
*CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODIES
Specifies rigid bodies to be merged into one part. The resulting Part ID matches the ID of the rigid body
designated as the master.
This keyword is created for rigid bodies which belong to the same multibody part. By constraining the
rigid bodies together using a single multibody part you avoid specifying conflicting motion on the
nodes shared among the rigid bodies. All boundary conditions applied to the master body will also be
applied to all the slaves. Any boundary conditions that were applied to the slaves will be ignored.
The body that is selected to be master is the first one that appears in the multibody-part list.
Card
PIDM = ID of the master rigid body.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
219
*CONSTRAINED_SPOTWELD
Specifies spot welds between non-contiguous nodal pairs of shell elements. This keyword is created
when a spot weld contact is defined in the Mechanical application.
Card
N1 = ID of the first node used in the weld.
N2 = ID of the second node present in the weld.
SN = Normal force at weld failure.
SS = Shear force at weld failure.
N = Exponent of normal force.
M = Exponent of shear force.
*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_GENERAL
Specifies friction or frictionless contacts between line bodies (beams). This keyword is created if the
contact is specified using Body Interactions and the geometry contains line bodies.
All the parameter cards are the same as in *CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE.
*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_NODES_TO_SURFACE
Specifies nodes-to-surface friction or frictionless contacts. This keyword is created if the contact is specified
using a Contact Region and the Behavior is set to Asymmetric.
Card1 - mandatory
SSID = ID for the set of slave nodes involved in the contact.
MSID = ID for the set of master segments involved in the contact.
SSTYP = 4, the slave entities for the contact are nodes.
MSTYP = 0, the master entities for the contact are segments.
SBOXID, MBOXID, SPR and MPR are the same as in *CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE.
Parameter Card2 and Card3 is the same as in *CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE.
*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE
Specifies friction or frictionless contacts between parts. This keyword is created if the contact is specified
using Body Interactions.
Card1 - mandatory
220
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
Defines specific surface-to-surface friction or frictionless contacts. This keyword is created if the contact
is specified using a Contact Region and the Behavior is set to Symmetric.
Card1 - mandatory
SSID = ID for the set of slave segments involved in the contact.
MSID = ID for the set of master segments involved in the contact.
SSTYP = 0, the slave entities for the contact are segments.
MSTYP = 0, the master entities for the contact are segments.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
221
*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_TIEBREAK
Specifies breakable symmetric bonded contacts. This keyword is created for Bonded contact when the
Breakable option is set to Stress Criteria and the contact Behavior is set to Symmetric.
Card 1 is the same as in *CONTACT_TIED_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_OFFSET.
Card2 - mandatory
FS = Normal Stress Limit value for the bonded contact.
FD = Shear Stress Limit value for the bonded contact.
DC = 0 (LS-DYNA default). This parameter is not required for bonded contacts.
VC and VDC are the same as in *CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE.
Card3 - mandatory, is left blank.
Card A is the same as for *CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE.
*CONTACT_ONEWAY_AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_TIEBREAK
Specifies breakable asymmetric bonded contacts. This keyword is created for Bonded contact when
the Breakable option is set to Stress Criteria and the contact Behavior is set to Asymmetric.
Parameter cards are the same as in *CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_TIEBREAK.
Card A is not used for this keyword.
222
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
*CONTACT_TIED_NODES_TO_SURFACE_OFFSET
Specifies non breakable asymmetric bonded contacts. This keyword is created for Bonded contacts that
are not designated as Breakable whose Behavior is set to Asymmetric. This keyword is not used for
Body Interactions as these types of contacts are always symmetric.
Card1 - mandatory
SSID = ID for the set of slave nodes involved in the contact.
MSID = ID for the set of master segment or for the set of parts involved in the contact.
SSTYP = 4. SSID indicates the ID for a set of nodes.
MSTYP = 0, MSID indicates the ID for a set of segments.
SBOXID, MBOXID, SPR and MPR are the same as in *CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE.
Card 2 left blank.
Card 3
SFS = left blank, the default value of 1.0 will be used. Default slave penalty stiffness scale factor for SLSFAC
(see *CONTROL_CONTACT).
SFM= left blank, the default value of 1.0 will be used. Default master penalty stiffness scale factor for SLSFAC
(see *CONTROL_CONTACT).
SST = the negative value of:
"Maximum Offset" is the Definition parameter available for bonded contacts and body interactions.
"Maximum Offset" is obtained from the inputs of the Contact Region of Bonded type.
MST = SST.
*CONTACT_TIED_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_OFFSET
Specifies general non-breakable bonded contacts that are symmetric. This keyword is created for Bonded
and non-breakable contacts which are defined by Contact Regions that are Bonded, non-breakable
and whose Behavior is set to Symmetric.
Card1 - mandatory
SSID = ID for a set of slave segments or a set of parts involved in the contact.
MSID = ID for the set of master segments or the set of parts involved in the contact.
SSTYP = specifies whether the ID used in SSID represents parts or segments. It is set to 0 if SSID represents
a set of segments and 2 if it represents a set of parts.
MSTYP = SSTYP.
SBOXID, MBOXID, SPR and MPR are the same as in *CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
223
*CONTROL_ACCURACY
Specifies control parameters that can improve the accuracy of the calculation.
Card
OSU = 1. Global flag for objective stress updates. Required for parts that undergo large rotations. When set
to 1 the flag is on.
INN = 4. Invariant node numbering for shell and solid elements. When set to 4 the flag is on for both shell
and solid elements.
*CONTROL_BULK_VISCOSITY
Sets the bulk viscosity coefficients globally.
Card
Q1 = Quadratic Artificial Viscosity from the "Damping Controls" in the Analysis Settings.
Q2 = Linear Artificial Viscosity from the "Damping Controls" in the Analysis settings.
TYPE = -2. Internal energy dissipated by the viscosity in the shell elements is computed and included in the
overall energy balance.
*CONTROL_CONTACT
Specifies the defaults for computations of contact surfaces.
Card 1
SLSFAC = 0 (default). Scale factor for sliding interface penalties. When set to 0 the value used is 0.1. This
scale factor together with the SFS and SFM parameters of the individual contact keyword (see Card 3 of
*CONTACT_TIED_NODES_TO_SURFACE_OFFSET) is used to determine the stiffness of the interface when
SOFT is set to 2 (see Card A of *CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE).
RWPNAL = 0 (there is no default value). Scale factor for rigid wall penalties. When equal to 0 the constrain
method is used and nodal points which belong to rigid bodies are not considered.
ISLCHK = 1 (default). Initial penetration check in contact surfaces. When set to 1 there is no checking.
SHLTHK = 1 (default). Shell thickness considered in surface to surface and node to surface contact types.
When set to 1, thickness is considered but rigid bodies are excluded.
PENOPT = 1 (default). Penalty stiffness value option.
THKCHG = 0 (default).
ORIEN = 2. Automatic reorientation for contact segments during initialization. When set to 2 it is active for
manual (segment) and automated (part) input.
224
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
*CONTROL_ENERGY
Specifies the controls for energy dissipation options.
Card
HGEN = 2. Hourglass energy is computed and included in the energy balance. Results are reported in ASCII
files GLSTAT and MATSUM.
RWEN = 2 (default).
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
225
*CONTROL_HOURGLASS
Specifies the global hourglass parameters.
Card
IHQ = 1 if Hourglass Damping of type Standard is selected in the Analysis Settings. Also this parameter
is equal to 1 if the Flanagan Belytschko option is selected but both the coefficients are zero.
= 5 if the Flanagan Belytschko option is selected and the Stiffness Coefficient is non-zero.
= 3 if the Flanagan Belytschko option is selected, the Stiffness Coefficient is zero and the Hex Integration Type of the Solver Controls is set to Exact.
= 2 if the Flanagan Belytschko option is selected, the Stiffness Coefficient is zero and the Hex Integration Type of the Solver Controls is set to 1pt Gauss.
QH = Viscous Coefficient of the Hourglass Damping section of the Analysis Settings if IHQ is equal to 1,
2, or 3.
= Stiffness Coefficient if IHQ is 5.
*CONTROL_SHELL
Specifies global parameters for shell element types.
Card
WRPANG = 20 (default).
ESORT = 1, full automatic sorting of triangular shell elements to treat degenerate quadrilateral shell elements
as C0 triangular shells.
IRNXX = -2, shell normal update option. When set to -2 unique nodal fibers are incrementally updated based
on the nodal rotation at the location of the fiber.
ISTUPD = 4, shell thickness update option for deformable shells. Membrane strains cause changes in thickness
in 3 and 4 node shell elements, however elastic strains are neglected. This option is very important in sheet
metal forming or whenever membrane stretching is important. For crash analysis, setting 4 may improve
energy conservation and stability.
THEORY = 2 (default). Belytschko-Tsay formulation.
BWC = 1 if Shell BWC Warp Correction option is set to Yes in the Solver Controls section of the Analysis
Settings. For this setting, Belytschko-Wong-Chiang warping stiffness is added.
= 2 if Shell BWC Warp Correction option is set to No.
MITER = 1 (default). Plane stress plasticity: iterative with 3 secant iterations.
226
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
*CONTROL_SOLID
Specifies global parameters for solid element types.
Card
ESORT = 1, full automatic sorting of tetrahedron and pentahedron elements to treat degeneracies. Degenerate tetrahedrons will be treated as ELFORM = 10 and pentahedron as ELFORM = 15 solids respectively
(see *SECTION_SOLID).
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
Specifies the termination criteria for the solver.
Card
ENDTIM = End Time in the Step Controls section of the Analysis Settings.
ENDCYC = Maximum Time Steps of the Step Controls section of the Analysis Settings.
DTMIN = 0.01 (constant).
ENDENG = Maximum Energy Error from the Step Controls section of the Analysis Settings.
ENDMAS = Maximum Part Scaling from the Step Controls section of the Analysis Settings, if Automatic
Mass Scaling is set to Yes. If Automatic Mass Scaling is set to No, the default value of 0.0 is used.
*CONTROL_TIMESTEP
Specifies conditions for determining the computational time step.
Card
DTINIT = Initial Time Step from the Step Controls section of the Analysis Settings.
TSSFAC = Time Step Safety Factor from the Step Controls section of the Analysis Settings.
ISDO = 0 (default). Basis of time size calculation for 4-node shell elements.
TSLIMT = Minimum Element Timestep from the Erosion Controls section of the Analysis Settings, if On
Minimum Element Timestep is set to Yes. If On Minimum Element Timestep is set to No the default value
of 0.0 is used.
DT2MS = the negative value of Minimum CFL Timestep specified in the Step Controls section of the
Analysis Settings, if Automatic Mass Scaling is set to Yes. If Automatic Mass Scaling is set to No the
default value of 0.0 is used.
LCTM = ID of the load curve which uses Maximum Time Step from the Step Controls section of the Analysis Settings.
ERODE = 1 (constant).
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
227
*DAMPING_GLOBAL
Specifies the mass weighted nodal damping applied globally to the nodes of deformable bodies and
the center of mass of rigid bodies.
Card
LCID = 0, a constant damping factor will be used as specified in VALDMP.
VALDMP = Static Damping from the Damping Controls section of the Analysis Settings.
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
Specifies the sampling parameters for the binary D3PLOT results plotting file.
Card
DT = Time from the Output Controls section of the Analysis Settings if Save Results on is set to Time.
= End Time divided by the Number of Points if Save Results On is set to Equally Spaced Points.
*DATABASE_BINARY_RUNRSF
Specifies the sampling parameters for the RUNRSF restart file.
Card
CYCL = Time Steps from the Output Controls section of the Analysis Settings if Save Restart Files on is
set to Time Steps.
= Maximum Time Steps divided by the Number of Points if Save Results On is set to Equally
Spaced Time Points.
*DATABASE_ELOUT
Specifies the sampling parameters for the ELOUT results file (stores stress and strain results).
Card
DT = (see *DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT).
*DATABASE_FORMAT
Specifies the format in which to write binary results files like D3PLOT and D3THDT.
Card
IFORM = 0, binary results will be written only in the LS-DYNA format.
*DATABASE_GLSTAT
Specifies the sampling parameters for the GLSTAT results file (stores general energy results).
228
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
*DATABASE_MATSUM
Specifies the sampling parameters for the MATSUM results file (stores general energy and velocity results
as the GLSTAT file but it stores them per body. It is necessary for rigid bodies).
Card
DT = (see *DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT).
*DATABASE_NODOUT
Specifies the sampling parameters for the NODOUT results file (stores displacement and velocity results).
Card
DT = (see *DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT).
*DEFINE_COORDINATE_SYSTEM
Specifies a local coordinate system with three points: one at the local origin, one on the local x-axis
and one on the local x-y plane.
Card1
CID = ID of the coordinate system, must be unique.
XO = global X-coordinate of the origin.
YO = global Y-coordinate of the origin.
ZO = global Z-coordinate of the origin.
XL = global X-coordinate of a point on the local x-axis.
YL = global Y-coordinate of a point on the local x-axis.
ZL = global Z-coordinate of a point on the local x-axis.
Card2
XP = global X-coordinate of a point on the local x-y plane.
YP = global Y-coordinate of a point on the local x-y plane.
ZP = global Z-coordinate of a point on the local x-y plane.
*DEFINE_CURVE
Specifies magnitudes that are given in tabular format. Some keywords require magnitudes to be specified
as a load curve. Should a constant be needed, it may be represented as a curve by repeating its value
for time steps 0 and 1.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
229
*DEFINE_VECTOR
Specifies a vector by defining the coordinates of two points. This keyword defines the local coordinate
system with respect to which a *BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION is prescribed. The ID of this coordinate
system is specified with parameter CID.
Card
VID = ID of the vector.
XT = 0, the local x-coordinate of the origin of the coordinate system specified with CID below.
YT = 0, the local y-coordinate of the origin of the coordinate system specified with CID below.
ZT = 0, the local z-coordinate of the origin of the coordinate system specified with CID below.
XH = 1 if the vector has a component in the x direction of the coordinate system specified with CID. Otherwise,
this is set to 0.
YH = 1 if the vector has a component in the x direction of the coordinate system specified with CID. Otherwise,
this is set to 0.
ZH = 1 if the vector has a component in the x direction of the coordinate system specified with CID. Otherwise,
this is set to 0.
CID = ID of the coordinate system used to define the vector. If no coordinate system is specified this parameter is set to 0 to specify the global coordinate system.
*ELEMENT_BEAM
Specifies beam elements.
Card
EID = ID of the element.
PID = ID of the part it belongs to.
N1 = ID of nodal point 1.
N2 = ID of nodal point 2.
N3 = ID of nodal point 3, used for cross section orientation.
230
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
*ELEMENT_SHELL
Specifies three, four, six and eight noded shell elements.
Card
EID = ID of the element.
PID = ID of the part it belongs to.
N1 = ID of nodal point 1.
N2 = ID of nodal point 2.
N3 = ID of nodal point 3.
N4 = ID of nodal point 4.
N5-8 = ID of mid side nodes for six and eight noded shells.
*ELEMENT_SHELL_THICKNESS_OFFSET
This keyword is the same as *ELEMENT_SHELL above with two additional cards for specifying thicknesses
per node and the offset of the shell.
Card1 - the same as *ELEMENT_SHELL
Card2
THIC1 = shell thickness at node 1.
THIC2 = shell thickness at node 2.
THIC3 = shell thickness at node 3.
THIC4 = shell thickness at node 4.
BETA or MCID = 0 (Default). These parameters specify the base offset angle for Orthotropic materials.
Card3
OFFSET = offset distance from the nodal points plane to the reference surface of the shell. This is specified
in the direction of the normal vector of the shell.
*ELEMENT_SOLID
Specifies 3D solid elements including 10-noded tetrahedrons (second order). Apart from the second
order case the two cards are combined into one.
Card1
EID = ID of the element.
PID = ID of the part it belongs to.
Card2
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
231
*END
Terminates the keyword file. It has no parameter cards.
*EOS_GRUNEISEN
Specifies a shock equation of state. This keyword is created when a Shock EOS linear equation of state
is present in the properties of a material that is used in the simulation and the Johnson Cook plasticity
model is also present. The bilinear version of this equation of state is not currently supported.
Card1
EOSID = ID of the keyword, must be unique between the *EOS keywords.
C = parameter C1 for a Linear Shock EOS property.
S1 = parameter S1 for a Linear Shock EOS property.
S2 = Parameter Quadratic S2 for a Linear Shock EOS property.
S3 = 0.
GAMAO = Gruneisen Coefficient for a Linear Shock EOS property.
232
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
*EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL
Specifies the coefficients for a linear polynomial elastic EOS. The *EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL keyword
is only created when the Johnson Cook strength property is added to the material model (which requires
an EOS), but no other EOS has been specified. It is not directly available from the Engineering Data
workspace, however.
Card1
EOSID = ID of the keyword, must be unique between the *EOS keywords.
C0 = 0.
C1 = elastic bulk modulus
C2 = 0.
C3 = 0.
C4 = 0.
C5 = 0.
C6 = 0.
Card2 - mandatory, left blank.
*HOURGLASS
Defines hourglass and bulk viscosity properties that are referenced in the *PART keyword via its HGID
parameter (see *PART keyword bellow).
This keyword can only be created directly with the Keyword Snippet(also, Commands objects) for the
LS-DYNA solver. To use it, insert a Keyword Snippet under a Geometry body in the Tree Outline. The
program will automatically substitute the HGID parameter in accordance with the *PART keyword (see
below) of the associated body. All other parameters in the Keyword Snippet are transcribed literally.
If the keyword is entered in a Keyword Snippet anywhere else in the Tree Outline, it will be exported
literally. This practice is not recommended, however, and a warning is provided in the header of Keyword
Snippet objects when detected.
*INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION
Specifies initial translational and rotational velocities.
Card1
ID = ID of part where the initial velocity is applied.
STYP = 2, the velocity is applied to a whole part. In Workbench initial velocities can only be applied to whole
parts.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
233
*INITIAL_VELOCITY_RIGID_BODY
Specifies initial translational and rotational velocities at the center of gravity for rigid bodies.
Card
PID = ID of the rigid body.
VX = initial translational velocity in the x direction.
VY = initial translational velocity in the y direction.
VZ = initial translational velocity in the z direction.
VXR = initial rotational velocity around the x-axis.
VYR = initial rotational velocity around the y-axis.
VZR = initial rotational velocity around the z-axis.
*INTEGRATION_BEAM
Specifies the particulars of the integration method required for complex or user-defined cross sections
of beam elements.
234
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
*KEYWORD
Marks the beginning of a keyword file.
*LOAD_BODY_X
Specifies gravitational or other acceleration loads in the x direction. The load is applied to all nodes in
the model.
Card
LCID = ID of the load curve that represents the magnitude of the load (see *DEFINE_CURVE).
SF = 1.0 (default), load curve scale factor.
LCIDDR = 0 (default), ID of load curve defined for dynamic relaxation.
XC = 0.0 (default), X-center of rotation needed for angular velocities.
YC = 0.0 (default), Y-center of rotation needed for angular velocities.
ZC = 0.0 (default), Z-center of rotation needed for angular velocities.
CID = ID of local coordinate system used. Set to 0 for the global coordinate system.
*LOAD_BODY_Y
Specifies gravitational or other acceleration loads in the y direction. The load is applied to all nodes in
the model.
Card
(see *LOAD_BODY_X).
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
235
*LOAD_BODY_Z
Specifies gravitational or other acceleration loads in the z direction. The load is applied to all nodes in
the model.
Card
(see *LOAD_BODY_X).
*LOAD_NODE_POINT
Applies a concentrated force to a node.
Card
NODE = ID of the node on which the force is applied.
DOF = 1, 2 or 3 depending on the force direction x, y or z.
LCID = ID of the load curve that describes the magnitude of the force (see *DEFINE_CURVE).
SF = 1.0 (default), load curve scale factor.
CID = ID of local coordinate system used. Set to 0 for the global coordinate system.
*LOAD_NODE_SET
Applies a concentrated nodal force to a set of nodes.
Card
(see *LOAD_NODE_POINT. Note that parameter NODE here is replaced by NSID which is the ID of the
set of nodes where the force is applied).
*LOAD_RIGID_BODY
Applies a concentrated nodal force to a rigid body. The force is applied at the center of mass.
Card
(see *LOAD_NODE_POINT. Note that parameter NODE here is replaced by PID which is the ID of the
part the force is applied on).
*LOAD_SEGMENT
Applies a distributed pressure load over a triangular or quadrilateral face defined by three, four, six
(second order triangles) or eight (second order quadrilateral) nodes.
Card
LCID = ID of the load curve that describes the magnitude of the pressure (see *DEFINE_CURVE).
SF = 1.0 (default), load curve scale factor.
236
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Materials keywords
The following are descriptions for *MAT keywords natively supported by the LS-DYNA export feature.
More generally, any *MAT keyword may be introduced into the export file with the help of Commands
objects in the Mechanical application (termed Keyword Snippet when referring to the LS-DYNA solver).
To use it, insert a Keyword Snippet under a Geometry body in the Tree Outline. The program will
automatically substitute the MID parameter in accordance with the *PART keyword (see below) of the
associated body. All other parameters in the Keyword Snippet are transcribed literally, overriding any
values that would otherwise derive from the Engineering Data workspace.
If the *MAT keyword is entered in a Keyword Snippet anywhere else in the Tree Outline, it will be exported literally and Engineering Data EOS information will also be exported, if present. This practice is
not recommended, however, and a warning is provided in the header of Keyword Snippet objects
when detected.
237
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
239
240
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
241
242
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
*NODE
Defines nodes. All the parameters are obtained from mesh definitions of the model.
Card
NID = ID of the node.
X = x coordinate.
Y = y coordinate.
Z = z coordinate.
*PART
Defines geometry bodies.
Card1
HEADING = name of the body specified in the Workbench environment.
Card2
PID = ID of the part. It is set in the LS-DYNA solver and does not reflect the ID specified in the mesh definition
of the model.
SECID = ID of the section keyword associated with the part (see *SECTION).
MID = ID of the material keyword associated with the part (see *MAT).
EOSID = ID of the equation of state associated with the material of this part (*EOS and *MAT). If there is no
EOS keyword associated with this part then this parameter is set to 0.
HGID = ID of the hourglass keyword associated with the part (see *HOURGLASS). If there is no hourglass
keyword associated with this part then this parameter is set to 0.
*SECTION_BEAM
Defines cross sectional properties for beam, truss, spot weld and cable elements.
Card1
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
243
*SECTION_SHELL
Defines section properties for shell elements.
244
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
*SECTION_SOLID
Defines section properties for solid elements.
Card
SECID = ID of the section.
ELFORM = 1 (default). Also, used for first-order hexahedral elements, 5-noded pyramids, 6-noded wedges
or bodies with mixed element types that include tetrahedrons together with hexahedrons, pyramids or
wedges.
= 10 if elements are first-order tetrahedrons and Tet Pressure Integration option of the Solver
Controls of the Analysis Settings is set to Constant.
= 13 if elements are first-order tetrahedrons and Tet Pressure Integration option of the Solver
Controls of the Analysis Settings is set to Average Nodal.
= 16 if the elements are second-order tetrahedrons.
*SET_NODE_LIST
Defines a set of nodes. Card2 is repeated as many times as required to specify all the node IDs in the
set.
Card1
SID = ID of the set.
Card2
NID1-NID8 = IDs for eight of the nodes in the set.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
245
*SET_PART_LIST
Defines a set of parts. Card2 is repeated as many times as required to specify all the part IDs in the set.
Card1
SID = ID of the set.
Card2
PID1-PID8 = IDs for eight of the parts in the set.
*SET_SEGMENT
Defines triangular and quadrilateral segments. Card2 is repeated as many times as required to specify
all the segments in the set.
Card1
SID = ID of the set.
Card2
N1-N4 = IDs of nodes that define one of the segments. For triangular segments N4=N3.
*TITLE
Defines a job title.
Card
TITLE = a user input. This can only be entered manually after the .k file is exported.
246
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
247
248
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Index
Symbols
2parameter mooney-rivlin model, 160
3parameter mooney-rivlin model, 160
5parameter mooney-rivlin model, 161
9parameter mooney-rivlin model, 161
A
analysis settings
for explicit dynamics analyses, 33
analysis types
explicit dynamics, 3
applying pre-stress effects, 107
B
body interaction types, 16
bonded, 18
frictional, 17
frictionless, 16
reinforcement, 19
body interactions folder properties
body self contact, 14
contact detection, 11
edge on edge contact, 16
element self contact, 14
formulation, 13
limiting time step velocity, 16
listing, 11
pinball factor, 15
shell thickness, 14
time step safety factor, 16
tolerance, 15
body interactions in explicit dynamics analyses
connections, 9
body scoped result tracker, 69
body self contact for body interactions, 14
bonded body interaction type, 18
boundary scoped result tracker, 74
breakable setting for body interaction object, 18
brittle strength, 172
C
compaction EOS linear, 197
compaction EOS nonlinear, 198
contact detection for body interactions, 11
contact scoped result tracker, 74
cowper symonds strength, 168
crack softening, 209
crushable foam, 194
E
edge on edge contact for body interactions, 16
element self contact for body interactions, 14
Equation of state, 150
equations of state, 185
ideal gas, 186
eroded nodes, 76
Explicit Dynamics
detonation point, 56
impedance boundary, 53
explicit dynamics analysis
LSDYNA commands, 217
explicit dynamics analysis settings, 33
explicit dynamics analysis type, 3
Explicit Dynamics system
analysis settings, 131
body scoped result tracker, 69
boundary scoped result tracker, 74
elastic waves, 121
erosion controls, 144
Euler (Virtual) solutions, 125
Euler-Lagrange Coupling, 128
Eulerian reference frame, 122
explicit time integration, 118
force reaction result tracker, 74
implicit time integration, 118
Lagrangian reference frame, 122
mass scaling, 120
material properties, 128
moment reaction result tracker, 74
multiple material transport, 128
operation of , 116
plastic waves, 121
point scoped result tracker, 64, 74
shell coupling, 130
shock waves, 121
solver controls, 136
sub-cycling, 130
theory, 115
wave propagation, 120
Explicit Material Library, 151
explicit transient dynamic analysis, 117
F
failure, 203
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
249
Index
Grady Spall, 212
Johnson cook, 211
plastic strain, 205
post, 204
principal strain, 206
principal stress, 205
stochastic, 207
tensile pressure, 208
filtering result tracker graphs, 73
formulation for body interactions, 13
friction coefficient for body interaction object, 17
frictional body interaction type, 17
frictionless body interaction type, 16
I
impedance boundary
description, 53
implicit transient dynamic analysis, 117
isotropic elasticity, 157
J
Johnson cook strength, 166
Johnson-holmquist strength, 175
L
Library
Explicit Material, 151
limiting time step velocity for body interactions, 16
Linear Elastic, 157
ls-dyna analyses , 3
LSDYNA commands, 217
M
material properties
nonlinear, 159
maximum offset for body interaction object , 18
MO granular strength, 184
Model
Material failure, 150
Material strength, 150
mooney-rivlin model, 160
2parameter, 160
3parameter, 160
5parameter, 161
9parameter, 161
multilinear kinematic hardening, 166
ogden, 163
orthotropic elasticity, 158
P
p-alpha EOS, 200
pinball factor for body interactions, 15
plasticity, 164
point scoped result tracker, 64
polynomial, 161
polynomial EOS, 187
porous collapse damage, 182
porous materials, 196
R
reinforcement body interaction type, 19
result tracker
explicit dynamics, 63
resume capability for explicit dynamics, 60
RHT concrete strength, 179
rigid materials, 214
S
shear damage, 181
shear stress exponent for body interaction object, 18
shear stress limit for body interaction object, 18
shell thickness for body interactions, 14
shock EOS linear, 189
State
Equation of, 150
steinberg guinan strength, 169
strain hardening, 181
strain rate effects, 182
symmetry
defining in explicit dynamics, 21
T
tensile failure, 183
test data, 159
thermal specific heat, 214
time step safety factor for body interactions, 16
tolerance for body interactions, 15
V
Viscoelastic, 158
N
neo-hookean, 159
normal stress exponent for body interaction object, 18
normal stress limit for body interaction object, 18
250
yeoh, 162
Z
zerilli armstrong, 170
Release 17.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.